847:
53:
713:
1993:
3257:
829:
811:
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There are roughly 12-13 cases annually per 10,000 population in women receiving outpatient treatment and 3-4 cases requiring admission. In men, 2-3 cases per 10,000 are treated as outpatients and 1-2 cases/10,000 require admission. Young women are most often affected. Infants and the elderly are also
696:
millimeter sections is the diagnostic modality of choice in the radiographic evaluation of suspected nephrolithiasis. All stones are detectable on CT scans except very rare stones composed of certain drug residues in the urine. In patients with recurrent ascending urinary tract infections, it may be
410:
Pyelonephritis affects about 1 to 2 per 1,000 women each year and just under 0.5 per 1,000 males. Young adult females are most often affected, followed by the very young and old. With treatment, outcomes are generally good in young adults. Among people over the age of 65 the risk of death is about
985:
or an aminoglycoside, and then continuing treatment with a fluoroquinolone. Oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is an appropriate choice for therapy if the bacteria is known to be susceptible. If trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is used when the susceptibility is not known, it is useful to initiate
1046:
Fosfomycin can be used as an efficacious treatment for both UTIs and complicated UTIs including acute pyelonephritis. The standard regimen for complicated UTIs is an oral 3g dose administered once every 48 or 72 hours for a total of 3 doses or a 6 grams every 8 hours for 7 days to 14 days when
940:
test is performed, so therapy can eventually be tailored on the basis of the infecting organism. As most cases of pyelonephritis are due to bacterial infections, antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment. The choice of antibiotic depends on the species and antibiotic sensitivity profile of the
833:
832:
815:
814:
834:
816:
915:
In people who experience recurrent urinary tract infections, additional investigations may identify an underlying abnormality. Occasionally, surgical intervention is necessary to reduce the likelihood of recurrence. If no abnormality is identified, some studies suggest long-term
831:
813:
1763:"International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: A 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases"
1429:"International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: A 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases"
1018:
hours, then equivalent antibiotics by mouth can be given for a total of two-week duration of treatment. Intravenous fluids may be administered to compensate for the reduced oral intake, insensible losses (due to the raised temperature) and
720:
Ultrasound findings that indicate pyelonephritis are enlargement of the kidney, edema in the renal sinus or parenchyma, bleeding, loss of corticomedullary differentiation, abscess formation, or an areas of poor blood flow on
980:
is an appropriate initial choice for therapy. In areas where there is a higher prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance, it is useful to initiate treatment with a single intravenous dose of a long-acting antibiotic such as
1075:
at increased risk, reflecting anatomical changes and hormonal status. Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is most common in middle-aged women. It can present somewhat differently in children, in whom it may be mistaken for
1013:
During the course of antibiotic treatment, serial white blood cell count and temperature are closely monitored. Typically, the intravenous antibiotics are continued until the person has no fever for at least 24 to
533:
are resistant to antibiotic therapy and immune system responses, and present a possible explanation for recurrent urinary tract infections, including pyelonephritis. Risk is increased in the following situations:
2816:
2789:
924:. In children at risk for recurrent urinary tract infections, not enough studies have been performed to conclude prescription of long-term antibiotics has a net positive benefit. Cranberry products and drinking
768:), consisting in purulent exudate (pus): neutrophils, fibrin, cell debris and central germ colonies (hematoxylinophils). Tubules are damaged by exudate and may contain neutrophil casts. In the early stages, the
2109:. Bethesda, Maryland: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. pp. 589–619.
1813:. Bethesda, Maryland: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. pp. 283–319.
1010:. Combination antibiotic therapy is often used in such situations. The treatment regimen is selected based on local resistance data and the susceptibility profile of the specific infecting organism(s).
1002:
are typically admitted to the hospital for intravenous hydration and intravenous antibiotic treatment. Treatment is typically initiated with an intravenous fluoroquinolone, an aminoglycoside, an
887:, and a painful kidney mass. Other common manifestations include kidney stones and loss of function of the affected kidney. Bacterial cultures of kidney tissue are almost always positive.
830:
812:
709:. CT scan or kidney ultrasonography is useful in the diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis; serial imaging may be useful for differentiating this condition from kidney cancer.
1232:
2927:
1499:
1054:
is the best surgical treatment in the overwhelming majority of cases, although polar resection (partial nephrectomy) has been effective for some people with localized disease.
2700:
Zhang GQ, Chen JL, Zhao Y (March 2016). "The effect of vitamin A on renal damage following acute pyelonephritis in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".
