528:, and provided approximately half the funds needed for Japan's war effort. Schiff made this loan in part because he believed gold was not as important as national effort and desire to win a war and due to the apparent underdog status of Japan at the time-a European empire had not yet been defeated by a non-Western nation, in a modern, full-scale war. It is quite likely Schiff also saw this loan as a means of answering, on behalf of the Jewish people for the antisemitic actions of the
31:
1576:"Jacob H. Schiff, Noted Financier, Dies In Fifth Av. Home After A Long Illness. Stricken By Heart Disease 6 Months Ago. Suffered Relapse Thursday. End Comes At 6:30 P.M. With His Family At His Bedside. Semi-Conscious For 3 Days Arteriosclerosis Given As Immediate Cause Of Death Of Famous Philanthropist"
614:
seized power for themselves in
November 1917, Schiff immediately rejected them, cut off further loans, started funding anti-Bolshevist groups, and even demanded that the Bolsheviks pay back some of the money he'd loaned Kerensky. Schiff also joined a British-backed effort to appeal to fellow Jews in
852:
His estate was estimated at about $ 50,000,000 (approximately $ 760,000,000 today). He bequeathed $ 1,350,000 to various institutions, most of which had received benefactions during his life. The largest bequests were $ 500,000 to the
Federation for the support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies of
778:
to have a plebiscite rather than being ceded to Poland. The telegram is not known to have actually existed. Moreover, it has been argued that Schiff stopped financing transactions for
Germany or the Central Powers as of 1914, stopped speaking German in public and was eager to demonstrate his moral
575:
statesmen to end the war as quickly as possible, even without an Allied victory. He feared for the lives of his family, back in
Germany, but also for the future of his adopted land. He arranged loans to France and other nations for humanitarian purposes, and spoke out against
806:, and pogroms in Ukraine, Schiff made more considerable contributions to the Zionist effort; he even offered to join the Zionist organization, provided he could publish a statement he'd prepared. This offer was denied, and so he never formally joined the Zionist camp.
539:
This loan attracted worldwide attention, and had major consequences. Since their domestic economy was still developing, Japan's military was dependent on massive imports of munitions, purchases made possible by Schiff's loan. In 1905, Japan awarded Schiff the
606:, representing the new provisional government, had declared Jews to be equal citizens. In addition to repeated public statements of support, he used both his personal wealth and the resources of Kuhn Loeb to float large loans to Kerensky's regime. When
1830:
774:. Maurras went so far as to suggest that a telegram from Schiff and other prominent American Jewish leaders convinced President Wilson to give in to certain German arguments at the post-war peace negotiations, including allowing
754:, and never discussed the size of his gifts. Because of his secrecy, the exact amount of his philanthropic donations is impossible to calculate, but it has been estimated between $ 50 and $ 100 million dollars.
821:
stated that, "Mr. Schiff has always used his wealth and his influence in the best interests of his people. He financed the enemies of autocratic Russia and used his financial influence to keep
750:
principle that "twice blessed is he who gives in secret." He did not permit his name to be attached to the buildings he sponsored, with the one exception of the Schiff
Pavilion at his
628:. Beginning in childhood he recalled "Kindness was the keynote of the household... It was made our duty to put one-tenth aside for charity according to the old Jewish tradition."
2289:
310:. Meir Ben Jacob Schiff, another relative, had become renowned as a Talmudic scholar and commentator in the 14th century. Jacob's father, Moses Schiff, was a broker for the
1676:"Welcome to PS 192 "Never let it rest until our good gets better and our better gets best" - P.S. 192 Jacob H. Schiff - M192 - New York City Department of Education"
524:
in the amount of $ 200 million (equivalent to $ 5.3 billion in 2023), through Kuhn, Loeb & Co. These loans were the first major flotation of
Japanese bonds on
2294:
347:
invited him to return to New York City and enter the firm. Not long after joining the firm of Kuhn, Loeb & Co., Schiff was in essence running the business.
