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of the pituitary and adenomas/adenocarcinomas of the adrenal cortex in both sexes, mammary gland tumors and endometrial carcinomas in females, and C-cell adenomas/adenocarcinomas of the thyroid gland and tumors of the hematopoietic system in males. Second, Lewis rats are prone to develop a spontaneous transplantable lymphatic leukaemia. Lastly, when in advanced age, they sometimes develop spontaneous glomerular sclerosis.
804:
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stock in the early 1950s. Characteristics include albino coloring, docile behavior, and low fertility. The Lewis rat suffers from several spontaneous pathologies: first, they can suffer from high incidences of neoplasms, with the rat's lifespan mainly determined by this. The most common are adenomas
614:
The Wistar rat is currently one of the most popular rats used for laboratory research. It is characterized by its wide head, long ears, and a tail length that is always less than its body length. The
Sprague Dawley and Long–Evans were developed from Wistars. Wistars are more active than others like
868:
was bred to be a genetic model for research on obesity and hypertension. They are named after Lois M. Zucker and
Theodore F. Zucker, pioneer researchers in the study of the genetics of obesity. There are two types of Zucker rat: a lean Zucker rat, denoted as the dominant trait (Fa/Fa) or (Fa/fa);
819:
rat (or RCS rat) is the first known animal with inherited retinal degeneration. Although the genetic defect was not known for many years, it was identified in the year 2000 as a mutation in the gene MERTK. This mutation results in defective retinal pigment epithelium phagocytosis of photoreceptor
196:
in 2012 showed that the albinos descended from hooded rats and all the albinos descended from a single ancestor. As there is evidence that the hooded rat was known as the "Japanese rat" in the early 20th century, Kuramoto concluded that one or more
Japanese hooded rats might have been brought to
508:
tumors occurred in the rats from a single supplier. The researchers found that the incidence of tumors in
Sprague Dawleys from different suppliers varied as much from each other as from the other strains of rats. The authors of the study "stressed the need for extreme caution in evaluation of
2586:
Takaya, K.; Ogawa, Y.; Isse, N.; Okazaki, T.; Satoh, N.; Masuzaki, H.; Mori, K.; Tamura, N.; Hosoda, K.; Nakao, K. (August 1996). "Molecular cloning of rat leptin receptor isoform complementary DNAs--identification of a missense mutation in Zucker fatty (fa/fa) rats".
803:
2404:
Kikkawa, S.; Yamamoto, T.; Misaki, K.; Ikeda, Y.; Okado, H.; Ogawa, M.; Woodhams, P. L.; Terashima, T. (August 2003). "Missplicing resulting from a short deletion in the reelin gene causes reeler-like neuronal disorders in the mutant shaking rat
Kawasaki".
1918:
Horiuchi, N.; Suda, T.; Sasaki, S.; Takahashi, H.; Shimazawa, E.; Ogata, E. (December 1976). "Absence of regulatory effects of 1alpha25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on 25-hydroxyvitamin D metabolism in rats constantly infused with parathyroid hormone".
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was claimed to increase the occurrence of tumor in these rats. However, since these rats are known to grow tumors at a high (and very variable) rate, the study was considered flawed in design and its findings unsubstantiated.
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of the rat's tail in research. The rat's tail works as a variable heat exchanger. The tail's blood flow allows for thermoregulation to take place because it is under control of sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves.
705:, biobreeding rats are used as an animal model for Type 1 diabetes. The strain re-capitulates many of the features of human type 1 diabetes and has contributed greatly to the research of T1DM pathogenesis.
639:, frequently in behavioral research, especially in alcohol research. Long-Evans consume alcohol in a much higher rate compared to other strains, thus require less time for these behavioral studies.
735:, which helps control kidney function. The rats were being raised for laboratory use by Henry Schroeder and technician Tim Vinton, who noticed that the litter of 17 drank and urinated excessively.
659:
used extensively in medical and nutritional research. Its main advantage is its calmness and ease of handling. This breed of rat was first produced by the
Sprague Dawley farms (later to become the
2019:
256:
749:
Hairless laboratory rats provide researchers with valuable data regarding compromised immune systems and genetic kidney diseases. It is estimated that there are over 25 genes that cause
559:. By having this kind of population, it is possible to conduct experiments on the roles of genes, or conduct experiments that exclude variations in genetics as a factor. By contrast, "
772:
Fuzzy rats were identified in 1976 in a
Pennsylvania lab. The leading cause of death among fz/fz rats is ultimately a progressive kidney failure that begins around the age of 1 year.
2135:
Kim, H.; Panteleyev, A. A.; Jahoda, C. A.; Ishii, Y.; Christiano, A. M. (December 2004). "Genomic organization and analysis of the hairless gene in four hypotrichotic rat strains".