420:
1027:
or ureteral stent placement may be indicated to relieve obstruction caused by a stone. Children with acute pyelonephritis can be treated effectively with oral antibiotics (
2535:
Lebret T, Poulain JE, Molinie V, Herve JM, Denoux Y, Guth A, et al. (October 2007). "Percutaneous core biopsy for renal masses: indications, accuracy and results".
732:
is a radionuclide scan that uses dimercaptosuccinic acid in assessing the kidney morphology. It is now the most reliable test for the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis.
2110:
1066:
If no improvement is made in one to two days post therapy, inpatients should repeat a urine analysis and imaging. Outpatients should check again with their doctor.
411:
40%, though this depends on the health of the elderly person, the precise organism involved, and how quickly they can get care through a provider or in hospital.
965:
A 2018 systematic review recommended the use of norfloxacin as it has the lowest rate of side effects with a comparable efficacy to commonly used antibiotics.
1577:
Korkes F, Favoretto RL, Bróglio M, Silva CA, Castro MG, Perez MD (February 2008). "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: clinical experience with 41 cases".
1043:
days) of intravenous therapy followed by oral therapy. If intravenous therapy is chosen, single daily dosing with aminoglycosides is safe and effective.
1814:
1875:
1224:
3184:
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with reduced kidney size and focal cortical thinning. Measurement of kidney length on the US image is illustrated by ‘+’ and a dashed line.
2274:
Williams G, Stothart CI, Hahn D, Stephens JH, Craig JC, Hodson EM (November 2023). "Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections".
2373:
1413:
1631:
1485:
1335:
2745:
2055:
Goldraich NP, Goldraich IH (April 1995). "Update on dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scanning in children with urinary tract infection".
2954:
391:
Pyelonephritis may be preventable by urination after sex and drinking sufficient fluids. Once present it is generally treated with
2923:
403:. Those with severe disease may require treatment in hospital. In those with certain structural problems of the urinary tract or
1675:
2500:
Rosi P, Selli C, Carini M, Rosi MF, Mottola A (1986). "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: clinical experience with 62 cases".
154:
477:
Most cases of community-acquired pyelonephritis are due to bowel organisms that enter the urinary tract. Common organisms are
2367:
1887:
1658:
1625:
689:
2163:
Malek RS, Elder JS (May 1978). "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: a critical analysis of 26 cases and of the literature".
2099:
990:
are less effective than other available agents for treatment of pyelonephritis. Improvement is expected in 48 to 72 hours.
2138:
1556:
681:
427:
Signs and symptoms of acute pyelonephritis generally develop rapidly over a few hours or a day. It can cause high fever,
1927:
1682:. St. Louis, Missouri: Molecular Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Washington University. Archived from
1479:
1407:
1329:
986:
treatment with a single intravenous dose of a long-acting antibiotic such as ceftriaxone or an aminoglycoside. Oral
865:
17:
3005:
380:. Less often infection occurs through the bloodstream. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and supported by
320:
178:
640:
in patients with typical symptoms are sufficient for the diagnosis of pyelonephritis, and are an indication for
3194:
1281:
Colgan R, Williams M, Johnson JR (September 2011). "Diagnosis and treatment of acute pyelonephritis in women".
665:
3010:
954:
2947:
1003:
583:
451:
1647:"Chapter 22: Pyelonephritis and other infections, reflux nephropathy, hydronephrosis, and nephrolithiasis"
2981:
2315:"A systematic review of randomised clinical trials for oral antibiotic treatment of acute pyelonephritis"
258:
1803:
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3070:
928:
appears to provide a benefit in decreasing urinary tract infections for certain groups of individuals.
796:
of the renal parenchyma and impaired function, especially in the setting of obstruction. A perinephric
469:
Physical examination may reveal fever and tenderness at the costovertebral angle on the affected side.
1831:
Smith RC, Varanelli M (July 2000). "Diagnosis and management of acute ureterolithiasis: CT is truth".
3105:
698:
1352:"Antibiotic therapy for acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis in women. Take resistance into account".
968:
In people who do not require hospitalization and live in an area where there is a low prevalence of
3282:
3206:
3100:
2847:
1471:
Practical Renal
Pathology, A Diagnostic Approach E-Book: A Volume in the Pattern Recognition Series
1024:
716:
Acute pyelonephritis with increased cortical echogenicity and blurred delineation of the upper pole
706:
361:
216:
1653:. Vol. 2 (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 991–1082.
3110:
2940:
1620:. Vol. 2 (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 853–910.
657:
551:
459:
3277:
3146:
3060:
3052:
3017:
3000:
1397:
1100:
987:
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852:
499:
431:, and abdominal pain that radiates along the flank towards the back. There is often associated
249:
2887:
2355:
1646:
1613:
1469:
1319:
462:. Furthermore, inflammation-related proteins can accumulate in organs and cause the condition
3169:
3090:
969:
921:
702:
539:
485:
438:
Chronic pyelonephritis causes persistent flank or abdominal pain, signs of infection (fever,
1722:
1140:. In other words, pyelitis together with nephritis is collectively known as pyelonephritis.
