411:
137:
1908:
1842:
1826:
1683:
161:
1944:
1924:
1876:
6559:
1860:
1892:
763:
1370:
They are an extremely important food for numerous species of birds, and also are eaten by other wild animals. In the autumn and early winter the fruits are hard and apparently unpalatable. After being frozen or frosted several times, the fruits soften, and become milder in taste. During winter
558:), which is grown commercially, is quickly spreading into native forest habitat, where it thrives in shade and crowds out native species. It has been placed on the Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board's monitor list, and is a Class C invasive plant in Portland.
3243:) has tremendous religious significance at Christmas. Its prickly leave are evocative of the crown of thorns that was placed on Jesus Christ's head at His crucifixion, and its scarlet berries are synonymous with drops of His blood.
529:, such as the cultivar 'Nellie R. Stevens'. The fruits ripen in winter and thus provide winter colour contrast between the bright red of the fruits and the glossy green evergreen leaves. Hence the cut branches, especially of
1483:
Holly berries can cause vomiting and diarrhea. They are especially dangerous in cases involving accidental consumption by children attracted to the bright red berries. Ingestion of over 20 berries may be fatal to children.
2554:
Plant diversity and complexity patterns: local, regional, and global dimensions : proceedings of an international symposium held at the Royal Danish
Academy of Sciences and Letters in Copenhagen, Denmark, 25–28 May
545:
when ingested. However, they are a food source for certain birds and other animals, which help disperse the seeds. Unfortunately this can have negative impacts as well. Along the west coast of North
America, from
772:) are dioecious: (above) shoot with flowers from male plant; (top right) male flower enlarged from female plant; (lower right) female flower enlarged, showing ovary and reduced, sterile stamens with no pollen.
498:
described by
Linnaeus. Plants in this genus have simple, alternate glossy leaves, frequently with a spiny leaf margin. The inconspicuous flower is greenish white, with four petals. They are generally
901:. Many of the then-existing species with the strictest ecological requirements became extinct because they could not cross the barriers imposed by the geography, but others found refuge as a species
2772:
593:, specifically stems with berries used in Christmas decoration. By extension, "holly" is also applied to the whole genus. The origin of the word "holly" is considered a reduced form of
3003:
1750:; and the shape of the leaves, which resemble flames, can serve to reveal God's burning love for His people. Combined with the fact that holly maintains its bright colors during the
1814:
mean 'son of holly'. Common anglicized forms of this arose; last names such as McCullen, McCullion, McQuillan, and MacCullion, which are quite common surnames in some areas.
2251:
472:
regions of the world. It includes species of trees, shrubs, and climbers, with evergreen or deciduous foliage and inconspicuous flowers. Its range was more extended in the
2154:
Renner, Susanne S.; Müller, Niels A. (29 March 2021). "Plant sex chromosomes defy evolutionary models of expanding recombination suppression and genetic degeneration".
3149:
In
Germany and Scandinavia the holly, or holy tree, is called "Christ's thorn," from its use in church decorations, and because it bears berries at Christmas-tide.
1437:
2859:
587:
was still being applied to the oak as well as the holly – possibly due to the superficial similarity of the leaves. The name "holly" in common speech refers to
3070:
897:
million years ago. Most of the last remaining temperate broadleaf evergreen forests are believed to have disappeared about 10,000 years ago at the end of the
1445:
1929:
800:
million years ago, resulting in a physical separation of the groups and beginning a process of change to adapt to new conditions. This mechanism is called
905:
in coastal enclaves, archipelagos, and coastal mountains sufficiently far from areas of extreme cold and aridity and protected by the oceanic influence.
1914:
2273:
437:
1841:
6831:
3334:
6880:
2545:
6753:
3382:
1477:
2295:
2259:
6805:
6766:
2648:
2639:
2211:
480:
habitats. It occurs from sea level to more than 2,000 m (6,600 ft) with high mountain species. It is a genus of small,
2881:
6667:
3264:
3000:
2562:
2426:
6810:
1539:) are bitter and emetic. In general little is known about inter-species variation in constituents or toxicity of hollies.
3040:
2229:
6662:
2984:
2329:
1907:
3327:
3232:
3204:
3179:
3027:
2921:
2402:
1060:– mochi tree, Nepal holly (Korea; Taiwan; the mid-southern regions of China; and Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu in Japan)
410:
6955:
6934:
954:– European holly, English holly, Christ's thorn (western and southern Europe, northwest Africa, and southwest Asia)
6836:
6792:
1593:; the spiny leaves make them difficult to penetrate, and they take well to pruning and shaping. Many hundreds of
6898:
6929:
2949:
970:– dahoon holly, cassena (Virginia to southeast Texas of US, Veracruz of Mexico, Bahamas, Cuba, and Puerto Rico)
6818:
3361:
2644:
1787:
1738:
Christians have identified a wealth of symbolism in its form. The sharpness of the leaves help to recall the
2734:
1798:
521:. They range in color from red to brown to black, and rarely green or yellow. The "bones" contain up to ten
6562:
3387:
3377:
3320:
249:
2281:
1343:
to islands and small mountain ranges, and being highly useful plants, many hollies are now becoming rare.
6636:
3303:
2793:
Kellie P. Burris; Federico M. Harte; P. Michael
Davidson; C. Neal Stewart Jr; Svetlana Zivanovic (2012).
2519:
1972:
1943:
1773:
held that "leaves of holly offered protection against evil spirits" and thus "wore holly in their hair".
1659:
6745:
6719:
2630:
2036:
1325:. A species which stands out for its economic importance in Spanish-speaking countries and in Brazil is
1230:
The genus is distributed throughout the world's different climates. Most species make their home in the
6993:
6893:
2712:
2792:
1825:
871:
million years ago, suggesting that older representatives of the genus belong to now extinct branches.
488:. The plants are generally slow-growing with some species growing to 25 m (82 ft) tall. The
7003:
6998:
6988:
6960:
6846:
6771:
3007:
1487:
Holly leaves, if eaten, might cause diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and stomach and intestinal problems.
804:. Over time, survivor species of the holly genus adapted to different ecological niches. This led to
3372:
3296:
3099:
1783:
1747:
6740:
2706:
Alexandra M. Gottlieb; Gustavo C. Giberti; Lidia Poggio (2005). "Molecular analyses of the genus
2505:
160:
6885:
6872:
2557:. Biologiske skrifter. Vol. 55. Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskab. pp. 507–517.
784:
mechanisms at work. In this scenario ancestors of this group became isolated from the remaining
6714:
6579:
805:
31:
2461:
2416:
2378:
136:
6867:
2484:
2354:
2065:
Yao, Xin; Tan, Yun-Hong; Liu, Ying-Ying; Song, Yu; Yang, Jun-Bo; Corlett, Richard T. (2016).
1923:
1875:
1727:
1663:
1114:
878:
809:
801:
38:
6859:
3307:
2833:
1797:, the Holly King is one of the faces of the Sun God. He is born at midsummer and rules from
1503:
Leaves of some holly species are used by some cultures to make daily tea. These species are
6675:
2084:
1711:
1408:
1192:
914:
594:
17:
820:
diversified the landscape and provided new opportunities for speciation within the genus.