462:
regard aspects of these in rats as more relevant to humans and easier to observe than in mice, giving impetus to the development of genetic research techniques applicable to rats.
197:
Europe or the
Americas and an albino rat that emerged as a product of the breeding of these hooded rats was the common ancestor of all the albino laboratory rats in use today.
29:
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several Wistar females with a wild gray male. Long-Evans rats are white with a black hood, or occasionally white with a brown hood. They are utilized as a multipurpose
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361:) in many ways: they are calmer and significantly less likely to bite, they can tolerate greater crowding, they breed earlier and produce more offspring, and their
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Research applications include transplantation research, induced arthritis and inflammation, experimental allergic encephalitis, and STZ-induced diabetes.
2589:
2027:
1921:
1708:
769:. The lack of this organ severely compromises their immune system, with infections of the respiratory tract and eyes increasing the most dramatically.
555:", in reference to rodents, is a group in which all members are, as nearly as possible, genetically identical. In rats, this is accomplished through
405:
2448:
Aikawa, H.; Nonaka, I.; Woo, M.; Tsugane, T.; Esaki, K. (1988). "Shaking rat
Kawasaki (SRK): a new neurological mutant rat in the Wistar strain".
2231:
Ferguson, F. G.; Irving, G. W.; Stedham, M. A. (August 1979). "Three variations of hairlessness associated with albinism in the laboratory rat".
961:
and development. The production of knockout rats became technically feasible in 2008, through work financed by $ 120 million in funding from the
1956:
Sukov, W.; Barth, D. S. (June 1998). "Three-dimensional analysis of spontaneous and thalamically evoked gamma oscillations in auditory cortex".
1510:
1480:
1449:
1418:
2633:
2098:
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401:
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are unnecessary or a population with genetic variation is required, and these rats are usually referred to as "stocks" rather than "strains".
536:
occurs when the tail temperature decreases allowing heat to be conserved. Thermoregulation in the rat tail has been used to study metabolism.
1993:
1655:
397:
1816:"Studies on the effect of experimental nonketotic diabetes mellitus on antibacterial defense. I. Demonstration of a defect in phagocytosis"
409:
994:
697:
The biobreeding rat (a.k.a. the biobreeding diabetes-prone rat or BBDP rat) is an inbred strain that spontaneously develops autoimmune
2794:
144:. Over the next 30 years, rats were used for several more experiments and eventually the laboratory rat became the first animal
2642:
966:
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mouse. Shaking rat
Kawasaki was first described in 1988. This and the Lewis rat are well-known stocks developed from Wistar rats.
140:
varieties. The first time one of these albino mutants was brought into a laboratory for a study was in 1828 for an experiment on
1703:
1656:
International Committee on Standardized Genetic Nomenclature for Mice / Rat Genome and Nomenclature Committee (January 2016).
2825:
1865:"Matrix metalloproteinase-2, -9 and -13 are involved in fibronectin degradation of rat lung granulomatous fibrosis caused by
1727:
1232:
916:
nature and excessive hunger; however, food intake does not fully explain the hyperlipidemia or overall body composition.
36:
laboratory rat with its red eyes and white fur is an iconic model organism for scientific research in a variety of fields
667:, in 1925. The name was originally hyphenated, although the brand styling today (Sprague Dawley, the trademark used by
260:
2760:
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2180:
Festing, M. F.; May, D.; Connors, T. A.; Lovell, D.; Sparrow, S. (July 1978). "An athymic nude mutation in the rat".
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1524:
1494:
1463:
1432:
1401:
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hairlessness in laboratory rats. The more common ones are denoted as rnu (Rowett nude), fz (fuzzy), and shn (shorn).
132:
to kill them all. Over time, breeding the rats for these contests may have produced variations in color, notably the
2318:
775:
Shorn rats were bred from Sprague Dawley rats in Connecticut in 1998. They also suffer from severe kidney problems.
599:). More than half of all laboratory rat strains are descended from the original colony established by physiologist
2361:
D'Cruz, P. M.; Yasumura, D.; Weir, J.; Matthes, M. T.; Abderrahim, H.; LaVail, M. M.; Vollrath, D. (March 2000).
1114:
517:
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1216:
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These rats typically have a longer tail in proportion to their body length than Wistars. They were used in the
616:
1385:
Global Environmental Challenges of the Twenty-first Century: Resources, Consumption, and Sustainable Solutions
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962:
946:
435:
240:
2332:
2744:
2055:
1759:"The Wistar rat as a right choice: Establishing mammalian standards and the ideal of a standardized mammal"
1424:
298:
128:
Rat-baiting was a popular sport, which involved filling a pit with rats and timing how long it took for a
1207:
Suckow, Mark A.; Weisbroth, Steven H.; Franklin, Craig L. (2005). "Chapter one: Historical Foundations".
