Communist Party of Burma

1398:

armies of the border areas; arrangements were made with a few Karen groups, but the party had virtually no contact with the Kachin or Shan groups which had been active since the 1950s. The CPB's dwindling membership was eventually replenished by Kachin, Shan, and Wa cadres in the early 1970s. Anticipating a major Tatmadaw offensive, the leaders of the three ethnic minorities sought to unite under one organisation; the CPB was a favourable target for co-opting due to the then recent demise of its Bamar leadership. The CPB moved its activities to Burma's border with China, and by 1973 the party's membership had become predominantly Wa. Most of the CPB's new leaders had no previous contact with the party's pre-Cultural Revolution leadership, leading analysts at the time to regard the pre- and post-Cultural Revolution parties as "two different organisations".

1248:(BSPP) with the help of former communists. The CPB's willingness to carry out an armed struggle was the main difference between it and the above-ground leftist opposition parties such as the BWPP and NUF. Thakin Ba Tin, Yèbaw Htay, and Bo Yan Aung led the minority faction that questioned the need to continue the armed struggle, while Thakin Than Tun, Thakin Zin, Thakin Chit, and Bo Zeya formed the majority faction which argued for a return to a Maoist revolutionary line. The majority faction was reinforced by the Beijing returnees led by Yèbaw Aung Gyi, a former Rangoon University Student Union (RUSU) leader whose detailed analysis of the party's history up until that point was adopted as the "1964 line" at a central committee meeting near 447: 1626: 616: 1466: 58: 830: 1562:. Simmering discontent amongst the Burmese populace over the years was compounded by yet another round of demonetisation in late 1987. Protests and marches against the government began earnestly on 12 March 1988 and culminated in a nationwide uprising on 8 August 1988. The protesters succeeded in pressuring Ne Win and most BSPP officials to resign from their offices, but the Tatmadaw, after accusing the protesters of being communist agitators, seized power in a coup d'état on 18 September 1988 and violently suppressed the demonstrations. 980:. Thakin Soe's red flag communists, meanwhile, advocated the establishment of "independent people's republics" for each ethnic group within a federal union (modelled after the Soviet Union) and, more importantly, the right of each ethnic group to secede from such a union. During the 1950s and 1960s, Thakin Soe and his red flag communists succeeded in creating amicable relations with various ethnic minority communities in the border regions of Burma, leading to the establishment of such groups as the 1213:(ABFSU). When they reached Rangoon at a mass rally of 200,000 in front of city hall, speakers openly supported the NDUF's demand to keep its weapons and territory. Although at first the CPB and NDUF had misinterpreted Ne Win's peace offensive as a sign of weakness desperate for a solution, once they arrived in Rangoon they realised it was going to be a mainly cosmetic exercise. They therefore took the opportunity to re-establish contacts and meet family and friends. 403: 4219: 3494: 3583: 4205: 4232: 412: 1578:

we firmly believe that the upheavals had so much impact only because all the forces for democracy took part. Marxism holds that it is the people who make history." Neither the CPB nor the NDF took advantage of the crisis that the government found itself in, as the former was evidently unprepared for an urban uprising as opposed to a peasant war, and many ethnic armed groups regarded the uprising as an internal Bamar issue.

3498: 1144: 1453:. The CPB still commanded 15,000 troops in the northeast, and the Tatmadaw, after resuming the Operation King Conqueror belatedly in 1982 and having suffered losses amounting to several hundred in the Kengtung-Tangyang area from CPB counter-attacks, finally retreated. Both sides now faced another challenge in the rising strength of the NDF formed in 1976, pointedly excluding the 1291:". The CPB began identifying so closely with the CCP that it became the CCP's most important ally among the communist parties in the region, more so after the start of China's Cultural Revolution, which the CPB replicated. The CPB's Cultural Revolution was perceived by many Burmese as an attempt by China to intrude into Burmese affairs, a sentiment which led to the violent 432: 841:'s decision to fight "for the very existence of our party" at a clandestine central committee meeting in April 1948 in Rangoon was confirmed the following month by the full plenum of the central committee at Hpyu 120 miles north of the capital. The headquarters of the CPB remained on the move mostly in the forests and hills along the 656:

finally expelled from the AFPFL on 2 November 1946 after the communists accused Aung San and the socialists of "kneeling before imperialism", selling out by joining the Executive Council, and calling off the general strike. In the end the CPB failed to achieve "leftist unity" with Aung San and the socialists led by

423: 1586:

On 16 April 1989, a group of mutineers, stormed the party headquarters in Panghsang and destroyed portraits of communist leaders and copies of communist literature. Many party members, including the senior leadership, were forced into exile and fled across the border into China. The party's ethnic Wa

1577:

During the uprising, communists and moderate leftists were active organisers and supporters of the democracy movement and strike committees in the cities. Kyin Maung stated, "We had never said that we initiated the upheavals. Nor did we say that our cadres comprised the leading core. On the contrary,

1302:

Recommitting itself to Mao Zedong Thought, in 1965 the CPB began constructing rural bases called "Red Power areas", managed by "hardcore" activists who would encircle the cities from the countryside and eventually launch a "final seizure of power" when conditions permitted. A central party school for

1163:

starting with a general amnesty on 1 April 1963. Bo Ye Htut, a member of the Thirty Comrades and the central military committee of the CPB who had been to Rangoon on a secret peace mission before the 1958 AFPFL split, took the offer together with Bo Ye Maung and Bo Sein Tin. The KNU split in the same

691:

U Nu called for a new coalition between communists and socialists on 8 November 1947, urging negotiations between the CPB, the PSP, and the People's Volunteer Organisation (PVO), an association of World War II veterans which served as Aung San's private army. When the attempted coalition failed, U Nu

687:

in London, and the Nu-Attlee Treaty of October 1947 was condemned as a sham by the communists, the bone of contention in particular being the Let Ya-Freeman Defence Agreement, appended as an annexe to the treaty. It provided for an initial period of three years for a British military training mission

1340:

in search of military training abroad and was the first of the Thirty Comrades, was the next major victim of the purges on 26 December 1967. In August 1968, Bo Tun Nyein, who had led the executions of Thakin Ba Tin, Yèbaw Htay and Bo Yan Aung, was himself executed after being charged with "trying to

1216:

Over 900 people, mostly BWPP and NUF activists, were arrested in the immediate aftermath. Thaton Hla Pe, leader of the Union Pa-O National Organisation (UPNO), former leader of the Pa-O National Organisation (PNO), and one of the main organisers of the peace march, was among the arrested, as was Nai

1180:

near Paukkaung, where the leadership, reunited after 15 years, held a historic meeting of the central committee. Talks began on 2 September after the CPB delegation headed by the general secretary Yebaw Htay and the People's Army's chief of staff Bo Zeya arrived on 28 August. A second team headed by

996:

The communist military offensive began to lose traction in the early 1950s; Burmese authorities outlawed the party in October 1953, and the CPB put forward the "peace and unity" proposal in 1955. The CPB combined a strong peace movement consisting of its above-ground supporters and sympathizers with

872:

One year into the insurrection, the CPB's forces were reorganised along Maoist lines and divided into a main force, mobile guerrilla forces, and local people's militias, with the command of each being shared between military and political commissars. The main force was called the People's Liberation

1565:

CPB politburo member Kyin Maung was forthright in admitting the presence of party cadres in the cities during demonstrations, but he asserted that the Military Intelligence Service (MIS) had greatly exaggerated the party's role in the uprising. The CPB had begun advocating a multiparty system after

1259:

At this important meeting, which 11 out of the 20 central committee members were able to attend, a unanimous agreement was reached by the attendees to reaffirm Burma's status as "semi-colonial" after her "pseudo-independence" from the United Kingdom, and the primacy of the armed struggle against Ne

901:

nationalists with the KNU threatening Rangoon itself in early 1949. U Nu estimated government casualties alone at 3,424 dead, including 1,352 army personnel from 1950 to 1952. He also estimated that 22,000 civilians had been killed in the violence during the same period, but Western analysts argued

651:

or CP(B) for short. The CP(B) was popularly nicknamed the "red flag communists" as they continued to use the CPB's original red-coloured flag. The majority remained with Thakin Than Tun and Thakin Thein Pe and continued to cooperate with the AFPFL; they were nicknamed the "Thein-Than communists" by

344:

However, the CPB fell out of favour with the more moderate socialists within the AFPFL due to differing views on how an independent Myanmar should be governed. The moderate faction of the AFPFL became the dominant political force in Myanmar's government following the country's independence in 1948.

