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295:, the leaders of the pro-war factions in Athens and Sparta respectively, both of whom have recently perished in battle. War goes back indoors to get himself a new one and Trygaeus boldly takes this opportunity to summon Greeks everywhere to come and help him set Peace free while there is still time. A Chorus of excited Greeks from various city-states arrives as prompted but they are so excited they cannot stop dancing at first. Eventually they get to work, pulling boulders from the cave's mouth under supervision by Trygaeus and Hermes. Some of the Greeks are more of a hindrance than a help and real progress is only made by the farmers. At last Peace and her companions, Festival and Harvest, are brought to light, appearing as visions of ineffable beauty. Hermes then tells the gathering why Peace had left them many years earlier – she had been driven away by politicians who were profiting from the war. In fact she had tried to come back several times, he says, but each time the Athenians had voted against her in their Assembly. Trygaeus apologizes to Peace on behalf of his countrymen, he updates her on the latest theatre gossip ( 337: 1287: 40: 283: 380:, resulting in the capture of Spartan hostages and the establishment of a permanent garrison at Pylos, from where the Athenians and their allies could harass Spartan territory. The Spartans in response to this setback made repeated appeals for peace but these were dismissed by the Athenian Assembly under guidance by Cleon who wished instead to broaden the war with ambitious campaigns against Megara and Boeotia. The Athenians subsequently suffered a major defeat in Boeotia at the 287: 802: 2473: 2487: 372: 245:, in 421 BC. The play is notable for its joyous anticipation of peace and for its celebration of a return to an idyllic life in the countryside. However, it also sounds a note of caution, there is bitterness in the acknowledgment of lost opportunities, and the ending is not happy for everyone. As in all of Aristophanes' plays, the jokes are numerous, the action is wildly absurd and the satire is savage. 1322:. There is a symmetrical scene in lines 346–425 (song-dialogue-song-dialogue) in which Trygaeus argues with Hermes and eventually wins his support. The dialogue, however, is in iambic trimeter, conventionally the rhythm of ordinary speech. Moreover, the song's metrical form is repeated much later in a second antistrophe (583–97), indicating that Aristophanes was aiming at something other than an 1004:: Citizens of the island state of Chios, they seem to have been recent victims of an Athenian law imposing a fine of 30 000 drachmas on any allied state in which an Athenian citizen happened to be killed. They might have to pay such a fine if Trygaeus falls off his dung beetle (line 171). Chios is also the home of a popular poet, Ion (835). The island is referred to in three other plays. 650:: A legendary author of fables, he is said to have inspired Trygaeus to ascend to the home of the gods on a dung beetle (line 129). In the original fable, the dung beetle flew up to the home of the gods to punish the eagle for destroying its eggs. Zeus was minding the eagle's own eggs and the dung beetle provoked him into dropping them. There are references to Aesop in two plays. 514:: Another populist, he succeeded Cleon as the new master of the speaker's stone on the Pnyx (line 681). He was a lampseller by trade and this enabled him to shed light on affairs of state (690). The Chorus would like to celebrate the wedding at the end by driving him out (1319). He is a frequent target in other plays. 472:, where Cleon was represented as 'Paphlagonian'), a leather merchant who had corruptly profited from war, a leather skin that stifled Athenian thoughts of peace, and a rascal, chatterer, sycophant and trouble-maker that Hermes should not revile, since Hermes (as a guide to the Underworld) is now responsible for him. 328:, Melanthius and Morsimus. The Chorus resumes its place and Trygaeus returns to the stage. He declares that the audience looked like a bunch of rascals when seen from the heavens and they look even worse when seen up close. He sends Harvest indoors to prepare for their wedding and he delivers Festival to the 992:: Inhabiting region of islands and coastal cities scattered around the Aegean, they formed the core of the Athenian empire. An Ionian in the audience is imagined to say that the beetle represents Cleon since they both eat shit (line 46). The Ionian dialect allows a pun equating 'sheep' with 'oh!' (930-33). 