587:
in 1906 for use in biological and medical research, and is notably the first rat developed to serve as a
57:
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2314:
1958:
489:
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66:
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in 1903. The first rat colony in America used for nutrition research was started in January 1908 by
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2367:
1662:
970:
731:. It has a naturally occurring genetic mutation that makes specimens unable to produce the hormone
728:
344:
339:
20:
1657:
2889:
2092:
Mordes, J. P.; Bortell, R.; Blankenhorn, E. P.; Rossini, A. A.; Greiner, D. L. (1 January 2004).
1516:
1389:
1294:
1081:
Krinke, George J; Bullock, Gillian R.; Krinke, G. (15 June 2000). "History, Strains and Models".
600:
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2882:
978:
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The historical importance of this species to scientific research is reflected by the amount of
1997:
836:(reelin) gene. This results in the lowered expression of reelin protein, essential for proper
2450:
305:
272:
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tumors among rats from the same source raised in different laboratories. All but one of the
442:
research subjects, although they still lag behind mice, which lend themselves better to the
2868:
2189:
1597:Škop, Vojtěch; Liu, Naili; Guo, Juen; Gavrilova, Oksana; Reitman, Marc L. (1 August 2020).
990:
889:
881:, capable of weighing up to 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) — more than twice the average weight.
874:
438:. This was the first in a series of developments that have begun to make rats tractable as
264:
1285:
Mac Kenzie, William; Garner, F. (1973). "Comparison of Neoplasms in Six Sources of Rats".
8:
2896:
2875:
1022:
954:
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447:
443:
420:
348:
62:
33:
2193:
2528:
2475:
2430:
2363:"Mutation of the receptor tyrosine kinase gene Mertk in the retinal dystrophic RCS rat"
2213:
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82:
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or "lines" of rats specifically for experimentation. Most are derived from the albino
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studies conducted at different laboratories and/or on rats from different sources."
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2510:
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1967:
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724:
660:
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385:
309:
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193:
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165:, there was a widespread practice of keeping rats as a domesticated pet during the
48:
2532:
1735:
2697:
2051:"Editor in Chief of Food and Chemical Toxicology answers questions on retraction"
1557:
920:
878:
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288:
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70:
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393:
236:
228:
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2150:
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1971:
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169:
and in the 18th century guidebooks on keeping domestic rats were published by
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1565:
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1310:
1302:
950:
897:
413:
374:
317:
2515:
2494:
1147:(1903) "Psychical development of the white rat", Ph.D. University of Chicago
631:
The Long–Evans rat is an outbred rat developed by Long and Evans in 1915 by
117:
would not only make money by trapping the rodents, but also by selling them
2819:
2602:
2564:
2426:
2390:
2158:
2121:
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1942:
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529:
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333:
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74:
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2260:
Moemeka, A. N.; Hildebrandt, A. L.; Radaskiewicz, P.; King, T. R. (1998).
2112:
2093:
1979:
1849:
1831:
1318:
1063:
1044:
583:
The Wistar rat is an outbred albino rat. This breed was developed at the
2839:
2246:
2209:
1542:"Thermoregulatory Control of Sympathetic Fibres Supplying the Rat's Tail"
1486:
913:
905:
901:
732:
592:
220:
122:
114:
97:
2696:
Suckow, Mark A.; Weisbroth, Steven H.; Franklin, Craig L., eds. (2005).
2651:
2628:
2094:"Rat models of type 1 diabetes: genetics, environment, and autoimmunity"
113:) ran rampant and this infestation fueled the industry of rat-catching.
2463:
1776:
841:
656:
632:
556:
510:
505:
455:
389:
329:
313:
209:
182:
166:
155:
137:
133:
78:
2418:
953:. Knockout rats can mimic human diseases, and are important tools for
151:
2902:
2495:"The Zucker fatty rat as a genetic model of obesity and hypertension"
2262:"Shorn (shn): A new mutation causing hypotrichosis in the Norway rat"
2201:
909:
671:) is not. The average litter size of the Sprague Dawley rat is 11.0.
620:
493:
485:
477:
1540:
Owens, N. C.; Ootsuka, Y.; Kanosue, K.; McAllen, R. M. (2002–2009).
1482:
Improving Reading Skills: Contemporary Readings for College Students
919:
A growing internet trend has begun to associate the Zucker rat with
500:
tumors. There were even significant variations in the incidences of
2808:
986:
702:
647:
564:
451:
439:
358:
268:
223:
suggested that the rate of learning could be measured by rats in a
188:
collected from all parts of the world carried out by a team led by
118:
2259:
1599:"The contribution of the mouse tail to thermoregulation is modest"
1451:
Living with the Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Philosophy
294:
93:
1263:
679:
560:
497:
431:
416:
are also available, but are not as commonly used as inbred mice.
