733:, in an address to the Athenian people, said that the statue could be used as a gold reserve if that was necessary to preserve Athens, stressing that it "contained forty talents of pure gold and it was all removable", but adding that the gold would afterward have to be restored. The Athenian statesman thus implies that the metal, obtained from contemporary coinage, could be used again if absolutely necessary without any impiety. According to Aristotle, the building also contained golden figures that he described as "Victories". The classicist Harris Rackham noted that eight of those figures were melted down for coinage during the Peloponnesian War. Other Greek writers have claimed that treasures such as Persian swords were also stored inside the temple. Some scholars, therefore, argue that the Parthenon should be viewed as a grand setting for a monumental votive statue rather than as a cult site.
1352:
873:, to assert that there existed a distinct substructure to the original Parthenon, called Parthenon I by Dörpfeld, not immediately below the present edifice as previously assumed. Dörpfeld's observation was that the three steps of the first Parthenon consisted of two steps of Poros limestone, the same as the foundations, and a top step of Karrha limestone that was covered by the lowest step of the Periclean Parthenon. This platform was smaller and slightly to the north of the final Parthenon, indicating that it was built for a different building, now completely covered over. This picture was somewhat complicated by the publication of the final report on the 1885–1890 excavations, indicating that the substructure was contemporary with the Kimonian walls, and implying a later date for the first temple.
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other classical Greek temples, it has a slight parabolic upward curvature intended to shed rainwater and reinforce the building against earthquakes. The columns might therefore be supposed to lean outward, but they actually lean slightly inward so that if they carried on, they would meet almost exactly 2,400 metres (1.5 mi) above the centre of the
Parthenon. Since they are all the same height, the curvature of the outer stylobate edge is transmitted to the
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by creating their own curves, thus negating this effect and allowing the temple to be seen as they intended. It is also suggested that it was to enliven what might have appeared an inert mass in the case of a building without curves. But the comparison ought to be, according to
Smithsonian historian Evan Hadingham, with the Parthenon's more obviously curved predecessors than with a notional rectilinear temple.
1240:
877:
1881:...three of the sanctuary's four walls nearly collapsed and three-fifths of the sculptures from the frieze fell. Nothing of the roof apparently remained in place. Six columns from the south side fell, eight from the north, as well as whatever remained from the eastern porch, except for one column. The columns brought down with them the enormous marble architraves, triglyphs, and metopes.
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1251:, 14 each on the east and west sides, 32 each on the north and south sides. They were carved in high relief, a practice employed until then only in treasuries (buildings used to keep votive gifts to the gods). According to the building records, the metope sculptures date to the years 446–440. The metopes of the east side of the Parthenon, above the main entrance, depict the
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the museum to do so (which would require legislation). Talks between senior representatives from Greek and
British cultural ministries and their legal advisors took place in London on 4 May 2007. These were the first serious negotiations for several years, and there were hopes that the two sides might move a step closer to a resolution.
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Once the Turks had recaptured the
Acropolis, they used some of the rubble produced by this explosion to erect a smaller mosque within the shell of the ruined Parthenon. For the next century and a half, parts of the remaining structure were looted for building material and especially valuable objects.
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offers a mythological interpretation for the frieze, one that is in harmony with the rest of the temple's sculptural programme which shows
Athenian genealogy through a series of succession myths set in the remote past. She identifies the central panel above the door of the Parthenon as the pre-battle
1000:
Other craftsmen were necessary for the building of the
Parthenon, specifically carpenters and metalworkers. Unskilled labourers also had key roles in the building of the Parthenon. They loaded and unloaded the marble blocks and moved the blocks from place to place. In order to complete a project like
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expressed marvel at the
Parthenon's sculptures and figuratively described the building as "like some impregnable fortress not made by human agency". He composed a poetic supplication stating that, as "a work less of human hands than of Heaven itself, should remain standing for all time". The French
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The east pediment originally contained 10 to 12 sculptures depicting the Birth of Athena. Most of those pieces were removed and lost during renovations in either the eighth or the twelfth century. Only two corners remain today with figures depicting the passage of time over the course of a full day.
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A big project like the
Parthenon attracted stonemasons from far and wide who travelled to Athens to assist in the project. Slaves and foreigners worked together with the Athenian citizens in the building of the Parthenon, doing the same jobs for the same pay. Temple building was a specialized craft,
1975:
in 1842: the first photograph of the
Acropolis. The area became a historical precinct controlled by the Greek government. In the later 19th century, the Parthenon was widely considered by Americans and Europeans to be the pinnacle of human architectural achievement, and became a popular destination
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Accounts written at the time conflict over whether this destruction was deliberate or accidental; one such account, written by the German officer
Sobievolski, states that a Turkish deserter revealed to Morosini the use to which the Turks had put the Parthenon; expecting that the Venetians would not
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in 1674 visited the Acropolis and sketched the Parthenon's sculptural decorations. Early in 1687, an engineer named Plantier sketched the Parthenon for the Frenchman Graviers d'Ortières. These depictions, particularly Carrey's, provide important, and sometimes the only, evidence of the condition of
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lines appear to bow, or curve outward, when intersected by converging lines. In this case, the ceiling and floor of the temple may seem to bow in the presence of the surrounding angles of the building. Striving for perfection, the designers may have added these curves, compensating for the illusion
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of the columns". Entasis refers to the slight swelling, of 4 centimetres (1.6 in), in the center of the columns to counteract the appearance of columns having a waist, as the swelling makes them look straight from a distance. The stylobate is the platform on which the columns stand. As in many
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in Athens. A few can still be seen on the building itself. The Greek government has campaigned since 1983 for the British Museum to return the sculptures to Greece. The British Museum has consistently refused to return the sculptures, and successive British governments have been unwilling to force
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Measured at the stylobate, the dimensions of the base of the Parthenon are 69.5 by 30.9 metres (228 by 101 ft). The cella was 29.8 metres long by 19.2 metres wide (97.8 × 63.0 ft). On the exterior, the Doric columns measure 1.9 metres (6.2 ft) in diameter and are
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in low relief around the cella and across the lintels of the inner columns, in contrast, reflects the Ionic order. Architectural historian John R. Senseney suggests that this unexpected switch between orders was due to an aesthetic choice on the part of builders during construction, and was likely
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was the first after antiquity to describe the Parthenon, of which he had read many times in ancient texts. Thanks to him, Western Europe was able to have the first design of the monument, which Ciriaco called "temple of the goddess Athena", unlike previous travellers, who had called it "church of
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An organized effort to preserve and restore buildings on the Acropolis began in 1975, when the Greek government established the Committee for the Conservation of the Acropolis Monuments (ESMA). That group of interdisciplinary specialist scholars oversees the academic understanding of the site to
547:"the temple"). Douglas Frame writes that the name "Parthenon" was a nickname related to the statue of Athena Parthenos, and only appeared a century after construction. He contends that "Athena's temple was never officially called the Parthenon and she herself most likely never had the cult title
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was not fully developed; the careless digging and refilling of the site led to a loss of much valuable information. An attempt to make sense of the potsherds found on the Acropolis came with the two-volume study by Graef and Langlotz published in 1925–1933. This inspired American archaeologist
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and his Thracian army. The great procession marching toward the east end of the Parthenon shows the post-battle thanksgiving sacrifice of cattle and sheep, honey and water, followed by the triumphant army of Erechtheus returning from their victory. This represents the first Panathenaia set in
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to give limiting dates for the temple platform and the five walls hidden under the re-terracing of the Acropolis. Dinsmoor concluded that the latest possible date for Parthenon I was no earlier than 495 BC, contradicting the early date given by Dörpfeld. He denied that there were two
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for the sole purpose of worshipping at the Parthenon. In medieval Greek accounts it is called the Temple of Theotokos Atheniotissa and often indirectly referred to as famous without explaining exactly which temple they were referring to, thus establishing that it was indeed well known.
583:", not due to its size but because of its beauty and fine proportions. The first instance in which Parthenon definitely refers to the entire building comes from the fourth century BC orator Demosthenes. In the 4th century BCE and later, the building was referred to as the
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states that it may have referred to the "unmarried women's apartments" in a house, but that in the Parthenon it seems to have been used for a particular room of the temple. There is some debate as to which room that was. The lexicon states that this room was the western
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pins that were completely coated in lead, which protected the iron from corrosion. Stabilizing pins added in the 19th century were not so coated, and corroded. Since the corrosion product (rust) is expansive, the expansion caused further damage by cracking the marble.
993:. If the marble blocks were not up to standard, the architects would reject them. The marble was worked with iron tools – picks, points, punches, chisels, and drills. The quarrymen would hold their tools against the marble block and firmly tap the surface of the rock.
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The supporters of Athena are extensively illustrated at the back of the left chariot, while the defenders of Poseidon are shown trailing behind the right chariot. It is believed that the corners of the pediment are filled by Athenian water deities, such as the
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and dedicated in 439 or 438 BC. The appearance of this is known from other images. The decorative stonework was originally highly coloured. The temple was dedicated to Athena at that time, though construction continued until almost the beginning of the
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The Parthenon was built primarily by men who knew how to work marble. These quarrymen had exceptional skills and were able to cut the blocks of marble to very specific measurements. The quarrymen also knew how to avoid the faults, which were numerous in the
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518:. Christopher Pelling asserts that the name "Parthenon" means the "temple of the virgin goddess", referring to the cult of Athena Parthenos that was associated with the temple. It has also been suggested that the name of the temple alludes to the maidens (
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A crane was installed for moving marble blocks; the crane was designed to fold away beneath the roofline when not in use. In some cases, prior re-constructions were found to be incorrect. These were dismantled, and a careful process of restoration began.
473:, which, although he had the permission of the then Ottoman government, has subsequently become controversial. Since 1975, numerous large-scale restoration projects have been undertaken to preserve remaining artifacts and ensure its structural integrity.
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target a building of such historic importance. Morosini was said to have responded by directing his artillery to aim at the Parthenon. Subsequently, Morosini sought to loot sculptures from the ruin and caused further damage in the process. Sculptures of
1511:. This belief emerges from the fluid character of the sculptures' body position which represents the effort of the artist to give the impression of a flowing river. Next to the left river god, there are the sculptures of the mythical king of Athens (
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daily, the archaeologists claimed the metopes had been placed there in the 18th century when the Acropolis wall was being repaired. The experts discovered the metopes while processing 2,250 photos with modern photographic methods, as the white
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Every statue on the west pediment has a fully completed back, which would have been impossible to see when the sculpture was on the temple; this indicates that the sculptors put great effort into accurately portraying the human body.
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In 2019, Greece's Central Archaeological Council approved a restoration of the interior cella's north wall (along with parts of others). The project will reinstate as many as 360 ancient stones, and install 90 new pieces of
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The Parthenon has been described as "the culmination of the development of the Doric order". The Doric columns, for example, have simple capitals, fluted shafts, and no bases. Above the architrave of the entablature is a
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have doubted or rejected Connelly's thesis, an increasing number of historians, archaeologists, and classical scholars support her work. They include: J.J. Pollitt, Brunilde Ridgway, Nigel Spivey, Caroline Alexander, and
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is on the right. The horses of Helios's chariot are shown with livid expressions as they ascend into the sky at the start of the day. Selene's horses struggle to stay on the pediment scene as the day comes to an end.
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after 468. Hill claimed that the Karrha limestone step Dörpfeld thought was the highest of Parthenon I was the lowest of the three steps of Parthenon II, whose stylobate dimensions Hill calculated at 23.51 by 66.888
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and roof above: "All follow the rule of being built to delicate curves", Gorham Stevens observed when pointing out that, in addition, the west front was built at a slightly higher level than that of the east front.
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1908:; at that time, the Venetians had considered blowing up what remained of the Parthenon along with the rest of the Acropolis to deny its further use as a fortification to the Turks, but that idea was not pursued.
1437:, who agrees with St Clair that the mood is one of celebration (rather than sacrifice) but argues that the celebration of the birth of Ion requires the presence of an infant but there is no infant on the frieze.
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was not specifically related to any cult attested by ancient authors and is not known to have inspired any religious fervour. Preserved ancient sources do not associate it with any priestess, altar or cult name.
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If the original Parthenon was indeed destroyed in 480, it invites the question of why the site was left as a ruin for thirty-three years. One argument involves the oath sworn by the Greek allies before the
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757:. She argues a pedagogical function for the Parthenon's sculptured decoration, one that establishes and perpetuates Athenian foundation myth, memory, values and identity. While some classicists, including
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has argued for the coherency of the Parthenon's sculptural programme in presenting a succession of genealogical narratives that track Athenian identity through the ages: from the birth of Athena, through
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was at the peak of its power. It was completed in 438 BCE; work on the artwork and decorations continued until 432 BCE. For a time, it served as the treasury of the Delian League, which later became the
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Two pediments rise above the portals of the Parthenon, one on the east front, one on the west. The triangular sections once contained massive sculptures that, according to the second-century geographer
1877:, blew up the magazine. The explosion blew out the building's central portion and caused the cella's walls to crumble into rubble. According to Greek architect and archaeologist Kornilia Chatziaslani:
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10.4 metres (34 ft) high. The corner columns are slightly larger in diameter. The Parthenon had 46 outer columns and 23 inner columns in total, each column having 20 flutes. (A flute is the
5150:"In 1466 the Parthenon was referred to as a church, so it seems likely that for some time at least, it continued to function as a cathedral, being restored to the use of the Greek archbishop."
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were painted on the walls, and many Christian inscriptions were carved into the Parthenon's columns. These renovations inevitably led to the removal and dispersal of some of the sculptures.
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1043:. There are eight columns at either end ('octastyle') and seventeen on the sides. There is a double row of columns at either end. The colonnade surrounds an inner masonry structure, the
1955:, whose existence or legitimacy has not been proved to this day, to make casts and drawings of the antiquities on the Acropolis, and to remove sculptures that were lying on the ground.
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It is not universally agreed what the intended effect of these "optical refinements" was. They may serve as a sort of "reverse optical illusion". As the Greeks may have been aware, two
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in the anatomy of the figures' heads, in the limitation of the corporal movements to the contours and not to the muscles, and in the presence of pronounced veins in the figures of the
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they are made of differed from the other stone of the wall. It was previously presumed that the missing metopes were destroyed during the Morosini explosion of the Parthenon in 1687.
619:. Based on literary and historical research, he proposes that "the treasury called the Parthenon should be recognized as the west part of the building now conventionally known as the
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2096:, minimizing the use of new material as much as possible. The eventual result of these restorations will be a partial restoration of some or most of each wall of the interior cella.
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Despite the alterations accompanying the Parthenon's conversion into a church and subsequently a mosque, its structure had remained basically intact. In 1667, the Turkish traveller
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Although the Parthenon is architecturally a temple and is usually called so, some scholars have argued that it is not really a temple in the conventional sense of the word. A small
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In March 2022, the Acropolis Museum launched a new website with "photographs of all the frieze blocks preserved today in the Acropolis Museum, the British Museum and the Louvre".