2172:
1874:
1615:
396:
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leader from 1880 to 1920 in what later became known as the "Schiff era", grappling with all major Jewish issues and problems of the day, including the
1595:
1137:
2219:
1575:
662:
Schiff grew to be one of
American Jewry's top philanthropists and leaders, donating to nearly every major Jewish cause, New York examples being the
917:
took power in 1933, the street's name was changed to
Mummstraße after Daniel Heinrich Mumm von Schwarzenstein, the city's former mayor, as part of
583:
Schiff forbade any of the funds from his loans from going to the
Russian Empire, due to the Tsarist regime's oppression of the Jewish people. When
587:, Schiff believed that the oppression of Russia's Jews would end and formally repealed the impediments within his firm against lending to Russia.
639:
which relocated New York immigrant Jews to the
Western United States. He also founded an additional point of immigrant entry to the U.S. through
794:, and in fact believing that Zionism would cause Americans to question his loyalty, he donated to many Jewish projects in Israel, including the
2304:
2239:
2279:
314:. Schiff was educated in the schools of Frankfurt, and was first employed in the banking and brokerage business as an apprentice in 1861.
598:"Schiff's gripe against Russia had been its anti-Semitism. At home Schiff had never shown any sympathy for socialism, not even the milder
2229:
559:
In addition to his famous loan to Japan, Schiff financed loans to many other nations, including those that would come to comprise the
2274:
339:
branch of the London & Hanseatic Bank. He returned to Frankfurt, however, upon the death of his father later that year. In 1874,
335:
Upon the dissolution of Budge, Schiff & Company in 1872, Schiff decided to return to Germany. In 1873, he became manager of the
206:, businessman, and philanthropist. He helped finance the expansion of American railroads and the Japanese military efforts against
1867:
2224:
671:
648:
325:
on August 6. He became a broker on November 21, 1866, and joined the firm of Budge, Schiff & Company in 1867. He became a
1787:
1374:
814:
813:
noted that Schiff helped finance revolutionary propaganda during the Russo-Japanese War and Revolution of 1905, through the
548:, the second highest of the eight classes of that Order. Schiff was the first foreigner to receive the Order in person from
1847:
1540:
663:
469:
254:
1001:
728:
Schiff was actively concerned with the improvement of civic conditions in New York City. He was a vice president of the
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1860:
1357:
714:
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430:
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Schiff accepted Kuhn's invitation in January 1875, bringing to Kuhn, Loeb & Company his connections with Sir
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He was also involved with many secular American causes: in addition to serving on the Board of Managers of the
473:
743:
On his 70th birthday, he distributed $ 700,000 among various charitable organizations and public institutions
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2148:
702:
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variety. Schiff had declared victory for his purposes in Russia after the tsar was toppled in March 1917 and
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In 1885, Schiff became head of Kuhn, Loeb & Company. Besides financing Eastern railroads such as the
879:
from the 1930s through at least the 1960s. It was located on Valentine Avenue, near the intersection of
2264:
1695:"Swastikas on Jacob-Schiff-Straße: The Peculiar History of Jewish Street Names in Frankfurt, 1872–1938"
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388:
1475:
2254:
2140:
1883:
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643:. He supported relief efforts for the victims of pogroms in Russia, and helped establish and develop
410:(Bank of Paris and the Netherlands or Paribas). On May 6, 1875, he married Therese Loeb, daughter of
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2004:
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in 1895. Both Frieda's husband and her brother Mortimer became partners in Kuhn, Loeb & Co.
686:
485:
332:
in September 1870.However, Schiff's modern biographer Cohen, says this happened a year later.
278:
262:
1405:, vol. 3, edited by Giles R. Hoyt. German Historical Institute. Last modified August 05, 2013.