141:
129:
2397:
1658:"Rules and Guidelines for Nomenclature of Mouse and Rat Strains"
811:
A Royal College of Surgeons rat undergoing visual acuity testing
765:
Rowett nude rats, first identified in 1953 in Scotland, have no
2091:
1539:
923:. The two have no relation except in rapid change of physique.
856:
845:
844:
development. Its phenotype is similar to the widely researched
766:
756:
668:
532:
occurs when the tail temperature increases, causing heat loss.
370:
321:
320:
to study internal effects on organs and the brain, such as for
104:
2493:
Kurtz, T. W.; Morris, R. C.; Pershadsingh, H. A. (June 1989).
492:
and found highly significant differences in the incidences of
2862:
2360:
1512:
Sovereignty, Colonialism and the Indigenous Nations: A Reader
575:
378:
366:
362:
162:
28:
1704:"The Wistar Institute Archives: Rats (Not Mice) and History"
1604:
American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism
1917:
833:
459:
392:, which is still widely used. Other common strains are the
224:
2403:
1189:
The oestrous cycle in the rat and its associated phenomena
869:
and the characteristically obese (or fatty) Zucker rat or
205:
1814:
Drachman, R. H.; Root, R. K.; Wood, W. B. (August 1966).
520:, British biologists had eaten laboratory rats, creamed.
52:
2134:
1160:
Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences
655:
The Sprague Dawley is an outbred, multipurpose breed of
2695:
2492:
2179:
1206:
450:. Many investigators who wish to trace observations on
2738:
2585:
2447:
912:. Obesity in Zucker rats is primarily linked to their
719:
The Brattleboro rat is a strain that was developed by
239:
and then, nutritive requirements of rats were used by
2802:
2230:
1083:
The Laboratory Rat (Handbook of Experimental Animals)
283:
until it closed in 1994. Rats have long been used in
61:(Domestic Norwegian rat) which are bred and kept for
2626:
1233:"43rd Annual Pathology of Laboratory Animals Course"
623:
are other well-known stocks developed from Wistars.
2627:Kava, R.; Greenwood, M. R.; Johnson, P. R. (1990).
2590:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
1922:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
1596:
1080:
784:The Lewis rat was developed by Margaret Lewis from
2441:
2012:
1340:
476:Traversing complex terrain under the influence of
1343:Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed
328:research. Laboratory rats not sacrificed may be
2925:
1813:
1284:
795:
2301:
2299:
2297:
1874:International Journal of Experimental Pathology
1185:
900:, and gain weight from an increase in both the
591:at a time when laboratories primarily used the
2668:"A Typical Day in the Life of Mark Zuckerberg"
1287:JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute
969:, and work accomplished by the members of the
19:"Lab rat" redirects here. For other uses, see
2788:
2048:
523:Scientists have also spent time studying the
312:. Laboratory rats are frequently subject to
2294:
1157:Day, H. G. (1974). "Elmer Verner McCollum".
949:rat with a single gene turned off through a
430:. In October 2003, researchers succeeded in
2253:
1441:
1329:
1042:
2795:
2781:
2224:
2173:
1955:
1472:
1410:
1108:
1106:
1045:"Use of House Mice in Biomedical Research"
1036:
88:
2650:
2514:
2380:
2277:
2111:
2068:
2042:
1894:
1839:
1632:
1573:
1375:
1062:
2643:Institute for Laboratory Animal Research
2544:
2542:
2325:
1863:Hsu, C. C.; Lai, S. C. (December 2007).
1681:
1112:
1076:
1074:
993:technology, are being commercialized by
973:(KORC). Knockout rat disease models for
967:Rat Genome Sequencing Project Consortium
855:
832:mutant that has a short deletion in the
799:
755:
646:
574:
464:
338:
293:
204:
150:
92:
27:
2622:
2620:
1447:
1335:
1103:
823:
357:differ from wild rats (various spp. of
2926:
1862:
1756:
1720:
1701:
1478:
1416:
884:Obese Zucker rats have high levels of
607:, and genetic researcher/embryologist
563:" populations are used when identical
488:in Sprague Dawleys from six different
2776:
2548:
2539:
2486:
1417:McComb, David G. (1 September 1997).
1381:
1071:
1043:Vandenbergh, J. G. (1 January 2000).
828:The shaking rat Kawasaki (SRK) is an
642:
539:
308:on it: roughly 50% more than that on
289:Crocker Institute for Cancer Research
2617:
2407:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1820:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
1649:
1156:
1113:Kuramoto, Takashi (November 2012).
