892:, Missouri. The explosives were to be used in the blasting of rock while constructing Highway 71. The result of the explosions were the deaths of six firemen from the Kansas City Fire Department's Pumper Companies 30 and 41. Both companies were dispatched after 911 calls indicated that a pickup truck located near the trailers had been set on fire. The responding companies were warned that there were explosives on-site; however, they were unaware that the trailers were essentially magazines filled with explosives. At 4:07 AM one of the "magazines" caught fire and a catastrophic explosion occurred, killing all six firemen instantly — only sparing remains were found. A second blast occurred 40 minutes later, although all fire crews had been pulled back at this time. The blasts created two craters, each approximately 30 metres (100 ft) wide and 2.4 metres (8 ft) deep. The explosions also shattered windows within a 16-kilometre (10 mi) area and could be heard 64 kilometres (40 mi) away. It was later determined that the explosions were acts of
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1011:
975:
967:: At about 6:06 AM on December 13, 1994, two explosions rocked the Port Neal, Iowa, ammonium nitrate processing plant operated by Terra Industries. Four people were killed and 18 injured. Approximately 5,700 tons of anhydrous ammonia were released and releases of ammonia continued for six days after the explosions. Groundwater under the processing plant was contaminated by chemicals released as a result of the blast. The timing of the explosion occurred prior to the start of the arrival of the 8:00 AM shift personnel, or the death toll might have been larger.
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1499:
817:
650:
484:
326:
288:
904:
200:
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1459:
1380:
940:
858:
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714:
617:
516:
416:
366:
250:
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1660:, those in charge learned from plant officials that more than 450 tonnes of ammonium nitrate were stored in the plant. Firefighters were evacuated and for a one-point-six-kilometre (1 mi) radius around the plant, residents were asked to leave because city fire chief Trey Mayo feared "one of the worst explosions in U.S. history". Residents were able to return home February 3, though a mandatory evacuation was considered. By February 7, investigators could enter the plant.
1265:
1114:, France, an explosion occurred in a warehouse where the off-specification granular AN was stored flat, separated by partitions. About 200–300 tonnes were said to be involved in the explosion, resulting in 31 people dead and 2,442 injured, 34 of them seriously. The blast wave shattered windows up to 3 km (1.9 mi) away, and the resulting crater was 7 m deep and 60 m wide. The exact cause remains unknown. The material damage was estimated at 2.3
784:
1572:
1230:
1257:: A truck carrying 20 tonnes of ammonium nitrate tipped over on the European road E85 near Mihăileşti at 4:57 AM on May 24, 2004. Shortly afterwards, a fire started in the cabin. Two reporters got to the site of the accident and started filming while firemen were trying to stop the fire. Around 5:50 AM the truck exploded, killing 18 and wounding 13 people. A crater 6.5 meters deep and 42 meters in diameter was formed by the explosion.
1416:
1347:
1189:
tonnes of ammonium nitrate packaged in big bags. Bales of hay and straw were being stored on the mezzanine and ≈500 kg apples kept in the cold storage rooms. The fire started around 3 PM, and fire-fighters were notified of the blaze at 4:02 PM. They arrived on the scene at 4:23 and started to extinguish the fire. At 5:12 PM the explosion occurred. Twenty-six people were injured from the blast, most of them fire-fighters.
850:. After the driver stopped and parked the burning truck, two brothers from a nearby cattle property who saw the fire rode up on motorbikes to assist. The three men were killed when the truck exploded at around 18:15. The explosion burnt out more than 800 hectares (2,000 acres) of surrounding bushland, and left a deep crater where the truck had been parked. A memorial to the three men was unveiled at the accident site in 2013.
1164:
1083:
578:
452:
1308:
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1491:, Texas, caught fire. At around 19:50, ammonium nitrate stored there exploded, leveling roughly 80 homes and a middle school. 133 residents of a nearby nursing home were trapped in the ruins. In all, 15 were killed, and about 200 injured. There were reports that the facility had stored more ammonium nitrate than it was allowed to, without regulation by the Department of Homeland Security.
1408:, Texas (El Dorado Chemical Company), which processes ammonium nitrate into fertilizer, caught fire at about 11:40 AM on July 30, 2009. Over 80,000 residents in the Bryan/College Station area were asked to evacuate south of town due to the toxic fumes this fire generated. Texas A&M University provided shelter at Reed Arena, a local venue on campus. Only minor injuries were reported.
932:. The fatal explosion involved at most a few tonnes of explosive. A larger explosion of about 80 tonnes of ammonium nitrate emulsion, ANE, an emulsion of ammonium nitrate, fuel and water, UN 3375) was caused by fires under storage facilities at the site at 11:02 AM. There were no fatalities in the second explosion because the site had been evacuated. A mushroom cloud was seen to rise.
1604:
felt in Cyprus, an island about 250 kilometres (160 mi) north-west of
Lebanon. A giant orange cloud was seen following the detonation. As of August 20, 2020, there are at least 6500 confirmed injuries and over 200 confirmed deaths. According to Beirut's city governor, up to 300,000 people have lost their homes. The yield of the explosion in terms of
776:
fuming nitric acid and two cars of fertilizer grade ammonium nitrate. In this particular accident, neither car of ammonium nitrate exploded. However, the nitric acid reacted with the fuel oil, possibly creating nitrated aromatic compounds, whose explosion resulted in the spread of the ammonium nitrate material around the incident site.