1026:: Sparta's leading general, he had recently perished in the battle for Amphipolis. He is mentioned indirectly as one of the pestles that War can no longer use (line 282) and directly as somebody whose name is often brought up by corrupt politicians in accusations of treason (640). He is mentioned also in 746:: The bard of all bards, he is mentioned in this play twice by name (lines 1089, 1096) and there are frequent references to his poetry. He is fancifully misquoted by Trygaeus to prove that oracle mongers are not entitled to free meals (lines 1090–93) and there is an accurate quote from a passage in the 336: 1286: 371: 286: 1253: 332: 282: 1317: 619: 1274: 1388: 1135:: A mystery religion dedicated to the worship of Demeter and promising immortal life to its initiates, it included the ritual bathing of piglets. Trygaeus asks Hermes for money to buy such a piglet (374–5) and he offers to dedicate the mysteries to Hermes if he helps to secure peace (420). 478:: He was a fearless general associated with the pro-war faction but he nevertheless ratified the Peace of Nicias. He is described here as an enemy of peace who hinders peace efforts (lines 304, 473). His son is a character who sings war-like songs. Lamachus appears as the antagonist in 396:, that he and his men were surprised and defeated by a force led by the Spartan general. Both Cleon and Brasidas died in the battle and their removal opened the way for new peace talks during the winter of 422–21. The Peace of Nicias was ratified soon after in the City Dionysia, where 543:: A frequent butt of jokes in other plays for his gluttony and cowardice, he figures here in a curse as the model of a coward (446), as a man who loves peace for the wrong reasons (673, 675) and as the father of a boy who sings lyrics by Archilochus in celebration of cowardice (1295). 278:: Two slaves are frantically working outside an ordinary house in Athens, kneading unusually large lumps of dough and carrying them one by one into the stable. We soon learn from their banter that it is not dough but excrement gathered from various sources—they are feeding a giant 454:. He is mentioned by name only once in this play (line 47) when a member of the audience is imagined comparing him to a dung beetle on the grounds that he eats dung i.e. he's dead (excrement is a characteristic element of the Aristophanic Underworld, as represented later in 307: 1347: 319: 821:: The main port for Athens, it includes a small harbour that takes its name from the Greek for 'beetle' (lines 145) and it is the sort of place where a man might excrete in public view outside a brothel (165). It is mentioned also in 885:: The hill where the Athenian citizenry convened as a democratic assembly, it was topped by a monolithic rostrum called a 'bema'. Peace wants to know who is now master of the stone (line 680). The hill is mentioned in several plays. 682:: A comic poet often ranked with Aristophanes as a playwright, he is said to have died of a drunken apoplexy after witnessing the destruction of wine jars (line 700). He is mentioned with mock-respect in several other plays also. 1336: 508:. It is said that he did so in order to avoid being implicated in a corruption scandal involving the sculptor Pheidias (line 606). Pericles is mentioned by name in two other plays and there are also indirect references to him. 1395:: A parodos is the entry of the Chorus, conventionally a spectacular occasion for music and choreography. Often it includes trochaic rhythms to signify the mood of an irascible Chorus in search of trouble (as for example in 656:: A famous tragic poet, he is mentioned here because his verses are evocative of the good times that will come with peace (line 531) even though he has become as greedy as Simonides (695–7). Sophocles is also mentioned in 670:: A renowned sculptor, he is said to have been named in a corruption scandal that was really aimed at his patron Pisistratus (line 605) and Peace is said to be a beautiful relative of his i.e. she is statuesque (616). 1332:: A conventional parabasis is an address to the audience by the Chorus and it includes a symmetrical scene (song-speech-song-speech). Typically there are two such addresses, in the middle and near the end of a play. 960:: A statue of a mythical king of ancient Athens, it was located in the agora as a rallying point for the Pandionid tribe (line 1183). Both Aristophanes and Cleon would have mustered here since both belonged to the 1010:: Long-time rivals of Athens and allies of Sparta, they are the garlic in War's mortar (line 246–249), they are a hindrance to peace efforts even though they are starving (481–502) and they were the target of the 1266:. The action of the play however also borrows from ancient folklore – the rescue of a maiden or a treasure from the inaccessible stronghold of a giant or monster was already familiar to Athenians in the story of 1191:: One of the great athletic festivals of ancient Greece, it was a venue for camping both by athletes and spectators. A slave of Trygaeus fondly imagine his penis sharing a tent there with Festival (line 879). 1062:: Citizens of Argos and neighbours of the Spartans, they had maintained their neutrality throughout the war and they were not assisting in peace efforts (lines 475, 493). They receive mentions in other plays. 