907:). It is found in roughly 20% of specimens from surgically managed cases of pyelonephritis.
3174:
3040:
2742:
2657:
Goodman TR, McHugh K, Lindsell DR (1998). "Paediatric xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis".
2451:"Oral and Intravenous Fosfomycin for the Treatment of Complicated Urinary Tract Infections"
942:
876:
649:
490:
1997:
1992:
712:
52:
8:
3287:
3141:
2820:
1500:"Urinary Tract Infection Common Clinical and Laboratory Features of Acute Pyelonephritis"
1050:
Treatment of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis involves antibiotics as well as surgery.
917:
641:
525:
of the bladder to form intracellular bacterial communities (IBCs), which can mature into
344:
312:
200:
2426:
2391:
3232:
3189:
2841:
2725:
2682:
2670:
2595:
2477:
2251:
2226:
2080:
1976:
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1731:
1706:
722:
575:
567:
447:
439:
357:
212:
190:
169:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2198:
Schooff M, Hill K (April 2005). "Antibiotics for recurrent urinary tract infections".
2176:
1761:
Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, Wullt B, Colgan R, Miller LG, et al. (March 2011).
1427:
Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, Wullt B, Colgan R, Miller LG, et al. (March 2011).
725:. However, ultrasound findings are seen in only 20–24% of people with pyelonephritis.
3035:
2858:
2717:
2674:
2639:
2587:
2552:
2517:
2482:
2431:
2363:
2336:
2295:
2256:
2207:
2180:
2072:
2037:
1981:
1919:
1883:
1848:
1784:
1736:
1683:
1654:
1621:
1594:
1548:
1475:
1450:
1403:
1361:
1325:
1290:
590:
494:
236:
149:
2729:
2686:
2227:"Long-term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children"
2084:
1860:
509:). Most cases of pyelonephritis start off as lower urinary tract infections, mainly
3082:
3030:
3025:
2898:
2709:
2666:
2629:
2599:
2579:
2544:
2509:
2472:
2462:
2421:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2326:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2172:
2064:
2027:
1971:
1961:
1840:
1774:
1726:
1718:
1586:
1440:
1055:
637:
633:
594:
479:
352:
91:
2362:(1st ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 95–108.
1705:
Scholes D, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Gupta K, Stapleton AE, Stamm WE (January 2005).
1590:
772:
and vessels are normal. Gross pathology often reveals pathognomonic radiations of
3261:
2852:
2749:
1882:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 962–7.
1076:
925:
883:
diseases. Most affected individuals present with recurrent fevers and urosepsis,
697:
necessary to exclude an anatomical abnormality, such as vesicoureteral reflux or
385:
3222:
3095:
2971:
2963:
2863:
2548:
2130:
1966:
1949:
1153:
950:
888:
875:
formation, severe kidney destruction, and a clinical picture that may resemble
608:
555:
463:
377:
63:
2810:
2806:
2713:
2331:
2314:
1844:
1536:
668:
are useful for establishing a formal diagnosis, and are considered mandatory.
3271:
3201:
3136:
2909:
973:
946:
904:
868:
pyelonephritis is an unusual form of chronic pyelonephritis characterized by
792:
Chronic pyelonephritis implies recurrent kidney infections and can result in
661:
497:
and enterococci, as well as other organisms uncommon in the community (e.g.,
404:
396:
392:
369:
283:
262:
254:
224:
2802:
2798:
1904:
1880:
Primary care medicine: office evaluation and management of the adult patient
3227:
3217:
3179:
2721:
2643:
2591:
2556:
2486:
2467:
2450:
2435:
2340:
2299:
2260:
2211:
2041:
1985:
1923:
1852:
1788:
1740:
1598:
1552:
1454:
1365:
1294:
1195:
1167:
1133:
1122:
1020:
999:
977:
801:
781:
757:
753:
685:
653:
629:
571:
547:
336:
2678:
2583:
2521:
2306:
2076:
3213:
2992:
2882:
2184:
2032:
2015:
1779:
1762:
1445:
1428:
1137:
1051:
982:
677:
628:
may show signs of urinary tract infection. Specifically, the presence of
559:
514:
400:
287:
207:
1091:
has been shown to alleviate renal damage and/or prevent renal scarring.
2904:
2570:
Johnson JR, Russo TA (January 2018). "Acute
Pyelonephritis in Adults".