809:
several kilometers away. The blast was heard 45 km (28 mi) away, and registered by the seismographs at the
Sodankylä geophysical observatory, over 270 km (170 mi) away. The cause of the explosion was the ignition of ammonium nitrate used as raw material for fertilizer and explosives.
1338:
sustained a self-sustained decomposition (SSD) fire for 11 days. The ship carried a total of 6012 tonnes of NPK. Cargo hold 2, where the decomposition occurred, contained 2627 tonnes of fertilizer. NPK fertilizer contains about 15% ammonium nitrate. The fire plume reached 10 m in diameter and several
1188:
A fire broke out in Saint-Romain-en-Jarez (Loire) in a barn, which at the time of the accident contained a gasoline-powered forklift, a battery charger, two 13-kg gas bottles, miscellaneous farm machinery, 500 kg of quicklime, 500 wooden crates, 6,000 to 7,000 plastic crates, and between 3 and 5
775:
On
December 17, 1960, a 96 freight car train suffered partial derailment, in which the last 23 cars were derailed. The derailed cars included: four fuel oil tank cars, two tank cars of gasoline, three tank cars of petroleum oil, four cars of lube oil drums, three cars of liquid fertilizer, one car of
608:
was loaded with 3,309 tonnes of ammonium nitrate and various flammable products when it caught fire at 12:30 July 28, 1947. The captain ordered the hold to be sealed and pressurised steam was pumped in. As this did not stop the fire, the vessel was towed out of the harbour at 14:00, and exploded
552:
was being loaded on April 16, 1947, when a fire was detected in the hold: at this point, 2,300 tons of ammonium nitrate in sacks were already aboard. The captain responded by closing the hold and pumping in pressurised steam. At 9:12, the ship exploded, killing several hundred people and setting
808:
On
January 9, 1963, an explosion at the Typpi Oy industrial site in the Takalaanila neighborhood of Oulu killed ten people. The accident happened past midnight, at 12:54 AM. The blast shattered hundreds of windows in the city center, over two kilometers away, and hurled bricks and chunks of concrete
742:: A truck carrying dynamite and 4.5 tons of ammonium nitrate caught fire early in the morning of August 7, 1959. The explosion happened at 1:14 a.m. and killed 14 people and injured 125 more. Several blocks of downtown Roseburg were destroyed. The accident is locally referred to as "The Blast".
1603:
warehouse and spread to 2,750 tonnes of ammonium nitrate which had been impounded and stored for six years after it was seized from an abandoned ship in 2014. The explosion happened at 18:10, causing immense damage throughout the entire city from the shock wave that was reportedly so intense it was
1524:
A truck carrying 56 tonnes rolled on a rural road, exploding shortly after the driver was rescued. There were two explosions, at 22:11 and 22:12, and they were heard 30 km (19 mi) away with debris being thrown 2 km (1.2 mi), it totally destroyed a highway bridge. The driver and
357:
and the factory had used this method of disaggregation over 20,000 times without incident. It is thought that, on this occasion, poor mixing had led to certain parts of the mass containing more ammonium nitrate than others. Only 450 tonnes exploded, out of 4500 tonnes of fertilizer stored
1702:
which caught fire shortly after. First responders noted that the leaked chemicals were on fire and ordered an evacuation of every person in a 2.5 kilometer radius of the crash. First responders made the decision to not extinguish the fire because of the inherent risk. The ammonium nitrate exploded
1371:
On
September 9, 2007, at around 20:00, near Monclova, Coahuila, México, a pickup truck lost control and crashed into a trailer loaded with 22 tons of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil explosives (ANFO) leaving three occupants in the pick-up truck dead in the crash. A fire then started in the trailer's
1563:
stored at a hazardous goods warehouse spontaneously combusted after becoming overly hot and dry, resulting in a fire that 40 minutes later, at around 23:30, triggered the detonation of about 800 tonnes of ammonium nitrate stored nearby. 110 emergency personnel and 55 residents and employees were
279:
plant suffered an explosion of 1,400 kilograms (3,000 lb) of ammonium nitrate, while concentrating it in a pan by evaporation. The speculated cause was impurities within the nitric acid used to produce the ammonium nitrate. Six men were killed and eight injured. The shock wave was felt at a
124:
Ammonium nitrate decomposes in temperatures above 169 °C (336 °F). Pure AN is stable and will stop decomposing once the heat source is removed, but when catalysts are present, the reaction can become self-sustaining (known as self-sustaining decomposition, or SSD). This is a well-known
1295:
border on April 22, 2004 at around 13:00, killing 162 people and injuring over 3,000 others. The train station was destroyed, as were most buildings within 500 metres, and nearly 8,000 homes were destroyed or damaged. Two craters of about ten metres in depth were seen at the site of the
1221:
A truck carrying 25 tonnes of ammonium nitrate fertilizer exploded half an hour after a traffic accident on March 9, 2004 at 12:45, killing two people and injuring five others. The explosion, which could be heard at a distance of several kilometers caused a crater five metres deep.