1421:

paid a visit to Rangoon. Ne Win announced an amnesty in 1980 which saw the return of U Nu and others from Thailand. The CPB responded with an attack on Mong Yawng, but proposed talks in September after letting the amnesty expire. The first meeting took place in Beijing in October between the teams

1243:

The CPB's leadership conducted a review of its "peace and unity" line in 1964. They did so for several reasons, including the failure of the 1963 peace talks, the government's intensification of its campaign of political repression and military offensives, and most importantly Ne Win's founding of

1036:

to meet U Nu, and issued a joint communique reaffirming the "five principles of peaceful coexistence" and the right of people "to choose their own state system"; U Nu repaid the visit the same year receiving the assurance that Chinese leaders had no contact with the CPB. Ne Win also led a military

765:

in Arakan. The PVO had split into "white-band" and "yellow-band" factions; the majority white-band PVO led by Bo La Yaung (a member of the Thirty Comrades) and Bo Po Kun joined the insurrection in July 1948. U Nu's government deployed the Karen and Kachin Rifles to suppress the communist uprising,

1522:

Because Burma was still a "backward semi-colonial, semi-feudal, agrarian country with uneven political and economic development", "agrarian revolution" with the slogan "land to the tillers" was still the basis of a "people's war" waged by building up Red Power areas and encircling the cities. In

1397:

The ethnic makeup of the CPB radically changed in the early 1970s, and the party "essentially an ethnic minority organisation". Prior to the 1970s, the party was predominantly Bamar with a Bamar-majority leadership and headquarters in the Bamar heartland. It had minimal contact with the ethnic

655:

The CPB had abandoned its Browderist line by mid-1946, and a rift that had opened up between the party and Aung San with the socialists culminated in Thakin Than Tun being forced to resign as general secretary of the AFPFL in July, a position he had held since the AFPFL's inception. The CPB was

595:

started a rebellion against the Japanese. The rebellion escalated into a national uprising on 27 March 1945, led by the BNA under the command of Aung San. Japanese forces capitulated by July 1945, and the AFPFL became Burma's most influential political party in the post-war years leading up to

1323:

on 27 April 1967, while a number of other senior members, such as Yèbaw Ba Khet, left the party, sensing the impending danger. Thakin Ba Tin was summarily tried and executed on 18 June 1967, followed by Yèbaw Htay, whose own son formed part of the execution squad. They were dubbed "Burma's

741:. U Nu ordered the arrest of the CPB's leaders, convinced that they were planning an uprising on Resistance Day, 27 March, only to find the CPB headquarters at Bagaya empty on the morning of. The party leadership had flown to their stronghold in Pyinmana to start an armed revolution. 721:

imperialist domination". A twofold strategy would be followed: an escalating campaign of strikes by workers and government employees in Rangoon and other cities, and the establishment of "liberated" areas in the countryside to be defended by Red Guards consisting of PVOs trained in

652:

the Rangoon press and were popularly known as the "white flag communists" for their use of new white-coloured party flags. During negotiations the British noticed that Thakin Than Tun was the thinker behind Aung San, as Aung San often referred to his brother-in-law for his opinion.

1357:

Ne Win's government took advantage of the chaos and confusion within the CPB and launched a massive military offensive against the party in 1968, which resulted in the deaths of several more senior CPB officials. Bo Zeya, by that time the chief of staff of the People's Army, was

1209:, staged a Six-District Peace March in early November from Minhla to Rangoon. The marchers were cheered and applauded along the entire route by large crowds chanting anti-government slogans, and given food parcels collected by the Rangoon University Students Union (RUSU) and the 1234:

immediately followed, characterised by the Rangoon press as a policy of "purge, dismiss, and eliminate". Much of the party's old guard, as well as several student leaders who had joined the CPB after the failed 1963 peace talks, were killed under the orders of Thakin Than Tun.

1457:, by the ethnic insurgencies uniting the Karen, Mon, Kachin, Shan, Pa-O, Karenni, Kayan, Wa and Lahu, particularly with the return of the KIO in 1983 after its separate peace talks with the BSPP failed. This finally led to the CPB reaching an agreement with the NDF in 1986. 643:, as world fascism and imperialism had been weakened, making constitutional methods a real option to achieve "national liberation". Thakin Thein Pe, who had replaced Thakin Soe as secretary general, was the leader responsible for the policy paper on strategy entitled 1477:, unanimously approved at the central committee meeting in early 1979. It formed the basis of the resolutions passed in September 1985 at the CPB's third congress, 40 years since the last one in Rangoon, attended by just 170 of the party's estimated 5,000 members. 961:(KNPP) led by Saw Maw Reh and formed in July 1957. Both the NMSP and the KNPP were founded with the help of the KNU. It was the most successful united front among the ethnic insurgent groups and lasted until 1976, when the KNU broke away from the NDUF to form the 1164:

month between the Karen National Unity Party (KNUP) and the Karen Revolutionary Council (KRC) led by Saw Hunter Tha Hmwe. The red flag communists' delegation was the first to arrive in Rangoon in June, later joined by the red flag leader Thakin Soe himself from

822:(BWPP) led by trade union leaders Thakins Lwin and Chit Maung, and dubbed "crypto-communists" or "red socialists" by the Rangoon press. They tried unsuccessfully to bring the communists back into mainstream politics, and in 1956 formed an alliance called the 566:

to organise armed resistance soon after the invasion, and Thakin Than Tun as Minister of Land and Agriculture was able to pass on intelligence to Thakin Soe. Thakin Thein Pe and Tin Shwe made contact in July 1942 with the exiled colonial government in

1422:

led by Ba Thein Tin and Ne Win who paid a surprise visit to China leaving the Kachin delegation in the middle of the talks in Rangoon. At the second meeting headed by Thakin Pe Tint of the CPB and Maj. Gen. Aye Ko of the BSPP the following May in

806:

also went underground and formed the Revolutionary Burma Army (RBA), led by communist commanders Bo Zeya, Bo Yan Aung, and Bo Ye Htut, all members of the Thirty Comrades. The CPB had 4,000 to 15,000 armed troops and 25,000 party members in 1949.

1378:. On 24 September 1968, while on the run from government troops, Thakin Than Tun was shot dead by one of his own bodyguards, who later surrendered to Ne Win's government. The assassin had joined the CPB just two years prior as an army deserter. 708:

of all British and foreign assets, the abolition of all forms of landlordism and debt, the dismantling of the state bureaucracy and its replacement with a people's government, and alliances and trade agreements with "democratic China, fighting

1444:

there was no place for another political party. Ne Win ended the peace talks on 14 May and let the ceasefire deadline of 31 May with the KIO pass without replying to the Kachin position. There had been no ceasefire agreement with the CPB.

1303:

political training in Mao Zedong Thought was established and its first course was taught on 25 March 1965. These efforts by the CPB were openly supported by the CCP, which provided the CPB with arms and funding during the 1960s and 1970s.

1181:

Thakin Zin, politburo member and secretary of the NDUF which agreed to negotiate as one team, arrived on 20 September. Meetings with the CPB and NDUF overshadowed those with other nationalities such as the Shan and Kachin delegations.

885:

founded around the same time. In September 1950, the PLA merged with the RBA regiments under Bo Zeya's command and formed the People's Army (PA). Its regular forces consisted of four main divisions, each with a thousand armed troops.