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pirates sacked Athens in 276, and destroyed most of the public buildings there, including the Parthenon. Repairs were made in the fourth century AD, possibly during the reign of
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524:), whose supreme sacrifice guaranteed the safety of the city. In that case, the room originally known as the Parthenon could have been a part of the temple known today as the
1594:. A new wooden roof overlaid with clay tiles was installed to cover the sanctuary. It sloped at a greater angle than the original roof and left the building's wings exposed.
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published a story with quotes from Greek government officials that suggested negotiations to return the marbles were underway and a "credible" solution was being discussed.
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remain intact. Soon all the medieval and Ottoman buildings on the Acropolis were destroyed. The image of the small mosque within the Parthenon's cella has been preserved in
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wedding, scenes from the early history of Athens, and various myths. On the north side of the Parthenon, the metopes are poorly preserved, but the subject seems to be the
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wrote that "even in antiquity, its architectural refinements were legendary, especially the subtle correspondence between the curvature of the stylobate, the taper of the
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According to one authority, John Travlos, this occurred when Athens was sacked by the Heruli in AD 267, at which time the two-tiered colonnade in the cella was destroyed.
1309:. Several of the metopes still remain on the building, but, with the exception of those on the northern side, they are severely damaged. Some of them are located at the
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probably dedicated to Athena as a way to get closer to the goddess, but the Parthenon apparently never hosted the official cult of Athena Polias, patron of Athens. The
10408:
1963:
When independent Greece gained control of Athens in 1832, the visible section of the minaret was demolished; only its base and spiral staircase up to the level of the
1283:). Metopes 13–21 are missing, but drawings from 1674 attributed to Jaques Carrey indicate a series of humans; these have been variously interpreted as scenes from the
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be closed. It is debated exactly when during the 5th century that the closure of the Parthenon as a temple was put into practice. It is suggested to have occurred in
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About three hundred people were killed in the explosion, which showered marble fragments over nearby Turkish defenders and sparked fires that destroyed many homes.
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initiated the building project that lasted the entire second half of the century. The most important buildings visible on the Acropolis today – the Parthenon, the
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1667:). The orientation of the building was changed to face towards the east; the main entrance was placed at the building's western end, and the Christian altar and
5916:(pdf file). Once they had been conserved, the West Frieze blocks were moved to the museum, and copies cast in artificial stone were reinstalled in their places.
1817:
was installed, the Christian altar and iconostasis were removed, and the walls were whitewashed to cover icons of Christian saints and other Christian imagery.
1531:'s effort to remove it in 1688. The posterior piece of the torso was found by Lusieri in the groundwork of a Turkish house in 1801 and is currently held in the
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2940:(527–565)...But there is no evidence to support this in the ancient sources. The existing evidence suggests that the Parthenon was converted into a Christian
1395:. In this procession held every year, with a special procession taking place every four years, Athenians and foreigners participated in honouring the goddess
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in 479 BC declaring that the sanctuaries destroyed by the Persians would not be rebuilt, an oath from which the Athenians were only absolved with the
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proto-Parthenons, and held that the only pre-Periclean temple was what Dörpfeld referred to as Parthenon II. Dinsmoor and Dörpfeld exchanged views in the
4166:
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A major fire broke out in the Parthenon shortly after the middle of the third century AD. which destroyed the roof and much of the sanctuary's interior.
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Hurwit, Jeffrey M. (2005). "The Parthenon and the Temple of Zeus at Olympia". In Judith M. Barringer; Jeffrey M. Hurwit; Jerome Jordan Pollitt (eds.).
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and containing a spiral staircase, was constructed at the southwest corner of the cella, and vaulted tombs were built beneath the Parthenon's floor.
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3595:, 1948, no. 204, lines 46–51, The authenticity of this is disputed, however; see also P. Siewert, Der Eid von Plataia (Munich 1972), pp. 98–102.
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1919:—so that many more Europeans found access to Athens, and the picturesque ruins of the Parthenon were much drawn and painted, spurring a rise in
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and there were not many men in Greece qualified to build temples like the Parthenon, so these men would travel and work where they were needed.
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to survey the ruins of classical Athens. They produced the first measured drawings of the Parthenon, published in 1787 in the second volume of
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was formerly located. A large central portal with surrounding side-doors was made in the wall dividing the cella, which became the church's
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the Parthenon and its various sculptures prior to the devastation it suffered in late 1687 and the subsequent looting of its art objects.
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army defending the Acropolis until June 1458, when it surrendered to the Turks. The Turks may have briefly restored the Parthenon to the
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Some studies of the Acropolis, including of the Parthenon and its facade, have conjectured that many of its proportions approximate the
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pp. 32–34, found the difference motivated by economies of labour; Gorham P. Stevens, "Concerning the Impressiveness of the Parthenon"
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1984:. Today it attracts millions of tourists every year, who travel up the path at the western end of the Acropolis, through the restored
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1813:, the tower previously constructed during the Roman Catholic occupation of the Parthenon was extended upwards to become a minaret, a
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of the Parthenon in the south wall of the Acropolis, which had been extended when the Acropolis was used as a fortress. According to
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and helping to arouse sympathy in Britain and France for Greek independence. Amongst those early travellers and archaeologists were
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began their work in 447, and the building was substantially completed by 432. Work on the decorations continued until at least 431.
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A 2020 study by Janric van Rookhuijzen supports the idea that the building known today as the Parthenon was originally called the
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church in the final decades of the fifth century to become the Church of the Parthenos Maria (Virgin Mary) or the Church of the
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Fragment of an exploded shell found on top of a wall in the Parthenon, thought to originate from the time of the Venetian siege
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The mythological figures of the metopes of the East, North, and West sides of the Parthenon had been deliberately mutilated by
690:, located in another temple on the northern side of the Acropolis, more closely associated with the Great Altar of Athena. The
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646:) when the Parthenon was converted to a Christian church dedicated to the Virgin Mary in the final decade of the 6th century.
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and Athena's horses fell to the ground and smashed as his soldiers tried to detach them from the building's west pediment.
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The only piece of sculpture from the Parthenon known to be from the hand of Phidias was the statue of Athena housed in the
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The precise circumstances under which the Turks appropriated it for use as a mosque are unclear; one account states that
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mythical times, the model on which historic Panathenaic processions were based. This interpretation has been rejected by
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One difficulty in dating the proto-Parthenon is that at the time of the 1885 excavation, the archaeological method of
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1409:. The procession is more crowded (appearing to slow in pace) as it nears the gods on the eastern side of the temple.
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of the Parthenon. This has also been suggested by J.B. Bury. One theory is that the Parthenon was the room where the
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Christians for continued use as a church. Some time before the end of the fifteenth century, the Parthenon became a
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The Parthenon Frieze. The Ritual Communication between the Goddess and the Polis. Parthenon Project Japan 2011–2014
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The southern side of the Parthenon, which sustained considerable damage in the 1687 explosion (photo taken in 2009)
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in 450. The cost of reconstructing Athens after the Persian sack is at least as likely a cause. The excavations of
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Because the Parthenon was dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena it has sometimes been referred to as the Temple of
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Four pieces of the sculptures have been repatriated to Greece: 3 from the Vatican, and 1 from a museum in Sicily.
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6722:(Takes the heterodox view of the date of the proto-Parthenon, but a useful summary of the scholarship) (archived)
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In the final decade of the 6th century CE, the Parthenon was converted into a Christian church dedicated to the
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2290:. Nashville, Tennessee: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021
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ordered its conversion as punishment for an Athenian plot against Ottoman rule. The apse was repurposed into a
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4172:
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2936:"Some modern writers maintain that the Parthenon was converted into a Christian sanctuary during the reign of
1904:
In 1688 the Venetians abandoned Athens to avoid a confrontation with a large force the Turks had assembled at
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9380:
8896:
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8514:
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to determine their original locations. Particularly important and fragile sculptures were transferred to the
1859:
1640:
1516:
456:
333:
1866:– despite having been forewarned of the dangers of this use by the 1656 explosion that severely damaged the
455:, a Venetian bomb landed on the Parthenon, which the Ottomans had used as a munitions dump, during the 1687
10428:
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10303:
8832:
8286:
6932:
6730:
1924:
1141:. More recent studies have shown that the proportions of the Parthenon do not match the golden proportion.
119:
6467:"The Parthenon Enigma: A New Understanding of the West's Most Iconic Building and the People Who Made It."
2728:
François Queyrel, Le Parthénon. Un monument dans l'Histoire, Paris, Éditions Bartillat, 2020, pp. 199–200.
1991:
1624:, because the temple had been the focus of Pagan Hellenic opposition against Zeno in Athens in support of
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8413:
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1508:
495:
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8996:
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7521:
7334:
6908:
6734:
6089:
The Parthenon Enigma: A New Understanding of the West's Most Iconic Building and the People who Made It
4385:
4354:
Jeffrey M. Hurwit. "Helios Rising: The Sun, the Moon, and the Sea in the Sculptures of the Parthenon".
3387:
3326:
3249:
3131:
The Parthenon Enigma: a New Understanding of the West's Most Iconic Building and the People Who Made It
2105:
1838:
1562:
1446:
1215:
31:
1527:). The statue of Poseidon was the largest sculpture in the pediment until it broke into pieces during
1455:
Part of the east pediment still found on the Parthenon (although part of it, like Dionysus, is a copy)
1093:
shaft carved into the column form.) The roof was covered with large overlapping marble tiles known as
742:
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6161:
The Secret Lives of Buildings: From the Ruins of the Parthenon to the Vegas Strip in Thirteen Stories
5266:
The secret lives of buildings: from the ruins of the Parthenon to the Vegas Strip in thirteen stories
4940:
The secret lives of buildings: from the ruins of the Parthenon to the Vegas Strip in thirteen stories
2747:
1988:, and up the Panathenaic Way to the Parthenon, which is surrounded by a low fence to prevent damage.
1664:
1121:
440:
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8066:
7724:
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2832:
1451:
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8637:
8524:
7329:
6989:
5927:
5436:
5178:"Some time later – we do not know exactly when – the Parthenon was itself converted into a mosque."
1981:
1429:, who considers that the frieze shows the celebration of the birth of Ion, who was a descendant of
1234:
788:
5196:
The conversion of the Parthenon into a mosque is first mentioned by another anonymous writer, the
2157:– Exterior modelled on the Parthenon, but the interior is a hall of fame for distinguished Germans
10357:
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The Athenian Acropolis: History, Mythology, and Archaeology from the Neolithic Era to the Present
4967:
The Athenian Acropolis: History, Mythology, and Archaeology from the Neolithic Era to the Present
4473:
3935:
2375:
2060:
guide restoration efforts. The project later attracted funding and technical assistance from the
1862:
and capture the Acropolis. The Ottoman Turks fortified the Acropolis and used the Parthenon as a
924:
762:
758:
343:
6746:
6182:
The Athenian Acropolis: History, Mythology, and Archeology from the Neolithic Era to the Present
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8019:
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2065:
1725:
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is now lost and known only from copies, vase painting, gems, literary descriptions, and coins.
1461:
1184:
above the exterior colonnade and the Ionic frieze around the upper portion of the walls of the
809:
320:
101:
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The most characteristic feature in the architecture and decoration of the temple is the Ionic
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Van Mersbergen, Audrey M., "Rhetorical Prototypes in Architecture: Measuring the Acropolis",
2926:
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2131:
1977:
1932:
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The Parthenon was built in the 5th century BCE in thanksgiving for the Hellenic victory over
401:
370:
3210:
2524:. Vol. 105. London: Institute of Classical Studies, University of London. p. 209.
973:– were erected during this period. The Parthenon was built under the general supervision of
9839:
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9118:
8931:
8161:
7957:
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7229:
7114:
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3119:, École du Louvre, Réunion des musées nationaux, and Documentation française, 1998, p. 177.
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8:
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6955:
6109:
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Frederic Edwin Church: Catalogue Raisonne of Works at Olana State Historic Site, Volume I
4070:. Greek Ministry of Culture and Sports, Acropolis Museum, Acropolis Restoration Service.
2254:
2141:
1591:
1130:
1105:
832:
616:
580:
390:
5330:
5189:
4855:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 177.
4660:
1373:
866:
493:), meaning "maiden, girl" as well as "virgin, unmarried woman". The Liddell–Scott–Jones
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L'Acropole d'Athènes : Monuments, Cultes et Histoire du sanctuaire d'Athèna Polias
6375:
6200:
6159:
6063:
6055:
5511:, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 45, No. 4 (October–December 1941), pp. 544–556.
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The Parthenon became the fourth most important Christian pilgrimage destination in the
1528:
1101:
813:
420:
6679:(official site with a schedule of its opening hours, tickets, and contact information)
6669:
6087:
5264:
4938:
2688:
Jeffrey M. Hurwit. The Athenian Acropolis. (2000 Cambridge University Press), 161–163.
2350:
The Parthenon (Plate 1, Fig. 17) is probably the most celebrated of all Greek temples.
1628:, who had promised to restore Hellenic rites to the temples that were still standing.
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1177:
1156:
1094:
896:
857:, and the drums of its columns were visibly built into the curtain wall north of the
847:
726:
416:
6067:
6005:
4194:"Discovery Reveals Ancient Greek Theaters Used Moveable Stages Over 2,000 Years Ago"
3610:
3287:
Beard, Mary; Hammond, Norman; Wuletich-Brinberg, Sybil; Wills, Garry; Green, Peter.
1751:
The rediscovery of the Parthenon as an ancient monument dates back to the period of
1597:
The Parthenon survived as a temple dedicated to Athena for nearly 1,000 years until
1149:"Parthenon Marbles" redirects here. For the works housed at the British Museum, see
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The Acropolis of Athens in ancient Greece – Dimensions and proportions of Parthenon
6725:
6140:
Strolling Through Athens: Fourteen Unforgettable Walks through Europe's Oldest City
6047:
5269:. Internet Archive. New York, New York: Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt. p. 33.
5225:
4943:. Internet Archive. New York, New York: Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt. p. 21.
4898:
Strolling Through Athens: Fourteen Unforgettable Walks Through Europe's Oldest City
4747:
Strolling Through Athens: Fourteen Unforgettable Walks Through Europe's Oldest City
4609:
Strolling Through Athens: Fourteen Unforgettable Walks Through Europe's Oldest City
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861:. Further physical evidence of this structure was revealed with the excavations of
448:
275:
2773:"Harpocration, Valerius, Lexicon in decem oratores Atticos, λεττερ ε, ἙΚΑΤΟΜΠΕΔΟΝ"
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6031:"Parthenon and Parthenoi: A Mythological Interpretation of the Parthenon Frieze"
400:. Its decorative sculptures are considered some of the high points of classical
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6319:"Greek Premier Says New Acropolis Museum to Boost Bid for Parthenon Sculptures"
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2015:
1940:
1826:
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The Parthenon's position on the Acropolis dominates the city skyline of Athens.
1532:
1478:
1464:, recounted the birth of Athena and the mythological battle between Athena and
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1314:
1203:
1161:
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led him to propose the existence of a second Parthenon, begun in the period of
444:
405:
381:
357:
352:
42:
6808:
6800:
6783:
6775:
6763:
6392:
6248:
Pelling, Christopher (1997). "Tragedy and Religion: Constructs and Readings".