1002:
At 23:03 on
January 6, 1998, the Xinghua Fertilizer company had a series of explosions in the plant. About 27.6 tons of ammonium nitrate liquor was in a container there. The explosion claimed 22 lives, with a further 56 wounded. The explosion was officially announced as an accident.
1564:
killed, while eight are missing. 798 people were injured. There was extensive damage to structures and goods at the port, damage to surrounding apartment blocks, and severe damage to a railway station. On August 15, 2015, there were again 8 consecutive explosions, at around 23:40.
444:, Alabama, and caught fire in transportation. The barrels had been stored in a warehouse with varying humidity for 6 years, so it is believed that they were ignited by friction with their nitrate-impregnated manila paper lining. Other shipments were reportedly more successful.
400:: On March 1, 1924, at 11:15 a.m., a fire and several large explosions destroyed a warehouse containing 2,200 kilograms (4,800 lb) of ammonium nitrate at the Nixon Nitration Works. The explosiveness of the product was perhaps enhanced, as it had been prepared using
72:
In the first case, the explosion happens by the shock induced detonation. The initiation happens by an explosive charge going off in the mass, by the detonation of a shell thrown into the mass, or by detonation of an explosive mixture in contact with the mass. Examples are
569:
exploded the next day, after having burned for sixteen hours. 500 tonnes of ammonium nitrate on the quayside also burned, but without exploding, probably because it was less tightly packed. All but one member of the Texas City fire department died.
353:: Another attempt at disaggregation of a fertilizer mix with industrial explosives caused the death of 561 people and left more than 2,000 injured. The explosion happened at 7:32 a.m. The fertilizer was a 50:50 mixture of ammonium nitrate and
887:
On
November 29, 1988, at 4:07 AM two trailers containing approximately 23,000 kg (50,000 lb) of the explosive ANFO (ammonium nitrate with fuel oil) exploded at a construction site located near the 87th street exit of Highway 71 in
230:: On April 2, 1916, at 14:20, a factory in Uplees, Faversham, exploded after a fire spread to a store of 25 tons of TNT and 700 tons of ammonium nitrate. The blast at the Explosives Loading Company killed 115 people and shattered windows in
318:(now in Poland) workers tried to dislodge 30 tonnes of ammonium nitrate that had aggregated (solidified into one mass) in two wagons. When mining explosives were used on this solid mass the wagons exploded and killed nineteen people.
191:
In an evaporating pan of the
Repauno works, du Pont Co., 1,800 kilograms (4,000 lb) of ammonium nitrate exploded, possibly caused by a clogged air lance leading to overheating of the nitrate. 1 man was killed and 12 were injured.
2806:
1937:
1372:
cabin and at around 20:43, a huge explosion occurred, resulting in 28 deaths and around 150 more people injured. A crater 9 m (30 ft) wide and 1.8 m (6 ft) deep was created due to the explosion.
1121:. France's Environment Minister initially suggested the explosion "may have been a terrorist attack" as it occurred soon after the September 11 attacks and one deceased worker may have had militant views.
1075:: On July 16, 2001, an embittered villager ignited ammonium nitrate explosives in a rival's warehouse. The explosion leveled much of the village and killed at least 89 people, and injured 98 others.
2532:
2699:
116:
material during the fire. The fire must be confined at least to a degree for successful transition from a fire to an explosion (a phenomenon known as "deflagration to detonation transition", or
565:
explosion also created a powerful earthshock that broke windows as far as 64 kilometres (40 mi) away and knocked two small planes flying at 460 metres (1,500 ft) out of the sky. The
1656:
plant in
Winston-Salem, North Carolina. An hour after firefighters arrived it was determined a railroad car near the building contained 82 tonnes of ammonium nitrate, and after studying the
706:
on
January 23, 1953, while it was carrying ammonium nitrate. Attempts to extinguish the fire with steam were unsuccessful, and the ship was abandoned before it exploded later in the night.
2827:
2846:
2904:
1040:: A man motivated by hatred of his ex-wife and her family detonated ammonium nitrate bombs at four locations across Shijiazhuang, killing 108 people and injuring 38 others.
2181:
2265:
1451:, killing 67 and injuring 32 before being arrested. In all 77 people were killed, including two indirectly, and 320 people were injured all together in the attacks.
1296:
explosion. The authorities blamed "human error" for the explosion, although rumours persist that it was in fact an attempt to assassinate the North Korean leader
2135:
2108:
1698:, Queensland killing the driver of the utility vehicle and seriously injuring the truck driver. The crash caused the tanker to leak ammonium nitrate onto the
2669:
2974:
642:
An A.W. Higgins Company plant was destroyed by a spontaneous heating in a pile of mixed fertilizer. Stored in the plant were 240 tons of ammonium nitrate.
276:
2522:
2000:
2586:
17:
702:
2695:
2572:
1156:
held a self-sustained decomposition (SSD) fire in January 2003. The fire was controlled after most of the material was removed by mechanical means.
