Peterloo Massacre - Knowledge

667: 1355:. Their mission to execute the arrest warrant having been achieved, the yeomanry set about destroying the banners and flags on the stand. According to Tyas, the yeomanry then attempted to reach flags in the crowd "cutting most indiscriminately to the right and to the left to get at them" – only then (said Tyas) were brickbats thrown at the military: "From this point the Manchester and Salford Yeomanry lost all command of temper". From his vantage point William Hulton perceived the unfolding events as an assault on the yeomanry, and on L'Estrange's arrival at 1:50 pm, at the head of his hussars, he ordered them into the field to disperse the crowd with the words: "Good God, Sir, don't you see they are attacking the Yeomanry; disperse the meeting!" The 15th Hussars formed themselves into a line stretching across the eastern end of St Peter's Field, and charged into the crowd. At about the same time the Cheshire Yeomanry charged from the southern edge of the field. At first the crowd had some difficulty in dispersing, as the main exit route into Peter Street was blocked by the 1412:

own flags. Of the 654 recorded casualties, at least 168 were women, four of whom died either at St Peter's Field or later as a result of their wounds. It has been estimated that less than 12 per cent of the crowd was made up of women, suggesting that they were at significantly greater risk of injury than men by a factor of almost 3:1. Richard Carlile claimed that the women were especially targeted, a view apparently supported by the large number who suffered from wounds caused by weapons. A recently unearthed set of 70 victims' petitions in the parliamentary archives reveals some shocking tales of ferocity, including the accounts of the female reformers Mary Fildes, who carried the flag on the platform, and Elizabeth Gaunt, who suffered a miscarriage following ill-treatment during eleven days' detention without trial.

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would pledge my life for their entire peaceableness." I asked him to notice them, "did they look like persons wishing to outrage the law? were they not, on the contrary, evidently heads of decent working families? or members of such families?" "No, no," I said, "my dear sir, and old respected master, if any wrong or violence take place, they will be committed by men of a different stamp from these." He said he was very glad to hear me say so; he was happy he had seen me, and gratified by the manner in which I had expressed myself. I asked, did he think we should be interrupted at the meeting? he said he did not believe we should; "then," I replied, "all will be well"; and shaking hands, with mutual good wishes, I left him, and took my station as before.

2263:, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, in 1819, was made to honour the victims of the Peterloo Massacre and was flown at mass meetings held in the area demanding the reform of Parliament. This was one of dozens of mass protest meetings held in 1819, until the Six Acts put an end to protests. Throughout the nineteenth century, the memory of Peterloo was a political rallying point for both radicals and liberals to attack the Tories and demand further reforms of parliament. These came at the rate of one per generation in 1832, 1867, 1884, and 1918, when universal manhood suffrage and partial female suffrage was achieved. 1244: 2375: 634: 527:

thought a "general rising" was imminent, the "deep distress of the manufacturing classes" was being worked on by the "unbounded liberty of the press" and "the harangues of a few desperate demagogues" at weekly meetings. "Possessing no power to prevent the meetings" the magistrates admitted they were at a loss as to how to stem the doctrines being disseminated. The Home Office assured them privately that in "an extreme case a magistrate may feel it incumbent upon him to act even without evidence, and to rely on Parliament for an indemnity."

1309:, the chairman of the magistrates watching from the house on the edge of St Peter's Field, saw the enthusiastic reception that Hunt received on his arrival at the assembly, and it encouraged him to action. He issued an arrest warrant for Henry Hunt, Joseph Johnson, John Knight, and James Moorhouse. On being handed the warrant the Constable, Jonathan Andrews, offered his opinion that the press of the crowd surrounding the hustings would make military assistance necessary for its execution. Hulton then wrote two letters, one to Major 2440:. The organist Jonathan Scott recorded a solo work, 'Peterloo 1819', at the parish church in the radical village of Royton in 2017. Scott is a descendant of the wider family of the Peterloo radical Samuel Bamford from nearby Middleton. Several musical pieces in different genres from rap to oratorio were commissioned and performed in connection with the 2019 Peterloo bicentenary. Other musical commemorations include Harvey Kershaw MBE's folk revival song, which was recorded by the Oldham Tinkers 1231:, a local cotton dealer, estimated that most were from Manchester, a view that would subsequently be supported by the casualty lists. Of the casualties whose residence was recorded, sixty-one per cent lived within a three-mile radius of the centre of Manchester. Some groups carried banners with texts like "No Corn Laws", "Annual Parliaments", "Universal suffrage" and "Vote By Ballot". The first female reform societies were established in the textile areas in 1819 and women from the 1392: 1340: 2095:, organised a petition of protest against the violence at St Peter's Field and the validity of the magistrates' meeting. Within a few days it had collected 4,800 signatures. Nevertheless, the Home Secretary, Lord Sidmouth, on 27 August conveyed to the magistrates the thanks of the Prince Regent for their action in the "preservation of the public peace." That public exoneration was met with fierce anger and criticism. During a debate at Hopkins Street 2065: 2288: 1203:

from outside Manchester, but the number who attended informally from Manchester and Salford is much harder to estimate. Bush argues from the casualty figures that two-thirds were from Manchester and Salford, suggesting a total crowd of 50,000, but Poole revises this to a half, bringing the total down to 40,000. Steele's estimate of the capacity of the ground suggests 30,000 which, if correct, lowers the attendance but raises the casualty rate.

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for the victims of Peterloo, gave the number of injured as 420, while Radical sources listed 500. The true number is difficult to estimate, as many of the wounded hid their injuries for fear of retribution by the authorities. Three of William Marsh's six children worked in the factory belonging to Captain Hugh Birley of the Manchester Yeomanry, and lost their jobs because their father had attended the meeting. James Lees was admitted to

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Sobriety, Order and Peace" and a "prohibition of all weapons of offence or defence" were to be observed throughout the demonstration. Each contingent was drilled and rehearsed in the fields of the towns around Manchester adding to the concerns of the authorities. A royal proclamation forbidding the practice of drilling had been posted in Manchester on 3 August but on 9 August an informant reported to Rochdale magistrates that at

5843: 2191:, a witness to the massacre. The prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would "zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty … warmly advocate the cause of Reform … endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and … support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, all serviceable measures." 312:, criticised as being inadequate and referring only to the "dispersal by the military" of an assembly. In 2007, the city council replaced the blue plaque with a red plaque referring to "a peaceful rally" being "attacked by armed cavalry" and mentioning "15 deaths and over 600 injuries". In 2019, on the 200th anniversary of the massacre, Manchester City Council inaugurated a new 1336:, a local factory owner, arrived at the house from where the magistrates were watching; some reports allege that they were drunk. Andrews, the Chief Constable, instructed Birley that he had an arrest warrant which he needed assistance to execute. Birley was asked to take his cavalry to the hustings to allow the speakers to be removed; it was by then about 1:40 pm. 1121:

young men, who had volunteered into that service from their intense hatred of Radicalism." Socialist writer Mark Krantz has described them as "the local business mafia on horseback". R J White described them as "exclusively cheesemongers, ironmongers and newly enriched manufacturers, (who) the people of Manchester … thought … a joke."

1149:, a fashionable event at which Byng had entries in two races. He wrote to the Home Office, saying that although he would still be prepared to be in command in Manchester on the day of the meeting if it was thought really necessary, he had absolute confidence in his deputy commander, Lieutenant Colonel 1411:

A particular feature of the meeting at Peterloo was the number of women present. Female reform societies had been formed in North West England during June and July 1819, the first in Britain. Many of the women were dressed distinctively in white, and some formed all-female contingents, carrying their

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The exact number of those killed and injured at Peterloo has never been established with certainty, for there was no official count or inquiry and many injured people fled to safety without reporting their injuries or seeking treatment. The Manchester Relief Committee, a body set up to provide relief

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Within ten minutes the crowd had been dispersed, at the cost of 11 dead and more than 600 injured. Only the wounded, their helpers, and the dead were left behind; a woman living nearby said she saw "a very great deal of blood." For some time afterwards there was rioting in the streets, most seriously

2247:, hunger-marching, strikes and sabotage, was coming to port"; "Henceforth, the people were to stand with ever greater fortitude behind that great movement, which, stage by stage throughout the nineteenth century, was to impose a new political order upon society"; "With Peterloo, and the departure of 1081:

and to consider what action they should take on Henry Hunt's arrival at the meeting. By 10:30 am they had come to no conclusions, and moved to a house on the southeastern corner of St Peter's Field, from where they planned to observe the meeting. They were concerned that it would end in a riot,

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While this met the official standards for access, it was also interpreted by some as a 'speaking platform' made inaccessible by its stepped design. The city council has promised that it will be modified to rectify this. Some disability campaigners described the memorial as 'vile' and calling for it

2366:, Councillor Glynn Evans. Under the heading "St. Peter's Fields: The Peterloo Massacre", the present plaque reads, "On 16th August 1819 a peaceful rally of 60,000 pro-democracy reformers, men, women and children, was attacked by armed cavalry resulting in 15 deaths and over 600 injuries." 1415:

Eleven of the fatalities listed occurred on St Peter's Field. Others, such as John Lees of Oldham, died later of their wounds, and some like Joshua Whitworth were killed in the rioting that followed the crowd's dispersal from the field. Bush puts the fatalities at 18 and Poole supports this figure,

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On the other hand, Lieutenant Jolliffe of the 15th Hussars said "It was then for the first time that I saw the Manchester troop of Yeomanry; they were scattered singly or in small groups over the greater part of the Field, literally hemmed up and powerless either to make an impression or to escape;

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The notes were handed to two horsemen who were standing by. The Manchester and Salford Yeomanry were stationed just a short distance away in Portland Street, and so received their note first. They immediately drew their swords and galloped towards St Peter's Field. One trooper, in a frantic attempt

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At about noon, several hundred special constables were led onto the field. They formed two lines in the crowd a few yards apart, in an attempt to form a corridor through the crowd between the house where the magistrates were watching and the hustings, two wagons lashed together. Believing that this

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at the meeting vary substantially. Contemporaries estimated it from 30,000 to as many as 150,000; modern estimates have been 50,000–80,000. Recent work however has reduced these numbers. A reasonably reliable count of the numbers on the various marches indicates a total of around 20,000 who came in

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as "generally speaking, the fawning dependents of the great, with a few fools and a greater proportion of coxcombs, who imagine they acquire considerable importance by wearing regimentals," they were subsequently variously described as "younger members of the Tory party in arms", and as "hot-headed

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the previous day, 700 men were "drilling in companies" and "going through the usual evolutions of a regiment" and an onlooker had said the men "were fit to contend with any regular troops, only they wanted arms". The magistrates were convinced that the situation was indeed an emergency which would