4325:
3725:
3406:
2423:
953:
In the mid-5th century BC, when the Athenian Acropolis became the seat of the
886:, or "Persian rubble": remnants of the destruction of Athens by the armies of
853:
The existence of both the proto-Parthenon and its destruction were known from
10392:
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10242:
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7294:
7064:
6872:
6616:
Catharine Titi, The Parthenon Marbles and International Law, Springer, 2023,
5714:
Greek Premier Says New Acropolis Museum to Boost Bid for Parthenon Sculptures
4687:
4143:
3562:, XVII, 1892, pp. 158–189 and W. Dörpfeld, "Die Zeit des alteren Parthenon",
3458:
3300:
3261:
3222:
2331:
2005:
1920:
1766:("...the wonderful temple of the goddess Athena, a divine work of Phidias").
1598:
1306:
1268:
1207:
1150:
954:
678:
of Athena Polias, which was bathed in the sea and to which was presented the
465:
459:. The resulting explosion severely damaged the Parthenon. From 1800 to 1803,
428:
141:
128:
10454:
Conversion of non-Christian religious buildings and structures into churches
7024:
4380:
3813:
And in the surviving foundations of the preceding Older Parthenon (Penrose,
2199:
531:
In 5th-century BCE accounts of the building, the structure is simply called
10142:
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9960:
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9159:
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7369:
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7069:
5792:
5788:"Greece in 'preliminary' talks with British Museum about Parthenon marbles"
4367:
3970:
3872:
Archaeologists discuss similarly curved architecture and offer the theory.
3777:"LacusCurtius • Roman Architecture – Roof Tiles (Smith's Dictionary, 1875)"
2848:
2036:
1717:
1535:. The anterior portion was revealed by Ross in 1835 and is now held in the
1384:
1302:
1288:
1260:
1252:
1138:
1052:
882:
576:
6682:
4326:"PAUSANIAS, DESCRIPTION OF GREECE 1.17–29 – Theoi Classical Texts Library"
4282:
St Clair, William (24 August 2022). Barnes, Lucy; St Clair, David (eds.).
4067:
3684:
Woodford, S. (2008). The Parthenon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1090:
70:
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6449:
6290:
Whitley, James (2001). "The Archaeology of Democracy: Classical Athens".
3960:
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1888:
1779:
1668:
1040:
1028:
1024:
982:
970:
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917:
858:
846:, as it is frequently referred to, was still under construction when the
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556:
525:
249:
9867:
6708:
Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County – The Parthenon
4284:
The Classical Parthenon: Recovering the Strangeness of the Ancient World
2665:"Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, παρθεν-ών"
945:
10099:
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7014:
5218:
The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts
3966:
The Golden Ratio: The Story of Phi, the World's Most Astonishing Number
2857:
2365:, David Sacks, Facts On File, 3rd edition, 2015. Accessed 15 July 2022.
2222:
The Power of Stars: How Celestial Observations Have Shaped Civilization
2154:
2023:
1964:
1847:
1764:...mirabile Palladis Divae marmoreum templum, divum quippe opus Phidiae
1745:
1632:
1430:
1417:
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1114:
1100:
The Parthenon is regarded as the finest example of Greek architecture.
1018:
750:
722:
707:
703:
699:
675:
575:"the hundred footer") in their lost treatise on Athenian architecture.
510:, a group of four young girls chosen to serve Athena each year, wove a
506:
452:
394:
6924:
6059:
5237:
4292:
1995:
Life-size pediment sculptures from the Parthenon in the British Museum
1324:
In March 2011, archaeologists announced that they had discovered five
10074:
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9806:
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8331:
8197:
8151:
8131:
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7633:
7199:
6702:
5194:. Robarts – University of Toronto. New York: Macmillan. p. 317.
3162:
2937:
2010:
The dispute centres around those of the Parthenon Marbles removed by
1806:
1694:
1660:
1520:
1512:
1392:
1039:
construction and is surrounded by columns ('peripteral') carrying an
1032:
1021:
854:
828:
824:
695:
671:
340:
5660:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 342–343.
5509:
The Venetians in Athens and the Destruction of the Parthenon in 1687
5335:. Robarts – University of Toronto. New York: Macmillan. p. 317.
3828:"How Greek Temples Correct Visual Distortion – Architecture Revived"
3697:, Encyclopædia Britannica, 10 September 2021. Accessed 16 July 2022.
1697:
were walled up, though a number of doorways still permitted access.
949:
Animation showing the Parthenon in 2011 and how it looked originally
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6521:
King, Dorothy "The Elgin Marbles" Hutchinson / Random House, 2006.
6051:
5229:
4223:
De la Croix, Horst; Tansey, Richard G.; Kirkpatrick, Diane (1991).
4037:
2941:
2894:"The Parthenon Has Had the Wrong Name for Centuries, Theory Claims"
2814:
1952:
1898:
1791:
1752:
1721:
1465:
1421:
1256:
1077:
1061:
977:, who also had charge of the sculptural decoration. The architects
958:
887:
801:
754:
730:
630:, the Roman name for Athena, particularly during the 19th century.
601:
424:
9877:
5875:"Crane Shifts Masonry of Ancient Parthenon in Restoration Program"
4722:
1379:
One interpretation is that it depicts an idealized version of the
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4439:"Athenians and Eleusinians in the West Pediment of the Parthenon"
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were situated towards the building's eastern side adjacent to an
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on the site of the present Parthenon was begun shortly after the
714:
654:
627:
552:
423:. Like most Greek temples, the Parthenon also served as the city
259:
245:
10212:
9526:
6694:
6683:(Hellenic Ministry of Culture) The Acropolis Restoration Project
2083:
Originally, various blocks were held together by elongated iron
1724:
went on a pilgrimage to Athens after his final victory over the
670:
has been excavated within the building, on the site of an older
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A history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great, 3rd ed
2019:
1870:– and as a shelter for members of the local Turkish community.
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1069:
876:
827:
foundation that extended and levelled the southern part of the
686:
680:
667:
511:
397:
111:
6784:
The history of Acropolis and Parthenon from the Greek tv show
6759:
A Wikimedia video of the main sights of the Athenian Acropolis
5820:"Pope returns Greece's Parthenon Sculptures in ecumenical nod"
3286:
311:
10247:
10222:
10119:
10059:
10044:
9912:
9872:
9624:
9536:
9531:
9501:
9496:
9471:
9154:
8695:
8650:
8602:
8174:
8126:
7827:
7797:
7744:
7719:
7658:
7628:
3580:
Die Ausgabung der Acropolis vom Jahre 1885 bis zum Jahre 1890
1873:
On 26 September 1687 a Venetian mortar round, fired from the
1744:. During this period a tower, used either as a watchtower or
1688:
1625:
1606:
1404:
1185:
1057:
1045:
1035:
of three steps. In common with other Greek temples, it is of
913:
908:
633:
606:
592:
585:
566:
560:
538:
532:
519:
501:
488:
482:
481:
The origin of the word "Parthenon" comes from the Greek word
463:
took down some of the surviving sculptures, now known as the
198:
5587:
Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (2010).
4544:
Chryselephantine Statuary in the Ancient Mediterranean World
4222:
4156:
Pollini 2007, pp. 212–216; Brommer 1979, pp. 23, 30, pl. 41.
3011:
L'Architecture grecque. Architecture religieuse et funéraire
2328:"The Architecture and Architects of the Classical Parthenon"
729:
when Sparta's forces were first preparing to invade Attica,
604:
referred to the building during the first century AD as the
287:
284:
10252:
10227:
10177:
9664:
9654:
4786:
Hellenic Religion and Christianization c. 370-529, Volume I
2991:
Portrait of a Priestess: Women and Ritual in Ancient Greece
2287:
The Parthenon at Athens, Greece and at Nashville, Tennessee
1698:
1680:
1672:
338:
290:
6813:
6202:
Periklean Athens and Its Legacy: Problems and Perspectives
6119:
Frazer, Sir James George (1998). "The King of the Woods".
2064:. An archaeological committee thoroughly documented every
299:
10464:
Religious buildings and structures converted into mosques
4566:
N. Leipen, Athena Parthenos: a huge reconstruction, 1972.
698:, and was the chief of the lesser officials, such as the
4713:
4711:
4709:
404:, and the Parthenon is considered an enduring symbol of
3092:"Aristotle, Athenian Constitution, chapter 47 (Note 1)"
3025:
B. Nagy, "Athenian Officials on the Parthenon Frieze",
1255:(the mythical battle between the Olympian gods and the
1247:
The frieze of the Parthenon's entablature contained 92
796:(in black) was destroyed by the Achaemenids during the
579:
wrote that some people used to call the Parthenon the "
30:"Temple of Athena" redirects here. For other uses, see
6809:
Institute for Advanced Study: The Parthenon Sculptures
2225:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 221.
2018:. A few sculptures from the Parthenon are also in the
1191:
Only a small number of the original sculptures remain
5562:"Ottoman Athens II: Later Ottoman Athens (1689–1821)"
4706:
1403:
dress, woven by selected noble Athenian girls called
1267:). The metopes of the south side show the Thessalian
1001:
the Parthenon, many different labourers were needed.
850:
sacked the city in 480 BC razing the Acropolis.
308:
302:
296:
293:
5162:"Ottoman Athens I: Early Ottoman Athens (1456–1689)"
5134:"Ottoman Athens I: Early Ottoman Athens (1456–1689)"
4468:
4466:
2474:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 367–369.
2068:
remaining on the site, and architects assisted with
1639:, where it was later destroyed, possibly during the
1372:
running around the exterior of the cella walls. The
281:
6695:(Hellenic Ministry of Culture) The Parthenon Frieze
5735:"The Parthenon sculptures: The Trustees' statement"
5015:. University of Michigan. p. 3. Archived from
4168:
Tenth metope from the south façade of the Parthenon
3709:"The Architectural Origins of the Parthenon Frieze"
3609:. Reed College Portland, Oregon, US. Archived from
2833:"The Parthenon Treasury on the Acropolis of Athens"
2209:. Ancientgreece.com. Retrieved on 4 September 2013.
2195:
2193:
2187:. Academic.reed.edu. Retrieved on 4 September 2013.
2173:
2171:
1631:At some point in the fifth century, Athena's great
1376:frieze was carved in situ and is dated to 442–438.
1031:architectural features. It stands on a platform or
835:("hundred-footer") and would have stood beside the
375:
278:
6158:
6086:
6004:
5389:
4381:"The Parthenon Sculptures by Mark Cartwright 2014"
4224:
3894:, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Magazine, p. 42
3713:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
3444:
3289:"'The Parthenon Enigma'—An Exchange | Peter Green"
3250:"The Latest Scheme for the Parthenon | Mary Beard"
2486:
1790:Turkish forces invaded Athens and laid siege to a
1359:Showing the Frieze of the Parthenon to his Friends
1263:(the mythical battle of the Athenians against the
1180:in 432. By the year 438, the Doric metopes on the
1080:, also typical of the Doric order. The continuous
745:and epic battles, to the final great event of the
10409:5th-century BC religious buildings and structures
5646:, p. 336 – the picture was taken in October 1839.
5586:
5483:"Venetian Athens: Venetian Interlude (1684–1689)"
5010:"A Heretical (Orthodox) History of the Parthenon"
4463:
3969:(First trade paperback ed.). New York City:
3507:
2518:Davison, Claire Cullen; Lundgreen, Birte (2009).
2493:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.
2026:, and elsewhere, while more than half are in the
1420:, a sacrifice that ensured Athenian victory over
10424:Ancient Greek buildings and structures in Athens
10390:
6703:UNESCO World Heritage Centre – Acropolis, Athens
5899:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
5099:. Princeton University Press. pp. 159–160.
3918:
3649:W. Dinsmoor, "The Date of the Older Parthenon",
2517:
2308:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2190:
2168:
1085:not part of the original plan of the Parthenon.
694:supervised the city cult of Athena based in the
7715:
6745:View a digital reconstruction of the Parthenon
6121:The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion
5925:
5462:The Carrey Drawings of the Parthenon Sculptures
4721:. Acropolis Restoration Service. Archived from
4654:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4644:
3593:A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions II
2830:
2767:
2765:
1635:was looted by one of the emperors and taken to
865:of 1885–1890. The findings of this dig allowed
10484:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
7290:Museum of the Center for the Acropolis Studies
6452:Skulpturensammlung, Frankfurt, Germany, 2016,
5476:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5355:(10 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 305.
5348:
4679:
4506:The Pediments of the Parthenon by Olga Palagia
4413:"The British Museum: The Parthenon sculptures"
3518:. Hellenic Ministry of Culture. Archived from
3062:"Aristotle, Athenian Constitution, chapter 47"
2971:
2969:
1603:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
890:. Photographed in 1866, just after excavation.
7495:
6940:
6829:
4932:
4930:
4117:
3907:Philosophical Polemic Communication Quarterly
3607:"'The Sole Witness': The Periclean Parthenon"
3188:(1st ed.). New York: Knopf. p. 35.
3051:, Vol. 81, No. 1 (Winter, 1977), pp. 107–111.
3047:S. Eddy, "The Gold in the Athena Parthenos",
1937:Antiquities of Athens Measured and Delineated
808:The first endeavour to build a sanctuary for
6720:The Athenian Acropolis by Livio C. Stecchini
6222:The Parthenon: From Antiquity to the Present
5644:The Parthenon: From Antiquity to the Present
5003:
5001:
4999:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4641:
4231:(9th ed.). Thomson/Wadsworth. pp.
3878:http://video.yahoo.com/watch/1849622/6070405
3719:(1). University of California Press: 12–29.
3638:Die Antiken Vasen von der Akropolis zu Athen
3357:"Rethinking the West's Most Iconic Building"
2762:
2336:The Parthenon: From Antiquity to the Present
1198:Most of the surviving sculptures are at the
1050:which is divided into two compartments. The
5881:. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022
5629:Handbook for travellers in Greece, Volume 2
5553:
5467:
4842:
4583:(Greek Ministry of Culture). Archived from
3117:Histoire de l'art antique : l'art grec
3038:Thucydides 2.13.5. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
2966:
2952:
2950:
2521:Pheidias:The Sculptures and Ancient Sources
2415:The Parthenon Marbles and International Law
2212:
1999:
1433:. This interpretation has been rejected by
1169:chryselephantine statue of Athena Parthenos
427:. Construction started in 447 BCE when the
59:
8381:
7502:
7488:
6947:
6933:
6836:
6822:
6365:
6107:
5961:"Parthenon's Inner Sanctum to be Restored"
5928:"Unlocking the Mysteries of the Parthenon"
5344:
5342:
5328:
5296:. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 172.
5187:
4927:
4848:
3513:
3208:
3021:
3019:
2469:
2338:. Cambridge University Press. p. 67.
1683:, and from the rear chamber, the church's
880:Part of the archaeological remains called
6733:– Janice Siegel, Department of Classics,
6549:Le Parthénon: un monument dans l'histoire
5593:. Harvard University Press. p. 693.