1206:
2156:
1805:
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1138:"Continental Bank to Mark 70th Year; Institution Has 3,500 Depositors and 6,000 Stockholders"
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340:
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2199:
2194:
2057:
1675:
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288:
105:
913:
is named after him in honor of the charitable donations he had made to the city. When the
709:; and a number of other organizations for civil rights and the disadvantaged, such as the
306:, became lead rabbi in Great Britain and from 1765 until his death was acting head of the
8:
2118:
1927:
1526:
1264:
862:
584:
401:
344:
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226:
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1987:
1939:
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Their daughter Frieda Schiff-Warburg (February 3, 1876 – September 14, 1958); married
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2092:
2062:
1957:
1809:
1791:
1783:
1752:
1726:
1403:
Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present
1353:
1275:
1185:
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The Jacob Schiff Center, named after him, was a prominent Jewish cultural center and
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Telegraph Company. Less fortunate was his share in the reorganization in 1902 of the
437:
in 1896–99, and at various times aided the American Smelting & Refining Company (
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284:
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1921:
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1442:
1165:
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The legacy is continued through the endeavors of Hubert Jacob Henry Schiff in the
2032:
1975:
1969:
1951:
1945:
1933:
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1710:
949:
841:, New York City on September 25, 1920. His funeral was held three days later at
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1981:
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for control of several Western railroads. Schiff served as a director of the
461:
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384:
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322:
125:
1852:
1479:(12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.
508:
What is perhaps Schiff's most famous financial action took place during the
2027:
1963:
1259:
1008:
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David T. Schiff's son Andrew Neman Schiff was married previously to former
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30:
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770:, claimed that Schiff was thoroughly pro-German and had worked to prevent
488:, and Bond & Mortgage Guarantee Company. He was elected a director of
249:. He also became a director of many important corporations, including the
1909:
564:
525:
258:
230:
302:
family that traced its lineage in Frankfurt back to 1370. One ancestor,
2010:
1813:
914:
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had ended in April 1865, Schiff came to the United States, arriving in
798:. As the situation for Eastern European Jews grew more dire, with the
1507:
910:
892:
876:
838:
552:
in the Imperial Palace. Schiff also had a private audience with King
218:
121:
101:
795:
1091:, Vol. XIII, p. 533. New York: James T. White & Company, 1906.
1126:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1928–1990. pp. 430–432.
1004:
906:
902:
is also named for him. It serves grades pre-K through 5th grade.
861:
He was succeeded as head of Kuhn, Loeb & Company by his son,
787:
635:, and demonstrated this through his philanthropy. He founded the
625:
611:
407:
336:
1352:. Syracuse University Press; New edition. pp. Chapter 41.
899:
822:
747:
520:, in Paris in April 1904. Schiff agreed to extend loans to the
438:
392:
234:
203:
1011:. Together they had three children, before divorcing in 2010.
942:
292:
1375:"The nearly forgotten Jews who helped make the American West"
1332:
Trotsky in New York, 1917: A Radical on the Eve of Revolution
607:
299:
632:
221:, Germany, Schiff migrated to the United States after the
1562:, 1917-1918, Second Edition, Kehillah, New York, (1919),
496:, who had resigned to accept appointment to the original
202:; January 10, 1847 – September 25, 1920) was an American
1146:. New York City, New York, United States. August 1, 1940
1025:
1023:
631:
Schiff always felt strongly about his connection to the
1776:
Jacob H. Schiff: a Study in American Jewish Leadership.
1298:, p. 12. New York: The American Jewish Committee, 1921
1050:
Jacob H. Schiff: a study in American Jewish leadership
624:
Schiff believed in the Jewish charitable principle of
1020:
2290:
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd class
2173:
Progressive Jewish Thought and the New Anti-Semitism
853:
New York City and $ 300,000 to the Montefiore Home.
1320:, p. 17. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers, 1998.
1184:. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 71–79.
295:Niederhofheim) Schiff, members of a distinguished
245:, care of needy Jewish immigrants, and the rise of
1221:
265:. In many of his interests he was associated with
1541:"Pacifists Pester Till Mayor Calls Them Traitors"
1453:. New York: P. F. Collier & Son Company.
492:in September 1914 to succeed his brother-in-law,
2186:
1350:Our Crowd: The great Jewish families of New York
1181:The Good Years: From 1900 to the First World War
590:However, Schiff's stance changed again upon the
1266:Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War
1222:Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023).