1823:
1789:
677:
The Summers Fertilizer Company plant suffered a fire, causing 400 tons of stored ammonium nitrate to be consumed by fire. There was no explosion.
604:
2722:
2362:
508:
An attempt to disaggregate a pile of 150 tonnes of ammonium nitrate with industrial explosives killed 189 people and wounded another 900.
2647:"2,750 tons of ammonium nitrate was impounded in Beirut's port after it was seized from an abandoned ship in 2014, years before the explosion"
2646:
2441:
1876:
2327:
2027:
2305:
205:
3107:
2807:"Winston-Salem Fire Chief: Investigators believe they know where fertilizer plant fire started, but determining cause will take time"
1721:
3097:
2967:
2209:
2386:"Small-scale experiments of self-sustaining decomposition of NPK fertilizer and application to events aboard the Ostedijk in 2007"
2994:
2083:
2058:
1821:
French Ministry of Environment, Explosion in a nitrogenous fertiliser plant (at this time BASF was occupied by French authorities
227:
2871:
2754:
2508:
2178:
1754:
2273:
1921:
928:
At 9:45 am, 2 August 1994, 11 workers were killed when the sensitised AN emulsion plant they were working on exploded at the
117:
2157:
3024:
2238:
964:
476:
240 tonnes of ammonium nitrate in sacks exploded after being hit by a shell from a nearby fire in a munitions train.
3082:
3030:
3006:
2960:
2449:
1091:
397:
2983:
440:
On April 4, 1925, and May 3, 1925, two carloads, each containing 220 barrels of ammonium nitrate, were dispatched from
3048:
1896:
1657:
1484:
2105:
2132:
1988:
2627:
2554:
896:, set by individuals embroiled in a labor dispute with the construction company contracted to build the highway.
2207:
EPA Chemical Accident Investigation Report Terra Industries, Inc., Nitrogen Fertilizer Facility, Port Neal, Iowa
2004:
2412:
1865:
1636:
2931:
1691:
96:
In the second case, the explosion results from a fire that spreads into the ammonium nitrate (AN) itself (
3102:
1820:
1796:
846:, a truck carrying 12 tons of ammonium nitrate experienced an electrical fault and caught fire north of
1037:
660:
2465:
1339:
hundred meters in length. Special water spears were inserted inside the cargo to extinguish the fire.
3036:
1254:
2352:
2328:"Fire inside a barn and explosion of fertiliser 2 October 2003 Saint Romain-en-Jarez (Loire) France"
1238:
2527:
1072:
3018:
739:
3054:
2755:"Preliminary yield estimation of the 2020 Beirut explosion using video footage from social media"
1694:: A utility vehicle crashed head-on with a truck transporting 41 tonnes of ammonium nitrate near
1617:
1556:
105:
1616:
as a "reasonable upper bound estimate", a study from the Blast and Impact Research Group at the
1444:
562:
548:
441:
424:
137:
The column AN states the amount of ammonium nitrate consumed in the disaster in metric tonnes.
1205:
3060:
2811:
1596:
1291:: A freight train carrying ammonium nitrate exploded in this important railway town near the
1172:
889:
866:
843:
258:
174:
109:
1839:
C. E. Munroe (1925). "Destruction of Muscle Shoals Ammonium Nitrate by Fire and Explosion".
2769:
2385:
948:
2604:
8:
3092:
3012:
1507:
1440:
1115:
1110:: On September 21, 2001, at 10:15 AM, in the AZF (Azote de France) fertiliser factory in
625:
543:
97:
62:
2773:
2206:
1938:"En 1947, le nitrate d'ammonium impliqué dans une explosion meurtrière au port de Brest"
3042:
2424:
2295:
2092:
2067:
1443:: A government building was bombed with a truck carrying ammonium nitrate by terrorist
1355:
1288:
847:
825:
380:
334:
2197:
Inquiry Report Department of Mining and Petroleum, Government of Papua New Guinea 1994
2080:
2055:
3087:
2787:
2750:
2490:
2416:
1963:
1951:
1137:
929:
912:
2428:
1447:, killing 8 people and injuring 210+ people before opening fire at a summer camp at
2777:
2408:
2400:
2353:"Un camión lleno de nitrato estalla tras un choque y causa dos muertos en Castelló"
2226:
1918:
1848:
722:
354:
30:
2607:(in Chinese). The State Council of the People’s Republic of China. 5 February 2016
2404:
609:
at 17:00. The explosion caused 29 deaths and serious damage to the port of Brest.
3000:
2727:
2213:
2185:
2165:
2139:
2120:
2112:
2087:
2062:
1925:
1827:
1540:
1316:
557:, which was moored 250 metres away and which contained 1,050 tonnes of
405:
350:
293:
231:
82:
2523:"West, Texas, Fertilizer Plant Explosion: Some Residents Allowed to Return Home"
2242:
65:
of 1947 which led to major changes in the regulations for storage and handling.