73:, rats have served as an important
13:
2689:
1996:. 12 December 1998. Archived from
1115:"Origin of Albino Laboratory Rats"
727:, Vermont, beginning in 1961, for
708:
686:
518:food rationing due to World War II
261:University of California, Berkeley
257:Institute for Experimental Biology
200:
14:
2950:
2721:
1764:Journal of the History of Biology
1186:Long, J. A.; Evans H. M. (1922).
626:
2665:
2049:Wallace Hayes, A. (March 2014).
1887:10.1111/j.1365-2613.2007.00554.x
926:
544:For varieties bred as pets, see
16:Rat used for scientific research
2659:
2579:
2354:
2128:
2085:
1986:
1949:
1911:
1856:
1807:
1750:
1728:"The Wistar Institute: History"
1702:Clause, B. T. (February 1998).
1695:
1590:
1533:
1503:
1479:Spears, Deanne (29 July 2003).
1278:
873:(ZDF rat), which is actually a
785:
738:
148:for purely scientific reasons.
2549:Davis, Amy J. (January 1997).
1757:Clause, Bonnie Tocher (1993).
1420:Annual Editions: World History
1251:
1225:
1200:
1194:University of California Press
1179:
1150:
1138:
1125:National Institute of Genetics
617:spontaneously hypertensive rat
446:techniques typically used for
1:
1029:
963:National Institutes of Health
937:A knockout rat (also spelled
851:
796:Royal College of Surgeons rat
723:and technician Tim Vinton in
661:Sprague Dawley Animal Company
570:
2745:Medical College of Wisconsin
2056:Food and Chemical Toxicology
2020:"Sprague Dawley Outbred Rat"
1935:10.1016/0006-291X(76)90202-3
1558:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.023770
1425:McGraw-Hill Higher Education
779:
299:Morris water navigation test
247:to determine the details of
7:
2751:Index of Inbred Rat Strains
1994:"Online Medical Dictionary"
1867:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
1448:Peacock, Kent Alan (1996).
1000:
603:, scientific administrator
255:of rats was studied at the
227:; a suggestion employed by
215:The rat found early use in
58:Rattus norvegicus domestica
10:
2955:
2507:American Heart Association
2341:Charles River Laboratories
2315:Charles River Laboratories
1959:Journal of Neurophysiology
1617:10.1152/ajpendo.00133.2020
930:
892:in their bloodstream, are
742:
712:
690:
546:Fancy rat § Varieties
543:
384:Scientists have bred many
18:
2815:
2716:– via Google Books.
2234:Laboratory Animal Science
2151:10.1007/s00335-004-2383-3
2070:10.1016/j.fct.2014.01.006
1972:10.1152/jn.1998.79.6.2875
1546:The Journal of Physiology
1323:National Cancer Institute
1012:Animal testing on rodents
871:Zucker diabetic fatty rat
817:Royal College of Surgeons
2767:Knock Out Rat Consortium
2368:Human Molecular Genetics
2307:"Research Animal Models"
1663:Mouse Genome Informatics
1390:Rowman & Littlefield
1382:Lorey, David E. (2003).
971:Knock Out Rat Consortium
729:Dartmouth Medical School
267:and Joseph A. Long. The
21:Lab rat (disambiguation)
2551:"The Heart of a Zucker"
2516:10.1161/01.hyp.13.6.896
2279:10.1093/jhered/89.3.257
2266:The Journal of Heredity
1517:Carolina Academic Press
1295:Oxford University Press
1120:Bio Resource Newsletter
601:Henry Herbert Donaldson
434:two laboratory rats by
271:of rats was studied by
121:or, more commonly, for
89:Origins of rat breeding
2603:10.1006/bbrc.1996.1133
2317:. 2021. Archived from
1734:. 2007. Archived from
1303:10.1093/jnci/50.5.1243
955:studying gene function
947:genetically engineered
861:
812:
761:
678:, where the herbicide
652:
580:
484:A 1972 study compared
481:
351:
301:
287:; for instance at the
212:
158:
100:
37:
2451:Acta Neuropathologica
2113:10.1093/ilar.45.3.278
1832:10.1084/jem.124.2.227
1519:. 2005. p. 772.
1064:10.1093/ilar.41.3.133
859:
810:
759:
650:
615:Sprague Dawleys. The
578:
475:
342:
297:
273:William Ernest Castle
253:reproductive function
208:
171:Youso Tamanokakehashi
154:
96:
31:
2629:"Zucker (fa/fa) Rat"
1716:on 16 December 2006.
1458:Canada. p. 71.