5456:
5454:
5421:Holt, Frank L. (November–December 2008).
5007:
4996:
4881:
4737:
4685:
4291:
4126:Art, myth, and ritual in classical Greece
4123:
4086:
3889:
3724:
3666:, XXXIX, 1935, 497–507, and W. Dinsmoor,
3442:
3184:Connelly, Joan Breton (28 January 2014).
2944:in the last decade of the sixth century."
2891:
2856:
2553:"Lord Elgin and the Parthenon Sculptures"
2484:
1064:originally occupied by sculpted figures.
6502:
6081:
6025:
5709:
5707:
5580:
5387:
5092:
4782:
4658:
4474:"statue; pediment | British Museum"
4281:
4092:
3883:
3706:
3327:"Decoding the Parthenon by J.J. Pollitt"
3183:
3128:
2947:
2368:
2322:
2316:
2218:
2050:
2034:In December 2022, the British newspaper
1990:
1971:'s photograph, published in Lerebours's
1887:
1837:
1773:
1687:. The spaces between the columns of the
1577:
1450:
1350:
1259:). The metopes of the west end show the
1238:
1155:
1120:
1008:
944:
875:
787:
653:
224:69.5 by 30.9 m (228 by 101 ft)
201:: 29.8 by 19.2 m (98 by 63 ft)
27:Temple on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece
6954:
6546:
6289:
6247:
6142:(2 ed.). Tauris Parke Paperbacks.
5999:
5632:. Oxford University Press. p. 317.
5520:
5339:
5205:
5041:Hurwit, Jeffrey M. (19 November 1999).
4688:"Pirates, marauders, and homos, oh my!"
4541:
4502:
4035:
3921:"Misconceptions about the Golden Ratio"
3680:
3678:
3676:
3443:Alexander, Caroline (23 January 2014).
3029:, Vol. 96, No. 1 (January 1992), p. 55.
3016:
2363:Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World
1736:, it became for about 250 years a
1202:in Athens and (controversially) at the
14:
10391:
9435:
6670:The Acropolis of Athens: The Parthenon
6390:
6198:
6179:
6156:
6137:
6118:
5826:. Associated Press. 16 December 2022.
5625:
5451:
5262:
5214:"A History of the Akropolis of Athens"
5211:
5040:
4964:Hurwit, Jeffrey M. (13 January 2000).
4963:
4936:
4894:
4821:
4743:
4667:from the original on 27 September 2011
4605:
4577:"Introduction to the Parthenon Frieze"
4358:, vol. 121, no. 4, 2017, pp. 527–558.
4036:Sideris, Athanasios (1 January 2004).
3558:W. Dörpfeld, "Der aeltere Parthenon",
3424:from the original on 19 September 2015
3385:
2920:
2737:
2635:"Unlocking Mysteries of the Parthenon"
2283:
2014:, from 1801 to 1803, which are in the
1416:sacrifice of the daughter of the king
1167:The cella of the Parthenon housed the
10292:
9434:
8863:
8367:
7714:
7534:
7483:
6928:
6817:
6568:Pausaniou Ellados Periegesis – Attika
6277:from the original on 25 February 2021
6219:
5958:
5785:
5741:from the original on 22 November 2019
5704:
5559:
5480:
5414:
5289:
5159:
5131:
4803:from the original on 17 November 2022
4694:from the original on 22 February 2019
4663:. Archaeology of the City of Athens.
4484:from the original on 15 December 2021
4017:from the original on 25 February 2021
3959:
3662:W. Dörpfeld, "Parthenon I, II, III",
2696:
2694:
2568:
2566:
2470:Bury, J. B.; Meiggs, Russell (1956).
2465:
2463:
2374:
2265:from the original on 31 December 2020
1958:
1939:. In 1801, the British Ambassador at
1399:by offering her sacrifices and a new
1076:), separated by formal architectural
447:in the mid-15th century, it became a
380:
351:
9903:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
7535:
6590:I Poleodomike ekselikses ton Athinon
6535:Phoibos Verlag, Wien, Austria 2016,
6507:(in French). Paris, France: Picard.
6403:from the original on 9 November 2010
6393:"Secrets of the Parthenon – History"
5971:from the original on 31 January 2022
5800:from the original on 3 December 2022
5767:from the original on 25 January 2021
5682:"Collection: Ruins of the Parthenon"
5655:
5420:
4828:. Frances Lincoln Ltd. p. 170.
4393:from the original on 24 October 2021
4105:from the original on 27 January 2020
3892:Unlocking Mysteries of the Parthenon
3673:
3604:
2632:
2614:from the original on 10 October 2021
2574:"How the Parthenon Lost Its Marbles"
2411:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2252:
1301:The metopes present examples of the
514:that was presented to Athena during
393:, Greece, that was dedicated to the
232:73 by 34 m (240 by 112 ft)
6266:
4419:from the original on 29 August 2017
4074:from the original on 7 October 2023
4048:from the original on 6 October 2023
3876:, "Secrets of the Parthenon", PBS.
3815:Principles of Athenian Architecture
3762:American Architect and Architecture
3623:B. H. Hill, "The Older Parthenon",
3209:Mendelsohn, Daniel (7 April 2014).
1655:The Parthenon was converted into a
1650:
1546:
940:
800:in 480–479 BC, and then rebuilt by
559:appear to have called the building
24:
8864:
7509:
7446:Siege of the Acropolis (1826–1827)
7441:Siege of the Acropolis (1821–1822)
6741:Parthenon:description, photo album
6417:
5992:
5914:"The Surface Conservation Project"
5568:from the original on 6 August 2012
4451:from the original on 9 August 2017
3987:from the original on 13 March 2023
3337:from the original on 3 August 2015
2892:Kampouris, Nick (3 October 2021).
2805:οἱ τὰ προπύλαια καὶ τὸν παρθενῶν᾽.
2691:
2563:
2460:
2284:Wilson, Benjamin Franklin (1920).
2277:
1976:and subject of artists, including
777:
25:
10495:
6747:in virtual reality from Sketchfab
6629:
6310:
6292:The Archaeology of Ancient Greece
5830:from the original on 10 July 2023
5786:Smith, Helena (3 December 2022).
5761:"Talks held on Elgin Marbles row"
5607:from the original on 28 June 2024
5541:from the original on 28 June 2024
5485:. Anagnosis Books. Archived from
5369:from the original on 28 June 2024
5310:from the original on 28 June 2024
5244:from the original on 28 June 2024
5164:. Anagnosis Books. Archived from
5136:. Anagnosis Books. Archived from
5113:from the original on 28 June 2024
5096:Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time
5061:from the original on 28 June 2024
4984:from the original on 28 June 2024
4915:from the original on 28 June 2024
4764:from the original on 28 June 2024
4626:from the original on 28 June 2024
4523:from the original on 28 June 2024
4336:from the original on 21 July 2022
4204:from the original on 28 July 2020
3919:George Markowsky (January 1992).
3890:Hadingham, Evan (February 2008),
3830:. 15 October 2015. Archived from
3741:from the original on 17 July 2022
3465:from the original on 11 July 2023
3307:from the original on 10 July 2023
3268:from the original on 10 July 2023
3247:
3229:from the original on 10 July 2023
3155:"Welcome to Joan Breton Connelly"
3072:from the original on 21 July 2022
2873:from the original on 24 July 2022
2783:from the original on 6 March 2021
2717:The Archaeology of Ancient Greece
2645:from the original on 30 June 2022
2398:
1915:The 18th century was a period of
1769:
1573:
1279:against the half-man, half-horse
831:summit. This building replaced a
713:The colossal statue of Athena by
36:Temple of Athena (disambiguation)
10372:
10362:
10353:
10352:
7426:Achaemenid destruction of Athens
7340:Korai of the Acropolis of Athens
7048:
6489:The Parthenon and its Sculptures
6353:from the original on 2 July 2017
6325:. 9 October 2006. Archived from
5952:
5940:from the original on 14 May 2009
5919:
5907:
5867:
5842:
5812:
5779:
5753:
5727:
5674:
5649:
5636:
5619:
5514:
5501:
5381:
5322:
5283:
5256:
5181:
5153:
5125:
5086:
5073:
5034:
4957:
4815:
4776:
3605:Kerr, Minott (23 October 1995).
2831:van Rookhuijzen, Jan Z. (2020).
2555:. British Museum. Archived from
2448:from the original on 29 May 2023
1641:siege and sack of Constantinople
1568:
1493:
1471:
1210:). Additional pieces are at the
274:
169:432 BC; 2456 years ago
69:
10373:
7240:Louis-François-Sébastien Fauvel
7020:Choragic Monument of Thrasyllos
7010:Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus
6487:Cosmopoulos, Michael (editor).
6464:Connelly, Joan Breton Connelly.
6368:"Acropolis of Athens – History"
6250:Greek Tragedy and the Historian
6039:American Journal of Archaeology
5959:Sakis, Ioannidis (5 May 2019).
5850:"Acropolis Restoration Service"
5724:, International Herald Tribune.
5392:A Traveller's History of Athens
4599:
4569:
4560:
4535:
4496:
4431:
4405:
4373:
4356:American Journal of Archaeology
4348:
4318:
4275:
4262:
4249:
4216:
4186:
4159:
4150:
4060:
4029:
3999:
3953:
3928:The College Mathematics Journal
3912:
3899:
3866:
3858:American Journal of Archaeology
3846:
3820:
3807:
3802:Great Architecture of the World
3794:
3769:
3753:
3700:
3687:
3656:
3643:
3630:
3617:
3598:
3585:
3572:
3552:
3543:
3534:
3477:
3436:
3379:
3349:
3319:
3280:
3241:
3202:
3177:
3159:Welcome to Joan Breton Connelly
3147:
3122:
3109:
3084:
3054:
3041:
3032:
3003:
2982:
2911:
2885:
2837:American Journal of Archaeology
2824:
2808:
2795:
2731:
2722:
2709:
2682:
2657:
2626:
2596:
2580:. 28 March 2017. Archived from
2545:
2511:
2478:
2012:Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin
1931:, who were commissioned by the
1004:
935:American Journal of Archaeology
871:German Archaeological Institute
692:High Priestess of Athena Polias
10479:World Heritage Sites in Greece
7145:Church of Panagia Atheniotissa
7085:Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia
6606:. Cambridge University, 1981.
6491:. Cambridge University: 2004.
6294:. Cambridge University Press.
6270:A History of Ancient Greek Art
6224:. Cambridge University Press.
6184:. Cambridge University Press.
6108:D'Ooge, Martin Luther (1909).
5524:The Pediments of the Parthenon
5329:D'Ooge, Martin Luther (1909).
5188:D'Ooge, Martin Luther (1909).
4542:Lapatin, Kenneth D.S. (2001).
4227:Gardner's Art Through the Ages
4093:Harris, Beth; Zucker, Steven.
4009:A History of Ancient Greek Art
3386:Spivey, Nigel (October 2014).
3129:Connelly, Joan Breton (2014).
3115:B. Holtzmann and A. Pasquier,
2917:Encyclopædia Britannica, 1878.
2489:A Shorter History of Greek Art
2384:. Profile Books. p. 118.
2355:
2246:
2046:
1833:
1160:Group from the east pediment,
1060:is finished with a triangular
13:
1:
7974:
7961:
7942:
7925:
7436:Siege of the Acropolis (1687)
6731:Illustrated Parthenon Marbles
6205:. University of Texas Press.
5349:Fichner-Rathus, Lois (2012).
5081:Cyriacus of Ancona and Athens
4895:Freely, John (23 July 2004).
4744:Freely, John (23 July 2004).
4606:Freely, John (23 July 2004).
4581:National Documentation Centre
3653:, XXXVIII, 1934, pp. 408–448.
2740:"Everlasting Glory in Athens"
2161:
2121:National Monument of Scotland
2116:List of Ancient Greek temples
1947:, claimed that he obtained a
1614:
1125:The east facade in March 2021
817:
9102:Funeral and burial practices
8287:Military of Mycenaean Greece
6726:The Friends of the Acropolis
6660:Resources in other libraries
6430:. Harvard University: 2003.
6323:International Herald Tribune
6011:. Harvard University Press.
4970:. CUP Archive. p. 293.
4901:. I. B. Tauris. p. 70.
4852:New Rome: Empire in the East
4750:. I. B. Tauris. p. 69.
4612:. I. B. Tauris. p. 69.
4124:Barringer, Judith M (2008).
3293:The New York Review of Books
3254:The New York Review of Books
1778:Drawing of the Parthenon by
1689:
1440:
1405:
1144:
1072:of carved pictorial panels (
837:archaic temple dedicated to
634:
607:
593:
586:
567:
539:
520:
483:
476:
339:
7:
7150:Temple of Roma and Augustus
7135:Choragic Monument of Nikias
6843:
6770:Public Broadcasting Service
6347:Online Etymology Dictionary
6252:. Oxford University Press.
6180:Hurwit, Jeffrey M. (2000).
6123:. Oxford University Press.
5396:. Interlink Books. p.
5008:Kaldellis, Anthony (2007).
4546:. Oxford: OUP. p. 63.
3817:2nd ed. ch. II.3, plate 9).
3765:. American Architect. 1892.
2361:Sacks, David. "Parthenon".
2219:Penprase, Bryan E. (2010).
2099:
1013:Floor plan of the Parthenon
823:–488 BC) upon a solid
649:
376:
185:13.72 m (45.0 ft)
10:
10500:
9026:Greek Revival architecture
8368:
7335:Pediments of the Parthenon
6909:Pediments of the Parthenon
6547:Queyrel, François (2008).
6503:Holtzman, Bernard (2003).
6446:Athen. Triumph der Bilder.
6374:. Οδυσσεύς. Archived from
5987:
5435:(6): 36–41. Archived from
5388:Stoneman, Richard (2004).
5290:Bruno, Vincent J. (1974).
4386:World History Encyclopedia
3707:Senseney, John R. (2021).
3549:Herodotus Histories, 8.53.
3361:Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin
2979:, Blackwell, 1985, p. 143.
2963:, Routledge, 2008, p. 111.
2604:"Reasons of Interventions"
2485:Robertson, Miriam (1981).
2106:Ancient Greek architecture
2003:
1854:sent an expedition led by
1605:, decreed in 435 that all
1563:chryselephantine sculpture
1550:
1485:is in the left corner and
1447:Pediments of the Parthenon
1444:
1344:
1243:Detail of the West metopes
1232:
1228:
1216:National Museum of Denmark
1148:
781:
561:
551:". The ancient architects
533:
489:
362:
342:
325:
324:
40:
32:Parthenon (disambiguation)
29:
10459:Former churches in Greece
10439:Temples in ancient Athens
10348:
10299:
10293:
10288:
10133:
10010:
9999:
9926:
9848:
9805:
9752:
9610:
9462:
9453:
9449:
9430:
9379:
9294:
9232:
9194:
9187:
9137:
9097:
9088:
9010:
8887:
8883:
8859:
8825:
8794:
8636:
8523:
8467:
8434:Attalid kings of Pergamon
8389:
8380:
8376:
8363:
8242:Antigonid Macedonian army
8215:
8188:
8160:
8117:
8074:
8065:
7907:
7846:
7743:
7739:
7710:
7609:
7558:
7554:
7530:
7517:
7454:
7418:
7307:
7272:
7225:Giovanni Battista Lusieri
7170:
7163:
7120:Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus
7057:
7046:
6962:
6914:Statue of Zeus at Olympia
6851:
6752:
6675:18 September 2013 at the
6655:Resources in your library
6566:Papachatzis, Nikolaos D.