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Peterloo was the first public meeting at which journalists from important, distant newspapers were present and within a day or so of the event, accounts were published in London, Leeds and Liverpool. The London and national papers shared the horror felt in the Manchester region, and the feeling of

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rode in Hunt's carriage carrying its flag. The only banner known to have survived is in Middleton Public Library; it was carried by Thomas Redford, who was injured by a yeomanry sabre. Made of green silk embossed with gold lettering, one side of the banner is inscribed "Liberty and Fraternity" and

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even if they should utter sedition or proceed to the election of a representative Lord Sidmouth is of opinion that it will be the wisest course to abstain from any endeavour to disperse the mob, unless they should proceed to acts of felony or riot. We have the strongest reason to believe that Hunt

506:, the right to be either charged or released. In September 1818 three former leading Blanketeers were again arrested for allegedly urging striking weavers in Stockport to demand their political rights, 'sword in hand', and were convicted of sedition and conspiracy at Chester Assizes in April 1819. 1153:. The postponement to 16 August made it possible for Byng to attend after the races but he chose not to, having had enough of dealing with the Manchester magistrates. He had dealt firmly and bloodlessly with the blanketeers two years before; L'Estrange was to exhibit no such qualities of command. 1140:

I will be prepared to go there, and will have in that neighbourhood, that is within an easy day's march, 8 squadron of cavalry, 18 companies of infantry and the guns. I am sure I can add to the Yeomanry if requisite. I hope therefore the civil authorities will not be deterred from doing

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reported it was called "to take into consideration the most speedy and effectual mode of obtaining Radical reform in the Common House of Parliament" and "to consider the propriety of the 'Unrepresented Inhabitants of Manchester' electing a person to represent them in Parliament". The government's

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meeting, all serve to indicate the breadth, diversity and widespread geographical scale of the demand for economic and political reform at the time. Peterloo had no effect on the speed of reform, but in due course all but one of the reformers' demands, annual parliaments, were met. Following the

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meetings and publications, and by the end of 1820 every significant working-class radical reformer was in jail; civil liberties had declined to an even lower level than they were before Peterloo. Historian Robert Reid has written that "it is not fanciful to compare the restricted freedoms of the

1959:. Shortly before his death he said to a friend that he had never been in such danger as at Peterloo: "At Waterloo there was man to man but there it was downright murder." When news of the massacre began to spread, the population of Manchester and surrounding districts was horrified and outraged. 1284:

By this time St Peter's Field, an area of 14,000 sq yd (11,700 m), was packed with tens of thousands of men, women and children. The crowd around the speakers was so dense that "their hats seemed to touch"; large groups of curious spectators gathered on the outskirts of the crowd.

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On the bank of an open field on our left I perceived a gentleman observing us attentively. He beckoned me, and I went to him. He was one of my late employers. He took my hand, and rather concernedly, but kindly, said he hoped no harm was intended by all those people who were coming in. I said "I

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Gaol; Bamford, Johnson, and Healey were given one year each, and Knight was jailed for two years on a subsequent charge. A civil case on behalf of a weaver wounded at Peterloo was brought against four members of the Manchester Yeomanry, Captain Birley, Captain Withington, Trumpeter Meagher, and

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The assembly was intended by its organisers to be a peaceful meeting; Henry Hunt had exhorted everyone attending to come "armed with no other weapon but that of a self-approving conscience", and many were wearing their "Sunday best" clothes. Samuel Bamford recounts the following incident, which

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contingent, wrote that "It was deemed expedient that this meeting should be as morally effective as possible, and, that it should exhibit a spectacle such as had never before been witnessed in England." Instructions were given to the various committees forming the contingents that "Cleanliness,

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wrote to the Lancashire magistrates in March. Over the next few months the government worked to find a legal justification for the magistrates to send in troops to disperse a meeting when riot was expected but not actually begun. In July 1819, the magistrates wrote to Lord Sidmouth warning they

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The route towards the hustings between the special constables was narrow, and as the inexperienced horses were thrust further and further into the crowd they reared and plunged as people tried to get out of their way. The arrest warrant had been given to the Deputy Constable, Joseph Nadin, who

225:. When a second slump occurred in early 1819, Radicals sought to mobilise huge crowds to force the government to back down. The movement was particularly strong in the north-west, where the Manchester Patriotic Union organised a mass rally in August 1819, addressed by well-known Radical orator 1954:

The Peterloo Massacre has been called one of the defining moments of its age. Many of those present at the massacre, including local masters, employers and owners, were horrified by the carnage. One of the casualties, Oldham cloth-worker and ex-soldier John Lees, who died from his wounds on 9

2316:, trade unionists and communists alike saw Peterloo as a lesson that workers needed to fight back against capitalist violence. The Conservative majority on Manchester City Council in 1968-1969 declined to mark the 150th anniversary of Peterloo, but their Labour successors in 1972 placed a 1351:

followed behind the yeomanry. As the cavalry pushed towards the speakers' stand they became stuck in the crowd, and in panic started to hack about them with their sabres. On his arrival at the stand Nadin arrested Hunt, Johnson and a number of others including John Tyas, the reporter from

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The radicals' own legal advice however urged caution, and so the meeting was accordingly cancelled and rearranged for 16 August, with its declared aim solely "to consider the propriety of adopting the most LEGAL and EFFECTUAL means of obtaining a reform in the Common House of Parliament".

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in Manchester has one of these Peterloo handkerchiefs on display. All the mementos carried the iconic image of Peterloo; cavalrymen with swords drawn riding down and slashing at defenceless civilians. The reverse of the Peterloo commemorative medal carried a Biblical text, derived from

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claimed that of the 515 MPs for England and Wales 351 were returned by the patronage of 177 individuals and a further 16 by the direct patronage of the government: all 45 Scottish MPs owed their seats to patronage. These inequalities in political representation led to calls for reform.

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Hunt's carriage arrived at the meeting shortly after 1:00 pm, and he made his way to the hustings. Alongside Hunt on the speakers' stand were John Knight, a cotton manufacturer and reformer, Joseph Johnson, the organiser of the meeting, John Thacker Saxton, managing editor of the

1359:, standing with bayonets fixed. One officer of the 15th Hussars was heard trying to restrain the by now out of control Manchester and Salford Yeomanry, who were "cutting at every one they could reach": "For shame! For shame! Gentlemen: forbear, forbear! The people cannot get away!" 2242:

On the other hand, R. J. White has affirmed the true significance of Peterloo as marking the point of final conversion of provincial England to the struggle for enfranchisement of the working class. "The ship which had tacked and lain for so long among the shoals and shallows of

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In the winter of 1816–17 massed reform petitions were rejected by the House of Commons, the largest of them from Manchester with over 30,000 signatures. On 10 March 1817 a crowd of 5,000 gathered in St Peter's Fields to send some of their number to march to London to petition the

1070:, but the remainder of the field was clear. Thomas Worrell, Manchester's Assistant Surveyor of Paving, arrived to inspect the field at 7:00 am. His job was to remove anything that might be used as a weapon, and he duly had "about a quarter of a load" of stones carted away. 2406:

The 1.5-metre-high memorial features 11 concentric steps engraved, sculpted from polished local stone and carved with the names of the dead and the places from which the victims came. The material not visible from the ground is reproduced at ground level, and there is a floor

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The government declared its support for the actions taken by the magistrates and the army. The Manchester magistrates held a supposedly public meeting on 19 August, so that resolutions supporting the action they had taken three days before could be published. Cotton merchants

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to be demolished, a stance which in turn caused offence by appearing to dismiss the experiences of the many disabled victims of Peterloo. It has in practice proved very difficult to design a wheelchair ramp that does not damage or block substantial parts of the inscriptions.

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When I wrote these two letters, I considered at that moment that the lives and properties of all the persons in Manchester were in the greatest possible danger. I took this into consideration, that the meeting was part of a great scheme, carrying on throughout the country.

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English grain producers. The cost of food rose as people were forced to buy the more expensive and lower quality British grain, and periods of famine and chronic unemployment ensued, increasing the desire for political reform both in Lancashire and in the country at large.

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Sir, as chairman of the select committee of magistrates, I request you to proceed immediately to no. 6 Mount Street, where the magistrates are assembled. They consider the Civil Power wholly inadequate to preserve the peace. I have the honour, & c. Wm.

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The crowd that gathered in St Peter's Field arrived in disciplined and organised contingents. Contingents were sent from all around the region, the largest and "best dressed" of which was a group of 10,000 who had travelled from Oldham Green, comprising people from

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Carried the black flag of the Saddleworth, Lees and Mossley Union, inscribed "Taxation without representation is unjust and tyrannical. NO CORN LAWS". The inquest jury returned a verdict of accidental death. His son, Samuel, received 20 shillings in relief.

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Monday, 16 August 1819, was a hot summer's day, with a cloudless blue sky. The fine weather almost certainly increased the size of the crowd significantly; marching from the outer townships in the cold and rain would have been a much less attractive prospect.

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Just published No. 1 price twopence of PETER LOO MASSACRE Containing a full, true and faithful account of the inhuman murders, woundings and other monstrous Cruelties exercised by a set of INFERNALS (miscalled Soldiers) upon unarmed and distressed People.

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In 2019 a whole volume of essays was devoted to the commemoration of Peterloo, including an essay by Ian Haywood on 'The Sounds of Peterloo' and other contributions covering Hunt, Cobbett, Castlereagh, Bentham, Wordsworth, Shelley, Scotland, and Ireland.

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A series of mass meetings in the Manchester region, Birmingham, and London over the next few months alarmed the government. "Your country will not be tranquillised until blood shall have been shed, either by the law or the sword", the Home Secretary,

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might be intended as the route by which the magistrates would later send their representatives to arrest the speakers, some members of the crowd pushed the wagons away from the constables, and pressed around the hustings to form a human barrier.

2308:, was built partly as a "cenotaph raised on the shades of the victims" of Peterloo, but one which acknowledged only the reformers' demand for the repeal of the corn laws and not for the vote. At the centenary in 1919, just two years after the 2413:

The memorial has meanwhile become widely appreciated and visited, and the Peterloo Memorial Campaign site states that it is 'Proud to have campaigned for a respectful, informative and permanent Peterloo Memorial at the heart of Manchester'.