991:zinc-finger nuclease
894:resistant to insulin
824:Shaking rat Kawasaki
490:commercial suppliers
448:genetic manipulation
265:Herbert McLean Evans
2876:Medicago truncatula
2756:Jacskson Laboratory
2740:Rat Genome Database
2652:10.1093/ilar.32.3.4
2563:(1). Archived from
2382:10.1093/hmg/9.4.645
2194:1978Natur.274..365F
2024:Harlan Laboratories
1691:. 15 February 2019.
1023:Rat Genome Database
979:Alzheimer's disease
975:Parkinson's disease
830:autosomal recessive
480:inputs to its brain
444:embryonic stem cell
412:black hooded rats.
349:flowerpot technique
332:or, in some cases,
241:Thomas Burr Osborne
217:laboratory research
107:, wild brown rats (
63:scientific research
2699:The Laboratory Rat
2556:Research PennState
2464:10.1007/bf00686973
2030:on 26 October 2012
2000:on 2 December 2008
1777:10.1007/BF01061973
1738:on 17 October 2008
1668:Jackson Laboratory
1349:Penguin Publishing
1297:(OUP): 1243–1257.
1209:The Laboratory Rat
862:
813:
762:
745:Hairless fancy rat
721:Henry A. Schroeder
665:Madison, Wisconsin
653:
651:Sprague Dawley rat
643:Sprague Dawley rat
605:Milton J. Greenman
581:
540:Stocks and strains
482:
352:
302:
281:Harvard University
233:Ph.D. dissertation
213:
175:Chingan Sodategusa
159:
101:
83:biomedical science
69:for research than
67:less commonly used
38:
2921:
2920:
2762:Rat Model Summary
2419:10.1002/cne.10761
2188:(5669): 365–366.
1709:Mendel Newsletter
1337:Diamond, Jared M.
1239:on 16 August 2000
1089:. pp. 3–16.
1017:Morris water maze
951:targeted mutation
808:
760:A Rowett nude rat
473:
423:Rattus norvegicus
249:protein nutrition
110:Rattus norvegicus
2946:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2717:
2702:(2nd ed.).
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2624:
2615:
2614:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2546:
2537:
2536:
2518:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2384:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2303:
2292:
2291:
2281:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2202:10.1038/274365a0
2177:
2171:
2170:
2138:Mammalian Genome
2132:
2126:
2125:
2115:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2026:. Archived from
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1966:(6): 2875–2884.
1953:
1947:
1946:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1898:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1732:Wistar Institute
1724:
1718:
1717:
1712:. Archived from
1699:
1693:
1692:
1689:"Outbred Stocks"
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1636:
1611:(2): E438–E446.
1594:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1346:
1339:(January 2006).
1333:
1327:
1326:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1259:"Genome Project"
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1235:. Archived from
1229:
1223:
1222:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1040:
1007:Laboratory mouse
820:outer segments.
809:
725:West Brattleboro
585:Wistar Institute
534:Vasoconstriction
525:thermoregulation
474:
436:nuclear transfer
404:albino strains,
277:Bussey Institute
245:Lafayette Mendel
194:Kyoto University
190:Takashi Kuramoto
179:Genetic analysis
103:In 18th-century
77:for research in
2954:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2934:Laboratory rats
2924:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2811:
2805:model organisms
2801:
2769:(archived copy)
2724:
2714:
2692:
2690:Further reading
2687:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2672:The Independent
2664:
2660:
2625:
2618:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2547:
2540:
2491:
2487:
2446:
2442:
2402:
2398:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2321:on 24 May 2013.
2305:
2304:
2295:
2258:
2254:
2229:
2225:
2178:
2174:
2145:(12): 975–981.
2133:
2129:
2090:
2086:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1954:
1950:
1916:
1912:
1861:
1857:
1812:
1808:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1700:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1654:
1650:
1595:
1591:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1489:. p. 463.
1477:
1473:
1466:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1427:. p. 239.
1415:
1411:
1404:
1392:. pp. 210
1380:
1376:
1366:
1334:
1330:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1205:
1201:
1184:
1180:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1079:
1072:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1003:
935:
929:
921:Mark Zuckerberg
879:leptin receptor
877:(fa/fa) of the
875:recessive trait
854:
840:lamination and
826:
800:
798:
782:
747:
741:
717:
715:Brattleboro rat
711:
709:Brattleboro rat
699:type 1 diabetes
695:
693:Biobreeding rat
689:
687:Biobreeding rat
676:SĂ©ralini affair
645:
629:
609:Helen Dean King
573:
549:
542:
511:carcinogenicity
502:adrenal medulla
465:
343:Deprivation of
326:pharmacological
310:laboratory mice
285:cancer research
219:in five areas:
203:
201:Use in research
91:
71:laboratory mice
41:Laboratory rats
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2952:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2860:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2800:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2758:
2747:
2736:
2723:
2722:External links
2720:
2719:
2718:
2712:
2704:Academic Press
2691:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2658:
2616:
2578:
2567:on 22 May 2002
2538:
2485:
2458:(4): 366–372.