5083:, Brussels-Berchem, 1960.
5069:– via Google Books.
4849:Stephenson, Paul (2022).
4128:. Cambridge. p. 78.
3726:10.1525/jsah.2021.80.1.12
3627:, XVI, 1912, pp. 535–558.
3578:P. Kavvadis, G. Kawerau,
3407:10.1017/S0017383514000138
2424:10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6
2055:Parthenon in January 2023
1675:built where the temple's
1340:
361:
255:
241:
236:
228:
220:
210:
205:
194:
189:
181:
173:
165:
157:
118:
107:
97:
89:
84:
80:
68:
60:
57:
52:
10469:Former mosques in Greece
7330:Metopes of the Parthenon
6990:Odeon of Herodes Atticus
6765:Secrets of the Parthenon
6688:24 November 2013 at the
6551:(in French). Bartillat.
5926:Hadingham, Evan (2008).
5720:21 February 2007 at the
5656:Carr, Gerald L. (1994).
5093:Babinger, Franz (1992).
4659:Chatziaslani, Kornilia.
4370:. Accessed 22 July 2022.
4286:. Open Book Publishers.
4198:greece.greekreporter.com
4042:Strolling Through Athens
3863:.3 (July 1962: 337–338).
3446:"If It Pleases the Gods"
2932:17 November 2022 at the
2412:Titi, Catharine (2023).
2000:Dispute over the marbles
1982:Sanford Robinson Gifford
1973:Excursions Daguerriennes
1235:Metopes of the Parthenon
920:× 219.45 ft).
638:was also applied to the
41:Not to be confused with
10434:Destroyed Greek temples
7431:Sack of Athens (267 AD)
6713:28 January 2013 at the
6241:Encyclopædia Britannica
6220:Neils, Jenifer (2005).
6157:Hollis, Edward (2009).
6111:The Acropolis of Athens
5686:National Gallery of Art
5590:The Classical Tradition
5332:The acropolis of Athens
5263:Hollis, Edward (2009).
5212:Miller, Walter (1893).
5191:The acropolis of Athens
4937:Hollis, Edward (2009).
4822:Cremin, Aedeen (2007).
4783:Trombley (1 May 2014).
4272:, chapters 4, 5, and 7.
4257:Parthenon and Parthenoi
4095:"Parthenon (Acropolis)"
3636:B. Graef, E. Langlotz,
3013:, Picard, 2006, p. 118.
2803:Against Androtion 22.13
2738:Hélène (4 March 2021).
2703:Encyclopædia Britannica
2633:Magazine, Smithsonian.
1720:. In 1018, the emperor
1515:) with his daughters (
1468:for control of Athens.
869:, then director of the
353:[par.tʰe.nɔ̌ːn]
237:Design and construction
8468:Artists & scholars
8383:List of ancient Greeks
8020:Second Athenian League
7869:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
7694:Ancient Greek colonies
7380:Nike Fixing her Sandal
7105:Altar of Athena Polias
7005:Sanctuary of Asclepius
6735:Hampden–Sydney College
6573:Tournikio, Panayotis.
5737:. The British Museum.
5521:Palagia, Olga (1998).
4503:Palagia, Olga (1998).
4368:10.3764/aja.121.4.0527
4068:"The Parthenon Frieze"
3670:, XXXIX, 1935, 508–509
2988:Joan Breton Connelly,
2849:10.3764/aja.124.1.0003
2056:
1996:
1893:
1883:
1848:Morean War (1684–1699)
1843:
1783:
1726:First Bulgarian Empire
1620:–484, on the order of
1583:
1456:
1381:Panathenaic procession
1365:
1244:
1164:
1126:
1014:
950:
891:
844:Older or Pre-Parthenon
805:
663:
608:Hekatompedos Parthenon
457:siege of the Acropolis
10444:Sculptures by Phidias
9587:Sybaris on the Traeis
8312:Sacred Band of Thebes
8052:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
7566:Cycladic civilization
6985:Temple of Athena Nike
6448:Exhibition catalogue
6138:Freely, John (2004).
6083:Connelly, Joan Breton
6027:Connelly, Joan Breton
5626:Murray, John (1884).
5527:(2 ed.). Brill.
5460:T. Bowie, D. Thimme,
3800:John Julius Norwich,
3781:penelope.uchicago.edu
3516:"Acropolis of Athens"
3485:"Deep Frieze Meaning"
3388:"Art and Archaeology"
3133:. New York: Vintage.
3096:www.perseus.tufts.edu
3066:www.perseus.tufts.edu
2996:6 August 2023 at the
2777:www.perseus.tufts.edu
2669:www.perseus.tufts.edu
2054:
1994:
1978:Frederic Edwin Church
1933:Society of Dilettanti
1891:
1879:
1841:
1777:
1581:
1454:
1354:
1296:Christian iconoclasts
1242:
1159:
1124:
1012:
948:
930:William Bell Dinsmoor
879:
842:("of the city"). The
798:Destruction of Athens
791:
657:
516:Panathenaic Festivals
496:Greek–English Lexicon
461:the 7th Earl of Elgin
382:[parθeˈnonas]
75:The Parthenon in 1978
9112:mythological figures
8833:Ancient Greek tribes
7958:Peloponnesian League
7400:Athena Marsyas Group
7285:Old Acropolis Museum
7255:Panagiotis Kavvadias
7230:Reverend Philip Hunt
7115:Sanctuary of Pandion
7080:Old Temple of Athena
6588:Traulos, Ioannis N.
6472:28 July 2020 at the
5933:Smithsonian Magazine
5507:Theodor E. Mommsen,
4686:O'Donovan, Connell.
4661:"Morosini in Athens"
4270:The Parthenon Enigma
3834:on 26 September 2019
3569:, 1902, pp. 379–416.
3540:Hurwit 2005, p. 135.
3186:The Parthenon Enigma
3165:on 21 September 2015
2639:Smithsonian Magazine
2324:Barletta, Barbara A.
2183:5 March 2011 at the
2147:Temple of Hephaestus
2138:– Full-scale replica
1706:Eastern Roman Empire
1611:Eastern Roman Empire
1413:Joan Breton Connelly
1363:Lawrence Alma-Tadema
1317:, and one is at the
1313:, others are in the
1188:had been completed.
1095:imbrices and tegulae
863:Panagiotis Kavvadias
738:Joan Breton Connelly
684:, was an olive-wood
419:invaders during the
410:Western civilization
158:Construction started
10429:Landmarks in Athens
10419:Acropolis of Athens
9224:Tunnel of Eupalinos
9219:Theatre of Dionysus
8843:Ancient Macedonians
8459:Tyrants of Syracuse
7971:Amphictyonic League
7571:Minoan civilization
7410:Three-Bodied Daemon
7405:Nike of Callimachus
6995:Pedestal of Agrippa
6956:Acropolis of Athens
6786:Η Μηχανή του Χρόνου
6397:Acropolis of Athens
6372:Acropolis of Athens
6329:on 21 February 2007
5564:. Anagnosis Books.
5560:Tomkinson, John L.
5481:Tomkinson, John L.
5160:Tomkinson, John L.
5132:Tomkinson, John L.
3934:(1). Archived from
3640:, Berlin 1925–1933.
3489:The Weekly Standard
3367:on 8 September 2015
2559:on 3 February 2013.
2418:. pp. 42, 45.
2205:2 July 2017 at the
2142:Stripped Classicism
1875:Hill of Philopappos
1732:At the time of the
1592:Julian the Apostate
1361:, 1868 painting by
1298:in late antiquity.
1017:The Parthenon is a
833:Hekatompedon temple
747:Athenian Bronze Age
142:37.9715°N 23.7266°E
138: /
98:Architectural style
85:General information
9898:Menestheus's Limin
9552:Pandosia (Lucania)
9440:Greek colonisation
8802:Athenian statesmen
8563:Diogenes of Sinope
8424:Kings of Macedonia
8414:Kings of Commagene
8282:Macedonian phalanx
8262:Hellenistic armies
8010:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
7874:Indo-Greek Kingdom
7596:Hellenistic Greece
7215:Francesco Morosini
6378:on 24 October 2019
6077:on 19 August 2018.
6029:(1 January 1996).
5428:Saudi Aramco World
5423:"I, Marble Maiden"
4869:on 22 October 2023
4587:on 28 October 2012
4478:The British Museum
4175:on 31 January 2018
3973:. pp. 74–75.
3695:Britannica Library
3522:on 24 October 2019
3451:The New York Times
2927:Freely 2004, p. 69
2744:The Kosmos Society
2259:Ancient-Greece.org
2253:Sakoulas, Thomas.
2057:
1997:
1969:Joly de Lotbinière
1959:Independent Greece
1917:Ottoman stagnation
1894:
1864:gunpowder magazine
1856:Francesco Morosini
1844:
1784:
1757:Cyriacus of Ancona
1584:
1529:Francesco Morosini
1513:Cecrops or Kekrops
1457:
1366:
1245:
1165:
1127:
1102:John Julius Cooper
1015:
969:and the temple of
951:
892:
814:Battle of Marathon
806:
664:
421:Greco-Persian Wars
391:Athenian Acropolis
10414:Temples of Athena
10386:
10385:
10344:
10343:
10284:
10283:
10280:
10279:
10276:
10275:
9850:Iberian Peninsula
9782:Lipara/Meligounis
9748:
9747:
9426:
9425:
9422:
9421:
9399:Cypriot syllabary
9290:
9289:
9199:Athenian Treasury
9183:
9182:
8855:
8854:
8851:
8850:
8444:Ptolemaic dynasty
8404:Archons of Athens
8359:
8358:
8355:
8354:
8230:Athenian military
8211:
8210:
8044:League of Corinth
8026:Thessalian League
8002:Chalcidian League
7984:Acarnanian League
7894:Ptolemaic Kingdom
7706:
7705:
7702:
7701:
7477:
7476:
7268:
7267:
7250:Kyriakos Pittakis
7125:Odeon of Pericles
7058:Former structures
6963:Extant structures
6922:
6921:
6636:Library resources
6622:978-3-031-26356-9
6602:Woodford, Susan.
6558:978-2-84100-435-5
6541:978-3-85161-124-3
6514:978-2-7084-0687-2
6458:978-3-7319-0300-0
6442:Vinzenz Brinkmann
6301:978-0-521-62733-7
6259:978-0-19-814987-3
6231:978-0-521-82093-6
6212:978-0-292-70622-4
6191:978-0-521-42834-7
6172:978-0-8050-8785-7
6149:978-1-85043-595-2
6130:978-0-19-283541-3
6100:978-0-307-47659-3
6018:978-0-674-36281-9
5600:978-0-674-03572-0
5534:978-90-04-11198-1
5489:on 4 October 2013
5407:978-1-56656-533-2
5362:978-1-111-83695-5
5352:Understanding Art
5303:978-0-393-31440-3
5276:978-0-8050-8785-7
5106:978-0-691-01078-6
5022:on 24 August 2009
4977:978-0-521-42834-7
4950:978-0-8050-8785-7
4908:978-1-85043-595-2
4835:978-0-7112-2822-1
4796:978-90-04-27677-2
4757:978-1-85043-595-2
4725:on 28 August 2012
4619:978-1-85043-595-2
4553:978-0-19-815311-5
4516:978-90-04-11198-1
4303:978-1-80064-344-4
4293:10.11647/obp.0279
4135:978-0-521-64647-5
3560:Ath. Mitteilungen
3395:Greece & Rome
3331:The New Criterion
3195:978-0-307-59338-2
3140:978-0-307-47659-3
2898:GreekReporter.com
2531:978-1-905670-21-5
2504:978-0-521-28084-6
2433:978-3-031-26356-9
2391:978-1-84765-063-4
2345:978-0-521-82093-6
2232:978-1-4419-6803-6
1951:(edict) from the
1507:river, and nymph
1178:Peloponnesian War
897:Battle of Plataea
727:Peloponnesian War
574:
546:
408:, democracy, and
374:
337:
266:
265:
206:Technical details
177:Partially in 1687
18:Parthenon Marbles
16:(Redirected from
10491:
10376:
10375:
10366:
10356:
10355:
10290:
10289:
10008:
10007:
9507:Heraclea Lucania
9460:
9459:
9451:
9450:
9432:
9431:
9192:
9191:
9124:Twelve Olympians
9095:
9094:
8885:
8884:
8861:
8860:
8449:Seleucid dynasty
8429:Kings of Paionia
8378:
8377:
8365:
8364:
8235:Scythian archers
8142:Graphe paranomon
8072:
8071:
7979:
7976:
7966:
7963:
7947:
7944:
7934:
7930:
7927:
7741:
7740:
7712:
7711:
7591:Classical Greece
7576:Mycenaean Greece
7556:
7555:
7532:
7531:
7504:
7497:
7490:
7481:
7480:
7455:Related articles
7325:Athena Promachos
7320:Parthenon Frieze
7315:Athena Parthenos
7280:Acropolis Museum
7260:Nikolaos Balanos
7168:
7167:
7155:Parthenon mosque
7052:
7030:Cave Sanctuaries
6949:
6942:
6935:
6926:
6925:
6904:Parthenon Frieze
6893:Lenormant Athena
6867:Athena Promachos
6860:Athena Parthenos
6838:
6831:
6824:
6815:
6814:
6796:
6779:by Costas Gavras
6699:
6577:. Abrams: 1996.
6562:
6531:Osada, T. (ed.)
6518:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6366:Ioanna Venieri.
6362:
6360:
6358:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6305:
6286:
6284:
6282:
6263:
6244:
6235:
6216:
6195:
6176:
6164:
6153:
6134:
6115:
6104:
6093:. Random House.
6092:
6078:
6076:
6070:. Archived from
6035:
6022:
6010:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5956:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5923:
5917:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5898:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5846:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5816:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5805:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5731:
5725:
5711:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5688:. Archived from
5678:
5672:
5671:
5653:
5647:
5640:
5634:
5633:
5623:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5584:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5518:
5512:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5478:
5465:
5458:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5439:on 1 August 2012
5418:
5412:
5411:
5395:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5346:
5337:
5336:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5287:
5281:
5280:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5185:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5157:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5129:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5090:
5084:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5021:
5014:
5005:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4934:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4892:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4865:. Archived from
4846:
4840:
4839:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4715:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4656:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4631:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4573:
4567:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4470:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4450:
4443:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4377:
4371:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4295:
4279:
4273:
4266:
4260:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4230:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4171:, archived from
4163:
4157:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4011:. (online book)"
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3940:
3925:
3916:
3910:
3909:, Vol. 46, 1998.