667:

In February 1947, Ba Thein Tin and communist student leader Aung Gyi attended the British Empire Conference of Communist Parties in London, the first time the CPB took part in an international communist forum. After denouncing the

574:

Aung San became increasingly sceptical of Japan's ability to win the war as time progressed, and in mid-1944 he decided to switch sides, reaching out to his former comrades in the CPB. The CPB, together with the BNA and the

1448:

Across the border in China, the CPB-sympathetic "Voice of the People of Burma" (VOPB) began to broadcast appeals for ending the insurgency in Burma, developing democracy in the country and building national unity in a new

1229:

in China, Thakin Than Tun ordered the party to begin its own "Cultural Revolution". The party abandoned its previous position of "peace and unity" and returned to a revolutionary Maoist line. A mass campaign of purges and

1332:", respectively. Thakin Than Tun and the remaining politburo passed a resolution on 15 December 1967 to adopt the "intraparty revolutionary line" and ordered party cadres across the country to carry out their own purges. 1306:

However, growing dissension within the party prompted Thakin Than Tun, Thakin Chit, and the Beijing returnees to meet on 16 August 1966 to decide on a strategy to remedy this "issue". Drawing on the practices of China's

1217:

Non Lar, the former leader of the Mon People's Front (MPF). By the end of the year over 2,000 were believed to have been imprisoned. Almost the entire executive committees of the RUSU and the ABFSU fled to join the CPB.

1175:

Three CPB teams led by Bo Zeya, Yebaw Aung Gyi, Thakins Pu, and Ba Thein Tin arrived in July and September by air from China. These "Beijing returnees" were allowed to travel to the party's jungle headquarters in the

938:(KNUP) led by Mahn Ba Zan. The leftist turn of the KNU left it isolated from other ethnic insurgent groups, and it moved closer to the CPB despite the many staunch anti-communists in the veteran Christian leadership. 918:

in March 1949, after the town was captured by a joint CPB, RBA, and PVO force. The Tripartite Alliance Pact was the next, signed by Thakin Than Tun, Thakin Soe, and Bo Po Kun at the village of Alaungdaw Kathapa near

1494:

and written to both the Vietnamese and Cambodian parties urging them to settle their dispute peacefully. Ne Win, for his part in playing the China card, also happened to be the first head of state to pay a visit to

2615:, p. 429: "The CPB developed into the single strongest and most powerful of Burma's numerous guerrilla groups with an approximate strength of 10,000–14,000 soldiers, fully armed and equipped by Beijing." 1124:. A major crackdown on the above-ground opposition followed, with most of the remaining leaders of the AFPFL and ethnic community leaders being rounded up and imprisoned. A peaceful student-led protest at 988:. However, the red flags' numbers were relatively low in comparison to the CPB's, and by the early 1970s most of the red flags' cadres had been crushed by other ethnic insurgent groups such as the KNU. 833:

From left to right: Bo Htun Lwin, Commander of the People's Liberation Army; Thakin Than Tun, Chairman of the Communist Party of Burma; and Thakin Soe, General Secretary of the Communist Party (Burma)

962: 345:

The CPB was subsequently expelled from the AFPFL and the government cracked down on the party's political activities, prompting the CPB's leadership to flee from the capital Rangoon (present-day

931: 755:

The CPB fired the first shots of their post-independence insurgency in Paukkongyi, Pegu Region, on 2 April 1948. Thakin Soe's red flag communists had already started a rebellion, as had the

2528:, p. 6: "In the sphere of ideological differences in the international communist movement, CPB adopts an independent stand based on Marxism–Leninism and concrete situation in Burma." 1096:

communists, but most importantly the PVO led by Bo Po Kun. The official figure was 5,500 armed insurgents that "entered the light", of which about 800 were white flag communists mainly in

4118: 3189: 608:, and Thakin Soe came back convinced that armed struggle was the only way forward. Amidst widespread strikes starting with the Rangoon Police and mass rallies, the new British governor 3385: 927: 688:

to remain in the country and a possible future military alliance with Britain. This was to the CPB proof of British intention to subvert Burma's sovereignty and U Nu's capitulation.

923:

on 1 October 1952. Apart from the CPB-RBA merger of September 1950 which formed the People's Army, the agreements mainly involved demarcation of territory and terms of cooperation.

704:

which set out a revolutionary strategy reviving the slogan "final seizure of power" from the previous January, and called for a "national rising to tear up the treaty of slavery",

510:, which declared fascism "the major enemy in the coming war" and called for temporary cooperation with the British and the establishment of a broad alliance that would include the 4471: 3829: 3743: 3653: 3401: 1260:

Win's "armed counter-revolution". The party would establish a broad united front between the country's ethnic minorities and peasants, with the key task being party building.

954: 3476: 935: 4103: 1005:, the revered veteran nationalist leader, formed an Internal Peace Committee which in 1958 was allowed by the government to speak on the CPB's behalf. The results of the 4763: 1112:

Ne Win's caretaker government presided over a general election in February 1960 which saw the return of U Nu to office after his faction of the Clean AFPFL, renamed the

647:

written in India and adopted at the party's second congress at Bagaya Road, Rangoon in July 1945. Thakin Soe broke away from the CPB to form a splinter group called the

2480:, p. 155: "In the mid-1960s, an internecine 'Cultural Revolution' saw the party take a dogmatic turn towards Maoism, which was modeled on developments in China." 1566:

1981, and on 28 March 1988 it called for a provisional government composed of various opposition groups and figures. The students' calls for the military to create an

692:

accused the communists of gathering arms for an insurrection. The impact of communist campaigning against the treaty left its mark in Burma's decision not to join the

559:, and later installed Aung San as its Deputy Prime Minister in August 1943. The BIA was reorganised as the puppet state's armed forces, the Burma National Army (BNA). 4743: 3418: 1319:

Several senior party officials were labelled "revisionists" and purged during the CPB's Cultural Revolution. Thakin Ba Tin and Yèbaw Htay were suspended from the

950: 1168:

in August. After just three meetings the talks were abruptly ended by the URC on 20 August and the red flag communists were flown back to the Arakanese capital

2627:, p. 385: "From the mid-1960s until Mao's death, China's extensive support for the CPB heralded a more extensive militarisation of the state's opponents." 1299:

civilians had been killed and several Chinese-owned businesses had been burned down. The riots in turn were a catalyst for further Chinese support of the CPB.

985: 1311:, they established youth teams and handpicked the university and high school students who would lead the party's majority faction in purging their opponents. 926:

In November 1952 a ceasefire agreement was reached between the CPB and the KNU, but a military alliance did not materialise until May 1959 in the form of the

17: 1591:

and Zhao Nyi Lai, founded the Burma Nationalities Democratic Solidarity Party and Burma Nationalities Democratic United Army – and later the

4268: 672:

that took place the following April, the party fielded 25 junior candidates but won just 7 seats. The assassination of Aung San and his cabinet members on

3360: 897:(KNU) as reactionaries employed by the British to destabilise Burma. The civil war was thus waged from three sides: the AFPFL, the communist PVOs and the 680:

with the AFPFL to drive the British out of Burma, convinced that the assassination was an imperialist plot to stop Aung San from achieving leftist unity.

3749: 3568: 3443: 4720: 3234: 454:

The CPB was established in a secret meeting attended by seven men in a small room in Barr Street, Rangoon, on 15 August 1939. The attendees were Thakin

4871: 4786: 4602: 1049:

appeared to endorse Burma as a model non-aligned, socialist Third World country developing at its own pace; Burma was a strong supporter of the 1955

4285: 4128: 4054: 3546: 612:

offered Aung San and the others seats in the Executive Council. Aung San initially refused the offer but eventually accepted it in September 1946.