2440:
2413:(3): 303–315.
2396:
2375:(4): 645–651.
2353:
2324:
2293:
2272:(3): 257–260.
2252:
2241:(4): 459–464.
2223:
2172:
2127:
2106:(3): 278–291.
2084:
2041:
2011:
1985:
1948:
1929:(4): 869–875.
1910:
1881:(6): 437–443.
1855:
1826:(2): 227–240.
1806:
1771:(2): 329–349.
1749:
1719:
1694:
1680:
1648:
1589:
1552:(3): 849–858.
1532:
1525:
1502:
1495:
1471:
1464:
1456:Harcourt Brace
1440:
1433:
1409:
1402:
1374:
1364:
1328:
1277:
1250:
1224:
1217:
1199:
1178:
1149:
1145:John B. Watson
1137:
1102:
1095:
1087:Academic Press
1070:
1057:(3): 133–135.
1034:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1002:
999:
965:(NIH) via the
959:drug discovery
931:Main article:
928:
925:
896:without being
853:
850:
825:
822:
797:
794:
781:
778:
777:
776:
773:
770:
740:
737:
713:Main article:
710:
707:
691:Main article:
688:
685:
644:
641:
637:model organism
628:
627:Long–Evans rat
625:
589:model organism
572:
569:
541:
538:
458:to underlying
414:Inbred strains
394:Sprague Dawley
375:adrenal glands
237:Elmer McCollum
229:John B. Watson
202:
199:
90:
87:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2951:
2940:
2939:Animal models
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2851:Fission yeast
2849:
2847:
2846:Budding yeast
2844:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2833:Chlamydomonas
2830:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2798:
2793:
2791:
2786:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2746:
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2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2715:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2653:
2648:
2645:(ILAR): 4–8.
2644:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2623:
2621:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2582:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2545:
2543:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2357:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2045:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2015:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1753:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1698:
1690:
1684:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1528:
1526:9780890893333
1522:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1498:
1496:9780072830705
1492:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1475:
1467:
1465:9780774733779
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1436:
1434:9780697392930
1430:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1413:
1405:
1403:9780842050494
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1371:
1367:
1365:9780143036555
1361:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1254:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1220:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1146:
1141:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1109:
1107:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
934:
927:Knockout rats
924:
922:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
898:hyperglycemic
895:
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
867:
858:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
821:
818:
793:
790:
787:
774:
771:
768:
764:
763:
758:
754:
752:
746:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
716:
706:
704:
700:
694:
684:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
649:
640:
638:
634:
633:crossbreeding
624:
622:
618:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
577:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
547:
537:
535:
531:
526:
521:
519:
514:
512:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
479:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
381:are smaller.
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
355:Domestic rats
350:
346:
341:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
318:microdialysis
315:
311:
307:
300:
296:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
211:
207:
198:
195:
191:
187:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
157:
153:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
111:
106:
99:
95:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
46:
42:
35:
30:
26:
22:
2907:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2855:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2820:Lambda phage
2761:
2750:
2739:
2731:
2728:"Rat Genome"
2698:
2677:21 September
2675:. Retrieved
2671:
2666:Cain, Aine.
2661:
2638:
2634:ILAR Journal
2632:
2597:(1): 75–83.
2594:
2588:
2581:
2569:. Retrieved
2565:the original
2560:
2554:
2502:
2499:Hypertension
2498:
2488:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2372:
2366:
2356:
2344:. Retrieved
2336:
2327:
2319:the original
2310:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2103:
2099:ILAR Journal
2097:
2087:
2060:
2054:
2044:
2032:. Retrieved
2028:the original
2014:
2002:. Retrieved
1998:the original
1988:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1926:
1920:
1913:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1858:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1768:
1762:
1752:
1740:. Retrieved
1736:the original
1722:
1714:the original
1707:
1697:
1683:
1671:. Retrieved
1661:
1651:
1608:
1602:
1592:
1549:
1545:
1535:
1511:
1505:
1481:
1474:
1450:
1443:
1419:
1412:
1393:
1384:
1377:
1370:creamed rat.
1369:
1355:
1342:
1331:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1268:. Retrieved
1262:
1253:
1243:15 September
1241:. Retrieved
1237:the original
1227:
1208:
1202:
1188:
1181:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1140:
1128:. Retrieved
1118:
1082:
1054:
1050:ILAR Journal
1048:
1038:
1021:
983:hypertension
942:
938:
936:
933:Knockout rat
918:
883:
870:
865:
863:
827:
814:
791:
783:
748:
739:Hairless rat
718:
696:
673:
654:
630:
613:
597:Mus musculus
596:
582:
550:
530:Vasodilation
522:
515:
483:
422:
419:Much of the
418:
383:
353:
303:
214:
160:
146:domesticated
127:
115:Rat-catchers
108:
102:
75:animal model
56:
44:
40:
39:
25:
2869:Arabidopsis
2840:Tetrahymena
2509:: 896–901.