8:
2499:
1859:
1723:
1356:
1327:
1140:
1003:
6706:
3312:
2685:
2299:
2088:
6942:
6727:
6402:
5620:
5512:
5136:
3623:
3367:
2954:
2926:
2755:
2739:
2681:
2612:
2193:
2105:
2075:
2066:
1392:
1183:– Tsuru Holly (mountains of Japan, Sakhalin, Khabarovsk Krai and Kuril Islands Siberia)
680:
625:
155:
2710:(Aquifoliaceae) in southern South America, evidence from AFLP and ITS sequence data".
2215:
6854:
6649:
6359:
6158:
5710:
5570:
5499:
5422:
5303:
5189:
5106:
4471:
3462:
3398:
3260:
3228:
3200:
3175:
3023:
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2904:
2747:
2616:
2558:
2422:
2398:
2347:
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2197:
2185:
2177:
2110:
1891:
1707:
1581:
1198:
724:
6732:
3284:
2815:
2478:
1281:
In Europe the genus is represented by a single species, the classically named holly
1242:. The greatest diversity of species is found in the Americas and in Southeast Asia.
6947:
6654:
6243:
6233:
6193:
6173:
5949:
5879:
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5209:
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3911:
3774:
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2810:
2759:
2729:
2721:
2705:
2602:
2169:
2165:
2128:
2100:
2092:
1882:
1734:. Angie Mostellar discusses the Christian use of holly at Christmas, stating that:
1602:
1594:
1557:
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1360:
1317:
1299:
1274:
1164:
1148:
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958:
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363:
328:
6628:
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6178:
6163:
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5560:
5376:
5371:
5171:
5141:
5111:
4995:
4960:
4920:
4895:
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4845:
4597:
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4369:
4344:
4239:
4211:
4201:
3994:
3964:
3906:
3891:
3754:
3580:
3487:
3344:
1849:
1743:
1739:
1590:
1565:
1283:
950:
863:, the common ancestor of most of the extant species probably appeared during the
860:
768:
699:
641:
613:
589:
526:
494:
394:
288:
255:
198:
146:
6921:
6823:
1682:
6617:
6516:
6506:
6488:
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6412:
6364:
6331:
6321:
6316:
6238:
6188:
6135:
6120:
6005:
5919:
5859:
5849:
5753:
5655:
5590:
5580:
5540:
5522:
5323:
5250:
5038:
5000:
4955:
4890:
4865:
4840:
4784:
4698:
4466:
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4349:
4206:
4098:
4075:
4037:
4014:
4004:
3807:
3669:
3608:
3472:
2173:
1866:
1719:
1246:
1239:
1216:
1121:
1080:
856:
777:
710:
688:
660:
185:
889:, when the genus was more prosperous. This type of forest extended during the
6983:
6977:
6602:
6498:
6427:
6397:
6374:
6369:
6354:
6306:
6273:
6268:
6203:
5997:
5982:
5929:
5909:
5869:
5864:
5844:
5806:
5758:
5705:
5695:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5615:
5530:
5507:
5489:
5457:
5442:
5404:
5308:
5288:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5126:
5121:
5101:
5086:
5048:
5043:
4990:
4980:
4975:
4925:
4905:
4880:
4870:
4771:
4693:
4673:
4612:
4607:
4587:
4521:
4491:
4451:
4359:
4354:
4301:
4171:
4133:
4108:
4080:
4065:
4009:
3989:
3984:
3901:
3868:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3799:
3789:
3779:
3759:
3729:
3661:
3628:
3618:
3585:
3575:
3565:
3434:
3416:
3348:
2585:
Yao, Xin; Song, Yu; Yang, Jun‐Bo; Tan, Yun‐Hong; Corlett, Richard T. (2021).
2237:
2181:
2156:
1751:
1413:
1265:
1204:
1072:
987:
974:
882:
852:
824:
576:
533:, are widely used in Christmas decoration. The fruits are generally slightly
477:
293:
273:
94:
6911:
6437:
6432:
6417:
6407:
6346:
6228:
6213:
6183:
6140:
6130:
6084:
6061:
6051:
6023:
5924:
5904:
5874:
5816:
5763:
5685:
5640:
5600:
5555:
5545:
5535:
5427:
5396:
5361:
5346:
5260:
5255:
5161:
4915:
4910:
4875:
4855:
4830:
4817:
4807:
4779:
4736:
4731:
4688:
4655:
4640:
4602:
4579:
4516:
4511:
4496:
4461:
4443:
4395:
4334:
4329:
4321:
4196:
4156:
4090:
4070:
4060:
4052:
4019:
3979:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3858:
3853:
3817:
3734:
3613:
3570:
3467:
3444:
3408:
2751:
2543:
2189:
2114:
1898:
1832:
1778:
1573:
1523:
1513:
1429:
1257:
1187:
1172:
1100:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1044:– evergreen winterberry, bitter gallberry, inkberry (eastern North America)
1010:
994:
982:
966:
942:
926:
571:
489:
389:
388:
trees, shrubs, and climbers from tropics to temperate zones worldwide. The
281:
234:
6779:
6611:
6392:
6288:
6248:
6223:
6218:
6208:
6076:
6066:
6056:
6038:
5987:
5939:
5934:
5914:
5894:
5821:
5748:
5690:
5645:
5585:
5550:
5447:
5437:
5381:
5293:
5232:
5227:
5179:
5151:
5131:
5091:
5073:
5033:
5028:
5023:
4940:
4935:
4900:
4794:
4751:
4726:
4650:
4622:
4617:
4456:
4433:
4418:
4387:
4306:
4181:
4161:
4123:
3974:
3969:
3946:
3931:
3873:
3863:
3769:
3764:
3716:
3633:
3557:
3542:
3519:
3514:
3439:
3426:
3292:
2725:
1950:
1731:
1635:
1473:
1453:
1403:
1304:
1252:
1179:
1156:
1105:
1037:
898:
873:
844:
469:
69:
2794:
2298:. City of Portland Bureau of Planning and Sustainability. Archived from
6758:
6475:
6465:
6442:
6326:
6263:
6198:
6125:
6102:
6028:
5974:
5884:
5738:
5725:
5700:
5680:
5432:
5414:
5386:
5356:
5351:
5283:
5242:
5219:
5156:
5146:
5096:
5081:
5010:
4965:
4950:
4860:
4761:
4741:
4703:
4683:
4405:
4311:
4191:
4176:
4166:
3896:
3845:
3784:
3739:
3590:
3547:
3506:
3497:
3211:
Holly is still a popular
Christmas decoration among Christian cultures.
3199:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 13.
2743:
1544:
1504:
1457:
1312:
1293:
1132:
1092:
832:
781:
656:
547:
377:
114:
79:
2607:
2586:
2442:
2096:
6784:
6701:
6688:
6483:
6452:
6384:
6253:
6112:
6094:
6046:
6015:
5944:
5889:
5826:
5811:
5796:
5733:
5715:
5650:
5625:
5462:
5366:
5318:
5298:
4945:
4850:
4825:
4296:
4288:
4186:
4151:
4128:
4118:
4103:
4042:
3999:
3959:
3936:
3706:
3638:
3529:
1699:
1687:
1449:
1379:
often take refuge in hollies, which provide shelter, protection from
1336:
1235:
886:
848:
499:
485:
481:
465:
399:
385:
381:
119:
6797:
6573:
2773:
International Union for
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
1367:
have become extinct recently, and many others are barely surviving.