3940: 2464:, pp. 159–167, 229–230: "After the CPB took a Maoist direction in the late 1960s, the "peace and unity" line was denounced by party leaders. 4955: 4935: 4095: 3217: 4422: 4277: 1333: 3393: 329:

Founded in 1939, the CPB initially fought against British colonial forces before joining them in a temporary alliance to expel the invading

4836: 4151: 571:, India. In January 1944 at a secret meeting near Dedaye in the Delta, the CPB successfully held its first congress chaired by Thakin Soe. 4235: 1249: 1637:. The CPB subsequently released a statement on the same day, condemning the coup and calling for a united front against the Tatmadaw. 1020:

into northeastern Burma after Mao's victory in China, had resulted in Burma's refusal to join the Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation (

4442: 1604: 1490:

Soviet "socialism-imperialism" and Vietnam's "hegemonism" were to be resisted as much as "US imperialism". The CPB had supported the

1341:

set up a rival party headquarters". Former leaders of the RUSU, such as Aung Thein Naing (nephew of Bo Yan Aung) and Soe Win (son of

3409: 1644:

in March 2021. Five months later in August 2021, the CPB announced that it had rearmed itself and established a new armed wing, the

737:(ABTUC) backed by the CPB, and in March 1948 a 75,000-strong mass rally by the All Burma Peasants Organisation (ABPO) took place in 4522: 4446: 4261: 4069: 3483: 543:

or the "Thakins"), including Aung San, who had secretly left Burma in 1940 with a group of young intellectuals, later known as the

440:

Four of the seven founders of the CPB. Clockwise from the top left: Thakin Aung San, Thakin Ba Hein, Thakin Hla Pe, and Thakin Soe.

1840:"Burma Communist Party" was the English name commonly used by the Burmese government and local English language press before 1989. 1084:

area, had been partly successful. The year 1958 saw mass surrenders of first the Arakanese nationalists led by U Seinda, next the

4313: 4179: 4159: 3799: 3701: 3641: 3561: 1633:

On the morning of 1 February 2021, the Tatmadaw deposed the democratically elected members of Myanmar's civilian government in a

588: 576: 547:, to receive military training from the Japanese. Aung San and the Thirty Comrades returned to Burma in 1941 and established the 338: 252: 4477: 3793: 3695: 3617: 1210: 1064:

U Nu then turned the communist peace offensive to his advantage and came up with a very successful "arms for democracy" offer.

1389:

insurgent leaders. At the time, the region experienced little internecine warfare and there were few attacks by the Tatmadaw.

4960: 4930: 4910: 4516: 4492: 3072: 3043: 3020: 2978: 1128:

on 7 July 1962 was brutally suppressed by the Tatmadaw, ending in a massacre of over 300 students by the students' accounts.

1401:

The CPB had 10,000 to 14,000 troops during the 1970s. Its base in the Pegu Yoma was destroyed in a 1975 Tatmadaw offensive.

1001:

had led to a desire for peace, and the move was welcomed by both the leftist opposition and conservative groups in Rangoon.

591:(AFPFL) on 3 March 1945. Five days later on 8 March 1945, the communist commander Ba Htoo of the northwest command based in 4843: 4831: 4486: 4141: 4108: 4039: 3577: 1620: 286: 1287:

Burma's insurgent groups, communist and ethnonationalist alike, became increasingly receptive of the Maoist concept of a "

4625: 4482: 4398: 4254: 3877: 1669: 1503:

The party's general programme was drawn up in the light of "the experiences of the last 30 years of the armed struggle".

1277: 3426: 4925: 4557: 4416: 3999: 3853: 3670: 3554: 1481:

The party's past errors of the 1955 "revisionist" line and the 1964 "intra-party revolutionary line" were now admitted.

958: 4915: 4710: 4551: 4467: 4338: 4079: 4029: 4004: 3120: 1608: 3576: 4940: 4655: 4527: 4372: 4024: 3984: 3303:"Drugs, insurgency and state-building in Burma: Why the drugs trade is central to Burma's changing political order" 1473:

In November 1978 Thakin Ba Thein Tin presented a "political report" at a historic meeting of the politburo held in

1292: 819: 1252:, Bago Region, from 9 September to 14 October 1964. The 1964 line maintained that the CPB upheld a development of 4660: 4591: 4164: 3948: 3923: 3917: 3871: 3865: 1245: 826:

to contest the election on a "peace ticket" winning 35 per cent of the vote though only a small number of seats.

640: 1484:

Ne Win's regime was characterised as representing "imperialism, feudal-landlordism and bureaucratic capitalism".

337:. In the final years of the war, the CPB helped establish a leftist political and military coalition called the 4920: 4864: 4773: 4705: 4680: 4620: 4561: 4402: 4328: 4044: 4014: 3368: 3097: 3001: 1516:

Party membership had failed to fulfill the 1964 directive of recruiting at least one member from every village.

1132: 968:

However, political differences remained unresolved as no compromise was possible between the CPB's position of

734: 3451: 1866:) put Thakin in front of their names to symbolise that they were the "true masters" of Burma, not the British. 1634: 1121: 814:

line of establishing guerrilla bases among the peasants in the countryside as opposed to mobilising the urban

365: 4781: 4610: 4512: 4113: 4059: 3905: 3779: 3681: 3603: 3249: 1794: 1006: 882: 750: 669: 350: 902:

it was an intentional underestimation and gave a much larger figure of 60,000 dead and 2 million displaced.

446: 4884: 4452: 4136: 3835: 3725: 3629: 1653: 623:

In February 1946 Thakin Soe denounced the CPB's leadership, particularly Thakin Thein Pe, accusing them of

377: 204: 1519:

The new military line would be "strategic defence" at a time when the party was weak and the enemy strong.

1374:

founding member of the CPB besides Yèbaw Htay, was killed in action later the same year, near Hpyu in the

4753: 4547: 4537: 4358: 3953: 3883: 3766: 3755: 1201:

Expectations had been running high, and the People's Peace Committee, set up by the NUF and supported by

1156: 973: 878: 3534: 1440:

The CPB was told that according to Article 11 of the 1974 Constitution which had established Burma as a

4758: 4695: 4645: 4506: 3994: 3811: 3713: 3659: 1147:"They have gone back": Members of the CPB's delegation return to their bases after failed peace talks, 4738: 4670: 4615: 4541: 4532: 4462: 4303: 4169: 4064: 4049: 4034: 3989: 3979: 1559: 1296: 981: 580: 353:

in the countryside, which started with an armed insurrection in Paukkongyi, Pegu Region (present-day

1009:, where the National United Front did very well on a peace ticket, had also given the AFPFL a jolt. 4700: 4675: 4640: 4581: 4368: 3817: 3719: 3647: 3035: 1688:. The party is against ethnonationalism and separatism, arguing that Myanmar should be united as a 1657: 1641: 1625: 1551: 1029: 790:, a socialist commander and senior member of the Thirty Comrades after Aung San and Bo Let Ya. The 605: 4950: 4945: 4665: 4587: 4322: 4307: 4297: 3958: 3894: 3859: 3847: 1269: 1256:

which was independent from that of other countries and based on the concrete situation in Burma.

1117: 693: 673: 648: 548: 31: 4801: 4685: 4432: 4343: 4318: 4074: 3968: 3592: 2468:... The second important decision was the CPB's enthusiastic adoption of 'Mao Zedong thought'." 1857: 1418: 934:(DNUF), established in April 1956 by the KNU, which by then had become dominated by the Maoist 829: 676:

stunned the CPB as much as the rest of the country, but the party was still anxious to build a

551:(BIA) to fight against the Allies. After capturing Rangoon in 1942, the Japanese established a 534: 483: 330: 372:

rearmed themselves and reentered Myanmar. The CPB subsequently announced that it had begun a "

4859: 4826: 4814: 4571: 4437: 4174: 3805: 3707: 3623: 3538: 823: 628: 1184:

Talks broke down on 14 November, when the URC presented the CPB with the following demands:

615: 4809: 4567: 4406: 4392: 4019: 3911: 2970: 1681: 1592: 1410: 1367: 1281: 1253: 894: 779: 291: 217: 1487:

The primacy of the armed struggle, Mao Zedong Thought, and China's example was reaffirmed.

8: 4630: 4456: 4388: 4378: 4352: 4197: 4085: 4009: 3963: 1719: 1226: 1202: 1113: 1002: 942: 636: 281: 4246: 889:

Although its chairman Thakin Than Tun expressed support for the Karen people's right to

782:(KNU) rebelled at the end of January 1949 when Army Chief of Staff Smith Dun, an ethnic 4748: 4502: 4383: 4348: 4333: 3841: 3737: 3338: 3330: 3289: 3209: 3176: 3168: 3049: 2993: 1685: 1665: 1567: 1524: 1465: 1450: 1308: 1125: 1050: 977: 890: 818:, although it continued to support above-ground leftist opposition parties such as the 760: 237: 222: 73: 57: 3235:"The Burmese Communist Party and the State-to-State Relations between China and Burma" 930:(NDUF). The surrender of smaller ethnic insurgent groups hastened the creation of the 4821: 3322: 3281: 3213: 3180: 3160: 3116: 3093: 3068: 3039: 3016: 2997: 2974: 1273: 1231: 1046: 969: 723: 242: 3342: 3053: 1510:

The party's constitution was revised to "suit the changing conditions" of the world.