1215:
983:Great-Great-Grandson: Hubert Jacob Henry Schiff
790:. Despite not agreeing fully with the ideas of
2295:Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure
1089:The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography
825:from the money markets of the United States."
779:and financial commitment to the Allied cause.
615:Russia to continue the fight against Germany."
1882:
1868:
1800:Schiff, Jacob Henry and Cyrus Adler. (1928).
1751:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 162.
1560:The Jewish Communal Register of New York City
819:The Jewish Communal Register of New York City
546:Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star
1413:
1411:
1211:. New York: Clarkson N. Potter. p. 315.
433:, he took part in the reorganization of the
925:ended, the street's name was changed back.
378:
272:
1875:
1861:
1347:
898:New York City public school number 192 in
29:
1408:
1296:Jacob Henry Schiff: A Biographical Sketch
2220:American people of German-Jewish descent
1634:
1466:
1440:
1434:
1329:
1130:
414:. The couple were the parents of a son,
1510:: The Great Jewish Families of New York
962:Mother: Clara Schiff, née Niederhofheim
736:which resulted in the overthrow of the
681:, he gave to such organizations as the
619:
2187:
1840:Newspaper clippings about Jacob Schiff
1835:, about contribution from Jacob Schiff
1802:Jacob H. Schiff; his Life and Letters.
1318:Japanese Diplomats and Jewish Refugees
1258:
1252:
1204:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
786:, Schiff supported political, secular
2305:Philanthropists from New York (state)
2240:German emigrants to the United States
1856:
1692:
1659:"On Fordham Road: Signs of the Times"
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1111:
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1103:
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815:Society of Friends of Russian Freedom
2280:Progressive Era in the United States
1746:
1596:"Thousands Gather At Schiff Funeral"
1568:
1177:
872:U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1982.
664:Montefiore Home for Chronic Invalids
1075:
13:
1635:Guzzardi, Walter (13 March 1989).
1491:Dictionnaire Politique et Critique
1457:
1441:Reynolds, Francis J., ed. (1921).
1372:
1338:
1094:
845:, then located at 43rd Street and
715:Visiting Nurse Service of New York
691:American Museum of Natural History
59:1885 – September 25, 1920
48:Senior Partner, Kuhn Loeb & Co
14:
2326:
2230:Businesspeople from New York City
1819:
1637:"THE U. S. BUSINESS HALL OF FAME"
1418:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920).
1334:. Counterpoint. pp. 320–321.
1031:"SCHIFF - JewishEncyclopedia.com"
666:, of which he was president, the
503:
2275:People of the Russo-Japanese War
1493:, 1930–32, vol. II, pages 361–3.
1270:. The Scarecrow Press. pp.
1123:Dictionary of American Biography
637:Jewish Industrial Removal Office
554:Edward VII of the United Kingdom
470:Equitable Life Assurance Society
255:Equitable Life Assurance Society
1780:University Press of New England
1768:
1740:
1686:
1668:
1651:
1628:
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1483:
1391:
1366:
1323:
1310:
1301:
1288:
1243:Gross Domestic Product deflator
980:Great Grandson: David T. Schiff
772:American entry into World War I
585:the Tsar was overthrown in 1917
482:Western Union Telegraph Company
408:Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas
277:Schiff was born in 1847 in the
155:
16:American businessman and banker
2114:Muslim-Jewish Advisory Council
1198:
1171:
1158:
1055:
1041:
757:
668:Young Men's Hebrew Association
567:, Schiff urged U.S. President
474:National City Bank of New York
251:National City Bank of New York
1:
2225:Businesspeople from Frankfurt
2149:The Authoritarian Personality
1774:Cohen, Naomi Wiener. (1999).
1639:. FORTUNE Magazine. CNN Money
1224:"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?"