645:
6906:
6596:
6336:
6258:
6168:
6150:
5899:
5836:
5788:
5778:
5635:
5452:
5338:
5313:
5275:
5116:
4985:
4970:
4756:
4746:
4721:
4678:
4645:
4554:
4481:
4278:
4261:
4113:
4029:
3883:
3698:
3688:
3600:
1759:
1742:
worn by Jesus; the red berries serve as a reminder of the drops of
1598:
1469:
1433:
1380:
1352:
1340:
1322:
1208:
1109:
840:
813:
793:
789:
542:
538:
473:
224:
211:
109:
104:
89:
84:
74:
62:
6693:
1762:, holly is used to symbolize truth. The Norwegian municipality of
1730:", in which the holly represents Jesus and the ivy represents the
1315:
of the
Mediterranean. Australia, isolated at an early period, has
1264:
was treated as a separate genus with eight species. of the family
635:
6298:
5964:
5063:
5018:
4713:
4665:
4632:
4546:
4270:
4216:
3724:
2544:
Loizeau, P.-A.; Barriera G.; Manen J.-F.; Broennimann O. (2005).
2230:"Noxious Weed Control Board (NWCB) – WA State – Weed Detail Page"
1601:
have been developed for garden use, among them the very popular "
1231:
1030:
890:
817:
514:
302:
124:
99:
1754:, it naturally came to be associated with the Christian holiday.
598:
4569:
4536:
4143:
3954:
3124:
Bailes, Christopher (December 2022). "Plant profile: Hollies".
2324:. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804.
1802:
1770:
1715:
1528:
1518:
1461:
1288:
1018:
864:
762:
534:
518:
374:
6680:
2688:, Manen, J. F., & Andrews, S. (2000). The mountain holly (
1794:
1763:
1465:
1388:
1372:
506:
359:
172:
3259:(1. American ed., . 1999 ed.). New York: Levine Books.
2000:
2669:
2046:. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2021
1395:
1384:
1376:
1088:(Japanese) (southern Japan and eastern and southern China )
583:
as holly, as late as the 19th century in
Britain, the term
522:
340:
334:
45:
3197:
Non-wood Forest
Products from Temperate Broad-leaved Trees
2979:. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136.
1535:) and others. Leaves of other species, such as gallberry (
835:
period; the earliest records of the distinctive pollen of
3342:
2418:
A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language
748:
1542:
Holly berries are fermented and distilled to produce an
2135:. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and Missouri Botanic Garden
831:
lineage was already widespread prior to the end of the
3257:
Harry Potter. 1: Harry Potter and the sorcerer's stone
2795:"Composition and bioactive properties of yerba mate (
1006:) (eastern China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and Sakhalin)
346:
343:
3105:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 52
851:. The earliest fossil holly fruit is known from the
502:, with male and female flowers on different plants.
337:
1726:, as expressed in the traditional Christmas carol "
1490:Holly plants might be toxic to pets and livestock.
1321:. Of 204 species growing in China, 149 species are
331:
2480:An etymological dictionary of the English language
2346:
1560:in temperate/European gardens and parks, notably:
1128:– mountain holly, catberry (Eastern North America)
3188:
2463:An etymological dictionary of the French language
2147:
1017:– possumhaw (eastern United States, northeastern
683:words appear to be related to words for holly in
6975:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
2735:20.500.12110/paper_00029122_v92_n2_p352_Gottlieb
2692:: Aquifoliaceae) revisited with molecular data.
1766:has a yellow twig of holly in its Coat-of-arms.
978:– gallberry (Virginia to Texas of United States)
673:
665:
1722:. Since medieval times the plant has carried a
628:
362:of over 570 species of flowering plants in the
4238:
3254:
2584:
1694:Holly – more specifically the European holly,
569:in Latin means the holm-oak or evergreen oak (
3328:
3216:
3154:
3142:
2383:. London, U.K.: Clarendon Press. p. 371.
2064:
1556:Many of the holly species are widely used as
737:
3660:
2587:"Phylogeny and biogeography of the hollies (
2153:
1272:on molecular data; it is closely related to
1212:American winterberry (Eastern North America)
885:covered great areas of the Earth during the
703:
618:
369:, and the only living genus in that family.
1809:
1702:time, and is often referred to by the name
1220:– yaupon holly (southeastern United States)
780:of this group provides examples of various
714:
692:
37:"Ilex" redirects here. For other uses, see
27:Genus of plants in the family Aquifoliaceae
3335:
3321:
2497:
2470:
2361:
1686:Traditional Christmas card with holly and
1412:, which feeds exclusively on hollies, and
484:trees with smooth, glabrous, or pubescent
135:
3222:
3169:
2814:
2733:
2606:
2550:L. (Aquifoliaceae) on a World-wide scale"
2380:Principles of English etymology, Volume 1
2322:Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed
2104:
1387:. The flowers are sometimes eaten by the
3282:
3147:. School Education Company. p. 24.
2913:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2828:
2826:
2803:Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research
1681:
1136:– American holly (Eastern United States)
990:, horned holly (eastern China and Korea)
761:
409:
5776:
3255:Rowling, J. K.; Rowling, J. K. (1999).
2947:
2649:United States Department of Agriculture
2640:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2537:
2408:
476:period and many species are adapted to
464:The genus is widespread throughout the
14:
6976:
4545:
3194:
3123:
3117:
2902:
2453:
2338:
1126:(L.) M.Powell, Savol., & S.Andrews
731:, literally "sharp leaf" (turned into
6578:
6577:
4534:
3316:
3308:BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database
2977:RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants
2969:
2919:
2847:
2823:
2491:
2476:
2414:
2376:
1995:
1993:
1782:novels, holly is used as the wood in
1674:, with the cultivar 'Chestnut Leaf'.
1355:species are especially threatened by
311:
6935:b7066b20-4764-480e-aed3-c8d1694987ce
6847:e00c9572-f549-44a4-aa47-82a2015abc23
3174:. Itasca Books. pp. 86–87, 89.
2920:Prial, Frank J. (18 February 1979).
2766:
2623:
2595:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
2459:
2353:. Cornell University Press. p.
2344:
1311:arose from a common ancestor in the
998:– Japanese holly, box-leaved holly,
788:when the Earth mass broke away into
398:, the common European holly used in
3012:
2948:Virbila, S. Irene (22 April 1990).
2777:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2699:
2501:Contributions to Latin lexicography
1718:and illustrations, for instance on
1406:whose larvae feed on holly include
1238:, with a worldwide distribution in
908:
24:
6899:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60437220-2
3223:Struthers, Jane (4 October 2010).
3001:Security starts at the Garden Gate
2950:"Eau-de-Vie, the Spirit of Alsace"
2674:
2552:. In Friis I.; Balslev H. (eds.).