4577: 3314: 3273: 3201: 3152: 1853: 1825: 1571: 1359: 1042: 810:

The CPB's appraisal of Burma as a "semi-colonial and semi-feudal" state led to the

639:. Browder argued that armed revolution would no longer be necessary to establish a 369: 4791: 4690: 4427: 4223: 3929: 3823: 3731: 3635: 3083: 3062: 1711: 1596: 1441: 1288: 1160: 1017: 991: 898: 705: 563: 544: 523: 373: 319: 1570:

and to hold multiparty elections fell on deaf ears, and the failure of U Nu and

4796: 4733: 4650: 4209: 1766: 1742: 1555: 1533:), it appeared to have ignored the recent upheavals of 1974–1976 in the cities. 1371: 756: 684: 683:

U Nu concluded negotiations that Aung San had started with the British premier

556: 487: 459: 381: 96: 78: 3318: 3205: 3067:. Regional Strategic Studies Programme, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 1413:

in protest against Soviet and Vietnamese "manipulation" at the September 1979

4904: 4635: 3402:"Communist Party of Burma declares People's War against the junta government" 3326: 3285: 3164: 2967:

The Secret Army: Chiang Kai-shek and the Drug Warlords of the Golden Triangle

2930: 1689: 1545: 1346: 1325: 1101: 1054: 998: 946: 842: 718: 584: 515: 503: 479: 478:(Amar Nag). An armed wing was formed shortly afterwards which fought against 1061:

policy under Khrushchev contributed to the mood of national reconciliation.

431: 4728: 4412: 3495:"လတ်တလောအခြေအနေနဲ့ပတ်သက်လို့ ဗမာပြည်ကွန်မြူနစ်ပါတီရဲ့ သဘောထား ထုတ်ပြန်ချက်" 3103: 1588: 1507:

It warned against "sectarianism" and "leftist" and "rightist deviationism".

1058: 914:

against the AFPFL, the People's Democratic Front (PDF), was established in

911: 866: 803: 783: 677: 632: 609: 552: 511: 491: 471: 357:), and ended with an internal mutiny and the party's leadership fleeing to 334: 114: 3386:"'We don't want to be slaves': Meet the People's Liberation Army of Burma" 604:

Thakin Soe and Ba Tin travelled to India in September 1945 to talk to the

4293: 1491: 1329: 1284:, the CPB denounced the CPSU for supporting Ne Win's "pseudo-socialism". 1093: 1085: 972:

for Burma's ethnic minorities within a unitary state (modelled after the

815: 795: 354: 4218: 3334: 3302: 3293: 3261: 1513:

New "party building", "military" and "agricultural" lines were adopted.

1220: 3497:(in Burmese). Communist Party of Burma. 31 January 2021. Archived from 3172: 3140: 1737: 1496: 1469:

Third flag of the CPB, introduced at the party's third congress in 1985

1342: 1177: 1089: 1038: 1033: 1025: 1013: 874: 799: 791: 661: 624: 519: 467: 227: 173: 109: 1692:

with autonomous regions reserved for the country's ethnic minorities.

3089: 1474: 1386: 1382: 1375: 1320: 838: 771: 714: 527: 463: 422: 212: 155: 104: 3156: 2852: 1225:

Frustrated with the failure of the 1963 peace talks and inspired by

853:

area in central Burma, sometimes north into the "Three M triangle" (

596:

independence and for several years after independence was achieved.

402: 4889: 3786: 3688: 3610: 3277: 1732: 1661: 1600: 1527:

of Russia" by calling a "general strike and uprising" (in Burmese,

1206: 1065: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 775: 738: 592: 475: 455: 326:(Burma). It is the oldest existing political party in the country. 119: 91: 4184: 3582: 3190:"The 1967 Anti-Chinese Riots in Burma and Sino-Burmese Relations" 1120:

this time, however, lasted just two years before Ne Win staged a

1081: 1073: 730: 710: 411: 323: 3477:"A Short Outline of the history of the Communist Party of Burma" 1574:

to achieve a united opposition sealed the fate of the uprising.

1433:

The abolition of the People's Army under the command of the CPB.

4363: 1423: 1414: 1337: 1169: 1165: 1143: 1097: 920: 811: 787: 697: 568: 346: 3419:"The Demise of a Once Powerful Communist Party—Now in Burmese" 3032:

Stalemate: Autonomy and Insurgency on the China-Myanmar Border

2412: 997:

proposals by Thakin Than Tun to the AFPFL government in 1956.

1454: 1021: 759:

nationalists led by the veteran monk U Seinda and the Muslim

599: 358: 3523: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2014: 506:

in July 1941, Thakin Soe and Thakin Than Tun coauthored the

4764:

United National Liberation Front of Western South East Asia

3111:

Smith, Martin; Christensen, Karen; Levinson, David (2002).

2806: 2804: 2802: 2789: 2787: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2342: 2340: 2058: 2056: 1958: 1363: 915: 767: 744: 657: 533:

This was against the prevailing opinion of the nationalist

266: 2913: 2911: 1135:

estimated the CPB's membership to be approximately 5,000.

645:

Toward Better Mutual Understanding and Greater Cooperation

4276: 2864: 2184: 1987: 1680:

The CPB is officially a communist party which adheres to

1068:(Burma Armed Forces) offensives in early 1956, Operation 700:

theoretician, released a thesis in December 1947 titled,

4744:

Federal Political Negotiation and Consultative Committee

3493: 3475: 3110: 2931:"စစ်ဏာသိမ်းမှုအပေါ် ရဲဘော် ဖိုးသံချောင်းရဲ့ သုံးသပ်ချက်" 2858: 2799: 2784: 2733: 2642: 2630: 2525: 2477: 2424: 2364: 2337: 2250: 2053: 1916: 1426:, three new conditions were put on the table by Aye Ko: 2990:

The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Burma (CPB)

2908: 2762: 2760: 2659: 2657: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2488: 2486: 2315: 2313: 2216: 2214: 2201: 2199: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2097: 2095: 3015:(2nd ed.). Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books. 2840: 2031: 2029: 2004: 2002: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2172: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1948: 1946: 1933: 1931: 1906: 1904: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1861: 1528: 1362:

on 16 April 1968, in a battle on the city borders of

1188:

All troops must be concentrated in a designated area.

538: 2816: 2772: 2757: 2745: 2674: 2672: 2654: 2608: 2606: 2591: 2579: 2567: 2531: 2498: 2483: 2443: 2400: 2388: 2376: 2352: 2325: 2310: 2298: 2286: 2274: 2262: 2238: 2226: 2211: 2196: 2155: 2143: 2119: 2107: 2092: 2080: 2068: 1385:

of northern Burma and forged alliances with several

1107: 2898: 2896: 2881: 2131: 2041: 2026: 1999: 1263: 2721: 2696: 2684: 2555: 2543: 1970: 1943: 1928: 1901: 1884: 1116:, won a landslide majority over the Stable AFPFL. 2669: 2603: 1238: 4902: 3482:. Communist Party of Burma. 1964. Archived from 3013:Burma in Revolt: Opium and Insurgency Since 1948 2893: 1037:delegation to Beijing in 1957, and met Chairman 1012:On the international front, U.S. support of the 794:joined the Karen shortly afterwards, as did the 702:On the Present Political Situation and Our Tasks 3138: 3085:Burma: Insurgency and the politics of ethnicity 2828: 2418: 1550:By 1987 the isolationist policies of Ne Win's " 1276:, rejecting the 1955 "revisionist" line of the 865:). Debt was abolished, and farming and trading 186: 4872:Union Peace Conference – 21st Century Panglong 3361:"Myanmar's Army Is Fighting a Multi-Front War" 1672:. The PLA claims to have 1,000 active troops. 587:in August 1944. The AFO was later renamed the 4262: 4055:People's Party of Myanmar Farmers and Workers 3562: 3400: 3139:Benjamin, Roger W.; Kautsky, John H. (1968). 2875: 1614: 717:" and other democratic countries resisting " 3444:"Red dawn: Myanmar's reborn communist army" 3383: 3232: 2917: 2190: 2020: 1993: 1964: 1922: 1660:(KIA) provided the PLA's initial supply of 1436:The abolition of all the "liberated areas". 1221:The CPB's "Cultural Revolution" (1964–1968) 497: 4269: 4255: 4231: 3569: 3555: 1381:In the late 1960s, the CPB arrived in the 1352: 992:"Peace and unity" vs. "arms for democracy" 869:established in areas under their control. 600:Post-World War II developments (1945–1948) 56: 1856:for "master". Members of the nationalist 1640:CPB cadres reentered Myanmar through the 1605:Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army 1554:" had decimated Burma's economy, and the 1417:Conference, the Chinese Foreign Minister 1404: 1295:. By the time the riots were quelled, 31 1104:. The one crucial exception was the KNU. 1016:(KMT) forces, that had crossed over from 976:) and the ethnic minorities' demands for 4070:Tai-Leng Nationalities Development Party 3064:The Burmese Communist Party in the 1980s 1652:), to wage a "people's war" against the 1624: 1464: 1370:. Yèbaw Tun Maung (Dr. Nath), the other 1142: 1041:. A week-long visit in December 1955 by 828: 745:Insurgency against the AFPFL (1948–1962) 614: 445: 4180:Rakhine Nationalities Development Party 3800:Shan Nationalities League for Democracy 3702:Shan Nationalities League for Democracy 3642:Shan Nationalities League for Democracy 3358: 3262:"The Shans and the Shan State of Burma" 3259: 3088:(1st ed.). London and New Jersey: 3010: 2987: 2887: 2822: 2612: 2178: 1280:(CPSU). On the 50th anniversary of the 1028:visited Rangoon on his return from the 729:February 1948 saw a wave of strikes in 562:Thakin Soe had gone underground in the 18:People's Liberation Army (Myanmar) 14: 4903: 3794:Union Solidarity and Development Party 3696:Union Solidarity and Development Party 3618:Union Solidarity and Development Party 3300: 2992:. Ithaca, NY: Southeast Asia Program, 2964: 2624: 2597: 2478:Smith, Christensen & Levinson 2002 1725: 1409:Shortly after Burma resigned from the 1211:All Burma Federation of Student Unions 949:and formed after the surrender of the 27:Underground political party in Myanmar 4956:Political parties established in 1939 4936:Ethnic armed organisations in Myanmar 4278:Ethnic armed organisations in Myanmar 4250: 3550: 3145:The American Political Science Review 3115:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 3081: 3060: 2810: 2793: 2778: 2766: 2751: 2739: 2727: 2715: 2663: 2648: 2636: 2585: 2573: 2537: 2513: 2492: 2461: 2449: 2437: 2406: 2394: 2382: 2370: 2358: 2346: 2331: 2319: 2304: 2292: 2280: 2268: 2256: 2244: 2232: 2220: 2205: 2166: 2149: 2137: 2125: 2113: 2101: 2086: 2074: 2062: 2047: 2035: 2008: 1981: 1952: 1937: 1910: 1895: 1460: 1349:), met the same fate the next month. 957:(CNVP) formed in March 1956, and the 941:The NDUF also included the fledgling 932:Democratic Nationalities United Front 696:. Yèbaw Ba Tin, the CPB's Burma-born 670:elections to the Constituent Assembly 4160:Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League 4142:United Nationalities Federal Council 4109:Nationalities Brotherhood Federation 3441: 3384:Christopher, Michael (12 May 2023). 3359:Bociaga, Robert (24 November 2021). 3141:"Communism and Economic Development" 2902: 1629:Flag of the People's Liberation Army 1499:after the Khmer Rouge came to power. 1191:No one can leave without permission. 1159:(URC) government, Ne Win launched a 778:during the latter half of 1948. The 637:Communist Party of the United States 589:Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League 339:Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League 3878:Shan Nationalities Democratic Party 3416: 3187: 3131: 3029: 2846: 2834: 2690: 2678: 2561: 2549: 1772: 1278:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 1138: 24: 4000:Democratic Party for a New Society 3854:Chin National League for Democracy 3307:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 3194:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 2455: 1560:one of the world's least developed 1194:All organisational work must stop. 959:Karenni National Progressive Party 619:Second flag of the CPB (1946–1969) 25: 4972: 4119:United Political Parties Alliance 4030:Myanmar Farmers Development Party 4005:Ethnic National Development Party 3515: 3408:. 7 November 2021. Archived from 1668:, where they fight alongside the 1609:National Democratic Alliance Army 1108:1962 coup d'état and peace parley 450:First flag of the CPB (1939–1946) 4787:China–Myanmar border (1960–1961) 4230: 4217: 4203: 4025:Kokang Democracy and Unity Party 3985:Democracy and Human Rights Party 3581: 3528:of the Communist Party of Burma 3417:Tha, Kyaw Pho (3 October 2013). 3351: 1760: 1621:Myanmar civil war (2021–present) 1587:leaders in Panghsang, including 1539: 1293:1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma 1264:Relations with China and the CCP 928:National Democratic United Front 905: 820:Burma Workers and Peasants Party 430: 421: 410: 401: 4165:Burma Socialist Programme Party 3949:Akha National Development Party 3924:Lisu National Development Party 3918:Lahu National Development Party 3872:Lisu National Development Party 3866:Lahu National Development Party 3442:Thar, Hein (11 December 2023). 2923: 2618: 2519: 2471: 1843: 1705: 1246:Burma Socialist Programme Party 641:dictatorship of the proletariat 526:at the seventh congress of the 4865:Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement 4015:Inn National Development Party 2937:(in Burmese). 15 February 2021 1834: 1819: 1581: 1523:insisting on not "copying the 1336:, who accompanied Aung San to 1239:Internal ideological struggles 1133:United States State Department 735:All Burma Trade Union Congress 13: 1: 4114:United Nationalities Alliance 4060:Phalon-Sawaw Democratic Party 3906:National League for Democracy 3780:National League for Democracy 3682:National League for Democracy 3604:National League for Democracy 2859:Communist Party of Burma 2021 2526:Communist Party of Burma 1964 1873: 1700: 1695: 1148: 751:Communist insurgency in Burma 583:(AFO) at a secret meeting in 4961:Political parties in Myanmar 4931:Communist parties in Myanmar 4911:1939 establishments in Burma 4885:Internal conflict in Myanmar 4137:88 Generation Students Group 3836:Kayah State Democratic Party 3726:Kayah State Democratic Party 3654:New Democracy Party (Kachin) 3630:Kayah State Democratic Party 3578:Political parties in Myanmar 3233:Hensengerth, Oliver (2005). 3188:Fan, Hongwei (1 June 2012). 1878: 1654:State Administration Council 1272:(CCP) from the onset of the 955:Chin National Vanguard Party 577:People's Revolutionary Party 384:established after the coup. 378:State Administration Council 30:Not to be confused with the 7: 3954:Arakan League for Democracy 3884:Zomi Congress for Democracy 3830:Kachin State People's Party 3756:Zomi Congress for Democracy 3744:Kachin State People's Party 3266:Contemporary Southeast Asia 3113:Encyclopedia of Modern Asia 2965:Gibson, Richard M. (2011). 