1052:: Northern neighbours of Athens but allies of Sparta, they were hindering peace efforts (line 466) and their banned produce is fondly remembered (1003). They are mentioned in other plays and especially in 760:: A renowned poet, he once wrote an elegy making light of his own cowardice on the battle field. The son of Cleonymus quotes from it (lines 1298-99). Archilochus is mentioned by name in two other plays. 1141:: The most important annual festival of Athens, it was dedicated to Athena. Trygaeus offers to dedicate it to Hermes in exchange for his help (line 418). He also offers to celebrate in his honour the 714:'), they collaborated on a play in which the latter acted stridently and both should be spat upon by the Muse (lines 801–816). Melanthius is imagined quoting melodramatically from his brother's play 676:: A highly respected poet, he was however notorious for demanding high fees – he'd even go to sea in a sieve if the commission was right (line 697–8). There are references to him in two other plays. 1275: 998:: Brothers to the Persians and often identified with them as rivals of Greece, they benefit from the ongoing war between Athens and Sparta (line 108). They are mentioned quite often in other plays. 688:: A tragic poet, he is said to have written an unsuccessful comedy about mice (791–5) and the Muse is urged to spurn both him and his sons – his sons, who had danced in the original performance of 1227:: A popular prophet and source of oracles, he is mentioned repeatedly by the oracle monger Hierocles (lines 1070–72) and Hierocles is later referred to as Bakis (1119). He is frequently cited in 392: 857:: An island renowned for its wealth and its abundant resources, it was famous also for its cheeses, another ingredient in war's mortar (line 250). The island is mentioned in two other plays. 1411: 1278: 333: 724:: A famous Sicilian poet, he is quoted invoking the Muse and the Graces in a song that denounces Carcinus, Morsimus and Melanthius as inferior poets (beginning with lines 775 and 796). 1254: 555:: A member of an artistic family and possibly a comic poet himself, he has been immortalized by Aristophanes here (line 883) and in other plays as an exponent of cunnilingus. 1221:: One of the prophets or oracle mongers that had profited from the war, he is imagined weeping from the smoke that rises from the sacrificial offering to Peace (line 1008). 692:, are now reviled as goat-turds devoted to theatrical stunts (lines 781–95) and they are not as fortunate as Trygaeus (864). Carcinus is mentioned in several other plays. 345: 569:: Gourmands, they are imagined bustling about the replenished agora in their greedy pursuit of delicacies once peace returns (line 1008). Morychus is mentioned again in 1240:: A legendary prophetess, she is considered by Hierocles to be a greater authority than Homer (line 1095) and he is told to eat her (1116). She is mentioned also in 873:: The northern battleground of the Peloponnesian War, it is where War lost his Spartan pestle, Brasidas (line 283). The region is also mentioned in other plays. 268:, thereby earning the gratitude of farmers while bankrupting various tradesmen who had profited from the hostilities. He celebrates his triumph by marrying 1376: 1306:, corruption of the text and/or a unique dramatic effect that the poet intended. Noteworthy variations in this play are found in the following elements: 384: 1046:: A traitor (from Miletus) who famously excused his treachery with the comment that he intended nothing bad. He is quoted by Trygaeus (line 363). 359: 1040:, he is imaginatively quoted as somebody who sings while masturbating (line 289) – meanwhile Trygaeus and his fellow Greeks spring into action. 2522: 851:: A Spartan territory, its name allows for a pun with 'leeks', one of the ingredients that War intends grinding in his mortar (line 242). 376:. Cleon was determined to gain absolute victory in the war with Sparta and his aggressive policies seemed to be vindicated in 425 in the 783:: A region famous for its horses, it is from here that Trygaeus obtained his dung beetle (line 73). The mountain is mentioned again in 1318: 1175:. The Chorus bids Trygaeus not to use this epithet in an invocation to the gods because Ares has nothing to do with peace (line 457). 750: 718: 388:, a daring general who encouraged and supported revolts among Athenian client states despite the armistice. Athens' client states in 424: 341:'s epic song of war. Trygaeus sends him back indoors as he cannot stomach any mention of war. Another boy sings a famous song by 941:, it is a source of scarlet dye used to denote the cloaks of Athenian officers (line 1174). It is mentioned in two other plays. 895:. A slave of Trygaeus wonders if Festival is a girl he had once partied with there (line 875). The town is also referred to in 845:: Enemy territory occupied by the Athenians, it is associated with missed opportunities for an end to the war (lines 219, 665). 