2121:
1990:
525:each. Some species produce fruits
373:has the most species of any woody
25:
7015:
3276:
3227:. Ebury Publishing. p. 218.
2397:, Oxford University Press, 1993 (
2067:"Chloroplast genome structure in
1808:In the Irish language, the words
1710:cultures, holly is a traditional
1551:
816:, around five million years ago,
424:is divided into three subgenera:
6558:
6557:
2443:"HOUX : Etymologie de HOUX"
1942:
1922:
1906:
1890:
1874:
1858:
1840:
1824:
513:, although often referred to as
327:
159:
67:
3283:Eichhorn, Markus (March 2011).
3248:
3136:
3092:
3063:
3033:
3020:New RHS Dictionary of Gardening
2993:
2941:
2922:"Fruits of the Distiller's Art"
2896:
2874:
2816:10.4067/S0718-58392012000200016
2786:
2662:
2578:
2512:
2435:
2387:
2349:The plants of Virgil's Georgics
2314:
2288:
2266:
2244:
2214:. 11 April 2012. Archived from
2003:. Smithsonian Institution. 2013
1498:
1250:, formerly the type species of
735:in modern time), hence Italian
2477:Skeat, Walter William (1882).
2415:Skeat, Walter William (2005).
2377:Skeat, Walter William (1887).
2345:Abbe, Elfriede Martha (1965).
2222:
2204:
2058:
2029:
2015:
1965:
1144:– yerba mate (mate, erva-mate)
460:, with the rest of the species
405:
13:
1:
3145:Christmas History and Customs
2645:Agricultural Research Service
2546:"Towards an understanding of
1959:
2421:. Cosimo, Inc. p. 244.
1698:– is commonly referenced at
1658:= 'Conapri' have gained the
561:
7:
3195:Ciesla, William M. (2002).
3143:Sanford Niles, ed. (1895).
2504:. Clarendon Press. p.
2483:. Clarendon Press. p.
2001:"Index Nominum Genericorum"
1847:A contorted hedgehog holly
1660:Royal Horticultural Society
1589:Hollies are often used for
1423:
1383:(by the spiny leaves), and
10:
7020:
3239:The British native holly (
3049:Blue Princess = 'Conapri'"
2903:Austin, Daniel F. (2004).
2713:American Journal of Botany
2498:Nettleship, Henry (1889).
2274:"Cal-IPC: Ilex aquifolium"
2174:10.1038/s41477-021-00884-3
2044:Plants of the World Online
2023:Sunset Western Garden Book
1817:
1677:
1363:. At least two species of
1346:
1339:numerous species that are
1260:to eastern North America.
912:
757:
43:
36:
29:
6586:
6553:
6515:
6497:
6474:
6451:
6383:
6345:
6297:
6286:
6149:
6111:
6093:
6075:
6037:
6014:
5996:
5973:
5962:
5835:
5787:
5724:
5521:
5498:
5487:
5413:
5395:
5337:
5274:
5241:
5218:
5170:
5072:
5061:
5009:
4816:
4793:
4770:
4712:
4664:
4631:
4578:
4567:
4563:
4442:
4431:
4404:
4386:
4368:
4320:
4287:
4269:
4260:
4229:
4142:
4089:
4051:
4028:
3945:
3882:
3844:
3816:
3798:
3715:
3697:
3682:
3651:
3599:
3556:
3528:
3505:
3496:
3485:
3453:
3425:
3407:
3396:
3356:
3170:Mosteller, Angie (2008).
3100:"AGM Plants – Ornamental"
3008:UK Government Web Archive
2909:. CRC Press. p. 363.
537:to humans, and can cause
308:
301:
287:
280:
156:Scientific classification
154:
143:
134:
55:
3297:University of Nottingham
3079:Blue Prince = 'Conablu'"
3018:Huxley, A., ed. (1992).
2025:. 1995. pp. 606–07.
1621:) and the "blue holly",
1400:Gymnoscelis rufifasciata
1225:
1113:– mountain winterberry (
1033:: 20th century?) (India)
435:, with the type species
44:Not to be confused with
3006:8 November 2008 at the
2799:A. St.-Hil.): A review"
1569:(common European holly)
1493:
674:
666:
646:
640:). Both are related to
636:
630:
599:
402:decorations and cards.
380:genus. The species are
2690:Nemopanthus mucronatus
2466:. Murray. p. 106.
2212:"Kew Plants and Fungi"
1810:
1793:In some traditions of
1756:
1691:
1418:Ectropis crepuscularia
1168:(Mexico and Guatemala)
962:(Macaronesian islands)
806:reproductive isolation
773:
749:
738:
715:
704:
693:
619:
492:is the European holly
417:
32:Holly (disambiguation)
6868:Paleobiology Database
3225:The Book of Christmas
2460:Pick, Edward (1869).
2296:"Portland Plant List"
2256:Invasive Species Week
1736:
1728:The Holly and the Ivy
1714:, used especially in
1685:
1664:Award of Garden Merit
1438:caffeoylshikimic acid
1287:, and in continental
1268:, now transferred to
1115:Eastern United States
877:seems to be the most
810:ecological speciation
802:allopatric speciation
765:
413:
39:Ilex (disambiguation)
2999:Northumbria Police:
2775:(IUCN) (2007): 2007
2726:10.3732/ajb.92.2.352
2262:on 6 September 2015.