3903:
3897:
3895:
3887:
3881:
3870:
3864:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3824:
3818:
3811:
3805:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3728:
3704:
3698:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3671:
3660:
3654:
3647:
3641:
3634:
3628:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3602:
3596:
3589:
3583:
3576:
3570:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3514:Ioanna Venieri.
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3491:. Archived from
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3448:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3423:
3392:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3363:. Archived from
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3161:. Archived from
3151:
3145:
3144:
3126:
3120:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3058:
3052:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3030:
3023:
3014:
3007:
3001:
2986:
2980:
2973:
2964:
2954:
2945:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2860:
2828:
2822:
2812:
2806:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2746:. Archived from
2735:
2729:
2726:
2720:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2698:
2689:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2584:on 17 April 2019
2578:History Magazine
2570:
2561:
2560:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2492:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2467:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2409:
2396:
2395:
2372:
2366:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2307:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2216:
2210:
2197:
2188:
2175:
2127:Palermo Fragment
2074:Acropolis Museum
2028:Acropolis Museum
1734:Latin occupation
1692:
1651:Christian church
1619:
1616:
1553:Athena Parthenos
1547:Athena Parthenos
1537:Acropolis Museum
1427:William St Clair
1408:
1347:Parthenon Frieze
1311:Acropolis Museum
1200:Acropolis Museum
941:Present building
901:Peace of Callias
867:Wilhelm Dörpfeld
822:
819:
810:Athena Parthenos
662:of the Parthenon
637:
610:
596:
589:
572:
570:
564:
563:
544:
542:
536:
535:
523:
492:
491:
486:
445:Ottoman conquest
384:
379:
369:
367:
366:
355:
350:
348:
346:
332:
330:
329:
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
305:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
195:Other dimensions
153:
152:
150:
149:
148:
147:37.9715; 23.7266
143:
139:
136:
135:
134:
131:
73:
63:
62:
50:
49:
21:
10499:
10498:
10494:
10493:
10492:
10490:
10489:
10488:
10474:Ruins in Greece
10389:
10388:
10387:
10382:
10340:
10295:
10272:
10135:
10129:
10012:
10003:
9995:
9966:Melaina Korkyra
9922:
9844:
9801:
9754:Aeolian Islands
9744:
9606:
9464:
9445:
9444:
9418:
9375:
9286:
9228:
9179:
9133:
9084:
9006:
8997:Wedding customs
8879:
8878:
8847:
8838:Thracian Greeks
8821:
8812:Olympic victors
8790:
8632:
8519:
8463:
8454:Kings of Sparta
8439:Kings of Pontus
8409:Kings of Athens
8385:
8372:
8351:
8247:Army of Macedon
8207:
8184:
8156:
8113:
8061:
8034:(370–c. 230 BC)
8032:Arcadian League
8016:(c. 400–188 BC)
8014:Aetolian League
8008:Boeotian League
7990:Hellenic League
7977:
7964:
7954:(c. 650–404 BC)
7945:
7939:Italiote League
7932:
7928:
7922:Doric Hexapolis
7912:
7903:
7899:Seleucid Empire
7842:
7735:
7734:
7698:
7605:
7581:Greek Dark Ages
7550:
7549:
7526:
7513:
7508:
7478:
7473:
7450:
7414:
7390:Procne and Itys
7375:Mourning Athena
7350:Euthydikos Kore
7303:
7264:
7159:
7075:Older Parthenon
7053:
7044:
7000:Stoa of Eumenes
6958:
6953:
6923:
6918:
6879:Hermes Ludovisi
6847:
6842:
6794:
6755:
6715:Wayback Machine
6697:
6690:Wayback Machine
6677:Wayback Machine
6666:
6665:
6664:
6644:
6643:
6639:
6632:
6627:
6559:
6515:
6474:Wayback Machine
6420:
6418:Further reading
6415:
6406:
6404:
6381:
6379:
6356:
6354:
6341:
6332:
6330:
6317:
6313:
6308:
6302:
6280:
6278:
6267:Tarbell, F. B.
6260:
6238:
6232:
6213:
6192:
6173:
6150:
6131:
6101:
6074:
6033:
6019:
6001:Burkert, Walter
5995:
5993:Printed sources
5990:
5985:
5984:
5974:
5972:
5957:
5953:
5943:
5941:
5924:
5920:
5912:
5908:
5892:
5891:
5884:
5882:
5873:
5872:
5868:
5858:
5856:
5848:
5847:
5843:
5833:
5831:
5818:
5817:
5813:
5803:
5801:
5784:
5780:
5770:
5768:
5763:. 10 May 2007.
5759:
5758:
5754:
5744:
5742:
5733:
5732:
5728:
5722:Wayback Machine
5712:
5705:
5695:
5693:
5692:on 28 July 2020
5680:
5679:
5675:
5668:
5654:
5650:
5641:
5637:
5624:
5620:
5610:
5608:
5601:
5585:
5581:
5571:
5569:
5558:
5554:
5544:
5542:
5535:
5519:
5515:
5506:
5502:
5492:
5490:
5479:
5468:
5459:
5452:
5442:
5440:
5419:
5415:
5408:
5386:
5382:
5372:
5370:
5363:
5347:
5340:
5327:
5323:
5313:
5311:
5304:
5288:
5284:
5277:
5261:
5257:
5247:
5245:
5210:
5206:
5198:Paris Anonymous
5186:
5182:
5171:
5169:
5168:on 29 July 2012
5158:
5154:
5143:
5141:
5140:on 29 July 2012
5130:
5126:
5116:
5114:
5107:
5091:
5087:
5078:
5074:
5064:
5062:
5055:
5047:. CUP Archive.
5039:
5035:
5025:
5023:
5019:
5012:
5006:
4997:
4987:
4985:
4978:
4962:
4958:
4951:
4935:
4928:
4918:
4916:
4909:
4893:
4882:
4872:
4870:
4863:
4847:
4843:
4836:
4820:
4816:
4806:
4804:
4797:
4781:
4777:
4767:
4765:
4758:
4742:
4738:
4728:
4726:
4719:"The Parthenon"
4717:
4716:
4707:
4697:
4695:
4684:
4680:
4670:
4668:
4657:
4642:
4629:
4627:
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4501:
4497:
4487:
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4472:
4471:
4464:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4422:
4420:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4396:
4394:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4353:
4349:
4339:
4337:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4304:
4280:
4276:
4267:
4263:
4254:
4250:
4243:
4221:
4217:
4207:
4205:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4178:
4176:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4136:
4122:
4118:
4108:
4106:
4091:
4087:
4077:
4075:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4051:
4049:
4038:"The Parthenon"
4034:
4030:
4020:
4018:
4013:. Ellopos.net.
4007:"Tarbell, F.B.
4005:
4004:
4000:
3990:
3988:
3981:
3958:
3954:
3944:
3942:
3941:on 8 April 2008
3938:
3923:
3917:
3913:
3904:
3900:
3888:
3884:
3871:
3867:
3851:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3812:
3808:
3799:
3795:
3785:
3783:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3744:
3742:
3705:
3701:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3674:
3661:
3657:
3648:
3644:
3635:
3631:
3622:
3618:
3613:on 8 June 2007.
3603:
3599:
3590:
3586:
3577:
3573:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3523:
3512:
3508:
3498:
3496:
3495:on 24 June 2015
3483:
3482:
3478:
3468:
3466:
3441:
3437:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3390:
3384:
3380:
3370:
3368:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3340:
3338:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3310:
3308:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3269:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3230:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3166:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3127:
3123:
3114:
3110:
3100:
3098:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3075:
3073:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3024:
3017:
3008:
3004:
2998:Wayback Machine
2987:
2983:
2974:
2967:
2955:
2948:
2934:Wayback Machine
2925:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2900:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2829:
2825:
2813:
2809:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2784:
2771:
2770:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2750:on 27 July 2022
2736:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2673:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2585:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2483:
2479:
2468:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2434:
2410:
2399:
2392:
2373:
2369:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2321:
2317:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2291:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2255:"The Parthenon"
2251:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2217:
2213:
2207:Wayback Machine
2198:
2191:
2185:Wayback Machine
2176:
2169:
2164:
2152:Walhalla temple
2102:
2094:Pentelic marble
2070:computer models
2049:
2008:
2002:
1961:
1929:Nicholas Revett
1846:As part of the
1836:
1772:
1653:
1617:
1609:temples in the
1576:
1571:
1561:. This massive
1555:
1549:
1496:
1474:
1449:
1443:
1349:
1343:
1335:Pentelic marble
1271:(battle of the
1237:
1231:
1206:in London (see
1154:
1147:
1108:walls, and the
1037:post and lintel
1007:
991:Pentelic marble
943:
905:Bert Hodge Hill
820:
794:Older Parthenon
786:
784:Older Parthenon
780:
778:Older Parthenon
772:A. E. Stallings
652:
644:Parthénos Maria
597:as well as the
479:
434:Athenian Empire
307:
277:
273:
256:Other designers
215:Pentelic Marble
146:
144:
140:
137:
132:
129:
127:
125:
124:
76:
64:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10497:
10487:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10451:
10446:
10441:
10436:
10431:
10426:
10421:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10401:
10384:
10383:
10381:
10380:
10370:
10360:
10349:
10346:
10345:
10342:
10341:
10339:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10323:
10318:
10313:
10312:
10311:
10300:
10297:
10296:
10286:
10285:
10282:
10281:
10278:
10277:
10274:
10273:
10271:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10210:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10190:
10185:
10180:
10175:
10170:
10165:
10160:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10139:
10137:
10131:
10130:
10128:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10072:
10067:
10062:
10057:
10052:
10047:
10042:
10037:
10032:
10027:
10022:
10016:
10014:
10005:
9997:
9996:
9994:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9958:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9932:
9930:
9924:
9923:
9921:
9920:
9915:
9910:
9905:
9900:
9895:
9890:
9885:
9880:
9875:
9870:
9865:
9860:
9854:
9852:
9846:
9845:
9843:
9842:
9837:
9827:
9822:
9817:
9811:
9809:
9803:
9802:
9800:
9799:
9794:
9789:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9764:
9758:
9756:
9750:
9749:
9746:
9745:
9743:
9742:
9737:
9732:
9727:
9722:
9717:
9712:
9707:
9702:
9700:Megara Hyblaea
9697:
9692:
9687:
9682:
9680:Hybla Gereatis
9677:
9672:
9670:Heraclea Minoa
9667:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9616:
9614:
9608:
9607:
9605:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9589:
9584:
9579:
9574:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9484:
9479:
9474:
9468:
9466:
9457:
9447:
9446:
9443:
9442:
9436:
9428:
9427:
9424:
9423:
9420:
9419:
9417:
9416:
9414:Attic numerals
9411:
9409:Greek numerals
9406:
9404:Greek alphabet
9401:
9396:
9391:
9385:
9383:
9377:
9376:
9374:
9373:
9368:
9367:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9316:
9311:
9306:
9300:
9298:
9292:
9291:
9288:
9287:
9285:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9269:
9264:
9259:
9254:
9249:
9244:
9238:
9236:
9230:
9229:
9227:
9226:
9221:
9216:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9195:
9189:
9185:
9184:
9181:
9180:
9178:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9141:
9139:
9135:
9134:
9132:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9115:
9114:
9104:
9098:
9092:
9086:
9085:
9083:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9061:
9060:
9058:Musical system
9050:
9045:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9029:
9028:
9017:
9015:
9008:
9007:
9005:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8893:
8891:
8881:
8880:
8877:
8876:
8871:
8865:
8857:
8856:
8853:
8852:
8849:
8848:
8846:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8829:
8827:
8823:
8822:
8820:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8798:
8796:
8792:
8791:
8789:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8763:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8642:
8640:
8634:
8633:
8631:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8529:
8527:
8521:
8520:
8518:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8490:Mathematicians
8487:
8482:
8477:
8471:
8469:
8465:
8464:
8462:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8399:Kings of Argos
8395:
8393:
8387:
8386:
8374:
8373:
8361:
8360:
8357:
8356:
8353:
8352:
8350:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8257:Cretan archers
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8238:
8237:
8227:
8221:
8219:
8213:
8212:
8209:
8208:
8206:
8205:
8200:
8194:
8192:
8186:
8185:
8183:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8166:
8164:
8158:
8157:
8155:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8123:
8121:
8115:
8114:
8112:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8075:
8069:
8063:
8062:
8060:
8059:
8056:Achaean League
8053:
8050:Euboean League
8047:
8041:
8038:Epirote League
8035:
8029:
8023:
8017:
8011:
8005:
7999:
7993:
7987:
7986:(c. 500–31 BC)
7981:
7968:
7955:
7949:
7936:
7918:
7916:
7914:Confederations
7905:
7904:
7902:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7850:
7848:
7844:
7843:
7841:
7840:
7838:Lissus (Crete)
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7749:
7747:
7737:
7736:
7733:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7716:
7708:
7707:
7704:
7703:
7700:
7699:
7697:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7615:
7613:
7607:
7606:
7604:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7586:Archaic Greece
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7562:
7560:
7552:
7551:
7548:
7547:
7542:
7536:
7528:
7527:
7525:
7524:
7518:
7515:
7514:
7511:Ancient Greece
7507:
7506:
7499:
7492:
7484:
7475:
7474:
7472:
7471:
7466:
7458:
7456:
7452:
7451:
7449:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7422:
7420:
7416:
7415:
7413:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7395:Lemnian Athena
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7311:
7309:
7305:
7304:
7302:
7301:
7299:British Museum
7292:
7287:
7282:
7276:
7274:
7270:
7269:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7235:Jacques Carrey
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7171:
7165:
7161:
7160:
7158:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7130:Frankish Tower
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7061:
7059:
7055:
7054:
7047:
7045:
7043:
7042:
7040:Infrastructure
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6966:
6964:
6960:
6959:
6952:
6951:
6944:
6937:
6929:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6889:
6886:Lemnian Athena
6882:
6875:
6870:
6863:
6855:
6853:
6849:
6848:
6841:
6840:
6833:
6826:
6818:
6812:
6811:
6806:
6798:
6781:
6773:
6761:
6754:
6751:
6750:
6749:
6743:
6738:
6728:
6723:
6717:
6705:
6700:
6692:
6680:
6663:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6646:
6645:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6630:External links
6628:
6626:
6625:
6614:
6600:
6586:
6571:
6564:
6557:
6544:
6529:
6519:
6513:
6500:
6485:
6461:
6439:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6413:
6388:
6363:
6339:
6314:
6312:
6311:Online sources
6309:
6307:
6306:
6300:
6287:
6264:
6258:
6245:
6236:
6230:
6217:
6211:
6196:
6190:
6177:
6171:
6154:
6148:
6135:
6129:
6116:
6105:
6099:
6079:
6052:10.2307/506297
6023:
6017:
6007:Greek Religion
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5951:
5918:
5906:
5866:
5841:
5811:
5778:
5752:
5726:
5703:
5673:
5667:978-0521385404
5666:
5648:
5635:
5618:
5599:
5579:
5552:
5533:
5513:
5500:
5466:
5450:
5413:
5406:
5380:
5361:
5338:
5321:
5302:
5282:
5275:
5255:
5230:10.2307/495887
5224:(4): 546–547.