2782:
1605:
1600:
1560:
235:
3076:
2952:
2791:
1699:
1107:
586:
101:
54:
34:
2555:"Texas Fertilizer Plant Kept Quiet About Huge Stores Of Explosive Substance"
2420:
1424:
1405:
1388:
1018:
315:
1888:
2872:"Bruce Highway south of Gladstone to remain closed after truck explosion"
1652:
A fire which began January 31, 2022 destroyed the Winston Weaver Company
1488:
1467:
1297:
492:
401:
113:
86:
38:
2847:"Driver dies after trailer of chemicals explodes in Bruce Highway crash"
1852:
2828:"Fire investigators begin work in Winston-Salem fertilizer plant ruins"
1795:. French Ministry of Environment. March 2008. p. 5. Archived from
1653:
1153:
524:
375:
126:
42:
2749:
Rigby, S. E.; Lodge, T. J.; Alotaibi, S.; Barr, A. D.; Clarke, S. D.;
2357:
1273:
1055:
210:
58:
1952:
Miscellaneous Shipwrecks of the Red Sea Not Found in Egyptian Waters
129:
fertilizers and is responsible for the loss of several cargo ships.
1775:
1613:
1609:
1334:
1111:
982:
759:
298:
53:, and water vapor. Large stockpiles of the material can be a major
50:
1987:
Some Major Hazards in Government-Sponsored Activities, NASA, 1964
1448:
68:
There are two major classes of incidents resulting in explosions:
2696:"Beirut explosion death toll rises to 135 as 5,000 wounded: Live"
2300:
1695:
1676:
986:
685:
460:
239:
2721:
Chulov, Martin; Safi, Michael; Borger, Julian (4 August 2020).
2491:"Evacuation Lifted, Fire at Texas Chemical Plant Under Control"
1790:"Explosion in a nitrogenous fertiliser plant 21 September 1921"
1756:
Ammonium Nitrate: Its Properties and Fire and Explosion Hazards
1580:
655:
558:
46:
78:
1300:, who was due to be passing through the station at the time.
1292:
1022:
893:
120:). Pure, compact AN is stable and very difficult to initiate.
2723:"Lebanon: at least 78 killed as huge explosion rocks Beirut"
2905:"One dead as chemical truck crash causes massive explosion"
2188:, Atchison Daily News (via GenDisasters), December 1, 1988.
2035:
1715:
1118:
881:
792:
2269:
1770:"Tales of horror and heroism after the great explosion".
1642:
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1513:
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1430:
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591:
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465:
430:
386:
339:
303:
264:
216:
180:
41:; however, it can be induced to decompose explosively by
2587:"Truck explosion injures eight, closes Mitchell Highway"
2628:"The Disturbing Story Behind the Beirut Port Explosion"
2573:"Government launches lawsuit over 2014 truck explosion"
2748:
2670:"The blast was felt 240 kilometres away from Lebanon"
1989:
Some Major Hazards in Government-Sponsored Activities
404:
that had previously been used for the production of
2028:"Typpi räjähti lähtemättömästi oululaisten mieliin"
1759:. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines.
2442:"Internal report into the mexican explosion data"
2413:20.500.11820/acc131df-4a5b-4096-85c3-2c4e36f5b41e
2225:Exponent Engineering & Scientific Consulting
3074:
2720:
1919:Explosions Following A Fire: Major Catastrophies
112:) or to a mixture of an ammonium nitrate with a
2982:
2509:"El Dorado Chemical Company goes up in smoke!"
2096:, 2 September 1972. Retrieved 11 November 2016
2071:, 1 September 1972. Retrieved 11 November 2016
2019:
700:A fire was detected on the Finnish cargo ship
132:
90:
2968:
2003:. The French Chemical Society. Archived from
2605:"Tianjin Port Accident Investigation Report"
2216:(PDF available for download at this website)
1838:
1753:Scott, George Stanley; Grant, R. L. (1948).
74:
61:, and may also detonate, as happened in the
2350:
2155:
2146:, 5 April 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
1599:: On August 4, a major fire broke out in a
2975:
2961:
2844:
2383:
2123:, 4 April 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2016
1752:
2781:
2644:
2384:Hadden, Rory M.; Rein, Guillermo (2011),
1724:, many of which involved ammonium nitrate
1722:Largest artificial non-nuclear explosions
2845:Strohfeldt, Catherine (30 August 2024).
2689:
2687:
2464:McKinley, James C. (10 September 2007).
2463:
2667:
2025:
1774:. Faversham. 29 March 2012. p. 8.
280:distance of 11 kilometres (7 mi).
14:
3075:
2625:
1841:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
561:and 960 tons of ammonium nitrate. The
2956:
2929:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2825:
2804:
2693:
2684:
1332:The NPK fertilizer cargo of the ship
151:
2535:from the original on 10 January 2020
2466:"Truck Explosion in Mexico Kills 37"
2308:from the original on 29 January 2024
2263:
1899:from the original on 9 December 2016
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
965:Port Neal fertilizer plant explosion
2923:
2450:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1152:The fertilizer storage facility of
398:1924 Nixon Nitration Works disaster
24:
2930:Media, Q. P. S. (30 August 2024).