1712:Christmas decoration
1666:. Another hybrid is
1409:Bucculatrix ilecella
1291:by this species and
1193:Japanese winterberry
1160:– Macaronesian holly
881:extant species. The
30:For other uses, see
3071:"RHS Plantfinder –
2906:Florida Ethnobotany
2834:"Toxicity of Holly"
2797:Ilex paraguariensis
2591:L., Aquifoliaceae)"
2089:2016NatSR...628559Y
1746:that were shed for
1724:Christian symbolism
1446:feruloylquinic acid
1357:habitat destruction
1328:Ilex paraguariensis
1152:– longstalked holly
1141:Ilex paraguariensis
1052:(Amazon rainforest)
827:indicates that the
727:use the Latin word
624:, derives from the
527:parthenogenetically
415:Ilex paraguariensis
150:) leaves and fruit
6403:Pentaphragmataceae
5621:Stegnospermataceae
5513:Berberidopsidaceae
5137:Pentadiplandraceae
3624:Atherospermataceae
2955:The New York Times
2927:The New York Times
2076:Scientific Reports
1692:
1577:(box-leaved holly)
1428:Holly can contain
1393:double-striped pug
938:- Southeastern USA
930:- Southeastern USA
818:mountain formation
774:
626:Old Low Franconian
579:classification of
517:, are technically
418:
6994:Winter traditions
6971:
6970:
6855:Open Tree of Life
6580:Taxon identifiers
6571:
6570:
6549:
6548:
6545:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6537:
6536:
6533:
6532:
6360:Cardiopteridaceae
6282:
6281:
6159:Plocospermataceae
5958:
5957:
5772:
5771:
5711:Anacampserotaceae
5571:Ancistrocladaceae
5500:Berberidopsidales
5483:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5423:Biebersteiniaceae
5304:Sphaerosepalaceae
5190:Strasburgeriaceae
5107:Setchellanthaceae
5057:
5056:
4530:
4529:
4472:Cercidiphyllaceae
4427:
4426:
4256:
4255:
4225:
4224:
3678:
3677:
3647:
3646:
3481:
3480:
3463:Austrobaileyaceae
3266:978-0-590-35340-3
2608:10.1111/jse.12567
2564:978-87-7304-304-2
2428:978-1-59605-092-1
2395:English Etymology
2302:on 29 August 2015
2129:"The Plant List:
2097:10.1038/srep28559
1708:Western Christian
1639:). The cultivars
1558:ornamental plants
1509:I. paraguariensis
1211:
1199:Ilex verticillata
1127:
1112:
1096:(southern Africa)
1043:
1016:
725:Romance languages
604:, Middle English
554:, English holly (
450:, with 12 species
318:
317:
276:
258:
16:(Redirected from
7011:
7004:Dioecious plants
6999:Christmas plants
6989:Medicinal plants
6964:
6963:
6951:
6950:
6938:
6937:
6925:
6924:
6915:
6914:
6902:
6901:
6889:
6888:
6876:
6875:
6863:
6862:
6850:
6849:
6840:
6839:
6827:
6826:
6824:NHMSYS0000459874
6814:
6813:
6801:
6800:
6788:
6787:
6775:
6774:
6762:
6761:
6749:
6748:
6736:
6735:
6723:
6722:
6710:
6709:
6697:
6696:
6684:
6683:
6671:
6670:
6658:
6657:
6645:
6644:
6632:
6631:
6622:
6621:
6620:
6607:
6606:
6605:
6575:
6574:
6561:
6560:
6295:
6294:
6244:Thomandersiaceae
6234:Lentibulariaceae
6194:Scrophulariaceae
6174:Tetrachondraceae
5971:
5970:
5960:
5959:
5950:Mitrastemonaceae
5880:Pentaphylacaceae
5855:Tetrameristaceae
5802:Hydrostachyaceae
5785:
5784:
5774:
5773:
5576:Rhabdodendraceae
5566:Dioncophyllaceae
5496:
5495:
5329:Dipterocarpaceae
5266:Dipentodontaceae
5210:Crossosomataceae
5185:Geissolomataceae
5070:
5069:
4931:Chrysobalanaceae
4836:Ctenolophonaceae
4803:Lepidobotryaceae
4593:Anisophylleaceae
4576:
4575:
4565:
4564:
4543:
4542:
4532:
4531:
4507:Tetracarpaeaceae
4502:Aphanopetalaceae
4477:Daphniphyllaceae
4440:
4439:
4429:
4428:
4378:Trochodendraceae
4340:Circaeasteraceae
4267:
4266:
4248:Ceratophyllaceae
4236:
4235:
3912:Alstroemeriaceae
3775:Potamogetonaceae
3750:Scheuchzeriaceae
3745:Hydrocharitaceae
3695:
3694:
3658:
3657:
3538:Aristolochiaceae
3503:
3502:
3494:
3493:
3455:Austrobaileyales
3405:
3404:
3401:
3399:Basalangiosperms
3383:Acrogymnospermae
3345:flowering plants
3337:
3330:
3323:
3314:
3313:
3300:
3285:"The Holly Tree"
3271:
3270:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3167:
3152:
3151:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3104:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3037:
3031:
3016:
3010:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2882:"American Holly"
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2856:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2830:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2790:
2784:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2737:
2703:
2697:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2610:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2412:
2406:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2280:. Archived from
2270:
2264:
2263:
2258:. Archived from
2248:
2242:
2241:
2240:on 26 July 2015.
2236:. Archived from
2226:
2220:
2219:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2166:Nature Portfolio
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2108:
2071:(Aquifoliaceae)"
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1969:
1946:
1926:
1915:Ilex yunnanensis
1910:
1894:
1883:Ilex pedunculosa
1878:
1862:
1844:
1828:
1813:
1752:Christmas season
1657:
1652:= 'Conablu' and
1651:
1442:chlorogenic acid
1361:overexploitation
1318:Ilex arnhemensis
1300:Ilex canariensis
1275:Ilex amelanchier
1202:
1165:Ilex quercetorum
1149:Ilex pedunculosa
1125:
1104:
1084:– tarajo holly,
1041:
1026:Ilex gardneriana
1014:
959:Ilex canariensis
935:Ilex amelanchier
909:Selected species
896:
870:
808:, an example of
799:
752:
741:
718:
707:
696:
685:Celtic languages
677:
669:
649:
639:
633:
622:
616:word for holly,
602:
552:British Columbia
353:
352:
349:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
272:
248:
164:
163:
144:European holly (
139:
129:
66:
59:Temporal range:
53:
52:
21:
7019:
7018:
7014:
7013:
7012:
7010:
7009:
7008:
6974:
6973:
6972:
6967:
6959:
6954:
6946:
6941:
6933:
6928:
6920:
6918:
6910:
6905:
6897:
6892:
6884:
6879:
6871:
6866:
6858:
6853:
6845:
6843:
6835:
6830:
6822:
6817:
6809:
6804:
6796:
6791:
6783:
6778:
6770:
6765:
6757:
6752:
6744:
6739:
6731:
6726:
6718:
6713:
6705:
6700:
6692:
6687:
6679:
6674:
6666:
6661:
6653:
6648:
6640:
6635:
6627:
6625:
6616:
6615:
6610:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6582:
6572:
6567:
6529:
6525:Paracryphiaceae
6511:
6493:
6470:
6447:
6379:
6341:
6312:Torricelliaceae
6291:
6278:
6179:Calceolariaceae
6164:Carlemanniaceae
6145:
6107:
6089:
6071:
6033:
6010:
5992:
5967:
5954:
5831:
5781:
5768:
5744:Balanophoraceae
5720:
5631:Lophiocarpaceae
5611:Achatocarpaceae
5606:Caryophyllaceae
5596:Macarthuriaceae
5561:Drosophyllaceae
5517:
5492:
5467:
5409:
5391:
5377:Crypteroniaceae
5372:Melastomataceae
5333:
5270:
5237:
5214:
5172:Crossosomatales
5166:
5142:Gyrostemonaceae
5112:Koeberliniaceae
5066:
5053:
5005:
4996:Picrodendraceae
4961:Lacistemataceae
4921:Dichapetalaceae
4896:Centroplacaceae
4886:Lophopyxidaceae
4846:Erythroxylaceae
4812:
4789:
4766:
4708:
4660:
4627:
4598:Corynocarpaceae
4572:
4559:
4539:
4526:
4487:Grossulariaceae
4436:
4423:
4400:
4382:
4370:Trochodendrales
4364:
4345:Lardizabalaceae
4316:
4283:
4252:
4240:Ceratophyllales
4231:Ceratophyllidae
4221:
4212:Ecdeiocoleaceae
4202:Flagellariaceae
4138:
4085:
4047:
4024:
3995:Tecophilaeaceae
3965:Blandfordiaceae
3941:
3907:Petermanniaceae
3892:Campynemataceae
3878:
3840:
3812:
3794:
3755:Aponogetonaceae
3711:
3686:
3674:
3643:
3595:
3581:Himantandraceae
3552:
3524:
3490:
3488:Mesangiospermae
3477:
3449:
3421:
3397:
3392:
3373:Marchantiophyta
3352:
3341:
3279:
3274:
3267:
3253:
3249:
3235:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3168:
3155:
3141:
3137:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3081:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3052:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3017:
3013:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2960:
2958:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2918:
2914:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2848:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2824:
2791:
2787:
2771:
2767:
2704:
2700:
2679:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2651:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2526:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2496:
2492:
2475:
2471:
2458:
2454:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2413:
2409:
2392:
2388:
2367:Middle English
2366:
2362:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2284:on 5 June 2008.