2419:Benjamin & Kautsky 1968 1862: 1675: 1529: 1157:Union Revolutionary Council 1122:coup d'état on 2 March 1962 974:autonomous regions of China 936:Karen National United Party 539: 392: 351:four-decade-long insurgency 10: 4977: 4759:Three Brotherhood Alliance 4152:Notable historical parties 4104:Federal Democracy Alliance 4040:National Development Party 3812:Pa-O National Organisation 3714:Pa-O National Organisation 3660:Pa-O National Organisation 3061:Smith, Charles B. (1984). 2952: 1755: 1618: 1615:Post-2021 coup reemergence 1603:broke away and formed the 1558:designated the country as 1543: 1197:All fundraising must stop. 1057:'s death and the shift in 883:People's Republic of China 748: 387: 29: 4926:Communist militant groups 4880: 4852: 4772: 4739:Chin Brotherhood Alliance 4719: 4601: 4284: 4236:List of political parties 4193: 4170:Communist Party of Arakan 4150: 4127: 4094: 4065:Shan State Progress Party 4050:Peace and Diversity Party 4035:National Democratic Force 3990:Democracy and Peace Party 3980:Confederate Farmers Party 3939: 3893: 3765: 3669: 3591: 3319:10.1017/S0022463411000336 3313:(3). Singapore: 376–404. 3206:10.1017/S0022463412000045 1829: 1595:. Splinter groups led by 1430:The abolition of the CPB. 1314: 982:Communist Party of Arakan 963:National Democratic Front 802:. Three regiments of the 581:Anti-Fascist Organisation 277: 264: 259: 248: 236: 203: 192: 182: 172: 162: 151: 143: 128: 84: 72: 64: 55: 41: 4916:Banned communist parties 3974:Communist Party of Burma 3535:People's Liberation Army 3468: 3301:Meehan, Patrick (2011). 3260:Lintner, Bertil (1984). 3036:Cornell University Press 3011:Lintner, Bertil (1999). 2988:Lintner, Bertil (1990). 2957: 1812: 1658:Kachin Independence Army 1646:People's Liberation Army 1552:Burmese Way to Socialism 1392: 1080:("Glorious Victory") in 879:People's Liberation Army 606:Communist Party of India 498:World War II (1941–1945) 366:2021 Myanmar coup d'état 349:). The CPB then began a 304:Communist Party of Burma 187:People's Liberation Army 132:15 August 1939 46: 44:Communist Party of Burma 4941:Guerrilla organizations 4129:Political organisations 4080:United Democratic Party 3959:Arakan Liberation Party 3848:Wa National Unity Party 1664:. The PLA is active in 1353:Aftermath of the purges 1270:Chinese Communist Party 1268:The CPB sided with the 1118:Parliamentary democracy 1072:("Valiant Victory") in 893:, the CPB regarded the 649:Communist Party (Burma) 549:Burma Independence Army 238:Political position 32:Communist Party (Burma) 4075:Union Democratic Party 3969:Chin Progressive Party 3242:Leeds East Asia Papers 3082:Smith, Martin (1991). 1858:We Burmans Association 1670:People's Defence Force 1630: 1470: 1405:1980–1981 peace parley 1152: 834: 620: 535:We Burmans Association 486:upon the start of the 484:Imperial Japanese Army 482:and then the invading 451: 331:Imperial Japanese Army 4921:Burma in World War II 4782:Communist (1948–1988) 4175:National United Front 3941:Unrepresented parties 3818:Ta'ang National Party 3806:Arakan National Party 3720:Ta'ang National Party 3708:Arakan National Party 3648:Ta'ang National Party 3624:Arakan National Party 2971:John Wiley & Sons 1830:ဗမာပြည်ကွန်မြူနစ်ပါတီ 1778:Constituent Assembly 1662:weapons and equipment 1628: 1468: 1205:and former brigadier 1146: 1131:In the mid-1960s the 832: 824:National United Front 618: 480:British colonial rule 449: 318:), is an underground 312:Burma Communist Party 310:), also known as the 48:ဗမာပြည်ကွန်မြူနစ်ပါတီ 4045:National Unity Party 4020:Karen National Party 3912:Kayan National Party 3860:Kayin People's Party 3054:10.7591/j.ctv2t8b78b 3030:Ong, Andrew (2023). 1642:China–Myanmar border 1635:military coup d'état 1593:United Wa State Army 1530:thabeikson thabonhta 1411:Non-Aligned Movement 1282:Bolshevik Revolution 986:Karen New Land Party 895:Karen National Union 780:Karen National Union 694:British Commonwealth 474:(H. N. Goshal), and 333:from Myanmar during 249:National affiliation 4198:Politics of Myanmar 4096:Political alliances 4086:Wa Democratic Party 4010:Federal Union Party 3964:Chin National Party 3489:on 27 October 2022. 3454:on 12 December 2023 3412:on 7 November 2021. 2849:, pp. 109–110. 2813:, pp. 365–372. 2796:, pp. 316–317. 2742:, pp. 318–319. 2651:, pp. 233–234. 2639:, pp. 232–233. 2440:, pp. 206–212. 2373:, pp. 167–169. 2349:, pp. 166–167. 2259:, pp. 134–135. 2065:, pp. 102–103. 1779: 1726:Secretaries-General 1720:Thakin Ba Thein Tin 1227:Cultural Revolution 1203:Thakin Kodaw Hmaing 1076:area and Operation 1003:Thakin Kodaw Hmaing 943:New Mon State Party 282:Politics of Myanmar 4749:Federal Union Army 3842:Arakan Front Party 3738:Arakan Front Party 2994:Cornell University 2876:Workers Today 2021 1777: 1686:Mao Zedong Thought 1666:Tanintharyi Region 1631: 1568:interim government 1525:October Revolution 1471: 1461:1985 rectification 1451:multi-party system 1232:summary executions 1153: 1126:Rangoon University 1051:Bandung Conference 978:self-determination 951:Mon People's Front 891:self-determination 835: 786:, was replaced by 664:within the AFPFL. 621: 518:line advocated by 514:. It followed the 452: 223:Mao Zedong Thought 4898: 4897: 4754:Northern Alliance 4244: 4243: 3750:Wa National Party 3074:978-9971-902-76-6 3045:978-1-5017-7071-5 3022:978-974-7100-78-5 2980:978-0-470-83018-5 2023:, pp. 15–16. 1967:, pp. 10–12. 1810: 1809: 1274:Sino-Soviet split 1047:Nikita Khrushchev 1030:Geneva Conference 970:regional autonomy 724:guerrilla warfare 579:(PSP) formed the 522:communist leader 300: 299: 287:Political parties 16:(Redirected from 4968: 4271: 4264: 4257: 4248: 4247: 4234: 4233: 4222: 4221: 4208: 4207: 4206: 3995:Democratic Party 3586: 3585: 3571: 3564: 3557: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3531: 3527: 3526: 3524:Official website 3510: 3508: 3506: 3490: 3488: 3481: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3450:. Archived from 3448:Frontier Myanmar 3438: 3436: 3434: 3425:. Archived from 3413: 3397: 3392:. Archived from 3380: 3378: 3376: 3371:on 25 April 2023 3367:. Archived from 3346: 3297: 3256: 3254: 3248:. Archived from 3239: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3220:on 4 August 2020 3216:. Archived from 3184: 3132:Journal articles 3126: 3107: 3078: 3057: 3026: 3007: 2984: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2927: 2921: 2918:Christopher 2023 2915: 2906: 2900: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2797: 2791: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2667: 2661: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2496: 2490: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2467: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2209: 2203: 2194: 2191:Hensengerth 2005 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2024: 2021:Hensengerth 2005 2018: 2012: 2006: 1997: 1994:Hensengerth 2005 1991: 1985: 1979: 1968: 1965:Hensengerth 2005 1962: 1956: 1950: 1941: 1935: 1926: 1923:Hensengerth 2005 1920: 1914: 1908: 1899: 1893: 1867: 1865: 1847: 1841: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1823: 1802: 1780: 1776: 1773:Election results 1751:Yèbaw Kyin Maung 1745:(Thein Pe Myint) 1682:Marxism–Leninism 1611:, respectively. 1572:Aung San Suu Kyi 1532: 1360:killed in action 1254:Marxism–Leninism 1150: 1139:1963 peace talks 1043:Nikolai Bulganin 635:, leader of the 542: 508:Insein Manifesto 434: 425: 414: 405: 273: 270: 268: 218:Marxism–Leninism 196: 139: 137: 60: 49: 39: 38: 21: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4966: 4965: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4876: 4848: 4774:Armed conflicts 4768: 4715: 4597: 4280: 4275: 4245: 4240: 4225:Politics Portal 4216: 4204: 4202: 4189: 4146: 4123: 4090: 3935: 3930:Mon Unity Party 3896: 3889: 3824:Mon Unity Party 3770: 3768: 3761: 3732:Mon Unity Party 3673:Representatives 3672: 3665: 3636:Mon Unity Party 3594: 3587: 3580: 3575: 3541: 3529: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3513: 3504: 3502: 3486: 3479: 3471: 3466: 3457: 3455: 3432: 3430: 3429:on 4 April 2023 3396:on 17 May 2023. 3374: 3372: 3354: 3349: 3255:on 28 May 2008. 