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at New Cross, where troops fired on a crowd attacking a shop belonging to someone rumoured to have taken one of the women reformers' flags as a souvenir. Peace was not restored in Manchester until the next morning, and in Stockport and

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and the wool textile trade was concentrated over the border in West and North Yorkshire. Weavers who could have expected to earn 15 shillings for a six-day week in 1803, saw their wages cut to 5 shillings or even

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After the events at Peterloo, many commemorative items such as plates, jugs, handkerchiefs and medals were produced; they were carried by radical supporters and may also have been sold to raise money for the injured. The

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Nothing but ruin and starvation stare one in the face , the state of this district is truly dreadful, and I believe nothing but the greatest exertions can prevent an insurrection. Oh, that you in London were prepared for

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Mother of six children, and pregnant at the time of the meeting. Disabled and suffering from almost daily fits following her injuries, the premature birth of her child after 7 months of pregnancy resulted in her death.

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Private Oliver, at Lancaster Assizes, on 4 April 1822. All were acquitted, as the court ruled their actions had been justified to disperse an illegal gathering and that the murders were nothing more than self-defense.

371:, with a total of 17,000 voters in a county population of nearly a million. Thanks to deals by Whig and Tory parties to carve up the seats between them, most had not seen a contested election within living memory. 1313:, the commanding officer of the Manchester and Salford Yeomanry Cavalry, and the other to the overall military commander in Manchester, Lieutenant Colonel Guy L'Estrange. The contents of both notes were similar: 248:

drawn, and contemporary accounts estimated that between nine and seventeen people were killed and 400 to 700 injured in the ensuing confusion. The event was first labelled the "Peterloo massacre" by the radical

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and called on the Prince Regent to choose ministers who would repeal the Corn Laws. The meeting, conducted in the presence of the cavalry, passed off without incident, apart from the collapse of the hustings.

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justify pre-emptive action, as the Home Office had previously explained, and set about lining up dozens of local loyalist gentlemen to swear the necessary oaths that they believed the town to be in danger.

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St Peter's Field was a piece of land alongside Mount Street which was being cleared to enable the last section of Peter Street to be constructed. Piles of timber lay at the end of the field nearest to the

2512:, for its author lived in Manchester at the time and wove into her account numerous testimonies she picked up from people who were involved. It was also the subject of a graphic novel in 'verbatim' form, 5833: 6542: 2099:

declared "The Prince is a fool with his Wonderful letters of thanks … What is the Prince Regent or King to us, we want no King – he is no use to us." In an open letter, Richard Carlile said:

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were rushed through the courts and a continual change of sub-editors was not sufficient defence against a series of police raids, often on the suspicion that someone was writing a radical article. The

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to arrest Hunt and several others on the platform with him. The Yeomanry charged into the crowd, knocking down a woman and killing a child, and finally apprehended Hunt. Cheshire Magistrates' chairman

2494:, based on the Howard Spring novel of the same name, depicts the rise of a politician inspired by his grandfather's account of the massacre. Recent novels about Peterloo include Carolyn O'Brien's 2103:

Unless the Prince calls his ministers to account and relieved his people, he would surely be deposed and make them all REPUBLICANS, despite all adherence to ancient and established institutions.

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Unknown to Johnson and Hunt, the letter was intercepted by government spies and copied before being sent to its destination, confirming the government's belief that an armed rising was planned.

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Two years old, he was first victim of the massacre. His mother was carrying him across the road when she was struck by a trooper of the Manchester Yeomanry, galloping towards St Peters Field.

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had no MPs of their own, and only a few hundred county voters. By comparison, more than half of all MPs were returned by a total of just 154 owners of rotten or closed boroughs. In 1816,

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high up on the wall of the Free Trade Hall, now the Radisson Hotel. This in turn was criticised for failing to recognise that anyone was killed or injured. In a 2006 survey conducted by

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For a few months following Peterloo it seemed to the authorities that the country was heading towards an armed rebellion. Encouraging them in that belief were two abortive uprisings, in

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The Representative History of Great Britain and Ireland; being a History of the House of Commons, and of the Counties, Cities, and Boroughs of the United Kingdom from the earliest Period

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with two severe sabre wounds to the head, but was refused treatment and sent home after refusing to agree with the surgeon's insistence that "he had had enough of Manchester meetings."

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Rhodes's body was dissected by order of magistrates who wished to prove that his death was not a result of Peterloo. The coroner's inquest found that he had died from natural causes.

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to catch up, knocked down Ann Fildes in Cooper Street, causing the death of her son when he was thrown from her arms; two-year-old William Fildes was the first casualty of Peterloo.

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by 1818. The industrialists, who were cutting wages without offering relief, blamed market forces generated by the aftershocks of the Napoleonic Wars. Exacerbating matters were the

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to force parliament into reform; the so-called 'blanket march', after the blankets which the protesters carried with them to sleep in on the way. After the magistrates read the

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Wroe was arrested and charged with producing a seditious publication. Found guilty he was sentenced to 12 months in prison and fined £100. Outstanding court cases against the

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to elect an MP that was illegal, but the execution of that intention. It advised against any attempt to forcibly prevent the 9 August meeting unless there was an actual riot:

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entitled "The Peterloo Massacre: A Faithful Narrative of the Events". Priced at 2d each, they sold out every print run for 14 weeks and had a large national circulation. Sir

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in fact, they were in the power of those whom they were designed to overawe and it required only a glance to discover their helpless position, and the necessity of our being

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legal advice was that to elect a representative without a royal writ for an election was a criminal offence, and the magistrates decided to declare the meeting illegal.

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The immediate effect of Peterloo was a crackdown on reform. The government instructed the police and courts to go after the journalists, presses and publication of the

2351:". A Peterloo Memorial Campaign was set up to lobby for a 'Respectful, Informative and Permanent' (RIP) monument to an event that has been described as "Manchester's 1416:

albeit a slightly different 18 based on new information. It is these 18 whose names are carved on the 2019 memorial, including the unborn child of Elizabeth Gaunt.

1112:. The Manchester & Salford Yeomanry were relatively inexperienced militia recruited from among local shopkeepers and tradesmen, the most numerous of which were 266:

has called the Peterloo Massacre "the bloodiest political event of the 19th century in English soil", and "a political earthquake in the northern powerhouse of the

653: 3462: 4129: 450: 270:". The London and national papers shared the horror felt in the Manchester region, but Peterloo's immediate effect was to cause the Tory government under 4665: 1150: 3092: 6825: 651: 6845: 513:

among the cotton loom weavers of south Lancashire. In January 1819, a crowd of about 10,000 gathered at St Peter's Fields to hear the radical orator

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Campbell was a Special Constable, beaten to death in a revenge attack the next day and not a victim on the field. His name is not on the memorial.

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As the 'Peterloo Massacre' cannot be otherwise than grossly libellous you will probably deem it right to proceed by arresting the publishers.

78: 6494: 2531:, wrote a work consisting of 15 original songs and a spoken narrative commemorating the Peterloo Massacre. The work received its premiere at 5190: 2586:

A William Dawson of Saddleworth is also sometimes mentioned, but Poole (2019) has established that this was an error in the original source.

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replaced the original blue plaque with a red one, giving a fuller account of the events of 1819. It was unveiled on 10 December 2007 by the

5079: 2363: 2056:. After a two-week trial, five defendants were found guilty, on a single one of the seven charges. Hunt was sentenced to 30 months in 6537: 4162: 4030: 4470: 4138: 641: 6738: 6389: 5928: 2843: 2395:

In 2019, shortly before the 200th anniversary of the massacre, Manchester City Council "quietly unveiled" a new memorial by the artist

1356: 320:, featuring eleven concentric circles of local stone engraved with the names of the dead and the places from which the victims came. 4699: 3965: 2348: 541:. Johnson, the union's secretary, wrote to Henry Hunt asking him to chair a meeting in Manchester on 2 August 1819. Johnson wrote: 5221: 6850: 6840: 2212: 340: 271: 663: 654: 2632: 523: 383: 364: 360: 348: 222: 4728: 4403: 6855: 5781: 5763: 5745: 5727: 5683: 5663: 5618: 5600: 5582: 5564: 5546: 5528: 5510: 5492: 5474: 5453: 5417: 5395: 5366: 5285: 5252: 5157: 5110: 4792: 4615: 4578: 4099: 4006: 3576: 3363: 2977: 2735: 2382: 2132:

British worker in the post-Peterloo period in the early nineteenth century with those of the black South African in the post-

5689: 4252: 2741: 665: 500:. The ringleaders were detained for several months without charge under the emergency powers then in force, which suspended 4248:

Manchester Meeting, sixteenth of August, 1819. A Report of the Trial, Redford against Birley and others for an assault, etc

463: 387: 368: 3085:"A letter sent to Manchester on behalf of Lord Sidmouth, the Home Secretary, 4 August 1819 (Catalogue ref: HO 41/4 f.434)" 2136:

period of the late twentieth century." Peterloo is also partially credited for pushing the British government to pass the

2123:

to blow up the cabinet that winter. By the end of the year, the government had introduced legislation, later known as the

1973: 639: 6810: 4956: 657: 352: 3089:

National Archives: Education: Power, Politics and Protest: The growth of political rights in Britain in the 19th century

535:

Against this background, a "great assembly" was organised by the Manchester Patriotic Union formed by radicals from the

509:

By the beginning of 1819, pressure generated by poor economic conditions was at its peak and had enhanced the appeal of

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in Suffolk, which by the early 19th century had almost completely disappeared into the sea. The major urban centres of

356: 5901: 2029:, but because of restrictions on the radical press it was not published until 1832, ten years after the poet's death. 644: 174:, Manchester, Lancashire, England, on Monday 16 August 1819. Eighteen people died and 400–700 were injured when 6024: 5756:

A Radical History of Britain: Visionaries, Rebels and Revolutionaries – the men and women who fought for our freedoms

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On 3 August however the Home Office conveyed to the magistrates the view of the Attorney-General that it was not the

6187: 1227:, claimed that "The active part of the meeting may be said to have come in wholly from the country", others such as 6657: 6080: 1980:

The wicked have drawn out the sword, they have cast down the poor and needy and such as be of upright conversation.