2272:
2271:
2267:
2252:"English Holly"
2250:
2249:
2245:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1954:from west China
1947:
1938:
1927:
1918:
1911:
1902:
1895:
1886:
1879:
1870:
1863:
1854:
1850:Ilex aquifolium
1845:
1836:
1829:
1820:
1740:crown of thorns
1720:Christmas cards
1696:Ilex aquifolium
1680:
1653:
1647:
1582:I. verticillata
1554:
1501:
1496:
1426:
1349:
1309:Ilex aquifolium
1284:Ilex aquifolium
1240:temperate zones
1228:
1223:
951:Ilex aquifolium
921:
911:
894:
868:
861:molecular clock
859:. Based on the
797:
769:Ilex aquifolium
766:Hollies (here,
760:
642:Old High German
590:Ilex aquifolium
575:). Despite the
564:
556:Ilex aquifolium
495:Ilex aquifolium
438:Ilex polypyrena
408:
395:Ilex aquifolium
330:
326:
297:
291:
289:Ilex aquifolium
271:
247:
158:
147:Ilex aquifolium
130:
128:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
61:
60:
57:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7017:
7007:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6965:
6952:
6948:wfo-4000018994
6939:
6926:
6916:
6903:
6890:
6877:
6864:
6851:
6841:
6828:
6815:
6802:
6789:
6776:
6763:
6750:
6737:
6724:
6711:
6698:
6685:
6672:
6659:
6646:
6633:
6623:
6608:
6592:
6590:
6584:
6583:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6565:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6543:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6527:
6521:
6519:
6517:Paracryphiales
6513:
6512:
6510:
6509:
6507:Escalloniaceae
6503:
6501:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6491:
6489:Caprifoliaceae
6486:
6480:
6478:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6468:
6463:
6461:Columelliaceae
6457:
6455:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6423:Argophyllaceae
6420:
6415:
6413:Alseuosmiaceae
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6389:
6387:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6365:Phyllonomaceae
6362:
6357:
6351:
6349:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6339:
6334:
6332:Myodocarpaceae
6329:
6324:
6322:Pittosporaceae
6319:
6317:Griseliniaceae
6314:
6309:
6303:
6301:
6292:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6239:Schlegeliaceae
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6189:Plantaginaceae
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6155:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6138:
6136:Sphenocleaceae
6133:
6128:
6123:
6121:Convolvulaceae
6117:
6115:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6099:
6097:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6087:
6081:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6043:
6041:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6020:
6018:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6006:Metteniusaceae
6002:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5985:
5979:
5977:
5968:
5963:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5920:Sarraceniaceae
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5860:Fouquieriaceae
5857:
5852:
5850:Marcgraviaceae
5847:
5841:
5839:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5793:
5791:
5782:
5777:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5754:Misodendraceae
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5730:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5656:Phytolaccaceae
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5591:Asteropeiaceae
5588:
5583:
5581:Simmondsiaceae
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5541:Plumbaginaceae
5538:
5533:
5527:
5525:
5523:Caryophyllales
5519:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5504:
5502:
5493:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5419:
5417:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5401:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5343:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5324:Sarcolaenaceae
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5280:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5251:Gerrardinaceae
5247:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5224:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5176:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5078:
5076:
5067:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5039:Elaeocarpaceae
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5015:
5013:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
5001:Phyllanthaceae
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4956:Passifloraceae
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4891:Putranjivaceae
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4866:Calophyllaceae
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4841:Rhizophoraceae
4838:
4833:
4828:
4822:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4799:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4785:Zygophyllaceae
4782:
4776:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4718:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4699:Ticodendraceae
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4670:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4637:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4584:
4582:
4573:
4568:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4551:
4549:
4540:
4535:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4467:Hamamelidaceae
4464:
4459:
4454:
4448:
4446:
4437:
4432:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4414:Myrothamnaceae
4410:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4392:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4374:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4350:Menispermaceae
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4326:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4293:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4275:
4273:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4244:
4242:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4207:Joinvilleaceae
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4148:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4099:Strelitziaceae
4095:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4076:Pontederiaceae
4073:
4068:
4063:
4057:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4038:Dasypogonaceae
4034:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4015:Amaryllidaceae
4012:
4007:
4005:Xeronemataceae
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3951:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3850:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3808:Petrosaviaceae
3804:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3703:
3701:
3692:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3670:Chloranthaceae
3666:
3664:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3609:Calycanthaceae
3605:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3500:
3491:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3473:Schisandraceae
3470:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3431:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3413:
3411:
3402:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3378:Polypodiophyta
3375:
3370:
3365:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3340:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3301:
3278:
3277:External links
3275:
3273:
3272:
3265:
3247:
3241:Ilex aquifolim
3233:
3215:
3205:
3187:
3180:
3153:
3135:
3116:
3091:
3062:
3032:
3011:
2992:
2986:978-1405332965
2985:
2968:
2940:
2912:
2895:
2873:
2846:
2822:
2809:(2): 268–274.
2785:
2765:
2720:(2): 352–369.
2698:
2682:Savolainen, V.
2673:
2661:
2633:Ilex mucronata
2622:
2577:
2563:
2536:
2520:"Aquifoliales"
2511:
2490:
2469:
2452:
2434:
2427:
2407:
2386:
2360:
2337:
2331:978-0199206872
2330:
2313:
2287:
2265:
2243:
2221:
2218:on 3 May 2012.