1014:
868:Schiff was inducted into the
703:American Geographical Society
651:, the Jewish Division in the
512:(1904-1905). Schiff met with
443:Westinghouse Electric Company
241:, American and international
2109:Atlanta Jewish Film Festival
1719:10.2979/jewisocistud.26.3.05
1711:10.2979/jewisocistud.26.3.05
1522:"Schiff: Jacob Henry Schiff"
1467:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922).
1348:Birmingham, Stephen (1967).
796:Technical Institute of Haifa
730:New York Chamber of Commerce
542:Order of the Sacred Treasure
373:Continental Bank of New York
330:citizen of the United States
7:
1844:20th Century Press Archives
1470:"Schiff, Jacob Henry"
1444:"Schiff, Jacob Henry"
1421:"Schiff, Jacob Henry"
679:New York Zoological Society
672:Jewish Theological Seminary
649:Jewish Theological Seminary
451:Metropolitan Street Railway
435:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
35:1903 portrait of Schiff by
10:
2331:
1450:Collier's New Encyclopedia
1330:Ackerman, Kenneth (2016).
954:Frieda Warburg, née Schiff
699:American Fine Arts Society
695:Metropolitan Museum of Art
532:, specifically the recent
456:He became associated with
431:Louisville & Nashville
371:, he was a founder of the
2315:American Jewish Committee
2141:American Jewish Year Book
2132:
2101:
2020:
1997:
1890:
1884:American Jewish Committee
935:
909:, Jacob-Schiff-Straße in
856:
766:movement and its leader,
657:American Jewish Committee
516:, deputy governor of the
490:Wells Fargo & Company
466:J.P. Morgan & Company
460:in notable contests with
350:
259:Wells Fargo & Company
189:
181:
165:
142:
132:
111:
84:
79:
75:
63:
52:
47:
43:
28:
21:
2260:American philanthropists
1778:Hanover, New Hampshire:
1693:Lazar, Max (Fall 2021).
1316:Pamela Rotner Sakamoto,
1205:Loomis, Noel M. (1968).
828:
379:Kuhn, Loeb & Company
345:Kuhn, Loeb & Company
273:Early life and education
2205:Jewish American bankers
2124:Transatlantic Institute
1804:Garden City, New York:
1476:Encyclopædia Britannica
1120:"Schiff, Jacob Henry".
746:Schiff believed in the
719:Henry Street Settlement
653:New York Public Library
395:(later of London), and
343:of the banking firm of
1831:Excerpt from the book
1747:Mask, Deirdre (2020).
1427:Encyclopedia Americana
1035:jewishencyclopedia.com
977:Grandson: Henry Schiff
732:, and a member of the
687:Harvard Semitic Museum
617:
486:Union Pacific Railroad
291:, to Moses and Clara (
263:Union Pacific Railroad
239:plight of Russian Jews
233:, he was the foremost
185:Banker and businessman
1699:Jewish Social Studies
1616:"J. H. Schiff's Will"
1604:. September 29, 1920.
1584:. September 26, 1920.
1379:www.timesofisrael.com
1178:Lord, Walter (1960).
683:Boy Scouts of America
596:
478:Central Trust Company
200:Jakob Heinrich Schiff
89:Jakob Heinrich Schiff
2215:American Reform Jews
2058:Samuel D. Leidesdorf
1397:Heilbrunn, Bernice.
1047:Naomi Wiener Cohen,
959:Father: Moses Schiff
930:United Arab Emirates
645:Hebrew Union College
620:Charitable endeavors
594:' seizure of power:
227:Kuhn, Loeb & Co.
225:and joined the firm
138:American (1870–1920)
106:German Confederation
2210:American financiers
2119:Project Interchange
1928:Joseph M. Proskauer
1826:Jewish Encyclopedia
1665:. October 22, 2006.
1527:Jewish Encyclopedia
1245:figures follow the
863:Mortimer Leo Schiff
833:Schiff died at his
752:Montefiore Hospital
544:, and in 1907, the
304:David Tevele Schiff
70:Mortimer Leo Schiff
2245:German Reform Jews
2083:Harry Schneiderman
1988:Michael L. Tichnor
1970:Maynard I. Wishner
1952:Arthur J. Goldberg
1940:Herbert B. Ehrmann
1663:The New York Times
1624:. October 6, 1920.