1232: 1129: 379: 171: 5048: 6489: 6456: 1993:, was the first to describe the incident as the "Peterloo Massacre", coining his headline by creating the ironic 1109: 662: 658: 650: 489: 233: 140: 6717: 6676: 5921: 5462: 1022: 656: 643: 4658: 649: 645: 637: 6820: 6634: 6499: 6139: 3084: 3022:

Notes and observations, critical and explanatory, on the papers relative to the internal state of the country

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He then excused himself from attendance, however, as the meeting on the 9th clashed with the horse races at

642: 6805: 6222: 2325: 2116: 739: 659: 646: 71: 4504: 1268:, and George Swift, reformer and shoemaker. There were also a number of reporters, including John Tyas of 6795: 6404: 6197: 5655: 4824: 2721: 2096: 1852: 1746: 1454: 959: 863: 395: 334: 4978: 1997:

from St Peter's Field and the Battle of Waterloo that had taken place four years earlier. He also wrote

6800: 6785: 6780: 6701: 6671: 6049: 5848: 2508: 1964: 1826: 1405: 878: 457:, particularly among cotton textile weavers and spinners. The cotton textile trade was concentrated in 440: 241: 2557: 6681: 6615: 6559: 6331: 6248: 5981: 5914: 5867: 2228: 1037: 661: 2684: 652: 6790: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6409: 6192: 6124: 6054: 2991: 2771: 1946: 1518: 1175: 1011: 797: 497: 263: 17: 6227: 2921:"Chester Spring Assizes – Trial of Johnston, Drummond and Bagguley, for Sedition and Conspiracy". 6600: 6364: 6207: 5959: 5182: 5017: 4816: 2490: 2359: 2333: 2224: 2171: 2156: 2128: 1248: 1243: 514: 510: 284: 279: 226: 5071: 1371:… however, the far greater amount of injuries were from the pressure of the routed multitude." 655: 640: 217:

identified parliamentary reform as the solution, and a mass campaign to petition parliament for

6595: 6509: 6461: 6202: 6034: 5425: 2517: 2120: 648: 454: 6514: 6379: 4154: 4036: 1367:" Further Jolliffe asserted that "… nine out of ten of the sabre wounds were caused by the 1323:

Letter sent by William Hulton to Major Trafford of the Manchester and Salford Yeomanry Cavalry

305:

as the event from radical British history that most deserved a proper monument or a memorial.

6610: 6549: 6451: 6374: 6316: 6309: 6294: 6217: 4979:"Manchester City Council Communities and Equaklities Scrutiny Committee 5 March 2020 item 10" 4783:

Fitzgerald, Paul (2014). "Remembering Peterloo in the 21st Century". In Poole, Robert (ed.).

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or even a rebellion, and had arranged for a substantial number of regular troops and militia

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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the

2835: 1132:. When he had initially learned that the meeting was scheduled for 2 August he wrote to the 6468: 6338: 6326: 6263: 6253: 6182: 6144: 5863: 2305: 2133: 2083: 2012: 1498: 664: 183: 150: 2466:'s suite of five songs written and recorded in 1973, later included on their 1992 release 209:, which kept the price of bread high. At that time, only around 11 percent of adult males 8: 6733: 6626: 6554: 6446: 6436: 6304: 6172: 6134: 5964: 5954: 4691: 4355:"The riot that Telford forgot: New group trying to raise awareness of Cinderloo uprising" 3980: 2625:"The Manchester Observer: Biography of a Radical Newspaper, part 7: 'Enter the Guardian'" 2436: 2164: 2141: 537: 251: 5376: 6504: 6384: 6343: 6299: 6284: 6279: 6258: 6129: 6112: 6090: 6007: 5636: 5406: 5355: 5213: 5128: 4625: 4608:

A History of Secular Martyrdom in the Britain and Ireland: From Peterloo to the Present

3016: 2562: 2454: 2374: 2313: 2309: 2220: 2188: 2152: 2078: 1956: 1782: 1594: 1333: 1310: 1217: 256: 6441: 6399: 6369: 6321: 6289: 6243: 6107: 6029: 5997: 5777: 5759: 5741: 5723: 5705: 5679: 5659: 5624: 5614: 5596: 5578: 5560: 5542: 5524: 5506: 5488: 5470: 5449: 5433: 5413: 5391: 5362: 5291: 5281: 5258: 5248: 5163: 5153: 5150:

Commemorating Peterloo: violence, resilience and claim-making during the Romantic era

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gained three-quarters of a million signatures in 1817 but was flatly rejected by the

145: 2624: 1810:

Arthur Neil (or O'Neill) died after being imprisoned without trial for five months.

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Wyke, Terry (2014). "Remembering the Manchester Massacre". In Poole, Robert (ed.).

4549: 4539: 4399: 4226: 3713: 2901: 2528: 2470:. The long history of verse about Peterloo is covered in Alison Morgan's 2018 book 2208: 2203: 1224: 218: 3864: 2516:

with the story told mainly through words written and spoken at the time. In 2016,

6394: 6070: 6044: 6019: 5896: 5673: 4756: 4246: 3463:"A more shocking massacre? How we might have over-estimated the OPeterloo crowds" 2894:"Petitioners and Rebels: Petitioning for Parliamentary Reform in Regency England" 2725: 2689: 2484: 2301: 2236: 2216: 2195: 2006: 2002: 1756:

Mother of seven children. Beaten on the head by a Special Constable's truncheon.

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stating that he hoped the Manchester magistrates would show firmness on the day:

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Hunt and eight others were tried at York Assizes on 16 March 1820, charged with

1077:

The Manchester magistrates met at 9:00 am, to breakfast at the Star Inn on

6579: 6359: 5350: 4603: 2503: 2463: 2431: 2423: 2329: 2088: 1306: 597: 568:

for "inciting a riot", Bamford emerged as a prominent voice for radical reform.

557: 375: 302: 237: 194: 5628: 5446:

Tradition in Action: The Historical Evolution of the Greater Manchester County

5295: 5262: 5167: 5120: 5009: 4948: 3373: 2987: 2441: 1235:, dressed in white, accompanied Hunt to the platform. The society's president 6774: 6100: 4802: 4588: 4133: 4123: 4016: 3586: 2449: 2396: 2260: 2180: 572:

The mass public meeting planned for 2 August was delayed until 9 August. The

502: 475: 317: 214: 93: 80: 5902:

Original Documents covering the Peterloo Massacre from the National Archives

5875: 5324: 4751: 4340:

The Shropshire Yeomanry 1795-1945, the Story of a Volunteer Cavalry Regiment

4142:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 809–810. 3435: 213:, very few of them in the industrial north of England, which was worst hit. 178:

charged into a crowd of around 60,000 people who had gathered to demand the

6543:

Actions against memorials in Great Britain during the George Floyd protests

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the other "Unity and Strength." It is the world's oldest political banner.

1125: 1088: 996: 565: 290: 198: 155: 3997:

Burgess, Chris (2014). "The objects of Peterloo". In Poole, Robert (ed.).

3898: 2015:

was in Italy and did not hear of the massacre until 5 September. His poem

1207:

occurred as the Middleton contingent reached the outskirts of Manchester:

6119: 6095: 5851:

was created from a revision of this article dated 17 April 2008

2341: 2317: 2248: 2199: 1994: 1942: 1620: 1236: 1179: 1133: 889: 837: 606: 309: 179: 5408:

Comrade or Brother? The History of the British Labour Movement 1789–1951

4544: 4531: 4231: 4214: 2944: 2906: 2893: 1332:

Sixty cavalrymen of the Manchester and Salford Yeomanry, led by Captain

6177: 5711: 5183:"'Peterloo' Review: Political Violence of the Past Mirrors the Present" 5040: 3704:

Poole, Robert (2006), "'By the Law or the Sword': Peterloo Revisited",

2772:"Battle for the memory of Peterloo: Campaigners demand fitting tribute" 2521: 2479: 2160: 1986: 1487: 1458: 904: 826: 681: 458: 391: 63: 4554: 4092:

Poor Men's Guardians: Survey of the Democratic and Working-class Press

1753:

No cause given by Marlow but listed by Frow as "bruised in the head".

4467:

The Victoria history of the county of Lancaster. – Lancashire. Vol. 4

2840:

The Victoria history of the county of Lancaster. – Lancashire. Vol. 4

2337: 2057: 1195: 1113: 1078: 941: 930: 915: 467: 419: 403: 206: 5521:

The Life and Music of Sir Malcolm Arnold: The Brilliant and the Dark

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to be deployed. The military presence comprised 600 men of the

347:(MPs) and a further twelve borough members sitting for the towns of 48: 6605: 6012: 5906: 2532: 2459: 2124: 2053: 1998: 1969: 1191: 1093: 1083: 779: 493: 407: 275: 210: 5884: 4851:"Peterloo memorial quietly unveiled three days before anniversary" 2524:

audio adventure based around the events of the Peterloo Massacre.

2271: 2119:, during the autumn of 1820, and the discovery and foiling of the 2064: 1884:

Shot at New Cross the same evening by infantry firing on rioters.

278:, which were aimed at suppressing any meetings for the purpose of 4917:"Manchester gets ready for noisy tribute to the dead of Peterloo" 2244: 2112: 1183: 970: 724: 553: 378:

had a hugely disproportionate influence on the membership of the

232:

Shortly after the meeting began, local magistrates called on the

175: 4638: 4532:"The Multiple Geographies of Peterloo and its Impact in Britain" 30:"Peterloo" redirects here. For the film about the massacre, see 2345: 2145: 2005:, a reformist MP, was jailed for three months for publishing a 1380: 1167: 1163: 811: 768: 750: 471: 415: 399: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 2829: 2827: 2163:. The uprising saw 3,000 protesting workers confronted by the 1379:

rioting continued on the 17th. There was also a major riot in

5311:

The Manchester Man, 2nd edition, with illustrations and notes

5147: 4602:

Joe Cozens, 'The Making of the Peterloo Martyrs', in (2018).

2151:

The Peterloo Massacre also influenced the naming of the 1821

1668: 1048: 985: 245: 3538: 3536: 3162: 4215:"The Manchester Observer: Biography of a Radical Newspaper" 3131: 2824: 2535:

on 16 August 2024, the 205th anniversary of Peterloo, with

1146: 6656: 5503:

Riot!: Civil Insurrection from Peterloo to the Present Day

4692:"New plaque tells truth of Peterloo killings 188 years on" 3066: 3064: 2965: 2842:. University of London & History of Parliament Trust. 2799: 2797: 2340:

on the blue plaque was described by comedian and activist

2336:

British history that most deserved a proper monument. The

2072:", published by the magistrates the day after the massacre 5593:

The People's Bread: A History of the Anti-Corn Law League

4485: 3533: 3107: 2170:

One direct consequence of Peterloo was the foundation of

3651: 3649: 3647: 3509: 3442: 3229: 3227: 3202: 3200: 3119: 2967: 2730:(reprint ed.). Psychology Press. pp. 223–236. 1383:

that day, during which one person was shot and wounded.

4910: 4908: 4844: 4842: 4815: 4685: 4683: 4442: 4418: 4284: 4282: 3813: 3803: 3801: 3786: 3762: 3632: 3605: 3567:

Poole, Robert (2014). "The Middleton Peterloo Banner".