2203:
2146:
2120:
2057:
2028:
2014:
1989:
1973:"Aquifoliales"
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1941:
1939:
1928:
1921:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1871:
1867:Ilex chinensis
1864:
1857:
1855:
1846:
1839:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1704:Christ's thorn
1679:
1676:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1570:
1553:
1552:Ornamental use
1550:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1425:
1422:
1348:
1345:
1313:laurel forests
1247:Ilex mucronata
1227:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1217:Ilex vomitoria
1213:
1195:
1184:
1176:
1169:
1161:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1129:
1122:Ilex mucronata
1118:
1097:
1089:
1081:Ilex latifolia
1077:
1069:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1034:
1022:
1007:
991:
979:
971:
963:
955:
947:
939:
931:
922:
913:Main article:
910:
907:
893:, more than 20
857:central Europe
778:phylogeography
759:
756:
661:Low Franconian
634:(Middle Dutch
563:
560:
462:
461:
451:
441:
407:
404:
316:
315:
306:
305:
299:
298:
292:
285:
284:
278:
277:
264:
260:
259:
242:
238:
237:
232:
228:
227:
222:
215:
214:
209:
202:
201:
196:
189:
188:
183:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
152:
151:
141:
140:
132:
131:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
58:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7016:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6962:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6944:
6940:
6936:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6917:
6913:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6882:
6878:
6874:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6842:
6838:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6703:
6699:
6695:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6651:
6647:
6643:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6624:
6619:
6613:
6609:
6604:
6598:
6594:
6593:
6591:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6576:
6564:
6556:
6555:
6552:
6526:
6523:
6522:
6520:
6518:
6514:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6500:
6499:Escalloniales
6496:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6477:
6473:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6454:
6450:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6428:Menyanthaceae
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6398:Campanulaceae
6396:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6386:
6382:
6376:
6375:Aquifoliaceae
6373:
6371:
6370:Helwingiaceae
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6355:Stemonuraceae
6353:
6352:
6350:
6348:
6344:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6307:Pennantiaceae
6305:
6304:
6302:
6300:
6296:
6293:
6290:
6285:
6275:
6274:Orobanchaceae
6272:
6270:
6269:Paulowniaceae
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6204:Linderniaceae
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6148:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6114:
6110:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6092:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6013:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5998:Metteniusales
5995:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5983:Oncothecaceae
5981:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5972:
5969:
5966:
5961:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5930:Actinidiaceae
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5910:Diapensiaceae
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5870:Lecythidaceae
5868:
5866:
5865:Polemoniaceae
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5845:Balsaminaceae
5843:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5834:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5807:Hydrangeaceae
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5783:
5780:
5775:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5759:Schoepfiaceae
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5706:Portulacaceae
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5696:Halophytaceae
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5676:Molluginaceae
5674:
5672:
5671:Nyctaginaceae
5669:
5667:
5666:Sarcobataceae
5664:
5662:
5661:Petiveriaceae
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5616:Amaranthaceae
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5531:Frankeniaceae
5529:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5520:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5508:Aextoxicaceae
5506:
5505:
5503:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5491:
5490:Superasterids
5486:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5458:Simaroubaceae
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5443:Anacardiaceae
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5412:
5406:
5405:Picramniaceae
5403:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5309:Thymelaeaceae
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5289:Muntingiaceae
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5273:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5205:Stachyuraceae
5203:
5201:
5200:Guamatelaceae
5198:
5196:
5195:Staphyleaceae
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5127:Emblingiaceae
5125:
5123:
5122:Salvadoraceae
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5102:Limnanthaceae
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5087:Tropaeolaceae
5085:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5065:
5060:
5050:
5049:Brunelliaceae
5047:
5045:
5044:Cephalotaceae
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4991:Ixonanthaceae
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4981:Euphorbiaceae
4979:
4977:
4976:Rafflesiaceae
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4926:Euphroniaceae
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4906:Malpighiaceae
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4881:Caryocaraceae
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4871:Podostemaceae
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4772:Zygophyllales
4769:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4694:Casuarinaceae
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4674:Nothofagaceae
4672:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4613:Tetramelaceae
4611:
4609:
4608:Cucurbitaceae
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4588:Apodanthaceae
4586:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4533:
4523:
4522:Cynomoriaceae
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4492:Saxifragaceae
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4452:Peridiscaceae
4450:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4430:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4360:Ranunculaceae
4358:
4356:
4355:Berberidaceae
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4302:Nelumbonaceae
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4172:Eriocaulaceae
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4134:Zingiberaceae
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4109:Heliconiaceae
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4081:Haemodoraceae
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4066:Commelinaceae
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4010:Asphodelaceae
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3990:Ixioliriaceae
3988:
3986:
3985:Doryanthaceae
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3902:Melanthiaceae
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3869:Cyclanthaceae
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3836:Dioscoreaceae
3834:
3832:
3831:Burmanniaceae
3829:
3827:
3826:Nartheciaceae
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3800:Petrosaviales
3797:
3791:
3790:Cymodoceaceae
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3780:Posidoniaceae
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3760:Juncaginaceae
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3730:Tofieldiaceae
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3662:Chloranthales
3659:
3656:
3654:
3653:Chloranthidae
3650:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3629:Hernandiaceae
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3619:Gomortegaceae
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3586:Eupomatiaceae
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3576:Degeneriaceae
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3566:Myristicaceae
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
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3536:
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3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3435:Hydatellaceae
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3417:Amborellaceae
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
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3359:
3358:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3338:
3333:
3331:
3326:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3309:
3305:
3304:Aquifoliaceae
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3268:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3242:
3236:
3234:9781448148936
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3206:9789251048559
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3181:9781607910084
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3028:0-333-47494-5
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2183:
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2167:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2157:Nature Plants