2333:"Lewis Rat"
2063:: 394–395.
2004:15 December
1487:McGraw-Hill
1351:. pp.
1270:17 February
1167:: 263–335.
1130:20 December
914:hyperphagic
890:cholesterol
733:vasopressin
593:house mouse
398:Fischer 344
334:become pets
221:W. S. Small
173:(1775) and
123:rat-baiting
98:Rat-baiting
55:subspecies
2928:Categories
2890:Drosophila
2883:C. elegans
2857:Neurospora
2765:database,
2754:database,
2713:0080454321
2571:6 December
2505:(6 Pt 2).
2337:CRiver.com
2311:CRiver.com
2034:25 October
1742:9 November
1673:5 December
1218:0080454321
1096:012426400X
1030:References
866:Zucker rat
860:Zucker rat
852:Zucker rat
842:cerebellum
743:See also:
657:albino rat
579:Wistar rat
571:Wistar rat
557:inbreeding
506:testicular
456:physiology
421:genome of
406:Long–Evans
390:Wistar rat
347:using the
330:euthanized
314:dissection
306:literature
210:Dissection
183:albino rat
167:Edo period
79:psychology
2903:Zebrafish
1785:0022-5010
1625:0193-1849
1566:0022-3751
1311:1460-2105
995:SAGE Labs
943:knock-out
939:knock out
910:fat cells
780:Lewis rat
751:recessive
565:genotypes
494:endocrine
486:neoplasms
478:electrode
428:sequenced
426:has been
345:REM sleep
2809:genetics
2435:21608635
2427:12820163
2391:10699188
2167:36747187
2159:15599556
2122:15229375
2079:24407018
1943:15625855
1905:18039280
1801:12428625
1793:11623164
1643:32691633
1584:12231643
1173:11615648
1001:See also
989:, using
987:diabetes
957:and for
703:NOD mice
619:and the
452:behavior
402:Holtzman
359:Rodentia
269:genetics
231:for his
177:(1787).
119:for food
65:. While
45:lab rats
2897:Xenopus
2826:E. coli
2611:8769097
2525:2786848
2480:5806299
2472:3176902
2288:9656468
2218:4206930
2190:Bibcode
1980:9636093
1896:2517339
1850:4380670
1841:2180468
1634:7473913
1575:2290547
1319:4712589
1264:Ensembl
945:) is a
701:. Like
680:RoundUp
561:outbred
516:During
498:mammary
440:genetic
432:cloning
386:strains
371:kidneys
275:at the
259:at the
186:strains
181:of 117
142:fasting
130:terrier
51:of the
49:strains
2803:Major
2733:Nature
2710:
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2533:109606
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2523:
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1309:
1215:
1171:
1093:
985:, and
906:number
886:lipids
846:reeler
838:cortex
786:Wistar
767:thymus
669:Envigo
553:strain
410:Lister
408:, and
379:hearts
377:, and
367:livers
363:brains
322:cancer
251:. The
156:Hooded
138:hooded
134:albino
105:Europe
34:albino
2913:Mouse
2863:Maize
2641:(3).
2529:S2CID
2476:S2CID
2431:S2CID
2214:S2CID
2163:S2CID
1797:S2CID
1293:(5).
663:) in
621:Lewis
460:genes
163:Japan
2708:ISBN
2679:2024
2607:PMID
2573:2008
2521:PMID
2468:PMID
2423:PMID
2387:PMID
2348:2021
2284:PMID
2243:PMID
2206:PMID
2155:PMID
2118:PMID
2075:PMID
2036:2012
2006:2007
1976:PMID
1939:PMID
1901:PMID
1846:PMID
1789:PMID
1781:ISSN
1744:2008
1675:2018
1639:PMID
1621:ISSN
1580:PMID
1562:ISSN
1521:ISBN
1491:ISBN
1460:ISBN
1429:ISBN
1398:ISBN
1360:ISBN
1315:PMID
1307:ISSN
1272:2007
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1169:PMID
1132:2013
1091:ISBN
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888:and
864:The
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225:maze
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32:The
2908:Rat
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2647:doi
2599:doi
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2411:463
2377:doi
2274:doi
2198:doi
2186:274
2147:doi
2108:doi
2065:doi
1968:doi
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1891:PMC
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1836:PMC
1828:doi
1824:124
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