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newspaper in a bitterly ironic reference to the bloody

4050: 3622: 3620: 3548: 3497: 2814: 2812: 2259:

The Skelmanthorpe Flag, believed to have been made in

482: 386:

in Wiltshire, with one voter, elected two MPs, as did

5242: 4719: 4717: 3842: 3840: 3644: 3392: 3251: 3224: 3197: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2647: 2417: 2215:

elected its first two MPs. Five candidates including

2025:, was sent for publication in the radical periodical 2023:

Written on the Occasion of the Massacre at Manchester

4905: 4839: 4680: 4430: 4294: 4279: 3933: 3798: 3740: 3738: 3323: 3311: 3287: 2833: 2664: 2662: 1817: 1100:

unit with two six-pounder guns; 400 men of the

470:, the first of which was passed in 1815, imposing a 282:

reform. It also led indirectly to the foundation of

6816:

19th-century military history of the United Kingdom

4306: 4267: 4188:

The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature

3945: 3774: 3750: 3723: 3685: 3673: 3661: 3617: 3593: 3485: 3358:. London: Head of Zeus. pp. 157–165, 203–205. 3335: 3239: 3150: 3049: 2809: 2604: 2527:Sean Cooney, songwriter, folk singer and member of 1985:indignation throughout the country became intense. 1870: 1508: 308:For some time, Peterloo was commemorated only by a 5430:The Vote: How It Was Won and How It Was Undermined 5405: 5354: 4823:. Government of the United Kingdom. Archived from 4714: 4185: 3837: 3521: 3275: 3174: 2756: 2488:is based on the events at Peterloo. The 1947 film 1636: 1627:Died of sabre wounds at the Manchester Infirmary. 1560: 1343:A map of St Peter's Field and surrounding area on 4657:Hunt, Tristram; Fraser, Giles (16 October 2006). 3852: 3830: 3828: 3735: 3380: 3217: 3215: 2836:"The city and parish of Manchester: Introduction" 2659: 2091:(a later corn-law reformer), both members of the 1685: 1585: 1534: 6772: 5590: 5485:Urban workers in the early Industrial Revolution 5038: 4644: 4461:Farrer, William; Brownbill, John, eds. (2017) . 3966:"The Power of Print: Graphic Images of Peterloo" 2972:. Oxford: New Internationalist. pp. 17–21. 2679: 2677: 1659: 1611: 1477: 617: 496:, the crowd was dispersed without injury by the 4460: 4239: 2834:Farrer, William; Brownbill, John (2003–2006) . 2502:The most important fictional treatment remains 2239:were purchased by the borough council in 1846. 636: 5652:The Politics of Regicide in England, 1760–1850 5100: 3825: 3356:Peterloo: the story of the Manchester massacre 3212: 1842: 1792: 1736: 1445: 1247:A print published on 27 August 1819 depicting 1128:in the north was under the overall command of 6642: 5922: 3566: 2720: 2674: 1781:Lees was an ex-soldier who had fought in the 4630:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4032:Collection highlights, Peterloo Handkerchief 3076: 2643:– via Open access at publisher's site. 2543:joining Sean Cooney on the Moot Hall stage. 2167:, leading to the deaths of 3 crowd members. 1833:Thrown into a cellar and killed on the spot 1763: 1710: 1170:(which included a sizeable female section), 27:1819 killing by British troops in Manchester 6538:George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom 5720:Peterloo: the "massacre" and its background 5467:Radical Salford: Episodes in Labour History 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 3926: 3924: 3415: 3011: 3009: 2344:as "an act of historical vandalism akin to 589:means to preside and to deprecate disorder. 382:compared to the size of their populations: 6649: 6635: 5929: 5915: 5641:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5591:Pickering, Paul A.; Tyrrell, Alex (2000), 5572: 5443: 5275: 5133:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4787:. Manchester: Carnegie. pp. 195–201. 4782: 4656: 4601: 4573:. Manchester: Carnegie. pp. 111–132. 4001:. Manchester: Carnegie. pp. 151–158. 3571:. Manchester: Carnegie. pp. 159–171. 3515: 3144: 3125: 2803: 2769: 2717:Table of Parliamentary Patronage 1794–1816 2281:not mentioning any violence (erected 1972) 1186:. Other sizeable contingents marched from 259:which had taken place four years earlier. 6826:Massacres committed by the United Kingdom 5152:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 5041:"Projects: From the Crowd, Protest Music" 4553: 4543: 4337: 4230: 4035:, People's History Museum, archived from 3697: 2905: 2349:airbrushing dissidents out of photographs 2251:, parliamentary reform had come of age." 1894: 244:to disperse the crowd. They charged with 53:A coloured print of the Peterloo Massacre 6846:Political scandals in the United Kingdom 5885:The Peterloo Massacre Memorial Campaign. 5859:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 5842: 5771: 5753: 5671: 5461: 5148:Demson, Michael; Hewitt, Regina (2019). 4914: 4848: 4529: 4448: 4352: 4089: 4074: 3921: 3768: 3655: 3554: 3305: 3233: 3006: 2877:"Petition of the Manchester Reformers". 2373: 2063: 1390: 1338: 1242: 552: 6831:Political history of the United Kingdom 5518: 5349: 4953:Peterloo Memorial Campaign Twitter feed 4342:. The Whitethorn Press. pp. 21–22. 4161:. The Literary Dictionary Company Ltd. 4127: 3996: 3503: 3113: 2727:English Historical Documents, 1783–1832 1910:PETER LOO MASSACRE ! ! ! 301:) in 2006, Peterloo came second to the 14: 6861:Electoral reform in the United Kingdom 6836:Riots and civil disorder in Manchester 6773: 5880:broadcast about the Peterloo Massacre. 5792: 5554: 5536: 5500: 5374: 4749: 4511:from the original on 23 September 2015 4069: 3963: 3807: 3542: 3460: 3398: 3353: 3317: 3293: 3257: 3206: 3015: 2818: 1501:, accidentally killed by the cavalry. 626:Use a cursor to explore this imagemap. 434: 6630: 5910: 5800: 5649: 5608: 5403: 5308: 5180: 5020:from the original on 14 November 2021 5007: 4983:Manchester City Council video minutes 4893:from the original on 30 November 2019 4702:from the original on 28 February 2008 4491: 4463:"Townships: Manchester (part 2 of 2)" 4424: 4365:from the original on 23 December 2019 4300: 4288: 4177: 4152: 3939: 3885: 3881: 3879: 3870: 3792: 3703: 3448: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3386: 3329: 3168: 3070: 3043: 2961: 2959: 2950: 2770:Wainwright, Martin (13 August 2007). 2653: 2635:from the original on 28 November 2020 2610: 2293:Replacement red plaque, unveiled 2007 5936: 5735: 5717: 5703: 5482: 5385: 5335:from the original on 19 August 2024. 5211: 5082:from the original on 12 October 2019 5069: 5008:Scott, Jonathan (11 February 2017). 4731:from the original on 30 October 2018 4689: 4568: 4536:Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 4436: 4312: 4273: 4219:Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 4056: 3951: 3873:, ch. 13 & pp. 353–355, 374–377. 3858: 3846: 3819: 3780: 3756: 3744: 3729: 3691: 3679: 3667: 3638: 3626: 3611: 3599: 3527: 3491: 3341: 3281: 3269: 3245: 3191: 3156: 3082: 3055: 2994:from the original on 13 January 2020 2864: 2846:from the original on 1 December 2010 2668: 2629:Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 2558:Bristol riot of Queen's Square, 1831 2231:, were elected. Manchester became a 288:newspaper. In a survey conducted by 6025:1768 Massacre of St George's Fields 5890:Modern day location of the massacre 5692:from the original on 20 August 2020 5675:History of the Anti-corn-law League 5224:from the original on 16 August 2019 4959:from the original on 16 August 2022 4929:from the original on 17 August 2019 4863:from the original on 17 August 2019 4821:"Peterloo memorial plaque unveiled" 4183: 2966:Polyp, Sclunke & Poole (2019). 2744:from the original on 16 August 2022 1955:September, had been present at the 1420:Fatalities resulting from Peterloo 1399:depicting the charge upon the rally 564:to St Peter's Field. Following his 483:Radical mass meetings in Manchester 453:was followed by periods of chronic 24: 6410:1999 Carnival Against Capital riot 5829: 5793:Bruton, Francis Archibald (1921), 5375:Bruton, Francis Archibald (1919), 5193:from the original on 24 April 2019 5051:from the original on 21 March 2020 4989:from the original on 21 March 2020 4727:. The Peterloo Memorial Campaign. 4165:from the original on 5 August 2011 3876: 3473:from the original on 21 March 2020 3404: 2956: 2715:data re-presented in Document 168 2568:List of massacres in Great Britain 2514:Peterloo: Witnesses to a Massacre, 2418:Representations in popular culture 2144:(sometimes described as the first 2068:Notice "to the inhabitants of the 1941:— 25 August 1819, Letter from the 632: 25: 6872: 5810: 5357:Passages in the life of a radical 4915:Halliday, Josh (16 August 2019). 4849:Halliday, Josh (13 August 2019). 4764:from the original on 31 July 2017 4752:"Remember the Peterloo massacre?" 4668:from the original on 23 July 2009 4406:from the original on 30 June 2015 4255:from the original on 29 July 2020 4153:Sandy, Mark (20 September 2002). 4128:Holland, Arthur William (1911). " 3095:from the original on 4 March 2016 2969:Peterloo: witnesses to a massacre 2697:from the original on 4 March 2006 2254: 2187:Manchester businessmen headed by 1288: 530: 474:on foreign grain in an effort to 6490:2011 Stokes Croft riot (Bristol) 5841: 5317: 5302: 5269: 5236: 5205: 5174: 5141: 5094: 5063: 5045:Peterloo 1819 commemoration site 5032: 5001: 4971: 4941: 4875: 4809: 4776: 4743: 4690:Ward, David (27 December 2007). 4650: 4595: 4562: 4523: 4497: 4473:from the original on 16 May 2019 4454: 4392: 4353:Growcott, Mat (6 October 2018). 4115: 3973:Manchester Region History Review 3834:Marlow (1969), pp. 150–151. 3718:10.1111/j.1468-229X.2006.00366.x 3221:Marlow (1969), pp. 120–121. 2782:from the original on 5 July 2013 2286: 2270: 2213:Manchester parliamentary borough 1903: 1466:Sabred and trampled on by crowd 1233:Manchester Female Reform Society 1200:Reports of the size of the crowd 380:Parliament of the United Kingdom 47: 6495:2011 UK anti-austerity protests 6457:2009 G20 London summit protests 6390:1994 Criminal Justice Bill riot 5950:1189–1190 Massacres of the Jews 5776:, Manchester University Press, 5722:, Manchester University Press, 5342: 4750:Hobson, Judy (17 August 2007). 4507:. BBC: A History of the World. 4377: 4346: 4331: 4318: 4206: 4146: 4108: 4062: 4023: 3990: 3957: 3909:from the original on 6 May 2021 3891: 3560: 3461:Steele, David (8 August 1819). 3454: 3347: 2929: 2914: 2885: 2870: 2724:; Smith, Anthony, eds. (1995). 