2890:
2838:
2702:from the original on 4 August 2020
2365:from the original on 25 April 2013
2296:"陕西爆炸案：男子因生意失败，为报复对手引爆30吨炸药，炸死89人"
2266:"Bomber has confessed, China says"
1893:Texas City Firefighters Local 1259
25:
18:List of ammonium nitrate disasters
3119:
2106:Truck explosion memorial unveiled
1735:
1658:West Fertilizer Company explosion
1485:West Fertilizer Company explosion
3108:History of the chemical industry
2753:; Tyas, A. (22 September 2020).
2694:Gadzo, Mersiha (4 August 2020).
2645:Jankowicz, Mia (5 August 2020).
2626:Urbina, Ian (2 September 2020).
2156:Mike McGraw (18 February 2007).
2133:Enduring tribute binds community
2026:Sankala, Kari (9 January 1999).
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33:decomposes non-explosively into
3098:Industrial fires and explosions
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2714:
2661:
2638:
2619:
2597:
2579:
2565:
2547:
2515:
2501:
2483:
2457:
2434:
2377:
2344:
2320:
2288:
2257:
2231:
2219:
2200:
2191:
2172:
2158:"New Questions In Deadly Blast"
2149:
2126:
2099:
2074:
2049:
1993:
1981:
1964:"1959 Blast | City of Roseburg"
1956:
1944:
1940:. Le Télégramme. 5 August 2020.
1930:
2932:"Fatal traffic crash, Bororen"
2826:Young, Wes (7 February 2022).
2805:Young, Wes (9 February 2022).
2668:Alberti, Mia (4 August 2020).
2393:Journal of Hazardous Materials
1911:
1881:
1870:
1859:
1832:
1814:
1782:
1763:
1612:as a "best estimate" and 1.12
13:
1:
2405:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.11.047
2351:María Fabra (10 March 2004).
2179:Police Seek Clues In KC Blast
2117:Breakfast with Jacquie Mackay
2001:"Explosions Following a Fire"
1917:Société Française de Chimie,
1889:"Texas City, Texas, Disaster"
1728:
1608:mass was estimated to be 0.5
351:Explosion at BASF plant Oppau
238:while the tremor was felt in
57:risk due to their supporting
2264:Tang, Rose (27 March 2001).
1692:2024 Bruce Highway explosion
553:fire to another vessel, the
7:
2056:Three die in chemical blast
1709:
133:Timeline of major incidents
10:
3124:
3083:Ammonium nitrate disasters
2984:Ammonium nitrate disasters
2783:10.1007/s00193-020-00970-z
1525:six firemen were injured.
1487:: A fertilizer company in
1038:2001 Shijiazhuang bombings
314:On July 26, 1921, in this
125:hazard with some types of
2990:
1924:December 6, 2008, at the
602:The Norwegian cargo ship
1073:Mafang Village explosion
2227:Process Plant Explosion
1826:April 25, 2013, at the
1718:(Ammonium nitrate bomb)
1618:University of Sheffield
1557:2015 Tianjin explosions
2936:Queensland Police News
1968:www.cityofroseburg.org
1778:document ID 957148980.
1703:almost 5 hours later.
1445:Anders Behring Breivik
3007:Nixon Nitration Works
2832:Winston-Salem Journal
2812:Winston-Salem Journal
1597:2020 Beirut explosion
1173:Saint-Romain-en-Jarez
844:1972 Taroom explosion
1255:Mihăileşti explosion
3049:West Fertilizer Co.
2774:2020ShWav..30..671R
2593:. 6 September 2014.
2168:on 12 October 2008.
1853:10.1021/ie50188a015
1441:2011 Norway attacks
544:Texas City disaster
228:The Great Explosion
63:Texas City disaster
3103:Chemical disasters
2649:. Business Insider
2575:. 10 January 2019.
2470:The New York Times
2212:2009-05-10 at the
2184:2013-04-25 at the
2142:, Rebecca Elliot,
2138:2016-11-12 at the
2115:, Jacquie Mackay,
2111:2016-11-11 at the
2093:The Canberra Times
2086:2016-11-11 at the
2068:The Canberra Times
2061:2016-11-11 at the
1356:Monclova, Coahuila
1289:Ryongchon disaster
1097:September 21, 2001
848:Taroom, Queensland
740:The Roseburg Blast
358:in the warehouse.
340:September 21, 1921
277:Aetna Chemical Co.
265:September 15, 1916
3070:
3069:
2144:Central Telegraph
2007:on 13 August 2020
1895:. 29 April 1947.
1877:Tessenderlo Group
1707:
1706:
1639:, North Carolina
1514:September 5, 2014
1361:September 9, 2007
1239:Mihăileşti, Buzău
1138:Cartagena, Murcia
955:December 13, 1994
930:Porgera Gold Mine
913:Porgera Gold Mine
909:Papua New Guinea
873:November 29, 1988
765:December 17, 1960
546:: The cargo ship
16:(Redirected from
3115:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2911:. 29 August 2024
2901:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2878:. 31 August 2024
2868:
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2857:
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2595:
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2583:
2577:
2576:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2561:. 20 April 2013.