5204:
5180:
5152:
5124:
5105:
5085:
5072:
5053:
5033:
4995:
4976:
4956:
4949:
4926:
4907:
4880:
4861:
4841:
4834:
4814:
4795:
4775:
4756:
4736:
4705:
4678:
4640:
4618:
4598:
4568:
4559:
4552:
4534:
4515:
4495:
4462:
4430:
4404:
4372:
4347:
4317:
4302:
4274:
4261:
4248:
4241:
4215:
4185:
4158:
4149:
4134:
4116:
4085:
4059:
4028:
3998:
3979:
3971:Broadway Books
3952:
3911:
3898:
3882:
3865:
3845:
3819:
3806:
3804:, 2001, p. 63.
3793:
3768:
3752:
3699:
3686:
3672:
3655:
3642:
3629:
3616:
3597:
3584:
3571:
3551:
3542:
3533:
3506:
3476:
3435:
3401:(2): 287–290.
3378:
3348:
3318:
3279:
3240:
3215:The New Yorker
3201:
3194:
3176:
3146:
3139:
3121:
3108:
3083:
3053:
3040:
3031:
3015:
3009:MC. Hellmann,
3002:
2981:
2977:Greek Religion
2965:
2946:
2919:
2910:
2884:
2823:
2807:
2794:
2761:
2730:
2721:
2708:
2690:
2681:
2656:
2625:
2595:
2562:
2544:
2530:
2510:
2503:
2477:
2459:
2432:
2397:
2390:
2367:
2354:
2344:
2315:
2276:
2245:
2231:
2211:
2189:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2062:European Union
2048:
2045:
2016:British Museum
2004:Main article:
2001:
1998:
1960:
1957:
1941:Constantinople
1835:
1832:
1827:Jacques Carrey
1796:Greek Orthodox
1771:
1770:Islamic mosque
1768:
1760:Virgin Mary":
1738:Roman Catholic
1710:Constantinople
1652:
1649:
1645:Fourth Crusade
1637:Constantinople
1575:
1574:Late antiquity
1572:
1570:
1567:
1551:Main article:
1548:
1545:
1533:British Museum
1495:
1492:
1473:
1470:
1445:Main article:
1442:
1439:
1435:Catharine Titi
1345:Main article:
1342:
1339:
1330:Eleftherotypia
1315:British Museum
1233:Main article:
1230:
1227:
1204:British Museum
1162:British Museum
1146:
1143:
1006:
1003:
942:
939:
782:Main article:
779:
776:
736:Archaeologist
651:
648:
478:
475:
417:Persian Empire
406:Ancient Greece
385:) is a former
264:
263:
257:
253:
252:
243:
239:
238:
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226:
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91:
87:
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82:
81:
78:
77:
74:
66:
65:
58:
55:
54:
43:Pantheon, Rome
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10496:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10452:
10450:
10449:Greek temples
10447:
10445:
10442:
10440:
10437:
10435:
10432:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
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10407:
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9906:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9878:Hemeroscopion
9876:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9866:
9864:
9861:
9859:
9856:
9855:
9853:
9851:
9847:
9841:
9838:
9835:
9831:
9828:
9826:
9823:
9821:
9818:
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9813:
9812:
9810:
9808:
9804:
9798:
9795:
9793:
9790:
9788:
9785:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9770:
9768:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9759:
9757:
9755:
9751:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9728:
9726:
9723:
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9713:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9698:
9696:
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9691:
9688:
9686:
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9681:
9678:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9656:
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9651:
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9646:
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9641:
9638:
9636:
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9631:
9628:
9626:
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9615:
9613:
9609:
9603:
9600:
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9513:
9510:
9508:
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9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9469:
9467:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9455:Magna Graecia
9452:
9448:
9441:
9438:
9437:
9433:
9429:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9386:
9384:
9382:
9378:
9372:
9369:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9329:Arcadocypriot
9327:
9325:
9322:
9321:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9301:
9299:
9297:
9293:
9283:
9282:Zeus, Olympia
9280:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9267:Hera, Olympia
9265:
9263:
9260:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9240:
9239:
9237:
9235:
9231:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9196:
9193:
9190:
9186:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9170:Mount Olympus
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9142:
9140:
9138:Sacred places
9136:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9113:
9110:
9109:
9108:
9105:
9103:
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9081:
9078:
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9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9059:
9056:
9055:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9031:
9027:
9024:
9023:
9022:
9019:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9009:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8962:Olympic Games
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8952:Homosexuality
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
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8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8894:
8892:
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8875:
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8834:
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8828:
8824:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8799:
8797:
8793:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
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8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8643:
8641:
8639:
8635:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
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8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8472:
8470:
8466:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
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8437:
8435:
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8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8396:
8394:
8392:
8388:
8384:
8379:
8375:
8371:
8366:
8362:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8322:Seleucid army
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8236:
8233:
8232:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8222:
8220:
8218:
8214:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8195:
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8187:
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8159:
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8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8124:
8122:
8120:
8116:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8076:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8064:
8057:
8054:
8051:
8048:
8045:
8042:
8039:
8036:
8033:
8030:
8027:
8024:
8021:
8018:
8015:
8012:
8009:
8006:
8003:
8000:
7997:
7996:Delian League
7994:
7991:
7988:
7985:
7982:
7972:
7969:
7959:
7956:
7953:
7952:Ionian League
7950:
7940:
7937:
7933: 560 BC
7923:
7920:
7919:
7917:
7915:
7910:
7906:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7851:
7849:
7845:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7750:
7748:
7746:
7742:
7738:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7674:Magna Graecia
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7616:
7614:
7612:
7608:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7563:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7537:
7533:
7529:
7523:
7520:
7519:
7516:
7512:
7505:
7500:
7498:
7493:
7491:
7486:
7485:
7482:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7464:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7453:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7423:
7421:
7417:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7385:Persian Rider
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7312:
7310:
7306:
7300:
7296:
7295:Elgin Marbles
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7277:
7275:
7271:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7172:
7169:
7166:
7162:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7065:Pelasgic wall
7063:
7062:
7060:
7056:
7051:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6967:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6950:
6945:
6943:
6938:
6936:
6931:
6930:
6927:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6894:
6890:
6888:
6887:
6883:
6881:
6880:
6876:
6874:
6873:Elgin Marbles
6871:
6869:
6868:
6864:
6862:
6861:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6839:
6834:
6832:
6827:
6825:
6820:
6819:
6816:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6803:
6799:
6793:
6791:
6787:
6782:
6780:
6778:
6774:
6771:
6767:
6766:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6756:
6748:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6736:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6712:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6687:
6684:
6681:
6678:
6674:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6613:
6612:0-521-22629-5
6609:
6605:
6604:The Parthenon
6601:
6599:
6598:960-7254-01-5
6595:
6592:Athens, 1960.
6591:
6587:
6584:
6583:0-8109-6314-0
6580:
6576:
6572:
6570:Athens, 1974.
6569:
6565:
6560:
6554:
6550:
6545:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6528:
6527:0-09-180013-7
6524:
6520:
6516:
6510:
6506:
6501:
6498:
6497:0-521-83673-5
6494:
6490:
6486:
6483:
6482:0-307-47659-6
6479:
6476:Knopf: 2014.
6475:
6471:
6468:
6465:
6462:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6440:
6437:
6436:0-674-01085-X
6433:
6429:
6428:The Parthenon
6426:
6423:
6422:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6389:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6364:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6315:
6303:
6297:
6293:
6288:
6276:
6272:
6271:
6265:
6261:
6255:
6251:
6246:
6242:
6239:"Parthenon".
6237:
6233:
6227:
6223:
6218:
6214:
6208:
6204:
6203:
6197:
6193:
6187:
6183:
6178:
6174:
6168:
6165:. Macmillan.
6163:
6162:
6155:
6151:
6145:
6141:
6136:
6132:
6126:
6122:
6117:
6113:
6112:
6106:
6102:
6096:
6091:
6090:
6084:
6080:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6040:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6014:
6009:
6008:
6002:
5998:
5997:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5955:
5939:
5935:
5934:
5929:
5922:
5915:
5910:
5902:
5896:
5880:
5876:
5870:
5855:
5851:
5845:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5799:
5795:
5794:
5789:
5782:
5766:
5762:
5756:
5740:
5736:
5730:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5710:
5708:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5677:
5669:
5663:
5659:
5652:
5645:
5639:
5631:
5630:
5622:
5606:
5602:
5596:
5592:
5591:
5583:
5567:
5563:
5556:
5540:
5536:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5517:
5510:
5504:
5488:
5484:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5463:
5457:
5455:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5429:
5424:
5417:
5409:
5403:
5399:
5394:
5393:
5384:
5368:
5364:
5358:
5354:
5353:
5345:
5343:
5334:
5333:
5325:
5309:
5305:
5299:
5295:
5294:
5293:The Parthenon
5286:
5278:
5272:
5268:
5267:
5259:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5208:
5201:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5184:
5167:
5163:
5156:
5139:
5135:
5128:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5098:
5097:
5089:
5082:
5079:E.W. Bodnar,
5076:
5060:
5056:
5054:9780521417860
5050:
5046:
5045:
5037:
5018:
5011:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4983:
4979:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4960:
4952:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4933:
4931:
4914:
4910:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4868:
4864:
4862:9780674659629
4858:
4854:
4853:
4845:
4837:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4825:Archaeologica
4818:
4802:
4798:
4792:
4788:
4787:
4779:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4740:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4693:
4689:
4682:
4666:
4662:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4637:
4625:
4621:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4602:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4572:
4563:
4555:
4549:
4545:
4538:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4499:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4467:
4447:
4440:
4434:
4418:
4414:
4408:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4376:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4335:
4331:
4330:www.theoi.com
4327:
4321:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4265:
4258:
4252:
4244:
4242:0-15-503769-2
4238:
4234:
4229:
4228:
4219:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4162:
4153:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4127:
4120:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4032:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4002:
3986:
3982:
3980:0-7679-0816-3
3976:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3956:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3902:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3816:
3810:
3803:
3797:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3764:
3763:
3756:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3693:"Parthenon".
3690:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3652:
3646:
3639:
3633:
3626:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3588:
3581:
3575:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3546:
3537:
3521:
3517:
3510:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3439:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3248:Beard, Mary.
3244:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3211:"Deep Frieze"
3205:
3197:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3142:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3112:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3050:
3044:
3035:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2923:
2914:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2804:
2801:Demosthenes,
2798:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2725:
2718:
2712:
2704:
2701:"Parthenon".
2697:
2695:
2685:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2533:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2514:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2490:
2481:
2473:
2466:
2464:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2381:The Parthenon
2377:
2371:
2364:
2358:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2332:Jenifer Neils
2329:
2325:
2319:
2311:
2305:
2289:
2288:
2280:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2234:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2215:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2200:The Parthenon
2196:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2167:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:in Paris, in
2021:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2006:Elgin Marbles
1993:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1945:Earl of Elgin
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1921:philhellenism
1918:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1860:attack Athens
1857:
1853:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1822:Evliya Çelebi
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1776:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1665:Mother of God
1662:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1601:, during the
1600:
1599:Theodosius II
1595:
1593:
1589:
1580:
1569:Later history
1566:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1494:West pediment
1491:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1472:East pediment
1469:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1448:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:Centauromachy
1304:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:Centauromachy
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1236:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1208:Elgin Marbles
1205:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1151:Elgin Marbles
1142:
1140:
1135:
1132:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1011:
1002:
998:
994:
992:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
955:Delian League
947:
938:
936:
931:
926:
921:
919:
915:
910:
906:
902:
898:
889:
885:
884:
878:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
841:
840:
839:Athena Polias
834:
830:
826:
815:
811:
803:
799:
795:
790:
785:
775:
773:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
749:, the war of
748:
744:
739:
734:
732:
728:
725:, during the
724:
721:According to
719:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:
683:
682:
677:
673:
669:
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636:
631:
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613:
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582:
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569:
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550:
541:
529:
527:
522:
517:
513:
509:
508:
503:
498:
497:
485:
474:
472:
471:Greek Marbles
468:
467:
466:Elgin Marbles
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
430:
429:Delian League
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
396:
392:
388:
383:
378:
372:
365:
359:
354:
349:
347:
345:
335:
328:
322:
321:Ancient Greek
316:
271:
261:
258:
254:
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10173:Dionysopolis
10143:Abonoteichos
10095:Pantikapaion
9685:Hybla Heraea
9271:
9021:Architecture
8977:Prostitution
8666:Aristophanes
8525:Philosophers
8495:Philosophers
8327:Spartan army
8058:(280–146 BC)
8046:(338–322 BC)
8040:(370–168 BC)
8028:(374–196 BC)
8022:(378–355 BC)
8004:(430–348 BC)
7998:(478–404 BC)
7992:(499–449 BC)
7679:Peloponnesus
7601:Roman Greece
7463:Perserschutt
7461:
7370:Moschophoros
7345:Antenor Kore
7175:Themistocles
7070:Hekatompedon
6969:
6898:
6891:
6884:
6877:
6865:
6858:
6801:
6797:, on YouTube
6790:Time machine
6789:
6785:
6776:
6772:, on YouTube
6764:
6650:Online books
6640:
6603:
6589:
6574:
6567:
6548:
6532:
6504:
6488:
6445:
6427:
6425:Beard, Mary.
6405:. Retrieved
6396:
6391:Nova – PBS.
6380:. Retrieved
6376:the original
6371:
6355:. Retrieved
6346:
6331:. Retrieved
6327:the original
6322:
6291:
6279:. Retrieved
6269:
6249:
6240:
6221:
6201:
6181:
6160:
6139:
6120:
6114:. Macmillan.
6110:
6088:
6072:the original
6046:(1): 53–80.
6043:
6037:
6006:
5973:. Retrieved
5964:
5954:
5942:. Retrieved
5931:
5921:
5909:
5883:. Retrieved
5878:
5869:
5857:. Retrieved
5853:
5844:
5832:. Retrieved
5823:
5814:
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5793:The Observer
5791:
5781:
5769:. Retrieved
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5743:. Retrieved
5729:
5694:. Retrieved
5690:the original
5685:
5676:
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5651:
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5523:
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5491:. Retrieved
5487:the original
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5437:the original
5432:
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5312:. Retrieved
5292:
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5221:
5217:
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5195:
5190:
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5166:the original
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5142:. Retrieved
5138:the original
5127:
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5095:
5088:
5080:
5075:
5063:. Retrieved
5043:
5036:
5024:. Retrieved
5017:the original
4986:. Retrieved
4966:
4959:
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4917:. Retrieved
4897:
4871:. Retrieved
4867:the original
4851:
4844:
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4817:
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4785:
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4766:. Retrieved
4746:
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4727:. Retrieved
4723:the original
4696:. Retrieved
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4635:
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4608:
4601:
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4585:the original
4571:
4562:
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4525:. Retrieved
4505:
4498:
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4477:
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4433:
4421:. Retrieved
4407:
4395:. Retrieved
4384:
4375:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4338:. Retrieved
4329:
4320:
4283:
4277:
4269:
4264:
4259:, pp. 53–80.