2580: 2422:In 1968, in celebration of its 1678:Evans was a Special Constable. 1575:Killed by a mob in Newton Lane 1280:, the son of the editor of the 1110:Manchester and Salford Yeomanry 1060: 234:Manchester and Salford Yeomanry 201:and harvest failure due to the 151:Manchester Special Constabulary 141:Manchester and Salford Yeomanry 6851:Protests in the United Kingdom 6841:Military history of Manchester 6677:Manchester Town Hall Extension 6380:1992 Hartcliffe riot (Bristol) 6249:1974 Red Lion Square disorders 6193:1932 Old Market riot (Bristol) 5611:Peterloo: the English uprising 5595:, Leicester University Press, 4645:Pickering & Tyrrell (2000) 4068:illustrated (facing p. 44) in 2709: 2616: 2472:Ballads and Songs of Peterloo. 2430:commissioned British composer 2140:, and for the creation of the 1551:Sabred and stabbed by bayonet 1108:; and 120 cavalry of the 600:, a local radical who led the 343:was represented by two county 13: 1: 6658:St Peter's Square, Manchester 6500:2011 London anti-cuts protest 6125:1838 Battle of Bossenden Wood 6081:1816 Ely and Littleport riots 6055:1795 Revolt of the housewives 5381:, Manchester University Press 5181:Scott, A. O. (4 April 2019). 5103:Ballads and songs of Peterloo 2593: 323: 6856:Battles involving Lancashire 6365:1990 Strangeways Prison riot 6223:1958 Notting Hill race riots 6208:1943 Battle of Bamber Bridge 6140:1866 Hyde Park demonstration 5960:1355 St Scholastica Day riot 5774:Peterloo: The Case Re-opened 5707:The Peterloo Massacre (no 1) 5672:Prentice, Archibald (1853), 5010:"'Peterloo 2019' organ solo" 4659:"And the winner is ..." 2598: 2117:Yorkshire West Riding Revolt 2032: 560:led a group from his native 193:in 1815, there was an acute 7: 6742:(Emmeline Pankhurst statue) 6718:St Peter's Square tram stop 6405:1996 Trafalgar Square riots 6203:1936 Battle of Cable Street 6035:1776 Nottingham cheese riot 5801:White, Reginald J. (1957), 5656:Manchester University Press 5575:Oldham: The Formative Years 5313:. Manchester: Abel Heywood. 4192:. Oxford University Press. 3420:. Lancaster: Carnegie Pub. 3354:Riding, Jacqueline (2018). 2936:"Provincial Intelligence". 2546: 2369: 2211:of 1832, the newly created 1801:Pidgeon Street, Manchester 1694:Kennedy Street, Manchester 1601:Trampled on by the cavalry 613: 335:Unreformed House of Commons 328: 10: 6877: 6811:19th century in Manchester 6672:Manchester Central Library 6198:1932 National Hunger March 6188:1919 Luton Peace Day riots 5795:Three Accounts of Peterloo 5613:(First ed.). Oxford. 5541:, Bookmarks Publications, 5444:Frangopulo, N. J. (1977), 5388:The Casualties of Peterloo 5243:O'Brien, Carolyn. (2019). 5212:Anon (10 September 2012). 4530:Navickas, Katrina (2019). 4400:"The Scott Trust: History" 4184:Cox, Michael, ed. (2004). 4090:Harrison, Stanley (1974). 3903:Peterloo Memorial Campaign 3418:The casualties of Peterloo 2953:, ch. 6 & pp. 175–177. 2388: 2324:, Peterloo came second to 2277:Blue plaque commemorating 2179:newspaper in 1821, by the 2142:London Metropolitan Police 1386: 1156: 1116:. Recently mocked by the 441:Post-Napoleonic depression 438: 374:Nationally, the so-called 332: 29: 6750: 6726: 6710: 6682:Midland Hotel, Manchester 6664: 6616:Territorial Support Group 6588: 6572: 6560:2024 United Kingdom riots 6530: 6477: 6429: 6422: 6352: 6332:Murder of Keith Blakelock 6327:1985 Broadwater Farm riot 6272: 6264:1979 Death of Blair Peach 6236: 6183:1919 Battle of Bow Street 6165: 6158: 6063: 5990: 5942: 5772:Walmsley, Robert (1969), 5754:Vallance, Edward (2013), 5072:"tractor – Worst enemies" 4159:The Literary Encyclopedia 3930:Marlow (1969), p. 6. 2326:St. Mary's Church, Putney 2165:South Shropshire Yeomanry 2049:closed in February 1820. 1940: 1919: 1899: 1869: 1841: 1816: 1791: 1762: 1735: 1709: 1684: 1658: 1635: 1610: 1584: 1559: 1533: 1507: 1476: 1444: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 631: 620: 449:in 1815, a brief boom in 294:(the modern iteration of 197:, accompanied by chronic 133: 125: 117: 109: 70: 58: 46: 41: 6687:Odeon Cinema, Manchester 6485:2010 UK student protests 6135:1865 Leeds dripping riot 6050:1793 Bristol Bridge riot 5309:Banks, Isabella (1896). 5247:. London: Legend Press. 4505:"The Skelmanthorpe Flag" 4469:. University of London. 4338:Gladstone, E.W. (1953). 3899:"Fatalities spreadsheet" 2573: 2563:Cinderloo Uprising, 1821 2364:Lord Mayor of Manchester 1860:Sabre wound to the head 1719:Oxford Road, Manchester 1251:arrest by the constables 624:sent to St Peter's Field 6702:Three St Peter's Square 6259:1977 Battle of Lewisham 6091:1821 Cinderloo Uprising 5805:, William Heinemann Ltd 5678:, W. & F. G. Cash, 5573:McPhillips, K. (1977), 5390:, Carnegie Publishing, 5105:. Manchester, England. 5101:Morgan, Alison (2019). 4887:Manchester Evening News 4883:"Peterloo 200 years on" 4817:Manchester City Council 4139:Encyclopædia Britannica 3979:: 21–30. Archived from 2444:, "Ned Ludd Part 5" on 2401:Manchester Evening News 2360:Manchester City Council 2225:Charles Poulett Thomson 2157:Coalbrookdale Coalfield 1965:People's History Museum 1725:Ridden over by cavalry 1700:Ridden over by cavalry 1569:Miller Street, Salford 1365:brought to their rescue 285:The Manchester Guardian 6510:Killing of Mark Duggan 6462:Death of Ian Tomlinson 6370:1991 Meadow Well riots 6244:1970 Garden House riot 6086:1819 Peterloo Massacre 6030:1769 Spitalfield riots 5998:1710 Sacheverell riots 5982:1668 Bawdy House riots 5837: 5817:Listen to this article 5609:Poole, Robert (2019). 5559:, Rapp & Whiting, 5555:Marlow, Joyce (1969), 5523:, Ashgate Publishing, 5519:Jackson, Paul (2003), 5386:Bush, Michael (2005), 5220:. Time Out Group Plc. 5039:Manchester Histories. 4610:. Palgrave Macmillan. 4251:. James Harrop. 1822. 4213:Poole, Robert (2019). 3964:Donald, Diana (1989). 3656:Frow & Frow (1984) 3234:Frow & Frow (1984) 3171:, p. 431 note 57. 2900:. 43, 3 (3): 553–580. 2898:Social Science History 2892:Poole, Robert (2019). 2685:"The Great Reform Act" 2623:Poole, Robert (2019). 2386: 2121:Cato Street conspiracy 2105: 2073: 1982: 1895:Reaction and aftermath 1400: 1347: 1326: 1298: 1252: 1214: 1198:(1,500–5,000 strong). 1143: 671: 591: 569: 548: 205:, and worsened by the 6697:Two St Peter's Square 6692:One St Peter's Square 6611:Public Order Act 1986 6550:2022 Leicester unrest 6452:2005 Birmingham riots 6375:1991 Handsworth riots 6317:1985 Handsworth riots 6310:1981 Handsworth riots 6295:1981 Chapeltown riots 6213:1944 Park Street riot 6076:1816 Spa Fields riots 6003:1714 Coronation riots 5965:1381 Peasants' Revolt 5836: 5740:, William Heinemann, 5738:The Peterloo Massacre 5736:Reid, Robert (1989), 5718:Read, Donald (1973), 5650:Poole, Steve (2000), 5557:The Peterloo Massacre 5537:Krantz, Mark (2011), 5483:Glen, Robert (1984), 5465:; Frow, Ruth (1984), 5378:The Story of Peterloo 4155:"The Mask of Anarchy" 3091:. National Archives. 2553:History of Manchester 2428:Trades Union Congress 2377: 2101: 2067: 2018:The Masque of Anarchy 1978: 1394: 1357:88th Regiment of Foot 1342: 1315: 1293: 1246: 1209: 1138: 1130:General Sir John Byng 1098:Royal Horse Artillery 1068:Friends Meeting House 670: 586: 556: 543: 498:King's Dragoon Guards 445:After the end of the 345:members of parliament 268:industrial revolution 203:Year Without a Summer 189:After the end of the 156:British Army Regulars 66:, Lancashire, England 6821:Massacres in England 6515:House of Reeves fire 6469:2009 Upton Park riot 6395:1995 Manningham riot 6339:1987 Chapeltown riot 6254:1975 Chapeltown riot 6173:1907 Brown Dog riots 6071:1809 Old Price riots 6045:1791 Priestley riots 5895:8 March 2021 at the 5868:More spoken articles 5803:Waterloo to Peterloo 5501:Hernon, Ian (2006), 5404:Davis, Mary (1993), 5245:The Song of Peterloo 4819:(10 December 2007). 4606:; Q. Outram (eds.). 4386:Shrewsbury Chronicle 4328:. Verso Books, 2021. 4130:Burdett, Sir Francis 4094:. Lawrence & W. 3416:Bush, M. L. (2005). 2496:The Song of Peterloo 2332:, as the event from 2328:, the venue for the 2306:Anti-Corn Law League 2084:The Manchester Times 2039:Manchester Observer. 2013:Percy Bysshe Shelley 1675:Trampled by cavalry 1494:Sabred and trampled 1406:Manchester Infirmary 1272:, John Smith of the 511:political radicalism 94:53.47667°N 2.24583°W 6806:1810s in Lancashire 6734:Manchester Cenotaph 6580:1981 Scarman report 6555:2024 Harehills riot 6447:2001 Harehills riot 6437:2001 Bradford riots 6360:1990 Poll Tax riots 6305:1981 Moss Side riot 6218:1945 Aldershot riot 5943:12th–17th centuries 5577:, Neil Richardson, 5469:, Neil Richardson, 5276:Kaye, Jeff (2020). 4545:10.7227/BJRL.95.1.1 4326:The end of policing 4232:10.7227/BJRL.95.1.3 3451:, pp. 360–364. 3017:Taylor, John Edward 2907:10.1017/ssh.2019.22 2198:, the March of the 2194:Events such as the 2176:Manchester Guardian 2047:Manchester Observer 2043:Manchester Observer 1991:Manchester Observer 1922:Manchester Observer 1604:Buried 1 September 1421: 1262:Manchester Observer 1194:(6,000 strong) and 1118:Manchester Observer 574:Manchester Observer 538:Manchester Observer 455:economic depression 451:textile manufacture 435:Economic conditions 299:Manchester Guardian 252:Manchester Observer 90: / 6796:August 1819 events 6505:2011 England riots 6385:1993 Welling riots 6344:1989 Dewsbury riot 6300:1981 Toxteth riots 6285:1981 England riots 6280:1980 St Pauls riot 6228:1968 student riots 6145:1887 Bloody Sunday 6130:1842 Pottery Riots 6113:1831 Bristol riots 6008:1715 England riots 5955:The revolt of 1196 5838: 5214:"Fame Is the Spur" 5187:The New York Times 4949:"@peterloomemoria" 4889:. 16 August 2019. 4785:Return to Peterloo 4571:Return to Peterloo 4494:, pp. 191–192 4388:. 9 February 1821. 4039:on 13 January 2015 3999:Return to Peterloo 3888:, pp. 345–352 3822:, pp. 186–187 3641:, pp. 166–167 3614:, pp. 162–163 3569:Return to Peterloo 3545:, pp. 119–120 3272:, pp. 152–153 2940:. 25 January 1819. 2910:– via JSTOR. 