923:: A lake in Boeotia, it is a source of eels much valued by Athenian gourmands (1005). It is mentioned for the same reason in 891:: An Athenian town on the east coast of Attica, it was the site of a sometimes promiscuous quadrennial festival in honour of 488:: A successful Athenian admiral, he used to sleep rough on a soldier's pallet (line 347). He is mentioned in two other plays. 1129:, they were venerated in particular by Spartans. Trygaeus attributes the death of Brasidas to their intervention (line 285). 2651: 793:: An island state, it was home to a type of boat known as a 'Naxian beetle' (line 143). The island is referred to again in 17: 61: 1488: 249:, the pro-war populist leader of Athens, is once again a target for the author's wit, even though he had died in the 549:: A well-known prostitute, she has eyes that flash like those of Cleon (755). She is mentioned in another two plays. 2515: 1205:. This word has sexual connotations for members of the Boule (line 890) in anticipation of an orgy with Festival. 2636: 607:: A tragic poet renowned for his innovative plays and pathetic heroes, he appears as a ridiculous character in 809:: work on this iconic building began in 420 BC during the Peace of Nicias, not long after the performance of 2656: 2477: 754:(1270), an epic sometimes attributed to Homer (now lost). Homer is mentioned by name in three other plays. 2508: 2495: 2641: 520:: Another prominent politician, he associated with swines (line 928). His name recurs in several plays. 1476: 734:. Trygaeus claims to have seen him in the heavens, where he has become the Morning Star (line 835). 450:: The populist leader of the pro-war faction in Athens, he had recently perished in the battle for 2646: 1470: 879:: Later famous as the school for Aristotelian philosophy, it was then a parade ground (line 356). 867:, it is regarded by Trygaeus as a possible source of magic spells when all else fails (line 277). 495: 498:. His helmet is a loathsome spectacle (line 395) and there are references to him in other plays. 1096:. They are mentioned in that context here (line 1253) and they receive mentions in other plays. 309: 48: 1420: 839: 1434: 1271: 1119:: A mythical flying horse, it lends its name to the flying dung beetle (lines 76, 135, 154). 1014:, the original cause of the war (609). They are mentioned in other plays, but especially in 1263: 1178: 1132: 491: 466:) and shouting might yet snatch away peace (the seething image was previously developed in 377: 272:, a companion of Festival and Peace, all of whom he has liberated from a celestial prison. 250: 39: 8: 540: 144: 1461: 1439: 2593: 1443: 1126: 1078: 863:: A region associated with religious mysteries, as represented in the worship of the 685: 673: 640: 325: 313: 269: 265: 242: 165: 1455: 312: 264:: Trygaeus, a middle-aged Athenian, miraculously brings about a peaceful end to the 2579: 1384:: The metrical rhythms of Old Comedy are typically iambic, trochaic and anapestic. 1072:: Common names for female slaves of Thracian (line 1138) and Syrian origin (1146). 381: 2500: 1197:: A festival celebrated by Ionian Greeks, it included a day of sacrifice known as 2411: 1466: 1011: 505: 360: 238: 2544: 1562: 1397: 1188: 1016: 954: 751: 634: 213: 1302:. Variations from those conventions may be due to an historical trend towards 2630: 2614: 2607: 1448: 1212: 1059: 364: 234: 2435: 2532: 1037: 962: 790: 740:: A flute player, here (line 951) as elsewhere he is an execrable musician. 727: 632:(528). The latter play was a favourite target for parody as for example in 230: 70: 2551: 2447: 1403: 1138: 920: 806: 757: 721: 504:: A gifted orator and politician, he provoked the war with Sparta by his 468: 347: 342: 321: 279: 801: 494:: A prominent politician, he was to become an influential figure in the 2586: 2558: 2491: 1356:ἑκατὸν δὲ κύκλῳ κεφαλαὶ κολάκων οἰμωξομένων ἑλιχμῶντο :περὶ τὴν κεφαλήν 1303: 1299: 1259: 896: 860: 780: 511: 451: 421: 393: 389: 226: 1778: 1372:"a hundred heads of doomed stooges circled and licked around his head" 458:). He receives several indirect mentions (313, 648, 669, 650–56) as a 2600: 2565: 2459: 1339: 1089: 948: 703: 689: 653: 604: 517: 300: 296: 52: 1211:: An epithet for Peace and the name of a contemporary priestess of 1194: 1182: 1168: 1122: 1023: 951:, it is a source of saffron-coloured (or crap-coloured) dye (1176). 914: 818: 679: 667: 501: 475: 459: 409: 385: 368: 304: 292: 138: 2486: 2472: 1586: 1267: 1255: 1116: 1049: 989: 944: 938: 892: 888: 864: 711: 707: 485: 2423: 1533: 1146: 1007: 930: 906: 876: 870: 854: 730:: A celebrated Chian poet, he was the author of a popular song 329: 108: 1546: 1181:: Zeus's cupbearer, he is said to be the future source of the 1088:: An ancient and exotic people whose customs, as described by 913:(line 1047, 1125). He is associated with another Euboean town 1237: 1224: 1033: 1001: 995: 934: 902: 842: 828: 747: 743: 647: 447: 373: 338: 288: 246: 237: 217: 1353: 624:, his daughter's appeal to him is a parody of a speech from 966: 882: 832: 1574: 1020: 628:(114–23) and there is a deliberate misquote from his play 702:: Two brothers who were related to the great tragic poet 909:, it is the home of the oracle monger and party-pooper, 82: 2409: 706: 1056:, where one of the characters is a Boeotian merchant. 