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2511:. 3 August 2009.
2505:
2499:
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2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2272:. Archived from
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2245:on 25 April 2013
2241:. Archived from
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2164:. Archived from
2162:Kansas City Star
2153:
2147:
2130:
2124:
2103:
2097:
2078:
2072:
2053:
2047:
2046:
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2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1960:
1954:
1950:Middleton, Ned,
1948:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1928:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
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1885:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1836:
1830:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1802:on 25 April 2013
1801:
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1767:
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1672:
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799:
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766:
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718:
716:
715:
692:
691:January 23, 1953
668:
663:, New Brunswick
654:
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633:
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531:
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486:
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467:
456:
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432:
420:
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388:
370:
368:
367:
355:ammonium sulfate
341:
330:
328:
327:
305:
292:
290:
289:
266:
254:
252:
251:
218:
204:
202:
201:
182:
181:January 14, 1916
170:
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167:
140:
139:
31:ammonium nitrate
21:
3123:
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3118:
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3112:
3073:
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2728:TheGuardian.com
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2559:Huffington Post
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2497:. 30 July 2009.
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2214:Wayback Machine
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2177:
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2131:
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2121:ABC Capricornia
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2079:
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1772:Faversham Times
1769:
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1541:Port of Tianjin
1532:
1530:
1498:
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1415:
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1379:
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1317:Estaca de Bares
1307:
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1227:
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1194:
1178:October 2, 2003
1163:
1161:
1128:
1126:
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1080:
1047:
1045:
1010:
1008:
992:January 6, 1998
974:
972:
939:
937:
903:
901:
857:
855:
832:August 30, 1972
816:
814:
798:January 9, 1963
783:
781:
749:
747:
713:
711:
649:
647:
632:August 26, 1947
616:
614:
577:
575:
515:
513:
483:
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451:
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415:
413:
381:Edison Township
378:
365:
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325:
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287:
285:
261:, Pennsylvania
249:
247:
232:Southend-on-Sea
199:
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165:
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135:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3121:
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2949:
2948:
2922:
2889:
2863:
2851:Brisbane Times
2837:
2818:
2797:
2768:(6): 671–675.
2751:Langdon, G. S.
2741:
2713:
2698:. Al Jazeera.
2683:
2660:
2637:
2618:
2596:
2591:Brisbane Times
2578:
2564:
2546:
2514:
2500:
2482:
2456:
2433:
2376:
2361:(in Spanish).
2343:
2319:
2304:(in Chinese).
2287:
2276:on 8 July 2011
2256:
2230:
2218:
2199:
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2171:
2148:
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2034:(in Finnish).
2018:
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1633:United States
1622:
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1606:TNT equivalent
1601:Port of Beirut
1594:
1591:
1588:
1586:August 4, 2020
1583:
1578:
1566:
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1561:Nitrocellulose
1554:
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1700:Bruce Highway
1697:
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1679:, Queensland
1678:
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1637:Winston-Salem
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605:Ocean Liberty
601:
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592:July 28, 1947
590:
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442:Muscle Shoals
439:
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434:
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425:Muscle Shoals
423:
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387:March 1, 1924
385:
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304:July 26, 1921
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217:April 2, 1916
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177:, New Jersey
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40:
36:
35:nitrous oxide
32:
29:When heated,
27:
19:
2939:. Retrieved
2935:
2925:
2913:. Retrieved
2908:
2880:. Retrieved
2875:
2866:
2854:. Retrieved
2850:
2840:
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2821:
2810:
2800:
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2726:
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2674:. Retrieved
2663:
2651:. Retrieved
2640:
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2609:. Retrieved
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2590:
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2537:. Retrieved
2526:
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2473:. Retrieved
2469:
2459:
2448:
2436:
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2396:
2392:
2379:
2367:. Retrieved
2356:
2346:
2334:. Retrieved
2322:
2310:. Retrieved
2299:
2290:
2278:. Retrieved
2274:the original
2259:
2247:. Retrieved
2243:the original
2239:"In Chinese"
2233:
2221:
2202:
2193:
2174:
2166:the original
2161:
2151:
2143:
2128:
2116:
2101:
2091:
2076:
2066:
2051:
2039:. Retrieved
2031:
2021:
2009:. Retrieved
2005:the original
1995:
1983:
1971:. Retrieved
1967:
1958:
1946:
1932:
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1892:
1883:
1872:
1866:Miramas 1940
1861:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1797:the original
1784:
1771:
1765:
1755:
1333:
1270:North Korea
1244:May 24, 2004
1143:January 2003
1019:Shijiazhuang
701:
626:Presque Isle
603:
599:1,700-3,309
566:
554:
547:
538:
316:railway town
155:AN (tonnes)
136:
123:
67:
28:
26:
2762:Shock Waves
2081:Fire blamed
1404:A plant in
1298:Kim Jong-il
890:Kansas City
869:, Missouri
867:Kansas City
758:Traskwood,
661:St. Stephen
493:Tessenderlo
431:May 3, 1925
402:nitric acid
234:across the
114:combustible
87:Tessenderlo
39:water vapor
3093:Explosives
3077:Categories
3037:Mihăilești
3013:Texas City
2632:The Nation
2312:29 January
2280:30 January
1903:16 January
1847:(8): 819.