3252: 3237: 3223: 3221: 3157:10.2307/1953329 3134: 3129: 3123: 3100: 3075: 3046: 3023: 3004: 2981: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2940: 2938: 2935:BBC News မြန်မာ 2929: 2928: 2924: 2916: 2909: 2901: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2874: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2800: 2792: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2765: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2677: 2670: 2662: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2635: 2631: 2623: 2619: 2611: 2604: 2596: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2499: 2491: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2436: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2338: 2330: 2326: 2318: 2311: 2303: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2267: 2263: 2255: 2251: 2243: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2219: 2212: 2204: 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47: 45: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4974: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4951:Maoist parties 4948: 4946:Maoism in Asia 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4892: 4887: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4868: 4867: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4846: 4844:post-2021 coup 4841: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4778: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4734:7 EAO Alliance 4731: 4725: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4607: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4595: 4585: 4575: 4565: 4555: 4545: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4510: 4500: 4490: 4480: 4475: 4465: 4460: 4450: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4410: 4396: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4316: 4311: 4301: 4290: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4274: 4273: 4266: 4259: 4251: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4238: 4228: 4214: 4211:Myanmar Portal 4200: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4156: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4144: 4139: 4133: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4100: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3945: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3902: 3900: 3895:Ethnic Affairs 3891: 3890: 3888: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3783: 3776: 3774: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3685: 3678: 3676: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3607: 3600: 3598: 3589: 3588: 3574: 3573: 3566: 3559: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3532: 3517: 3516:External links 3514: 3512: 3511: 3501:on 17 May 2023 3491: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3464: 3439: 3414: 3398: 3390:People's World 3381: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3347: 3298: 3278:10.1355/CS5-4B 3272:(4): 403–450. 3257: 3230: 3200:(2): 234–256. 3185: 3151:(1): 110–123. 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3127: 3121: 3108: 3098: 3079: 3073: 3058: 3044: 3027: 3021: 3008: 3002: 2985: 2979: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2948: 2922: 2907: 2892: 2880: 2863: 2851: 2839: 2827: 2815: 2798: 2783: 2781:, p. 321. 2771: 2769:, p. 319. 2756: 2754:, p. 320. 2744: 2732: 2720: 2695: 2693:, p. 106. 2683: 2668: 2666:, p. 234. 2653: 2641: 2629: 2617: 2602: 2590: 2588:, p. 235. 2578: 2576:, p. 232. 2566: 2564:, p. 105. 2554: 2552:, p. 238. 2542: 2540:, p. 229. 2530: 2518: 2516:, p. 228. 2497: 2495:, p. 233. 2482: 2470: 2454: 2452:, p. 227. 2442: 2423: 2421:, p. 122. 2411: 2409:, p. 202. 2399: 2397:, p. 195. 2387: 2385:, p. 186. 2375: 2363: 2361:, p. 159. 2351: 2336: 2334:, p. 116. 2324: 2322:, p. 132. 2309: 2307:, p. 273. 2297: 2295:, p. 174. 2285: 2283:, p. 173. 2273: 2271:, p. 136. 2261: 2249: 2247:, p. 119. 2237: 2235:, p. 113. 2225: 2223:, p. 126. 2210: 2208:, p. 124. 2195: 2183: 2171: 2169:, p. 125. 2154: 2152:, p. 109. 2142: 2130: 2128:, p. 118. 2118: 2116:, p. 107. 2106: 2104:, p. 106. 2091: 2089:, p. 104. 2079: 2077:, p. 103. 2067: 2052: 2040: 2025: 2013: 1998: 1986: 1969: 1957: 1942: 1927: 1915: 1900: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1842: 1833: 1817: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1783:Election year 1774: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1767:Po Than Gyaung 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1740: 1735: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1714: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1677: 1674: 1616: 1613: 1583: 1580: 1556:United Nations 1544:Main article: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1520: 1517: 1511: 1508: 1501: 1500: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1462: 1459: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1406: 1403: 1394: 1391: 1354: 1351: 1316: 1313: 1265: 1262: 1240: 1237: 1222: 1219: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1151:November 1963. 1140: 1137: 1109: 1106: 993: 990: 945:(NMSP) led by 907: 904: 749:Main article: 746: 743: 719:Anglo-American 685:Clement Attlee 627:, the form of 601: 598: 557:State of Burma 499: 496: 488:Burma campaign 460:Thakin Ba Hein 439: 438: 429: 428: 420: 419: 418: 409: 408: 400: 399: 398: 397: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 382:military junta 376:" against the 364:Following the 298: 297: 295: 294: 289: 284: 278: 275: 274: 262: 261: 257: 256: 250: 246: 245: 240: 234: 233: 231: 230: 225: 220: 215: 209: 207: 201: 200: 197: 190: 189: 184: 180: 179: 176: 170: 169: 167:People's Power 164: 160: 159: 153: 149: 148: 145: 141: 140: 130: 126: 125: 123: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 99: 97:Thakin Ba Hein 94: 88: 86: 82: 81: 79:Po Than Gyaung 76: 70: 69: 66: 62: 61: 53: 52: 43: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4973: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4853:Peace process 4851: 4845: 4842: 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3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3236: 3231: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3136: 3124: 3122:9780684312439 3118: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3080: 3076: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3005: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2962: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2919: 2914: 2912: 2904: 2899: 2897: 2889: 2884: 2877: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2860: 2855: 2848: 2843: 2836: 2831: 2824: 2819: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2795: 2790: 2788: 2780: 2775: 2768: 2763: 2761: 2753: 2748: 2741: 2736: 2729: 2724: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2692: 2687: 2681:, p. 13. 2680: 2675: 2673: 2665: 2660: 2658: 2650: 2645: 2638: 2633: 2626: 2621: 2614: 2609: 2607: 2600:, p. 88. 2599: 2594: 2587: 2582: 2575: 2570: 2563: 2558: 2551: 2546: 2539: 2534: 2527: 2522: 2515: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 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766:and took 757:Arakanese 715:Indonesia 530:in 1935. 528:Comintern 520:Bulgarian 502:While in 341:(AFPFL). 292:Elections 269:.cp-burma 213:Communism 163:Newspaper 156:Panghsang 101:Thakin Bo 4890:Tatmadaw 4822:Rohingya 3976:(banned) 3787:Military 3771:Hluttaws 3769:Regional 3689:Military 3671:House of 3611:Military 3593:House of 3539:Facebook 3343:56423767 3335:23020336 3294:25797781 2941:10 March 2847:Ong 2023 2835:Tha 2013 2691:Ong 2023 2679:Ong 2023 2562:Ong 2023 2550:Fan 2012 1806:126,000 1733:Aung San 1676:Ideology 1601:Sai Leun 1383:Wa hills 1250:Nattalin 1207:Kyaw Zaw 1066:Tatmadaw 984:and the 863:Myingyan 859:Meiktila 855:Mandalay 851:Yamethin 847:Pyinmana 845:valley, 776:Pyinmana 739:Pyinmana 593:Mandalay 456:Aung San 393:Founding 243:Far-left 205:Ideology 92:Aung San 85:Founders 4806:Kokang 4603:Defunct 4185:Thakins 3173:1953329 2953:Sources 1854:Burmese 1826:Burmese 1801:7 / 210 1756:Current 1731:Thakin 1372:Bengali 1297:Chinese 1082:Pathein 1074:Pakokku 965:(NDF). 881:of 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