1542: 1521: 2530: 1507: 1509:, Alan Sommerstein, Penguin Classics 1973, page 37 2628: 363:in 431 BC and, under the cautious leadership of 1298:is structured according to the conventions of 1171:: An epithet of Ares, it is often used in the 403: 400:was performed, early in the spring of 421 BC. 2516: 1185:on which the dung beetle will feed in future. 324:and it condemns contemporary dramatists like 229:written and produced by the Greek playwright 1149:(420). The Panathenaea is mentioned also in 47:(Peace and Wealth): Roman copy of a work by 2494:has original text related to this article: 2523: 2509: 38: 482:and he is mentioned in another two plays. 241:, which promised to end the ten-year-old 1092:, included the regular use of an emetic 800: 354: 1082:and the name recurs in two other plays. 14: 2629: 1572:Aristophanes:The Birds and Other Plays 1560:Aristophanes:The Birds and Other Plays 1531:Aristophanes:The Birds and Other Plays 1519:Aristophanes:The Birds and Other Plays 620:beetle is a parody of Euripides' play 2504: 937:empire and subsequently of a Persian 1433:William James Hickie, 1853 – prose: 2421:A Short History of Greek Literature 1415: 51:(c. 370 BC) that once stood on the 24: 1489:List of plays with anti-war themes 1460:George Theodoridis, 2002 – prose: 969:, a branch of the Pandionid tribe. 200:in Athens and later in the heavens 25: 2668: 2465: 1157:. Diipoleia is also mentioned in 1106:Religious and cultural identities 905:: A town on the western shore of 437:Athenian politicians and generals 2485: 2471: 1454:Alan Sommerstein, 1978 – prose: 1424:(Oxford University Press, 1998) 428:as supplied by modern scholars. 2450: 2438: 2426: 2414: 2402: 2390: 2378: 2366: 2354: 2342: 2326: 2302: 2293: 2277: 2253: 2237: 2225: 2209: 2193: 2161: 2145: 2133: 2121: 2097: 2073: 2057: 2045: 2033: 2021: 2005: 1985: 1973: 1957: 1945: 1929: 1909: 1889: 1873: 1857: 1841: 1829: 1817: 1801: 1781: 1769: 1753: 1721: 1701: 1669: 1653: 1637: 1621: 1584:Aristophanis Comoediae Tomus II 1427: 1036:: A Persian general during the 1605: 1589: 1577: 1565: 1549: 1536: 1524: 1512: 1500: 416:(written some 500 years after 13: 1: 1494: 1290: 1248: 233:. It won second prize at the 1475:Unknown translator – prose: 1231:and he is mentioned also in 408:According to a character in 7: 2652:Plays set in ancient Greece 1482: 1145:(festival of Zeus) and the 404:Places and people mentioned 350:Hymenai'O! Hymen Hymenai'O! 253:just a few months earlier. 10: 2673: 1686:551, 557, 623, 876, 1065; 1456:available for digital loan 933:: Once the capital of the 218: 2539: 2375:lines 123, 124, 1003 etc. 1558:Book VII No.8, quoted in 1354: 1076:is a silent character in 194: 86: 76: 66: 37: 32: 2206:970; Ecclesiazusae 1139 1850:lines 566, 1401, 1446; 1556:Dinner-table Discussion 594:Poets and other artists 496:Athenian coup of 411 BC 414:Dinner-table Discussion 256: 1738:353, 400, 673-5, 680; 814: 530:Athenian personalities 49:Cephisodotus the Elder 27:Comedy by Aristophanes 2637:Plays by Aristophanes 2082:lines 136, 138, 602; 1125:: Otherwise known as 813:at the City Dionysia. 804: 355:Historical background 188:slaves, citizens etc. 2170:lines 478, 606 781; 1264:Eleusinian mysteries 1133:Eleusinian mysteries 378:Battle of Sphacteria 251:Battle of Amphipolis 175:a companion of Peace 169:a companion of Peace 18:Peace (Aristophanes) 2657:Plays set in Athens 2531:Surviving plays by 2250:35, 40, 72, 86, 702 2142:lines 880, 883, 962 2106:42, 165, 749, 751; 299:is now as venal as 112:caretaker of heaven 2457:Aristophanes:Wasps 2445:Aristophanes:Peace 2433:Aristophanes:Peace 1776:Aristophanes:Wasps 1544:Aristophanes:Peace 1440:Benjamin B. Rogers 1422:Aristophanes Peace 815: 291:and the other was 2642:Peloponnesian War 2624: 2623: 2594:Thesmophoriazusae 2476:The full text of 2317:Thesmophoriazusae 2311:lines 504, 1133; 2264:Thesmophoriazusae 2184:Thesmophoriazusae 2112:Thesmophoriazusae 1924:Thesmophoriazusae 1898:lines 849, 1173; 1882:line 1356, 1362; 1870:76, 79, 787, 1516 1836:Thesmophoriazusae 1748:Thesmophoriazusae 1734:958, 1294, 1372; 1714:822, 1127, 1295; 1692:Thesmophoriazusae 1596:Thesmophoriazusae 1389:oracular bombast. 1313:: A conventional 1258:and her daughter 1127:Castor and Pollux 1079:Thesmophoriazusae 641:Thesmophoriazusae 613:Thesmophoriazusae 583:Thesmophoriazusae 581:and Glaucetes in 266:Peloponnesian War 243:Peloponnesian War 225:) is an Athenian 205: 204: 59:Dramatis Personae 16:(Redirected from 2664: 2525: 2518: 2511: 2502: 2501: 2489: 2475: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2335:lines 386, 988; 2330: 2324: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2291: 2281: 2275: 2257: 2251: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2213: 2207: 2197: 2191: 2165: 2159: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2101: 2095: 2077: 2071: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2009: 2003: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1933: 1927: 