1729:References
1673:Australia
1654:fertilizer
1504:Australia
1368:22 (ANFO)
1154:Fertiberia
1058:, Shaanxi
822:Australia
567:High Flyer
555:High Flyer
525:Texas City
427:, Alabama
376:New Jersey
98:Texas City
43:detonation
3043:Ryongchon
3025:Port Neal
2995:Faversham
2941:31 August
2915:31 August
2882:31 August
2856:31 August
2792:1432-2153
2041:11 August
1427:, Norway
1274:Ryongchŏn
949:Port Neal
925:80 (ANE)
725:, Oregon
563:Grandcamp
549:Grandcamp
211:Faversham
175:Gibbstown
146:Location
91:Traskwood
59:oxidation
3088:Nitrates
3031:Toulouse
3019:Roseburg
2876:ABC News
2734:5 August
2706:5 August
2700:Archived
2676:5 August
2653:5 August
2611:22 March
2533:Archived
2528:ABC News
2495:Fox News
2429:18030816
2421:21146295
2369:17 April
2363:Archived
2306:Archived
2249:18 April
2210:Archived
2182:Archived
2136:Archived
2109:Archived
2084:Archived
2059:Archived
1973:5 August
1922:Archived
1897:Archived
1824:Archived
1806:18 April
1776:ProQuest
1710:See also
1614:kilotons
1610:kilotons
1577:Lebanon
1470:, Texas
1391:, Texas
1335:Ostedijk
1235:Romania
1206:Barracas
1112:Toulouse
1104:200-300
1092:Toulouse
983:Xingping
789:Finland
772:140-180
760:Arkansas
723:Roseburg
703:Tirrenia
628:, Maine
537:2,086 +
489:Belgium
331:Germany
299:Kriewald
143:Country
75:Kriewald
51:nitrogen
3055:Tianjin
2770:Bibcode
2539:27 June
2475:3 March
2358:El País
2336:4 March
2301:NetEase
2011:20 June
1696:Bororen
1677:Bororen
1620:shows.
1508:Wyandra
1421:Norway
1352:Mexico
1293:Chinese
1169:France
1116:billion
1088:France
987:Shaanxi
951:, Iowa
842:In the
686:Red Sea
583:France
461:Miramas
457:France
374:Nixon,
294:Germany
259:Oakdale
240:Norwich
213:, Kent
152:Deaths
106:Tianjin
3063:(2020)
3061:Beirut
3057:(2015)
3051:(2013)
3045:(2004)
3039:(2004)
3033:(2001)
3027:(1994)
3021:(1959)
3015:(1947)
3009:(1924)
3003:(1921)
2997:(1916)
2790:
2427:
2419:
2032:Kaleva
1671:
1631:
1593:2,750
1581:Beirut
1575:
1537:China
1502:
1462:
1419:
1383:
1350:
1313:Spain
1311:
1268:
1233:
1202:Spain
1200:
1167:
1134:Spain
1132:
1086:
1056:Yan'an
1052:China
1015:China
979:China
943:
907:
861:
826:Taroom
820:
787:
753:
717:
656:Canada
653:
620:
581:
559:sulfur
519:
487:
455:
419:
369:
329:
291:
253:
203:
169:
158:Notes
110:Beirut
89:, and
79:Morgan
47:oxygen
3001:Oppau
2909:7NEWS
2758:(PDF)
2672:. CNN
2445:(PDF)
2425:S2CID
2389:(PDF)
2331:(PDF)
1800:(PDF)
1793:(PDF)
1688:42.5
1449:Utøya
1406:Bryan
1389:Bryan
1119:euros
1023:Hebei
999:27.6
894:arson
587:Brest
379:(now
335:Oppau
272:1.36
188:1.81
149:Date
102:Brest
83:Oppau
45:into
2943:2024
2917:2024
2884:2024
2858:2024
2788:ISSN
2736:2020
2708:2020
2678:2020
2655:2020
2613:2016
2541:2020
2477:2013
2417:PMID
2371:2013
2338:2014
2314:2024
2282:2024
2251:2013
2043:2020
2036:Oulu
2013:2011
1975:2020
1905:2017
1808:2013
1716:ANFO
1590:218
1553:800
1550:173
1489:West
1481:240
1468:West
1425:Oslo
1329:400
1322:2007
1283:162
1185:3-5
1069:30+
1066:89+
1032:108
882:ANFO
880:23 (
793:Oulu
736:4.1
674:360
667:1947
639:217
539:870
534:581
505:150
502:189
473:240
347:450
344:561
224:700
221:115
55:fire
37:and
2778:doi
2409:hdl
2401:doi
2397:186
2270:CNN
1849:doi
1521:56
1478:15
1365:28
1251:20
1248:18
1218:25
1108:AZF
1101:31
996:22
922:11
839:12
805:10
802:10
733:14
596:29
406:TNT
391:20
311:30
308:19
275:An
127:NPK
118:DDT
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