2867:, pp. 194–252 2509:The Manchester Man 2432:Sir Malcolm Arnold 2387: 2383:Manchester Central 2310:Russian Revolution 2235:in 1838, and the 2189:John Edward Taylor 2153:Cinderloo Uprising 2079:Archibald Prentice 2074: 2070:Hundred of Salford 1957:Battle of Waterloo 1920:— 28 August 1819, 1857:18 or 19 November 1783:Battle of Waterloo 1595:Barton-upon-Irwell 1419: 1401: 1348: 1334:Hugh Hornby Birley 1253: 1220:, chairman of the 1218:William Robert Hay 1106:special constables 1092:; several hundred 672: 570: 257:Battle of Waterloo 240:then summoned the 99:53.47667; -2.24583 62:St Peter's Field, 6801:Massacres in 1819 6786:Conflicts in 1819 6781:Peterloo massacre 6766: 6765: 6758:Peterloo Massacre 6624: 6623: 6568: 6567: 6442:2001 Oldham riots 6418: 6417: 6400:1995 Brixton riot 6322:1985 Brixton riot 6290:1981 Brixton riot 6150:1896 Newlyn riots 6108:1831 reform riots 6040:1780 Gordon riots 5977:1517 Evil May Day 5834: 5783:978-0-7190-0392-9 5765:978-1-85984-851-7 5747:978-0-434-62901-5 5729:978-0-678-06791-8 5704:Read, A. (1819), 5685:978-1-4326-8965-0 5665:978-0-7190-5035-0 5620:978-0-19-878346-6 5602:978-0-7185-0218-8 5584:978-1-85216-119-4 5566:978-0-85391-122-7 5548:978-1-905192-85-4 5530:978-1-85928-381-3 5512:978-0-7453-2538-5 5494:978-0-7099-1103-6 5476:978-0-907511-49-6 5455:978-0-7158-1203-7 5448:, EP Publishing, 5419:978-0-7453-0761-9 5397:978-1-85936-125-2 5368:978-0-19-281413-5 5287:978-1-83859-236-3 5254:978-1-78955-076-4 5159:978-1-4744-2858-3 5112:978-1-5261-4429-4 4794:978-1-85936-225-9 4617:978-3-319-62905-6 4580:978-1-85936-225-9 4101:978-0-85315-308-5 4059:, pp. 30, 35 4008:978-1-85936-225-9 3578:978-1-85936-225-9 3516:Frangopulo (1977) 3467:BBC History Extra 3365:978-1-78669-583-3 3145:McPhillips (1977) 3126:Frangopulo (1977) 2979:978-1-78026-475-2 2804:Frangopulo (1977) 2737:978-0-415-14373-8 2656:, pp. 80–84. 2631:. 95, 1: 96–102. 2446:British folk rock 2437:Peterloo Overture 2391:Peterloo Memorial 2379:Peterloo Memorial 2233:Municipal Borough 2146:police department 2097:Robert Wedderburn 2081:(later editor of 1952: 1951: 1892: 1891: 1820:Martha Partington 1807:Inwardly crushed 1499:Special Constable 1397:George Cruikshank 1274:Liverpool Mercury 1229:John Shuttleworth 1102:Cheshire Yeomanry 1058: 1057: 1052: 1041: 1026: 1015: 1000: 989: 974: 963: 950: 945: 934: 919: 908: 893: 882: 867: 856: 841: 830: 815: 806: 801: 788: 783: 772: 759: 754: 743: 728: 719: 714: 711:Ashton-under-Lyne 701: 696: 685: 627: 412:Ashton-under-Lyne 314:Peterloo Memorial 168:Peterloo Massacre 164: 163: 146:Cheshire Yeomanry 42:Peterloo Massacre 16:(Redirected from 6868: 6651: 6644: 6637: 6628: 6627: 6427: 6426: 6163: 6162: 6120:1832 Days of May 6096:1830 Swing riots 5970:Treason Act 1381 5937:Riots in England 5931: 5924: 5917: 5908: 5907: 5858: 5856: 5845: 5844: 5835: 5825: 5823: 5818: 5806: 5797: 5786: 5768: 5750: 5732: 5714: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5668: 5646: 5640: 5632: 5605: 5587: 5569: 5551: 5533: 5515: 5497: 5479: 5458: 5422: 5411: 5400: 5382: 5371: 5360: 5337: 5336: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5132: 5124: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4985:. 5 March 2020. 4975: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4912: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4846: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4827:on 14 March 2008 4813: 4807: 4806: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4721: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4687: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4654: 4648: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4629: 4621: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4547: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4427:, pp. 32–33 4422: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4335: 4329: 4324:Vitale, Alex S. 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4277: 4271: 4265: 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Pluto Press, 5495: 5477: 5456: 5420: 5412:, Pluto Press, 5398: 5369: 5351:Bamford, Samuel 5345: 5340: 5325:"Peter's Field" 5323: 5322: 5318: 5307: 5303: 5288: 5274: 5270: 5255: 5241: 5237: 5227: 5225: 5210: 5206: 5196: 5194: 5179: 5175: 5160: 5146: 5142: 5126: 5125: 5113: 5099: 5095: 5085: 5083: 5068: 5064: 5054: 5052: 5037: 5033: 5023: 5021: 5006: 5002: 4992: 4990: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4962: 4960: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4932: 4930: 4913: 4906: 4896: 4894: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4866: 4864: 4847: 4840: 4830: 4828: 4814: 4810: 4795: 4781: 4777: 4767: 4765: 4757:BBC News Online 4748: 4744: 4734: 4732: 4723: 4722: 4715: 4705: 4703: 4688: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4655: 4651: 4643: 4639: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4600: 4596: 4581: 4567: 4563: 4538:. 95, 1: 1–13. 4528: 4524: 4514: 4512: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4490: 4486: 4476: 4474: 4459: 4455: 4449:Prentice (1853) 4447: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4423: 4419: 4409: 4407: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4368: 4366: 4359:Shropshire Star 4351: 4347: 4336: 4332: 4323: 4319: 4311: 4307: 4299: 4295: 4287: 4280: 4272: 4268: 4258: 4256: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4200: 4182: 4178: 4168: 4166: 4151: 4147: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4088: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4055: 4051: 4042: 4040: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4009: 3995: 3991: 3986:on 13 May 2008. 3983: 3968: 3962: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3922: 3912: 3910: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3884: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3838: 3833: 3826: 3818: 3814: 3806: 3799: 3791: 3787: 3779: 3775: 3769:Walmsley (1969) 3767: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3743: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3702: 3698: 3690: 3686: 3678: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3579: 3565: 3561: 3555:Vallance (2013) 3553: 3549: 3541: 3534: 3526: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3502: 3498: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3428: 3414: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3366: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3306:Prentice (1853) 3304: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3232: 3225: 3220: 3213: 3205: 3198: 3190: 3175: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3151: 3143: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3081: 3077: 3069: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3014: 3007: 2997: 2995: 2980: 2964: 2957: 2949: 2945: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2923:Chester Courant 2920: 2919: 2915: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2879:Chester Courant 2876: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2832: 2825: 2817: 2810: 2802: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2768: 2757: 2747: 2745: 2738: 2714: 2710: 2700: 2698: 2693:. 19 May 1998. 2690:BBC News Online 2683: 2682: 2675: 2667: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2638: 2636: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2613:, pp. 1–2. 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2549: 2506:'s 1876 novel, 2500:All the People. 2420: 2408: 2393: 2372: 2302:Free Trade Hall 2298: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2294: 2291: 2283: 2282: 2275: 2257: 2249:Regency England 2237:manorial rights 2219:stood, and the 2217:William Cobbett 2196:Pentrich rising 2035: 2007:seditious libel 2003:Francis Burdett 1911: 1902: 1897: 1872: 1871: 1844: 1843: 1819: 1818: 1794: 1793: 1765: 1764: 1738: 1737: 1712: 1711: 1687: 1686: 1661: 1660: 1639:Margaret Downes 1638: 1637: 1613: 1612: 1587: 1586: 1563:Robert Campbell 1562: 1561: 1536: 1535: 1525:Shot by musket 1510: 1509: 1497:Ashworth was a 1479: 1478: 1447: 1446: 1389: 1344: 1325: 1322: 1311:Thomas Trafford 1304: 1301:—William Hulton 1300: 1291: 1266:Richard Carlile 1222:Salford Hundred 1159: 1087: 1063: 669: 633: 625: 622: 616: 533: 485: 447:Napoleonic Wars 443: 437: 424:Thomas Oldfield 376:rotten boroughs 337: 331: 326: 191:Napoleonic Wars 160: 98: 96: 92: 89: 84: 81: 79: 77: 76: 54: 35: 32:Peterloo (film) 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6874: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6760: 6754: 6752: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6744: 6740:Rise up, Women 6736: 6730: 6728: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6720: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6661: 6654: 6653: 6646: 6639: 6631: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6596:Riots in Leeds 6592: 6590: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6582: 6576: 6574: 6570: 6569: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6534: 6532: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6481: 6479: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6471: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6433: 6431: 6424: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6356: 6354: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6313: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6282: 6276: 6274: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6240: 6238: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6169: 6167: 6160: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6116: 6115: 6105: 6104: 6103: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6005: 6000: 5994: 5992: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5933: 5926: 5919: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5899: 5887: 5882: 5861: 5847: 5840: 5828: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5811:External links 5809: 5808: 5807: 5798: 5788: 5787: 5782: 5769: 5764: 5751: 5746: 5733: 5728: 5715: 5701: 5684: 5669: 5664: 5647: 5619: 5606: 5601: 5588: 5583: 5570: 5565: 5552: 5547: 5534: 5529: 5516: 5511: 5498: 5493: 5487:, Croom Helm, 5480: 5475: 5459: 5454: 5441: 5423: 5418: 5401: 5396: 5383: 5372: 5367: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5316: 5301: 5286: 5278:All The People 5268: 5253: 5235: 5204: 5173: 5158: 5140: 5111: 5093: 5062: 5031: 5000: 4970: 4940: 4904: 4874: 4838: 4808: 4793: 4775: 4742: 4713: 4679: 4649: 4637: 4616: 4594: 4579: 4561: 4522: 4496: 4484: 4453: 4441: 4429: 4417: 4391: 4384:"Fatal Riot". 