1913: 1907: 1893: 1887: 1877: 1871: 1861: 1855: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1827: 1821: 1815: 1805: 1799: 1785: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1757: 1751: 1746:289, 290, 1475; 1725: 1719: 1705: 1699: 1673: 1667: 1657: 1651: 1641: 1635: 1625: 1619: 1609: 1603: 1593: 1587: 1581: 1575: 1569: 1563: 1553: 1547: 1540: 1534: 1528: 1522: 1516: 1510: 1504: 1469:, 2010 – verse: 1442:, 1924 – verse: 1416:Standard edition 947:: A town on the 732:The Morning Star 462:whose seething ( 382:Battle of Delion 276:Detailed summary 221: 220: 198:outside a house 127:an oracle monger 45:Eirene / Ploutos 42: 30: 29: 21: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2662: 2661: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2620: 2535: 2529: 2468: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2395: 2391: 2383: 2379: 2371: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2331: 2327: 2307: 2303: 2299:Herodotus II.77 2298: 2294: 2282: 2278: 2258: 2254: 2242: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2214: 2210: 2198: 2194: 2166: 2162: 2150: 2146: 2138: 2134: 2126: 2122: 2102: 2098: 2078: 2074: 2066:line 838, 897; 2062: 2058: 2050: 2046: 2038: 2034: 2026: 2022: 2010: 2006: 1998:575, 910, 914; 1990: 1986: 1978: 1974: 1962: 1958: 1950: 1946: 1934: 1930: 1914: 1910: 1894: 1890: 1878: 1874: 1862: 1858: 1846: 1842: 1834: 1830: 1822: 1818: 1806: 1802: 1786: 1782: 1774: 1770: 1758: 1754: 1730:lines 88, 844; 1726: 1722: 1706: 1702: 1674: 1670: 1658: 1654: 1642: 1638: 1626: 1622: 1610: 1606: 1594: 1590: 1582: 1578: 1570: 1566: 1554: 1550: 1541: 1537: 1529: 1525: 1517: 1513: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1485: 1467:Ian C. Johnston 1430: 1418: 1382:Dactylic rhythm 1359: 1358: 1293: 1251: 1012:Megarian decree 506:Megarian decree 420:was produced), 406: 361:Megarian decree 357: 259: 239:Peace of Nicias 161: 153: 93: 81: 62: 56: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2670: 2660: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2647:Anti-war plays 2644: 2639: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2618: 2611: 2604: 2597: 2590: 2583: 2576: 2569: 2562: 2555: 2548: 2545:The Acharnians 2540: 2537: 2536: 2528: 2527: 2520: 2513: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2483: 2467: 2466:External links 2464: 2462: 2461: 2449: 2437: 2425: 2413: 2401: 2389: 2387:lines 962, 970 2377: 2365: 2353: 2341: 2325: 2301: 2292: 2276: 2252: 2236: 2224: 2208: 2192: 2160: 2144: 2140:The Acharnians 2132: 2120: 2096: 2072: 2056: 2044: 2032: 2020: 2004: 1984: 1972: 1956: 1944: 1928: 1908: 1888: 1872: 1856: 1840: 1828: 1816: 1800: 1780: 1768: 1752: 1720: 1700: 1668: 1652: 1636: 1620: 1604: 1588: 1576: 1564: 1548: 1535: 1523: 1511: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1473: 1464: 1458: 1452: 1451:, 1934 – verse 1446: 1437: 1429: 1426: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1398:The Acharnians 1390: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1369: 1350: 1349: 1327: 1292: 1289: 1280:The Acharnians 1250: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1235: 1222: 1216: 1206: 1192: 1189:Isthmian Games 1186: 1176: 1166: 1161:and Adonia in 1136: 1130: 1120: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1098: 1097: 1083: 1063: 1057: 1054:The Acharnians 1047: 1041: 1031: 1021: 1017:The Acharnians 1005: 999: 993: 986: 985: 984: 983: 982: 981: 971: 970: 952: 942: 928: 925:The Acharnians 918: 900: 886: 880: 874: 868: 858: 852: 846: 840: 826: 799: 798: 788: 777: 776: 775: 774: 773: 772: 762: 761: 755: 741: 735: 725: 719: 693: 683: 677: 671: 665: 651: 645: 635:The Acharnians 609:The Acharnians 601: 600: 599: 598: 597: 596: 586: 585: 571:The Acharnians 556: 550: 544: 537: 536: 535: 534: 533: 532: 522: 521: 515: 509: 499: 489: 483: 480:The Acharnians 473: 444: 443: 442: 441: 440: 439: 405: 402: 367:in Sparta and 356: 353: 258: 255: 203: 202: 196: 192: 191: 190: 189: 186: 183: 182:spear-polisher 180: 177: 171: 163: 148: 147: 141: 135: 132: 129: 123: 121:servant to War 117: 114: 106: 100: 94: 88: 84: 83: 78: 74: 73: 68: 64: 63: 43: 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2669: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2610: 2609: 2608:Assemblywomen 2605: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2526: 2521: 2519: 2514: 2512: 2507: 2506: 2503: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2482:at Wikisource 2481: 2480: 2474: 2470: 2469: 2458: 2453: 2446: 2441: 2434: 2429: 2422: 2417: 2410: 2405: 2398: 2393: 2386: 2381: 2374: 2369: 2362: 2357: 2350: 2345: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2296: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2233: 2228: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2141: 2136: 2129: 2124: 2118:243, 281, 283 2117: 2116:Ecclesiazusae 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2053: 2048: 2041: 2036: 2029: 2024: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1981: 1976: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1953: 