2068:
1032:
1007:
998:
People with acute pyelonephritis that is accompanied by high fever and
896:
769:
680:
or the presence of a disproportionate amount of blood in the urine), a
645:
625:
601:
522:
505:
381:
373:
277:
242:
228:
162:
75:
71:
67:
2781:
2513:
2455:
The
Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology
2416:
2390:
Strohmeier Y, Hodson EM, Willis NS, Webster AC, Craig JC (July 2014).
3131:
3126:
2893:
2442:
1088:
1036:
869:
729:
563:
455:
1707:"Risk factors associated with acute pyelonephritis in healthy women"
676:
If a kidney stone is suspected (e.g. on the basis of characteristic
2634:
2617:
2319:
European
Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases
1191:
1187:
1028:
793:
773:
765:
579:
510:
432:
365:
332:
220:
936:
In people suspected of having pyelonephritis, a urine culture and
2932:
2618:"Population-based epidemiologic analysis of acute pyelonephritis"
880:
872:
797:
761:
746:
526:
443:
428:
328:
186:
158:
2928:
National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
2693:
3151:
2793:
2360:
The
Washington Manual: Infectious Diseases Subspecialty Consult
1177:
1112:
884:
543:
538:
Mechanical: any structural abnormalities in the urinary tract,
340:
324:
308:
182:
1058:
with serial imaging may be appropriate in rare circumstances.
2389:
1117:
892:
611:(close family members with frequent urinary tract infections)
316:
174:
2273:
1537:"Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults"
419:
350:
It is typically due to a bacterial infection, most commonly
1644:
1576:
600:
Behavioral: change in sexual partner within the last year,
124:
112:
106:
100:
97:
60:
2760:
Using
Medical Terminology: A Practical Approach 2006 p.723
2107:
Urologic
Diseases in America (NIH Publication No. 07–5512)
1876:"Chapter 135: Approach to the Paient with Nephrolithiasis"
1811:
Urologic
Diseases in America (NIH Publication No. 07–5512)
1649:. In Jennette JC, Olson JL, Schwartz MM, Silva FG (eds.).
1616:. In Jennette JC, Olson JL, Schwartz MM, Silva FG (eds.).
2534:
1996: This article incorporates text available under the
1704:
777:
749:
376:
use. The mechanism of infection is usually spread up the
130:
2616:
Czaja CA, Scholes D, Hooton TM, Stamm WE (August 2007).
1324:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2011. p. 258.
2615:
2563:
3245:
2656:
2448:
2312:
1947:
1760:
1426:
1280:
860:
133:
118:
109:
2771:
2449:
Zhanel GG, Zhanel MA, Karlowsky JA (28 March 2020).
1645:
Weiss M, Liapis H, Tomaszewski JE, Arend LJ (2007).
764:
presents in the interstitium abscesses (suppurative
127:
121:
103:
94:
2499:
2313:Cattrall JW, Robinson AV, Kirby A (December 2018).
1950:"Ultrasonography of the Kidney: A Pictorial Review"
1948:Hansen KL, Nielsen MB, Ewertsen C (December 2015).
1824:
1801:
115:
2392:"Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children"
2054:
2009:
2007:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1399:Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1
920:treatment with antibiotics, either daily or after
2385:
2383:
2013:
3269:
78:in a case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis.
2004:
1902:
1517:
804:may develop in severe cases of pyelonephritis.
458:. Chronic pyelonephritis can in addition cause
272:Urination after sex, drinking sufficient fluids
2380:
2100:"Chapter 18: Urinary Tract Infection in Women"
2016:"Pyelonephritis: radiologic-pathologic review"
1905:"Medical management of common urinary calculi"
1830:
701:. Investigations used in this setting include
542:(urine from the bladder flowing back into the
2948:
2699:
2224:
2091:
1942:
1940:
1611:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1467:
972:bacteria, a fluoroquinolone by mouth such as
384:. If there is no improvement with treatment,
2611:
2609:
2569:
2158:
2156:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1667:
423:Diagram showing the typical location of pain
2650:
2396:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2347:
2276:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2231:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2197:
2191:
1896:
1698:
1605:
2955:
2941:
2659:International Journal of Clinical Practice
2528:
2162:
1937:
1795:
1563:
1402:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1097.
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
51:
2633:
2606:
2476:
2466:
2425:
2415:
2330:
2250:
2153:
2125:
2123:
2097:
2031:
1975:
1965:
1802:Pearle MS, Calhoun EA, Curhan GC (2007).
1778:
1747:
1730:
1638:
1474:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 139.
1444:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1347:
1345:
1321:Lippincott's Guide to Infectious Diseases
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
787:
620:
2493:
2353:
1867:
1673:
1535:Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC (March 2005).
711:
418:
2116:from the original on 27 September 2011.