1503:Stephen Birmingham
1399:"Jacob H. Schiff."
1143:The New York Times
870:Junior Achievement
800:Russian Revolution
782:A practitioner of
723:Tuskegee Institute
711:American Red Cross
604:Alexander Kerensky
514:Takahashi Korekiyo
510:Russo-Japanese War
416:Mortimer L. Schiff
319:American Civil War
223:American Civil War
212:Russo-Japanese War
196:Jacob Henry Schiff
175:Mortimer L. Schiff
136:German (1847–1870)
115:September 25, 1920
2265:American Zionists
2182:
2181:
2093:Marc H. Tanenbaum
2063:Nathan Perlmutter
1958:Philip E. Hoffman
1904:Louis B. Marshall
1833:The Lady Upstairs
1788:978-0-87451-948-8
1549:. March 24, 1917.
1489:Charles Maurras,
804:Russian Civil War
670:building and the
578:submarine warfare
365:Robert L. Cutting
361:Marcellus Hartley
285:Frankfurt am Main
229:From his base on
193:
192:
2322:
2255:Jewish pacifists
2088:Kenneth S. Stern
2068:Norman Podhoretz
2053:Avital Leibovich
2021:Other key people
1922:Maurice Wertheim
1898:Mayer Sulzberger
1877:
1870:
1863:
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1749:The Address Book
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1059:
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1045:
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1038:
1027:
992:Brother-in-Law:
764:Action Française
641:Galveston, Texas
418:and a daughter,
405:
397:Edouard Noetzlin
375:in August 1870.
308:London Synagogue
297:Ashkenazi Jewish
159:
157:
118:
99:January 10, 1847
98:
96:
80:Personal details
66:
57:
33:
19:
18:
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2310:Reform Zionists
2250:German Zionists
2235:Central bankers
2185:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2128:
2097:
2033:Elliot E. Cohen
2016:
1993:
1976:Alfred H. Moses
1964:Elmer L. Winter
1946:Morris B. Abram
1934:Jacob Blaustein
1886:
1881:
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1029:
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1021:
1017:
999:
965:Granddaughter:
950:Mortimer Schiff
941:Wife: Therese (
938:
885:Grand Concourse
859:
843:Temple Emanu-El
831:
802:and subsequent
768:Charles Maurras
760:
734:Committee of 70
721:(New York) and
707:Barnard College
622:
600:Morris Hillquit
534:Kishinev pogrom
522:Empire of Japan
506:
498:Federal Reserve
399:
381:
369:Joseph Seligman
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2048:Max Horkheimer
2045:
2040:
2038:Felice D. Gaer
2035:
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2018:
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2015:
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2013:(2022–present)
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1961:
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1820:External links
1818:
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973:John M. Schiff
969:
967:Dorothy Schiff
963:
960:
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849:in Manhattan.
830:
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759:
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569:Woodrow Wilson
561:Central Powers
530:Russian Empire
505:
504:National loans
502:
458:E. H. Harriman
389:Robert Fleming
380:
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267:E. H. Harriman
208:Tsarist Russia
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1307:Adler, p. 14.