1948: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1837: 1832: 1825: 1820: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1797: 1796:Ecclesiazusae 1793: 1789: 1784: 1777: 1772: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1749: 1745: 1742:19, 20, 822; 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1585: 1580: 1573: 1568: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1545: 1539: 1532: 1527: 1520: 1515: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1478: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1449:Arthur S. Way 1447: 1445: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1425: 1423: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1399: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1357: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1243: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1213:Athena Polias 1210: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 988: 987: 980: 977: 976: 975: 974: 973: 972: 968: 965: 964: 959: 956: 953: 950: 946: 943: 940: 936: 932: 929: 926: 922: 919: 916: 912: 908: 904: 901: 898: 894: 890: 887: 884: 881: 878: 875: 872: 869: 866: 862: 859: 856: 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 838: 834: 830: 827: 824: 820: 817: 816: 812: 808: 803: 796: 792: 789: 786: 782: 779: 778: 771: 768: 767: 766: 765: 764: 763: 759: 756: 753: 749: 745: 742: 739: 736: 733: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 694: 691: 687: 684: 681: 678: 675: 672: 669: 666: 663: 659: 655: 652: 649: 646: 643: 642: 637: 636: 631: 627: 623: 618: 614: 610: 606: 603: 602: 595: 592: 591: 590: 589: 588: 587: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 557: 554: 551: 548: 545: 542: 539: 538: 531: 528: 527: 526: 525: 524: 523: 519: 516: 513: 510: 507: 503: 500: 497: 493: 490: 487: 484: 481: 477: 474: 471: 470: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 446: 445: 438: 435: 434: 433: 432: 431: 430: 429: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 401: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 370: 366: 365:Archidamus II 362: 352: 351: 349: 344: 340: 334: 331: 327: 323: 317: 315: 311: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 284: 281: 277: 273: 271: 267: 263: 262:Short summary 254: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 235:City Dionysia 232: 228: 224: 215: 211: 210: 201: 197: 193: 187: 184: 181: 178: 176: 172: 170: 167: 164: 160: 156: 155: 154: 152: 146: 142: 140: 136: 134:arms salesman 133: 130: 128: 124: 122: 118: 115: 113: 110: 107: 105: 101: 99: 95: 91: 90: 89: 85: 79: 75: 72: 69: 65: 60: 54: 50: 46: 41: 36: 31: 19: 2613: 2606: 2599: 2592: 2585: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2564: 2557: 2550: 2543: 2533:Aristophanes 2490: Greek 2478: 2456: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2416: 2408: 2404: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2380: 2372: 2368: 2360: 2356: 2348: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2320: 2316: 2315:1206, 1406; 2312: 2308: 2304: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2262:465-6, 813; 2259: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2127: 2123: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2054:line815, 855 2051: 2047: 2039: 2035: 2027: 2023: 2015: 2011: 2007: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1979: 1975: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1951: 1947: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1835: 1831: 1823: 1819: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1775: 1771: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1682:1304, 1363; 1679: 1675: 1671: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1583: 1579: 1571: 1567: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1543: 1538: 1530: 1526: 1518: 1514: 1506: 1502: 1428:Translations 1421: 1419: 1408: 1402: 1396: 1392: 1385: 1381: 1371: 1365: 1361: 1355: 1344: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1295: 1294: 1283: 1279: 1277: 1252: 1241: 1232: 1228: 1218: 1208: 1203:Drawing back 1202: 1198: 1172: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1142: 1105: 1093: 1085: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1053: 1043: 1038:Persian Wars 1027: 1015: 978: 963:Cydathenaeum 961: 957: 924: 910: 848: 836: 822: 810: 794: 784: 769: 737: 731: 715: 699: 695: 661: 657: 639: 633: 629: 625: 621: 616: 612: 608: 593: 582: 578: 577:, Teleas in 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 552: 546: 529: 479: 467: 463: 455: 436: 425: 417: 413: 407: 397: 358: 346: 335: 318: 285: 275: 274: 261: 260: 231:Aristophanes 222: 208: 207: 206: 199: 185:helmet-maker 174: 168: 158: 151:Silent roles 150: 149: 131:sickle-maker 126: 120: 111: 103: 97: 71:Aristophanes 58: 44: 2552:The Knights 2182:653, 1253; 1994:line 1056; 1790:line 1281; 1710:line 1183; 1630:line 1556; 1404:The Knights 1284:The Knights 1282:514–40 and 1242:The Knights 1229:The Knights 1215:(line 992). 