2014:Craig WD, Wagner BJ, Travis MD (2008).
1820:from the original on 15 September 2011.
1723:10.7326/0003-4819-142-1-200501040-00008
740:
688:stones. Where available, a noncontrast
14:
3270:
2120:
1933:from the original on 23 November 2011.
1833:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology
1372:
1342:
1301:
1247:
1208:
2936:
2356:"Chapter 8: Urinary Tract Infections"
2141:from the original on 16 November 2016
1903:Pietrow PK, Karellas ME (July 2006).
1651:Heptinstall's Pathology of the Kidney
1618:Heptinstall's Pathology of the Kidney
1488:from the original on 5 November 2017.
1416:from the original on 5 November 2017.
1395:
1338:from the original on 5 November 2017.
1180:together with the suffix -itis from -
800:(infection around the kidney) and/or
684:(KUB film) may assist in identifying
414:
3185:Abderhalden–Kaufmann–Lignac syndrome
1873:
941:infecting organism, and may include
760:(collecting system) and kidney. The
2572:The New England Journal of Medicine
2543:(4 Pt 1): 1184–8, discussion 1188.
2225:Williams G, Craig JC (April 2019).
2131:"UOTW #72 - Ultrasound of the Week"
1676:"Pathogenic Cascade of E. coli UTI"
1235:from the original on 4 October 2017
1225:"Kidney Infection (Pyelonephritis)"
1132:", which means inflammation of the
1087:According to a 2015 meta analysis,
682:kidneys, ureters, and bladder x-ray
241:Based on symptoms and supported by
24:
2962:
2671:10.1111/j.1742-1241.1998.tb11558.x
2105:. In Litwin MS, Saigal CS (eds.).
1878:. In Goroll AH, Mulley AG (eds.).
1809:. In Litwin MS, Saigal CS (eds.).
957:, either alone or in combination.
861:Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
671:
570:(e.g., due to spinal cord damage,
25:
3299:
2924:Kidney Infection (Pyelonephritis)
2767:
2376:from the original on 27 May 2013.
1634:from the original on 27 May 2013.
1559:from the original on 14 May 2013.
735:
3255:
1991:
1047:fosfomycin is given in IV form.
845:
827:
809:
780:through the renal pelvis to the
90:
2754:
2736:
2267:
2218:
2048:
1946:Content initially copied from:
1360:(155): 296–300. December 2014.
1069:
1039:) or with short courses (2 to 4
2408:10.1002/14651858.CD003772.pub4
2288:10.1002/14651858.CD001321.pub7
2243:10.1002/14651858.CD001534.pub4
1612:Herrera GA, Picken MM (2007).
1492:
1461:
1420:
1094:
1023:and to optimize urine output.
993:
666:antibiotic sensitivity testing
660:of the urine, with or without
558:or drainage procedures (e.g.,
315:. Symptoms most often include
13:
1:
2177:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)57559-x
1591:10.1016/j.urology.2007.09.026
1468:Lager DJ, Abrahams N (2012).
1201:
955:trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
931:
910:
552:urinary tract catheterization
368:, structural problems of the
323:. Other symptoms may include
223:, structural problems of the
2622:Clinical Infectious Diseases
2063:(2): 221–6, discussion 227.
1767:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1614:"Chapter 19: Renal Diseases"
1433:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1143:
1061:
1004:extended-spectrum penicillin
615:
584:benign prostatic hyperplasia
491:Hospital-acquired infections
452:lower urinary tract symptoms
335:. Complications may include
7:
2982:Template:Glomerular disease
1711:Annals of Internal Medicine
1082:
1037:amoxicillin/clavulanic acid
891:, there are granulomas and
840:Abscess around both kidneys
822:Abscess around both kidneys
745:Acute pyelonephritis is an
407:, surgery may be required.
259:pelvic inflammatory disease
10:
3304:
3071:Balkan endemic nephropathy
2549:10.1016/j.juro.2007.05.155
1967:10.3390/diagnostics6010002
707:voiding cystourethrography
529:. These biofilm-producing
523:superficial umbrella cells
27:Inflammation of the kidney
3162:
3119:
3106:Renovascular hypertension
3081:
3051:
2991:
2970:
2873:
2775:
2714:10.1007/s00467-015-3098-2
2332:10.1007/s10096-018-3371-y
2200:American Family Physician
1912:American Family Physician
1845:10.2214/ajr.175.1.1750003
1804:"Chapter 8: Urolithiasis"
1541:American Family Physician
1283:American Family Physician
960:
903:-, which means yellow in
699:polycystic kidney disease
472:
440:unintentional weight loss
294:
276:
268:
248:
235:
206:
196:
168:
148:
82:
59:
50:
42:
37:
3207:Renal papillary necrosis
3101:Hypertensive nephropathy
1025:Percutaneous nephrostomy
362:urinary tract infections
217:urinary tract infections
3111:Renal cortical necrosis
1354:Prescrire International
1006:or cephalosporin, or a
988:beta-lactam antibiotics
879:and other inflammatory
658:Microbiological culture
503:and various species of
460:fever of unknown origin
356:. Risk factors include
307:is inflammation of the
3147:Chronic kidney disease
3061:Interstitial nephritis
3018:Acute tubular necrosis
3001:Renal tubular acidosis
2748:6 January 2014 at the
2537:The Journal of Urology
2358:. In Starlin R (ed.).