4376: 4345: 4330: 4317: 4305: 4293: 4278: 4266: 4238: 4205: 4198: 4176: 4145: 4134:Chisholm, Hugh 4107: 4100: 4073: 4061: 4049: 4022: 4007: 3989: 3956: 3944: 3932: 3920: 3890: 3875: 3863: 3851: 3836: 3824: 3812: 3797: 3785: 3773: 3761: 3749: 3734: 3722: 3696: 3684: 3672: 3660: 3643: 3631: 3616: 3604: 3592: 3577: 3559: 3547: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3504:Bamford (1844) 3496: 3484: 3453: 3441: 3426: 3403: 3391: 3379: 3364: 3346: 3334: 3322: 3310: 3298: 3286: 3274: 3262: 3250: 3238: 3223: 3211: 3196: 3173: 3161: 3149: 3130: 3118: 3114:Bamford (1844) 3106: 3075: 3060: 3048: 3036: 3005: 2978: 2955: 2943: 2928: 2913: 2884: 2869: 2857: 2823: 2808: 2793: 2755: 2736: 2708: 2673: 2658: 2646: 2615: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2548: 2545: 2504:Isabella Banks 2452:'s 2006 album 2419: 2416: 2389:Main article: 2371: 2368: 2330:Putney Debates 2314:Bolshevik coup 2304:, home of the 2292: 2285: 2284: 2276: 2269: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2265: 2256: 2255:Commemorations 2253: 2185:non-conformist 2127:, to suppress 2089:Absalom Watkin 2034: 2031: 1950: 1949: 1945:to Magistrate 1938: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1917: 1916: 1914: 1909: 1907: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1849: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1824: 1814: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1789: 1788: 1786: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1760: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1743: 1733: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1707: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1688:William Fildes 1682: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1666: 1656: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1633: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1618: 1608: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1592: 1588:James Crompton 1582: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1557: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1541: 1537:Thomas Buckley 1531: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1515: 1505: 1504: 1502: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1484: 1474: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1452: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1431:Date of death 1429: 1426: 1395:Caricature by 1388: 1385: 1345:16 August 1819 1320: 1307:William Hulton 1292: 1290: 1289:Cavalry charge 1287: 1282:Leeds Mercury. 1158: 1155: 1151:Guy L'Estrange 1062: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1053: 1044: 1042: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1027: 1018: 1016: 1007: 1004: 1003: 1001: 992: 990: 981: 978: 977: 975: 966: 964: 955: 952: 951: 946: 937: 935: 926: 923: 922: 920: 911: 909: 900: 897: 896: 894: 885: 883: 874: 871: 870: 868: 859: 857: 848: 845: 844: 842: 833: 831: 822: 819: 818: 816: 807: 802: 793: 790: 789: 784: 775: 773: 764: 761: 760: 755: 746: 744: 735: 732: 731: 729: 720: 715: 706: 703: 702: 697: 688: 686: 677: 674: 673: 629: 628: 615: 612: 598:Samuel Bamford 558:Samuel Bamford 532: 531:August meeting 529: 484: 481: 439:Main article: 436: 433: 333:Main article: 330: 327: 325: 322: 316:by the artist 303:Putney Debates 272:Lord Liverpool 238:William Hulton 195:economic slump 170:took place at 162: 161: 159: 158: 153: 148: 143: 137: 135: 131: 130: 127: 123: 122: 119: 115: 114: 113:16 August 1819 111: 107: 106: 74: 68: 67: 60: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6873: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6769: 6759: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6749: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6725: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6709: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6652: 6647: 6645: 6640: 6638: 6633: 6632: 6629: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6571: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6476: 6470: 6467: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6425: 6421: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6271: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6164: 6161: 6157: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6109: 6106: 6102: 6101:Captain Swing 6099: 6098: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5932: 5927: 5925: 5920: 5918: 5913: 5912: 5909: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5874: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5850: 5804: 5799: 5796: 5791: 5790: 5785: 5779: 5775: 5770: 5767: 5761: 5757: 5752: 5749: 5743: 5739: 5734: 5731: 5725: 5721: 5716: 5713: 5709: 5708: 5702: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5677: 5676: 5670: 5667: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5616: 5612: 5607: 5604: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5586: 5580: 5576: 5571: 5568: 5562: 5558: 5553: 5550: 5544: 5540: 5535: 5532: 5526: 5522: 5517: 5514: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5496: 5490: 5486: 5481: 5478: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5451: 5447: 5442: 5439: 5438:0-670-91536-X 5435: 5431: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5415: 5410: 5409: 5402: 5399: 5393: 5389: 5384: 5380: 5379: 5373: 5370: 5364: 5359: 5358: 5352: 5348: 5347: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5312: 5305: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5280:. : Matador. 5279: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5246: 5239: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5208: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5177: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5151: 5144: 5136: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5104: 5097: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5070:Anon (1996). 5066: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5035: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5004: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4974: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4944: 4928: 4924: 4923: 4918: 4911: 4909: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4862: 4858: 4857: 4852: 4845: 4843: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4786: 4779: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4753: 4746: 4730: 4726: 4725:"Blue Plaque" 4720: 4718: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4686: 4684: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4653: 4647:, p. 204 4646: 4641: 4633: 4627: 4619: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4576: 4572: 4565: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4526: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4493: 4488: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4457: 4450: 4445: 4439:, p. 218 4438: 4433: 4426: 4421: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4387: 4380: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4341: 4334: 4327: 4321: 4315:, p. 211 4314: 4309: 4303:, p. 272 4302: 4297: 4291:, p. 154 4290: 4285: 4283: 4276:, p. 195 4275: 4270: 4254: 4250: 4249: 4242: 4233: 4228: 4225:(1): 31–123. 4224: 4220: 4216: 4209: 4201: 4199:0-19-860634-6 4195: 4190: 4189: 4180: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4124:public domain 4111: 4103: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4071: 4065: 4058: 4053: 4038: 4034: 4033: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3967: 3960: 3954:, p. 201 3953: 3948: 3942:, p. 254 3941: 3936: 3927: 3925: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3894: 3887: 3882: 3880: 3872: 3867: 3860: 3855: 3848: 3843: 3841: 3831: 3829: 3821: 3816: 3809: 3808:Bruton (1921) 3804: 3802: 3794: 3789: 3783:, p. 175 3782: 3777: 3771:, p. 214 3770: 3765: 3759:, p. 180 3758: 3753: 3746: 3741: 3739: 3732:, p. 185 3731: 3726: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3694:, p. 170 3693: 3688: 3682:, p. 156 3681: 3676: 3670:, p. 168 3669: 3664: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3640: 3635: 3629:, p. 167 3628: 3623: 3621: 3613: 3608: 3602:, p. 161 3601: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3570: 3563: 3556: 3551: 3544: 3543:Marlow (1969) 3539: 3537: 3529: 3524: 3517: 3512: 3506:, p. 202 3505: 3500: 3494:, p. 148 3493: 3488: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3457: 3450: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3427:1-85936-125-0 3423: 3419: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3401:, p. 125 3400: 3399:Marlow (1969) 3395: 3388: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3344:, p. 136 3343: 3338: 3332:, p. 185 3331: 3326: 3319: 3318:Krantz (2011) 3314: 3308:, p. 160 3307: 3302: 3295: 3294:Bruton (1919) 3290: 3283: 3278: 3271: 3266: 3260:, p. 119 3259: 3258:Marlow (1969) 3254: 3248:, p. 145 3247: 3242: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3218: 3216: 3209:, p. 118 3208: 3207:Marlow (1969) 3203: 3201: 3193: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3170: 3165: 3159:, p. 125 3158: 3153: 3146: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3127: 3122: 3115: 3110: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3083:Hobhouse, H. 3079: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3058:, p. 115 3057: 3052: 3045: 3040: 3024: 3023: 3018: 3012: 3010: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2971: 2970: 2962: 2960: 2952: 2947: 2939: 2932: 2924: 2917: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2880: 2873: 2866: 2861: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2828: 2820: 2819:Hernon (2006) 2815: 2813: 2805: 2800: 2798: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2712: 2696: 2692: 2691: 2686: 2680: 2678: 2670: 2665: 2663: 2655: 2650: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2619: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2583: 2579: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2529:The Young'uns 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2492: 2487: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2473: 2469: 2468:Worst Enemies 2465: 2461: 2457: 2456: 2451: 2450:Steeleye Span 2447: 2443: 2439: 2438: 2434:to write the 2433: 2429: 2425: 2415: 2411: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2397:Jeremy Deller 2392: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2289: 2280: 2273: 2264: 2262: 2261:Skelmanthorpe 2252: 2250: 2246: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2181:Little Circle 2178: 2177: 2174: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 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