1139:Panathenaea 921:Lake Copais 835:within the 807:Erechtheion 758:Archilochus 722:Stesichorus 622:Bellerephon 553:Arriphrades 469:The Knights 343:Archilochus 322:Stesichorus 280:dung beetle 159:of Trygaeus 104:of Trygaeus 98:of Trygaeus 96:two slaves 2631:Categories 2587:Lysistrata 2559:The Clouds 2492:Wikisource 2361:Lysistrata 2319:856, 878; 2286:line 273; 2284:Acharnians 2248:Lysistrata 2246:line 479; 2220:Lysistrata 2186:337, 365; 2180:Lysistrata 2174:12, 1097; 2154:line 112; 2152:Acharnians 2128:Lysistrata 2092:Lysistrata 2080:Acharnians 2068:Lysistrata 2012:Acharnians 1964:Acharnians 1902:400, 526; 1896:Acharnians 1880:The Clouds 1866:line 100; 1808:Acharnians 1762:line 765; 1728:Acharnians 1716:Lysistrata 1676:Acharnians 1660:Acharnians 1632:Lysistrata 1616:Lysistrata 1598:line 841; 1495:References 1304:New Comedy 1300:Old Comedy 1291:Old Comedy 1249:Discussion 1199:Anarrhysis 1163:Lysistrata 1159:The Clouds 1151:The Clouds 979:Foreigners 897:Lysistrata 861:Samothrace 837:Cecropides 781:Mount Etna 700:Melanthius 512:Hyperbolus 452:Amphipolis 422:Old Comedy 394:Amphipolis 390:Chalcidice 227:Old Comedy 125:Hierocles 87:Characters 67:Written by 2601:The Frogs 2580:The Birds 2566:The Wasps 2321:Wealth II 2272:Wealth II 2218:line 57; 1922:1501-12; 1864:The Birds 1826:168, 1025 1824:The Birds 1814:506, 1142 1477:full text 1471:full text 1462:full text 1444:full text 1435:full text 1345:The Wasps 1340:The Wasps 1330:Parabasis 1272:Andromeda 1233:The Birds 1219:Stilbades 1209:Lysimache 1155:The Frogs 1090:Herodotus 1086:Egyptians 1050:Boeotians 1008:Megarians 955:Pandion's 949:Propontis 911:Hierocles 785:The Birds 704:Aeschylus 690:The Wasps 674:Simonides 662:The Frogs 658:The Birds 654:Sophocles 617:The Frogs 605:Euripides 579:The Birds 575:The Wasps 559:Glaucetes 541:Cleonymus 518:Theogenes 492:Peisander 464:paphlagon 456:The Frogs 314:parabasis 301:Simonides 297:Sophocles 179:jar-maker 173:Festival 157:children 145:Cleonymus 102:daughter 80:1.farmers 53:Areopagus 2363:393, 389 2351:line 984 2234:line 475 2130:line 645 2042:line 355 1854:471, 651 1483:See also 1364:1033–4, 1195:Apaturia 1183:ambrosia 1179:Ganymede 1169:Enyalius 1123:Dioscuri 1044:Cillicon 1024:Brasidas 915:Elymnion 829:Athmonon 819:Peiraeus 696:Morsimus 686:Carcinus 680:Cratinus 668:Pheidias 630:Telephus 563:Morychus 502:Pericles 476:Lamachus 460:Cerberus 410:Plutarch 386:Brasidas 369:Pericles 326:Carcinus 305:Cratinus 293:Brasidas 139:Lamachus 92:Trygaeus 2399:line 61 2397:Knights 2373:Knights 2260:Knights 2244:Knights 2168:Knights 2104:Knights 2052:Knights 1982:IX 63-4 1936:Knights 1900:Knights 1788:Knights 1760:Knights 1732:Knights 1680:Knights 1644:Knights 1612:Knights 1393:Parodos 1368:756–7): 1268:Perseus 1262:in the 1256:Demeter 1143:Dipolia 1117:Pegasus 1094:syrmaia 1074:Thrassa 1066:Thrassa 1060:Argives 990:Ionians 945:Cyzicus 939:satrapy 917:(1126). 893:Artemis 889:Brauron 865:Cabeiri 849:Prasiae 823:Knights 752:Epigoni 738:Chairis 712:Harpies 710:' and ' 708:Gorgons 486:Phormio 270:Harvest 195:Setting 166:Harvest 143:son of 137:son of 2615:Plutus 2496:Εἰρήνη 2349:Clouds 2333:Clouds 2270:1208; 2266:1101; 2090:1369; 1992:Clouds 1918:1261; 1916:Clouds 1794:1280; 1736:Clouds 1690:1007; 1684:Clouds 1664:Clouds 1648:Clouds 1407:). In 1386:Peace, 1147:Adonia 1002:Chians 958:statue 935:Lydian 931:Sardis 907:Euboea 877:Lyceum 871:Thrace 855:Sicily 770:Places 626:Aeolus 567:Teleas 330:archon 223:Eirḗnē 219:Εἰρήνη 162:*Peace 119:Havoc 109:Hermes 77:Chorus 2573:Peace 2479:Peace 2385:Birds 2337:Frogs 2313:Frogs 2309:Birds 2288:Wasps 2268:Frogs 2232:Wasps 2222:1170; 2216:Wasps 2204:Frogs 2202:879; 2200:Birds 2188:Frogs 2178:277; 2176:Birds 2172:Wasps 2156:Wasps 2114:658; 2108:Wasps 2088:Birds 2086:288; 2084:Wasps 2064:Wasps 2040:Wasps 2028:Birds 2016:Frogs 2014:120; 2000:Frogs 1996:Birds 1980:Iliad 1968:Birds 1952:Birds 1940:Frogs 1938:401; 1920:Wasps 1904:Frogs 1884:Birds 1868:Frogs 1852:Birds 1848:Wasps 1812:Wasps 1810:887; 1792:Wasps 1764:Wasps 1744:Birds 1740:Wasps 1712:Birds 1708:Wasps 1696:Frogs 1694:840; 1688:Wasps 1678:846; 1662:530; 1646:283, 1628:Birds 1614:562; 1600:Frogs 1409:Peace 1366:Peace 1362:Wasps 1334:Peace 1296:Peace 1238:Sibyl 1225:Bakis 1173:Iliad 1034:Datis 1028:Wasps 996:Medes 903:Oreus 843:Pylos 811:Peace 795:Wasps 791:Naxos 748:Iliad 744:Homer 716:Medea 648:Aesop 547:Cunna 448:Cleon 426:Peace 418:Peace 398:Peace 374:Cleon 348:Hymen 339:Homer 310:Boule 289:Cleon 247:Cleon 214:Greek 209:Peace 33:Peace 2339:1090 2323:178; 2158:1139 2110:31; 2002:1034 1966:16; 1838:1033 1766:1032 1602:1039 1401:and 1348:e.g. 1324:agon 1320:agon 1315:agon 1311:Agon 1270:and 1260:Kore 1153:and 1070:Syra 1068:and 967:deme 883:Pnyx 833:deme 831:: A 805:The 698:and 660:and 638:and 615:and 573:and 565:and 303:and 257:Plot 57:The 2290:828 2274:601 2190:938 2094:103 2070:392 2030:926 2018:764 1970:857 1954:151 1942:151 1926:441 1906:357 1886:919 1798:129 1750:605 1698:570 1666:859 1650:213 1634:490 1618:804 1201:or 728:Ion 412:'s 116:War 2633:: 1718:63 611:, 561:, 316:. 216:: 2524:e 2517:t 2510:v 1360:( 1343:( 1326:. 1244:. 1165:. 1030:. 927:. 899:. 825:. 797:. 787:. 664:. 644:. 212:( 55:. 20:)