2165:The Journal of Urology
2135:Ultrasound of the Week
938:antibiotic sensitivity
853:Chronic pyelonephritis
788:Chronic pyelonephritis
717:
703:kidney ultrasonography
621:Laboratory examination
500:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
424:
329:burning with urination
250:Differential diagnosis
187:burning with urination
3170:Analgesic nephropathy
3091:Renal artery stenosis
2584:10.1056/nejmcp1702758
2098:Griebling TL (2007).
1052:Removal of the kidney
715:
626:Analysis of the urine
540:vesicoureteral reflux
486:Enterococcus faecalis
429:pain on passing urine
422:
337:pus around the kidney
311:, typically due to a
3175:Renal osteodystrophy
2702:Pediatric Nephrology
2468:10.1155/2020/8513405
2057:Pediatric Nephrology
2033:10.1148/rg.281075171
1674:Hultgren SJ (2011).
1107:, "basin" + νεφρ|ός
970:antibiotic-resistant
877:renal cell carcinoma
741:Acute pyelonephritis
650:complete blood count
388:may be recommended.
3142:Acute renal failure
2354:Cabellon M (2005).
1128:A similar term is "
866:Xanthogranulomatous
642:empirical treatment
313:bacterial infection
201:Bacterial infection
3233:Reflux nephropathy
3190:Diabetes insipidus
2972:Glomerular disease
2874:External resources
2069:10.1007/bf00860755
1780:10.1093/cid/ciq257
1446:10.1093/cid/ciq257
881:kidney parenchymal
723:doppler ultrasound
718:
576:multiple sclerosis
568:neurogenic bladder
456:blood in the urine
448:decreased appetite
425:
415:Signs and symptoms
358:sexual intercourse
333:frequent urination
213:Sexual intercourse
191:frequent urination
155:Infectious disease
3243:
3242:
3120:General syndromes
3041:Liddle's syndrome
3036:Gitelman syndrome
2919:
2918:
2514:10.1159/000472589
2369:978-0-7817-4373-0
2325:(12): 2285–2291.
1889:978-0-7817-7513-7
1686:on 29 August 2006
1660:978-0-7817-4750-9
1627:978-0-7817-4750-9
1396:Ferri FF (2017).
1170:and nephro- from
1152:is formed by the
1099:The term is from
835:
817:
762:kidney parenchyma
634:white blood cells
595:immunocompromised
591:diabetes mellitus
495:coliform bacteria
302:
301:
237:Diagnostic method
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3295:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3031:Bartter syndrome
3026:Fanconi syndrome
2957:
2950:
2943:
2934:
2933:
2773:
2772:
2761:
2758:
2752:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2637:
2613:
2604:
2603:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2502:European Urology
2497:
2491:
2490:
2480:
2470:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2419:
2387:
2378:
2377:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2294: 10636779.
2282:(11): CD001321.
2271:
2265:
2264:
2254:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2206:(7): 1301–1302.
2195:
2189:
2188:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2137:. 11 July 2016.
2127:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2104:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2035:
2011:
2002:
1995:
1989:
1979:
1969:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1909:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1874:Fang LS (2009).
1871:
1865:
1864:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1808:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1782:
1773:(5): e103–e120.
1758:
1745:
1744:
1734:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1680:UTI Pathogenesis
1671:
1665:
1664:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1574:
1561:
1560:
1532:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1504:netterimages.com
1496:
1490:
1489:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1448:
1439:(5): e103–e120.
1424:
1418:
1417:
1393:
1370:
1369:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1316:
1299:
1298:
1278:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1221:
1186:(-itis) used in
1056:Watchful waiting
1042:
1017:
943:fluoroquinolones
899:(hence the term
849:
837:
836:
819:
818:
695:
638:urine test strip
589:Constitutional:
353:Escherichia coli
321:flank tenderness
179:flank tenderness
140:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
55:
46:Kidney infection
35:
34:
21:
18:Kidney infection
3303:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3283:Kidney diseases
3268:
3267:
3266:
3256:
3254:
3246:
3244:
3239:
3158:
3115:
3077:
3047:
2987:
2966:
2961:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2869:
2868:
2784:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2750:Wayback Machine
2743:medilexicon.com
2741:
2737:
2698:
2694:
2655:
2651:
2614:
2607:
2568:
2564:
2533:
2529:
2498:
2494:
2447:
2443:
2402:(7): CD003772.