4256:
4251:
4226:
4218:
4206:. Retrieved
4197:
4188:
4177:, retrieved
4173:the original
4167:
4161:
4152:
4125:
4119:
4107:. Retrieved
4099:Khan Academy
4098:
4088:
4076:. Retrieved
4062:
4050:. Retrieved
4041:
4031:
4019:. Retrieved
4008:
4001:
3989:. Retrieved
3965:
3961:Livio, Mario
3955:
3943:. Retrieved
3936:the original
3931:
3927:
3914:
3906:
3901:
3891:
3885:
3873:
3868:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3838:26 September
3836:. Retrieved
3832:the original
3822:
3814:
3809:
3801:
3796:
3784:. Retrieved
3780:
3771:
3761:
3755:
3743:. Retrieved
3716:
3712:
3702:
3694:
3689:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3650:
3645:
3637:
3632:
3624:
3619:
3611:the original
3600:
3592:
3587:
3579:
3574:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3545:
3536:
3524:. Retrieved
3520:the original
3509:
3497:. Retrieved
3493:the original
3488:
3479:
3467:. Retrieved
3450:
3438:
3426:. Retrieved
3398:
3394:
3381:
3369:. Retrieved
3365:the original
3360:
3351:
3339:. Retrieved
3330:
3321:
3309:. Retrieved
3292:
3282:
3270:. Retrieved
3253:
3243:
3231:. Retrieved
3214:
3204:
3185:
3179:
3167:. Retrieved
3163:the original
3158:
3149:
3130:
3124:
3116:
3111:
3099:. Retrieved
3095:
3086:
3074:. Retrieved
3065:
3056:
3048:
3043:
3034:
3026:
3010:
3005:
2989:
2984:
2976:
2960:
2922:
2913:
2901:. Retrieved
2897:
2887:
2875:. Retrieved
2840:
2836:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2797:
2785:. Retrieved
2776:
2752:. Retrieved
2748:the original
2743:
2733:
2724:
2716:
2711:
2702:
2684:
2672:. Retrieved
2668:
2659:
2647:. Retrieved
2638:
2628:
2616:. Retrieved
2607:
2598:
2586:. Retrieved
2582:the original
2577:
2557:the original
2547:
2537:10 September
2535:. Retrieved
2520:
2513:
2488:
2480:
2471:
2450:. Retrieved
2414:
2380:
2370:
2362:
2357:
2349:
2335:
2318:
2292:. Retrieved
2286:
2279:
2267:. Retrieved
2258:
2248:
2236:. Retrieved
2221:
2214:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2058:
2042:
2037:The Guardian
2035:
2033:
2009:
1972:
1962:
1948:
1936:
1925:James Stuart
1914:
1910:
1903:
1895:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1845:
1819:
1804:
1785:
1763:
1762:
1750:
1731:
1718:Thessaloniki
1703:
1690:opisthodomos
1654:
1647:in 1204 AD.
1630:
1622:Emperor Zeno
1596:
1585:
1558:
1556:
1541:
1497:
1475:
1458:
1411:
1385:Dipylon Gate
1378:
1367:
1355:
1329:
1323:
1303:Severe Style
1300:
1293:
1289:sack of Troy
1261:Amazonomachy
1253:Gigantomachy
1246:
1224:
1192:
1190:
1171:sculpted by
1166:
1139:golden ratio
1136:
1128:
1099:
1087:
1066:
1053:opisthodomos
1051:
1044:
1027:temple with
1016:
1005:Architecture
999:
995:
987:
952:
934:
922:
916:(77.13
893:
883:Perserschutt
881:
852:
838:
807:
735:
720:
712:
685:
679:
665:
643:
632:
625:
617:Hekatompedon
614:
605:
598:
594:Hekatompedon
587:Hekatompedos
584:
581:Hekatompedos
577:Harpocration
568:Hekatómpedos
548:
530:
505:
494:
480:
470:
464:
443:. After the
438:
414:
341:
269:
267:
242:Architect(s)
47:
10321:Place names
10233:Salmydessus
10055:Kalos Limen
10035:Chersonesus
10025:Borysthenes
9730:Tauromenion
9542:Metapontion
9304:Proto-Greek
9257:Erechtheion
9252:Athena Nike
9214:Philippeion
9043:Mathematics
9014:and science
8897:Agriculture
8761:Stesichorus
8671:Bacchylides
8661:Archilochus
8548:Antisthenes
8538:Anaximander
8510:Seven Sages
8500:Playwrights
8480:Geographers
8475:Astronomers
8302:Pezhetairos
7929: 1100
7909:Federations
7808:Megalopolis
7745:City states
7720:City states
7365:Peplos Kore
7355:Kritios Boy
7245:Ludwig Ross
7195:Callicrates
7100:Arrephorion
7095:Pandroseion
7090:Chalkotheke
6975:Erechtheion
6450:Liebieghaus
6343:"Parthenon"
5944:22 February
5611:23 February
5373:23 February
5314:23 February
5248:23 February
5117:23 February
5065:23 February
4988:23 February
4919:23 February
4768:23 February
4698:10 December
4630:23 February
4527:18 November
4488:15 December
4455:19 December
4423:19 December
4044:: 112–119.
2957:Susan Deacy
2858:1874/407955
2843:(1): 3–35.
2787:21 February
2376:Beard, Mary
2294:11 November
2269:15 December
2123:, Edinburgh
2047:Restoration
1834:Destruction
1780:James Skene
1669:iconostasis
1643:during the
1539:of Athens.
1503:river, the
1041:entablature
983:Callicrates
971:Athena Nike
967:Erechtheion
859:Erechtheion
767:Garry Wills
763:Peter Green
660:Doric order
640:Virgin Mary
621:Erechtheion
562:Ἑκατόμπεδος
557:Callicrates
526:Erechtheion
441:Virgin Mary
377:Parthenónas
250:Callicrates
161:447 BC
145: /
120:Coordinates
10393:Categories
10223:Polemonion
10100:Phanagoria
10070:Kimmerikon
10065:Kerkinitis
10050:Hermonassa
10040:Dioscurias
9936:Aspalathos
9883:Kalathousa
9858:Akra Leuke
9787:Phoenicusa
9572:Scylletium
9557:Poseidonia
9477:Brentesion
9364:Pamphylian
9359:Macedonian
9277:Samothrace
9262:Hephaestus
9209:Long Walls
9188:Structures
9129:Underworld
9075:Technology
9038:Literature
8972:Philosophy
8937:Euergetism
8826:By culture
8771:Thucydides
8613:Pythagoras
8608:Protagoras
8598:Parmenides
8583:Heraclitus
8568:Empedocles
8558:Democritus
8543:Anaximenes
8533:Anaxagoras
8485:Historians
7978: 595
7965: 550
7946: 800
7931: – c.
7859:Cappadocia
7664:Ionian Sea
7654:Hellespont
7619:Aegean Sea
7220:Lord Elgin
7110:Eleusinion
7025:Beulé Gate
7015:Aglaureion
6804:on Youtube
6795:(in Greek)
6737:, Virginia
6698:(in Greek)
6407:14 October
5975:31 January
5804:4 December
5745:24 January
5443:3 December
4268:Connelly,
4255:Connelly,
4179:30 January
4109:27 January
4052:20 January
3991:4 December
3945:4 February
3786:8 February
3453:(Review).
2618:10 October
2162:References
2155:Regensburg
2024:Copenhagen
1965:architrave
1792:Florentine
1746:bell tower
1740:church of
1633:cult image
1618: 481
1431:Erechtheus
1418:Erechtheus
1406:ergastines
1389:Kerameikos
1374:bas-relief
1115:architrave
1019:peripteral
821: 490
804:(in grey).
759:Mary Beard
751:Erechtheus
723:Thucydides
708:kanephoroi
704:arrephoroi
700:plyntrides
676:cult image
599:Parthenon.
507:arrephoroi
469:or simply
453:Morean War
364:Παρθενώνας
262:(sculptor)
229:Floor area
190:Dimensions
133:23°43′36″E
130:37°58′17″N
61:Παρθενώνας
10399:Parthenon
10309:in Epirus
10258:Trapezous
10203:Mesambria
10188:Eupatoria
10158:Apollonia
10153:Anchialos
10115:Theodosia
10085:Nymphaion
10075:Myrmekion
10045:Gorgippia
10001:Black Sea
9986:Tragurion
9971:Nymphaion
9956:Epidauros
9951:Epidamnos
9941:Apollonia
9918:Zacynthos
9840:Ptolemais
9834:Apollonia
9807:Cyrenaica
9797:Therassía
9792:Strongyle
9772:Ereikousa
9695:Leontinoi
9635:Apollonia
9512:Hipponion
9309:Mycenaean
9272:Parthenon
9204:Lion Gate
9107:Mythology
9070:Sculpture
9033:Astronomy
8967:Pederasty
8942:Festivals
8927:Education
8807:Lawgivers
8776:Timocreon
8756:Sophocles
8751:Simonides
8726:Philocles
8721:Panyassis
8716:Mimnermus
8681:Herodotus
8676:Euripides
8646:Aeschylus
8593:Leucippus
8553:Aristotle
8332:Strategos
8198:Synedrion
8152:Ostracism
8132:Areopagus
8084:Free city
7879:Macedonia
7763:Byzantion
7669:Macedonia
7634:Cyrenaica
7611:Geography
7545:Geography
7308:Sculpture
7210:Mardonius
7200:Mnesikles
7140:Klepsydra
7035:Peripatos
6980:Propylaia
6970:Parthenon
6899:Parthenon
6777:Parthenon
6768:video by
6641:Parthenon
6575:Parthenon
5965:Greece Is
5572:14 August
5545:14 August
5493:14 August
5172:14 August
5144:14 August
5026:26 August
4789:. BRILL.
4729:14 August
4671:14 August
4591:14 August
4509:. BRILL.
4312:251787123
4208:14 August
4144:174134120
3963:(2003) .
3735:233818539
3499:18 August
3469:18 August
3459:0362-4331
3428:20 August
3415:232181203
3371:18 August
3341:18 August
3301:0028-7504
3262:0028-7504
3223:0028-792X
3169:18 August
2975:Burkert,
2938:Justinian
2867:213405037
2719:, p. 352.
2715:Whitley,
2442:258846977
2304:cite book
2178:Parthenon
2136:Nashville
2132:Parthenon
1986:Propylaea
1868:Propylaea
1852:Venetians
1807:Mehmed II
1786:In 1456,
1695:peristyle
1661:Theotokos
1657:Christian
1521:Pandrosos
1509:Kallirhoe
1479:Tethrippa
1462:Pausanias
1441:Pediments
1393:Acropolis
1383:from the
1275:aided by
1145:Sculpture
1078:triglyphs
1033:stylobate
1022:octastyle
963:Propylaia
937:in 1935.
925:seriation
855:Herodotus
829:Acropolis
825:limestone
696:Acropolis
672:sanctuary
635:Parthénos
549:parthénos
521:parthénoi
484:parthénos
477:Etymology
451:. In the
402:Greek art
371:romanized
344:Parthenōn
334:romanized
270:Parthenon
174:Destroyed
166:Completed
102:Classical
53:Parthenon
10358:Category
10336:Theatres
10263:Tripolis
10198:Kerasous
10193:Heraclea
10125:Tyritake
10080:Nikonion
9991:Thronion
9913:Salauris
9868:Emporion
9825:Berenice
9815:Balagrae
9767:Euonymos
9740:Tyndaris
9725:Syracuse
9720:Selinous
9690:Kamarina
9645:Casmenae
9630:Akrillai
9547:Neápolis
9482:Caulonia
9463:Mainland
9394:Linear B
9389:Linear A
9319:Dialects
9296:Language
9090:Religion
9048:Medicine
8982:Religion
8947:Folklore
8932:Emporium
8907:Clothing
8902:Calendar
8786:Xenophon
8781:Tyrtaeus
8766:Theognis
8741:Polybius
8736:Plutarch
8711:Menander
8691:Hipponax
8618:Socrates
8573:Epicurus
8419:Diadochi
8317:Sciritae
8277:Hetairoi
8252:Ballista
8217:Military
8180:Gerousia
8170:Ekklesia
8137:Ecclesia
8119:Athenian
8067:Politics
7980:–279 BC)
7967:–366 BC)
7948:–389 BC)
7884:Pergamon
7854:Bithynia
7847:Kingdoms
7788:Pergamon
7730:Military
7725:Politics
7522:Timeline
7360:Kore 670
7205:Xerxes I
7180:Pericles
6711:Archived
6686:Archived
6673:Archived
6470:Archived
6401:Archived
6351:Archived
6333:23 April
6281:4 August
6275:Archived
6085:(2014).
6068:41120274
6003:(1985).
5969:Archived
5938:Archived
5895:cite web
5828:Archived
5824:ICT News
5798:Archived
5765:Archived
5739:Archived
5718:Archived
5605:Archived
5566:Archived
5539:Archived
5367:Archived
5308:Archived
5242:Archived
5111:Archived
5059:Archived
4982:Archived
4913:Archived
4807:14 March
4801:Archived
4762:Archived
4692:Archived
4665:Archived
4624:Archived
4521:Archived
4482:Archived
4446:Archived
4417:Archived
4397:23 April
4391:Archived
4334:Archived
4202:Archived
4103:Archived
4072:Archived
4046:Archived
4021:18 April
4015:Archived
3985:Archived
3854:op. cit.
3852:Penrose
3739:Archived
3591:NM Tod,
3463:Archived
3419:Archived
3335:Archived
3305:Archived
3266:Archived
3227:Archived
3070:Archived
2994:Archived
2942:basilica
2930:Archived
2871:Archived
2819:Pericles
2815:Plutarch
2781:Archived
2643:Archived
2612:Archived
2588:17 April
2446:Archived
2378:(2010).
2326:(2005).
2263:Archived
2203:Archived
2181:Archived
2100:See also
2066:artefact
1953:kaymakam
1899:Poseidon
1753:Humanism
1742:Our Lady
1722:Basil II
1693:and the
1517:Aglaurus
1501:Kephisos
1466:Poseidon
1422:Eumolpos
1321:museum.
1281:Centaurs
1131:parallel
1062:pediment
959:Pericles
888:Xerxes I
848:Persians
802:Pericles
755:Eumolpos
731:Pericles
650:Function
602:Plutarch
490:παρθένος
425:treasury
327:Παρθενών
211:Material
114:, Greece
108:Location
10378:Outline
10331:Temples
10268:Zaliche
10248:Thèrmae
10238:Sesamus
10208:Odessos
10183:Cytorus
10178:Cotyora
9928:Illyria
9893:Mainake
9888:Kypsela
9777:Hycesia
9735:Thermae
9715:Segesta
9705:Messana
9660:Helorus
9640:Calacte
9620:Akragas
9582:Sybaris
9567:Rhegion
9522:Krimisa
9472:Alision
9381:Writing
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