1304:
1297:
1294:Cyrus Adler,
1291:
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1281:0-8108-4927-5
1277:
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1007:'s daughter,
1006:
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988:Felix Warburg
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811:George Kennan
807:
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633:Jewish people
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531:
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518:Bank of Japan
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462:James J. Hill
459:
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452:
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447:Western Union
444:
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385:Ernest Cassel
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357:H. B. Claflin
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20:
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2147:
2139:
2133:Publications
2102:Institutions
2078:Jacob Schiff
2077:
2028:Steven Bayme
2005:David Harris
1832:
1801:
1775:
1748:
1742:
1730:. Retrieved
1702:
1698:
1688:
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1662:
1653:
1641:. Retrieved
1630:
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1402:
1393:
1382:. Retrieved
1378:
1368:
1349:
1331:
1325:
1317:
1312:
1303:
1295:
1290:
1265:
1254:
1246:
1235:November 30,
1233:. Retrieved
1227:
1217:
1207:
1200:
1180:
1173:
1160:
1148:. Retrieved
1141:
1132:
1121:
1088:
1065:
1057:
1048:
1043:
1034:
998:
994:Paul Warburg
986:Son-in-Law:
927:
923:World War II
919:aryanization
904:
897:
881:Fordham Road
874:
867:
860:
851:
847:Fifth Avenue
835:Fifth Avenue
832:
818:
808:
781:
761:
745:
742:
727:
676:
661:
630:
623:
597:
589:
582:
558:
538:
507:
494:Paul Warburg
455:
427:Pennsylvania
424:
412:Solomon Loeb
382:
354:
341:Abraham Kuhn
334:
316:
279:
276:
243:antisemitism
216:
199:
195:
194:
148:Therese Loeb
117:(1920-09-25)
65:Succeeded by
54:
23:Jacob Schiff
2300:Wells Fargo
2270:Loeb family
2200:1920 deaths
2195:1847 births
2168:(1973–1990)
2160:(1945–2007)
2144:(1908–2008)
2007:(1990–2022)
1984:(2001–2004)
1978:(1991–1994)
1972:(1980–1983)
1966:(1973–1977)
1960:(1969–1973)
1954:(1968–1969)
1948:(1964–1968)
1942:(1959–1961)
1936:(1949–1954)
1930:(1943–1949)
1924:(1941–1943)
1912:(1929–1940)
1910:Cyrus Adler
1906:(1912–1929)
1900:(1906–1912)
1732:18 December
1643:18 December
1208:Wells Fargo
1150:November 2,
948:Children:
900:West Harlem
891:section of
809:Journalist
758:World War I
565:World War I
526:Wall Street
400: [
387:of London,
355:Along with
327:naturalized
312:Rothschilds
231:Wall Street
177:(1877–1931)
172:(1876–1958)
133:Citizenship
37:Aimé Dupont
2189:Categories
2157:Commentary
2011:Ted Deutch
1891:Presidents
1769:References
1384:2019-12-22
1015:References
971:Grandson:
915:Nazi Party
738:Tweed Ring
655:, and the
592:Bolsheviks
571:and other
445:, and the
317:After the
300:rabbinical
280:Judengasse
261:, and the
182:Occupation
95:1847-01-10
1806:Doubleday
1796:123134648
1727:241141385
1508:Our Crowd
1062:Glazer, N
911:Frankfurt
893:The Bronx
877:synagogue
839:Manhattan
563:. During
556:in 1904.
536:in 1903.
219:Frankfurt
122:Manhattan
102:Frankfurt
55:In office
2175:" (2006)
1262:(2006).
1249:series.
921:. After
883:and the
837:home in
748:Talmudic
429:and the
217:Born in
166:Children
1990:(2022–)
1846:of the
1842:in the
1564:p. 1019
1064:(1957)
1009:Karenna
1005:Al Gore
907:Germany
889:Fordham
887:in the
788:Zionism
626:Zedakah
612:Trotsky
500:Board.
441:), the
406:of the
337:Hamburg
289:Germany
247:Zionism
210:in the
160:
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1918:(1941)
1814:801997
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1188:
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857:Legacy
823:Russia
713:, the
705:, and
689:, the
685:, the
647:, the
573:Allied
439:ASARCO
420:Frieda
393:Dundee
367:, and
351:Career
235:Jewish
204:banker
198:(born
143:Spouse
128:, U.S.
1723:S2CID
1715:JSTOR
945:Loeb)
829:Death
608:Lenin
404:]
154:(
150:
1998:CEOs
1810:OCLC
1792:OCLC
1784:ISBN
1753:ISBN
1734:2021
1645:2021
1354:ISBN
1276:ISBN
1237:2023
1186:ISBN
1152:2017
762:The
717:and
610:and
464:and
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85:Born
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293:née
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97:)
93:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