2388:
2381:
2370:
2352:
2348:
2311:
2307:
2272:
2268:
2237:(4): CD001534.
2223:
2219:
2196:
2192:
2161:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2102:
2096:
2092:
2053:
2049:
2012:
2005:
1945:
1938:
1930:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1872:
1868:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1806:
1800:
1796:
1759:
1748:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1643:
1639:
1628:
1610:
1606:
1575:
1564:
1533:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1482:
1466:
1462:
1425:
1421:
1410:
1394:
1373:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1332:
1318:
1317:
1302:
1279:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1223:
1222:
1209:
1204:
1146:
1097:
1085:
1072:
1064:
1040:
1015:
996:
963:
951:aminoglycosides
934:
926:cranberry juice
922:sexual activity
913:
889:Microscopically
863:
856:
850:
841:
838:
828:
823:
820:
810:
790:
743:
738:
693:
690:helical CT scan
674:
672:Imaging studies
623:
618:
582:disease (e.g.,
556:ureteral stents
521:can invade the
475:
417:
386:medical imaging
144:
93:
89:
68:photomicrograph
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3301:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3265:
3264:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3223:Hydronephrosis
3211:
3210:
3209:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3096:Renal ischemia
3093:
3087:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3066:Pyelonephritis
3057:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3008:
2997:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2976:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2964:Kidney disease
2960:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:Pyelonephritis
2901:
2890:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2855:
2844:
2813:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:Classification
2769:
2768:External links
2766:
2763:
2762:
2753:
2735:
2708:(3): 373–379.
2692:
2649:
2635:10.1086/519268
2628:(3): 273–280.
2605:
2562:
2527:
2492:
2441:
2379:
2368:
2346:
2305:
2266:
2217:
2190:
2171:(5): 589–593.
2152:
2119:
2090:
2047:
2026:(1): 255–276.
2003:
1936:
1895:
1888:
1866:
1823:
1794:
1746:
1697:
1666:
1659:
1637:
1626:
1604:
1585:(2): 178–180.
1562:
1547:(5): 933–942.
1516:
1491:
1481:978-1455737864
1480:
1460:
1419:
1408:
1371:
1341:
1330:
1300:
1289:(5): 519–526.
1246:
1231:. April 2017.
1206:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1150:pyelonephritis
1145:
1142:
1096:
1093:
1084:
1081:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1060:
995:
992:
962:
959:
947:cephalosporins
933:
930:
912:
909:
862:
859:
858:
857:
851:
844:
842:
839:
826:
824:
821:
808:
789:
786:
742:
739:
737:
736:Classification
734:
673:
670:
662:blood cultures
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
612:
609:family history
605:
598:
587:
493:may be due to
474:
471:
464:AA amyloidosis
416:
413:
345:kidney failure
305:Pyelonephritis
300:
299:
296:
292:
291:
280:
274:
273:
270:
266:
265:
252:
246:
245:
239:
233:
232:
210:
204:
203:
198:
194:
193:
172:
166:
165:
152:
146:
145:
143:
142:
86:
84:
80:
79:
64:immunostaining
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
38:Pyelonephritis
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3300:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3278:Inflammations
3276:
3275:
3273:
3263:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3202:Renal papilla
3200:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3137:Renal failure
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2946:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2757:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2739:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2610:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2508:(2): 96–100.
2507:
2503:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2384:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2157:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2020:Radiographics
2017:
2010:
2008:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1941:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1662:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1409:9780323529570
1405:
1401:
1400:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1337:
1333:
1331:9781605479750
1327:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1199:
1197:
1196:inflammations
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1067:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
991:
989:
984:
979:
975:
974:ciprofloxacin
971:
966:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
939:
929:
927:
923:
919:
908:
906:
905:ancient Greek
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
871:
870:granulomatous
867:
854:
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3228:Pyonephrosis
3180:Nephroptosis
3065:
3053:Interstitium
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1182:
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1172:
1171:
1168:renal pelvis
1162:
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1134:renal pelvis
1129:
1127:
1123:inflammation
1121:suggesting "
1116:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1086:
1077:Wilms' tumor
1073:
1070:Epidemiology
1065:
1049:
1045:
1021:vasodilation
1012:
1000:leukocytosis
997:
978:levofloxacin
967:
964:
935:
914:
900:
864:
802:pyonephrosis
791:
782:renal cortex
758:renal pelvis
754:inflammation
744:
727:
719:
678:colicky pain
675:
654:neutrophilia
624:
572:spina bifida
530:
518:
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480:E. coli
478:
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208:Risk factors
29:
3214:Major calyx
3195:Nephrogenic
2883:MedlinePlus
2461:: 8513405.
1954:Diagnostics
1115:" + suffix
1095:Terminology
994:Complicated
983:ceftriaxone
897:macrophages
778:suppuration
686:radioopaque
646:Blood tests
560:nephrostomy
515:prostatitis
401:ceftriaxone
393:antibiotics
288:ceftriaxone
76:giant cells
72:macrophages
43:Other names
3288:Nephrology
3272:Categories
2926:at the US
2905:Patient UK
2859:DiseasesDB
2417:2123/22283
1839:(1): 3–6.
1239:30 October
1202:References
1176:(nephrós)
1033:ceftibuten
1008:carbapenem
932:Management
918:preventive
911:Prevention
770:glomerulus
752:localized
648:such as a
602:spermicide
506:Klebsiella
395:, such as
382:urinalysis
374:spermicide
278:Medication
269:Prevention
243:urinalysis
229:spermicide
163:nephrology
3132:Nephrosis
3127:Nephritis
2894:eMedicine
1998:CC BY 4.0
1166:(púelos)
1148:The word
1144:Etymology
1089:vitamin A
1062:Follow-up
747:exudative
730:DMSA scan
652:may show
616:Diagnosis
607:Positive
564:pregnancy
295:Frequency
150:Specialty
3262:Medicine
3083:Vascular
3022:Genetic
3006:proximal
2899:ped/1959
2746:Archived
2730:24441322
2722:25980468
2687:28900400
2644:17599303
2592:29298155
2557:17698122
2487:32300381
2436:25066627
2427:10580126
2374:Archived
2341:30191339
2300:37947276
2261:30932167
2212:15832532
2139:Archived
2111:Archived
2085:34078339
2042:18203942
2000:license.
1986:26838799
1960:(1): 2.
1928:Archived
1924:16848382
1861:73387308
1853:10882237
1815:Archived
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1741:15630106
1632:Archived
1599:18308077
1557:Archived
1553:15768623
1486:Archived
1455:21292654
1414:Archived
1366:25629148
1336:Archived
1295:21888302
1233:Archived
1192:diseases
1188:medicine
1130:pyelitis
1103:πύελο|ς
1083:Research
1029:cefixime
794:scarring
774:bleeding
766:necrosis
750:purulent
586:) in men
580:prostate
527:biofilms
511:cystitis
433:vomiting
366:diabetes
360:, prior
221:diabetes
215:, prior
170:Symptoms
66:on this
2993:Tubules
2853:D011704
2679:9536568
2600:3919412
2522:3956552
2478:7142339
2252:6442022
2077:7794724
1977:4808817
1732:3722605
1579:Urology
1509:14 July
1138:calyces
1109:nepʰrós
1105:pýelo|s
895:-laden
873:abscess
798:abscess
756:of the
630:nitrite
531:E. coli
519:E. coli
444:malaise
159:urology
3248:Portal
3218:pelvis
3152:Uremia
3011:distal
2888:001274
2842:590.81
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1173:νεφρός
1163:πύελος
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1156:roots
1113:kidney
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961:Simple
901:xantho
885:anemia
694:
692:with 5
597:states
578:) and
544:ureter
473:Causes
372:, and
341:sepsis
331:, and
325:nausea
309:kidney
298:Common
197:Causes
183:nausea
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70:shows
3163:Other
2864:11052
2838:590.8
2834:590.3
2830:590.1
2826:590.0
2811:N20.9
2807:N13.6
2726:S2CID
2683:S2CID
2596:S2CID
2114:(PDF)
2103:(PDF)
2081:S2CID
1931:(PDF)
1908:(PDF)
1857:S2CID
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1807:(PDF)
1229:NIDDK
1160:from
1154:Greek
1118:-itis
1101:Greek
953:, or
893:lipid
636:on a
343:, or
317:fever
175:Fever
2980:See
2848:MeSH
2821:9-CM
2718:PMID
2675:PMID
2640:PMID
2588:PMID
2553:PMID
2518:PMID
2483:PMID
2459:2020
2432:PMID
2400:2014
2364:ISBN
2337:PMID
2296:PMID
2280:2023
2257:PMID
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2181:PMID
2147:2017
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2038:PMID
1982:PMID
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2803:N12
2799:N10
2790:ICD
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2667:doi
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