2150:
2134:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2061:
2045:
2042:
2041:Tourn. ex L."
2040:
2032:
2024:
2018:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1978:
1977:www.mobot.org
1974:
1968:
1964:
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1741:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1690:. Circa 1880s
1689:
1684:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1655:Blue Princess
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1631:I. aquifolium
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1615:I. aquifolium
1612:
1611:altaclerensis
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:(winterberry)
1584:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:I. aquifolium
1563:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1516:
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1510:
1506:
1491:
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1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:derivatives,
1435:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1414:the engrailed
1411:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1366:
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1358:
1354:
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1334:
1330:
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1324:
1320:
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1310:
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1302:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1266:Aquifoliaceae
1263:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1185:
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1181:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1166:
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1159:
1158:
1154:
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1135:
1134:
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1124:
1123:
1119:
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1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:Ilex khasiana
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:
992:
989:
988:Chinese holly
985:
984:
980:
977:
976:
975:Ilex coriacea
972:
969:
968:
964:
961:
960:
956:
953:
952:
948:
945:
944:
940:
937:
936:
932:
929:
928:
924:
923:
920:
918:
906:
904:
900:
892:
888:
884:
883:laurel forest
880:
876:
875:
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:Maastrichtian
850:
846:
842:
839:are from the
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:fossil record
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
771:
770:
764:
755:
753:
751:
746:
742:
740:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
717:
712:
708:
706:
701:
697:
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690:
686:
682:
678:
676:
670:
668:
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643:
638:
632:
627:
623:
621:
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611:
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592:
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586:
582:
578:
574:
573:
568:
559:
557:
553:
549:
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:I. aquifolium
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
496:
491:
487:
483:
479:
478:laurel forest
475:
471:
467:
459:
455:
452:
449:
445:
442:
440:
439:
434:
430:
427:
426:
425:
423:
416:
412:
403:
401:
397:
396:
391:
387:
383:
379:
376:
372:
368:
367:Aquifoliaceae
365:
361:
357:
351:
324:
323:
314:
313:
307:
304:
300:
295:
290:
286:
283:
279:
275:
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269:
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262:
261:
257:
254:
251:
246:
245:Aquifoliaceae
243:
240:
239:
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233:
230:
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220:
217:
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213:
210:
207:
204:
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197:
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190:
187:
186:Tracheophytes
184:
181:
178:
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174:
171:
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167:
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157:
153:
149:
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142:
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106:
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96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
64:
54:
51:
47:
40:
33:
19:
6587:
6438:Calyceraceae
6433:Goodeniaceae
6418:Phellinaceae
6408:Stylidiaceae
6347:Aquifoliales
6229:Bignoniaceae
6214:Martyniaceae
6184:Gesneriaceae
6141:Hydroleaceae
6131:Montiniaceae
6085:Boraginaceae
6062:Gelsemiaceae
6052:Gentianaceae
6024:Eucommiaceae
5925:Roridulaceae
5905:Symplocaceae
5875:Sladeniaceae
5817:Curtisiaceae
5764:Loranthaceae
5686:Didiereaceae
5641:Barbeuiaceae
5601:Microteaceae
5556:Nepenthaceae
5546:Polygonaceae
5536:Tamaricaceae
5428:Nitrariaceae
5397:Picramniales
5362:Vochysiaceae
5347:Combretaceae
5261:Tapisciaceae
5256:Petenaeaceae
5162:Brassicaceae
4916:Trigoniaceae
4911:Balanopaceae
4876:Hypericaceae
4856:Bonnetiaceae
4831:Irvingiaceae
4818:Malpighiales
4808:Celastraceae
4780:Krameriaceae
4737:Elaeagnaceae
4732:Dirachmaceae
4689:Juglandaceae
4656:Polygalaceae
4641:Quillajaceae
4603:Coriariaceae
4580:Cucurbitales
4517:Haloragaceae
4512:Penthoraceae
4497:Crassulaceae
4462:Altingiaceae
4444:Saxifragales
4396:Dilleniaceae
4335:Papaveraceae
4330:Eupteleaceae
4322:Ranunculales
4230:
4197:Restionaceae
4157:Bromeliaceae
4091:Zingiberales
4071:Philydraceae
4061:Hanguanaceae
4053:Commelinales
4020:Asparagaceae
3980:Hypoxidaceae
3927:Ripogonaceae
3922:Philesiaceae
3917:Colchicaceae
3859:Velloziaceae
3854:Triuridaceae
3818:Dioscoreales
3735:Alismataceae
3683:
3652:
3614:Siparunaceae
3571:Magnoliaceae
3468:Trimeniaceae
3445:Nymphaeaceae
3409:Amborellales
3388:Angiospermae
3343:Families of
3288:
3256:
3250:
3240:
3238:
3224:
3218:
3210:
3196:
3190:
3171:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3132:(12): 40–45.
3129:
3125:
3119:
3107:. Retrieved
3094:
3082:. Retrieved
3076:
3072:
3065:
3055:17 September
3053:. Retrieved
3046:
3042:
3035:
3022:. Macmillan
3019:
3014:
2995:
2976:
2971:
2959:. Retrieved
2953:
2943:
2931:. Retrieved
2925:
2915:
2905:
2898:
2886:. Retrieved
2876:
2864:. Retrieved
2837:. Retrieved
2806:
2802:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2776:
2768:
2717:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2696:55: 341–347.
2694:Kew Bulletin
2693:
2689:
2680:Powell, M.,
2676:
2664:
2652:. Retrieved
2638:
2632:
2625:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2580:
2568:. Retrieved
2553:
2547:
2539:
2527:. Retrieved
2523:
2514:
2500:
2493:
2479:
2472:
2462:
2455:
2446:
2437:
2417:
2410:
2394:
2393:T. F. Hoad,
2389:
2379:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2348:
2340:
2321:
2316:
2304:. Retrieved
2300:the original
2290:
2282:the original
2277:
2268:
2260:the original
2255:
2246:
2238:the original
2233:
2224:
2216:the original
2206:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2137:. Retrieved
2130:
2123:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2060:
2048:. Retrieved
2043:
2038:
2031:
2022:
2017:
2005:. Retrieved
1980:. Retrieved
1976:
1967:
1949:
1934:
1930:
1913:
1899:Ilex rotunda
1897:
1881:
1865:
1848:
1833:Ilex anomala
1831:
1807:
1792:
1779:Harry Potter
1777:
1775:
1768:
1757:
1737:
1703:
1695:
1693:
1671:
1667:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1588:
1580:
1572:
1564:
1555:
1543:
1541:
1536:
1533:I. vomitoria
1532:
1524:Ilex kaushue
1522:
1514:Ilex guayusa
1512:
1508:
1502:
1499:Culinary use
1489:
1486:
1482:
1430:caffeic acid
1427:
1417:
1407:
1399:
1369:
1364:
1350:
1332:
1326:
1316:
1308:
1298:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1229:
1215:
1197:
1188:Ilex serrata
1186:
1178:
1173:Ilex rotunda
1171:
1163:
1155:
1147:
1139:
1131:
1120:
1101:Ilex montana
1099:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1071:
1065:Ilex kaushue
1063:
1057:Ilex integra
1055:
1049:Ilex guayusa
1047:
1036:
1024:
1011:Ilex decidua
1009:
999:
995:Ilex crenata
993:
983:Ilex cornuta
981:
973:
967:Ilex cassine
965:
957:
949:
943:Ilex anomala
941:
933:
927:Ilex ambigua
925:
916:
872:
836:
828:
822:
785:
775:
767:
747:
736:
732:
728:
722:
713:
702:
691:
672:
664:
652:
644:
617:
609:
605:
597:
588:
584:
580:
572:Quercus ilex
570:
566:
565:
555:
530:
510:
504:
493:
490:type species
463:
457:
453:
447:
443:
436:
432:
428:
421:
419:
414:
393:
390:type species
370:
366:
355:
321:
320:
319:
309:
282:Type species
267:
266:
252:
244:
235:Aquifoliales
218:
205:
192:
179:
145:
50:
6780:iNaturalist
6612:Wikispecies
6393:Rousseaceae
6289:Campanulids
6249:Verbenaceae
6224:Acanthaceae
6219:Pedaliaceae
6209:Byblidaceae
6077:Boraginales
6067:Apocynaceae
6057:Loganiaceae
6039:Gentianales
5988:Icacinaceae
5940:Cyrillaceae
5935:Clethraceae
5915:Styracaceae
5895:Primulaceae
5822:Grubbiaceae
5749:Santalaceae
5691:Basellaceae
5646:Gisekiaceae
5586:Physenaceae
5551:Droseraceae
5448:Sapindaceae
5438:Burseraceae
5382:Alzateaceae
5294:Neuradaceae
5233:Francoaceae
5228:Geraniaceae
5180:Aphloiaceae
5152:Capparaceae
5132:Tovariaceae
5092:Moringaceae
5074:Brassicales
5034:Cunoniaceae
5029:Oxalidaceae
5024:Connaraceae
4941:Achariaceae
4936:Humiriaceae
4901:Elatinaceae
4795:Celastrales
4752:Cannabaceae
4727:Barbeyaceae
4651:Surianaceae
4623:Begoniaceae
4618:Datiscaceae
4457:Paeoniaceae
4434:Superrosids
4419:Gunneraceae
4388:Dilleniales
4307:Platanaceae
4182:Thurniaceae
4162:Rapateaceae
4124:Marantaceae
3975:Lanariaceae
3970:Asteliaceae
3955:Orchidaceae
3947:Asparagales
3932:Smilacaceae
3874:Pandanaceae
3864:Stemonaceae
3770:Zosteraceae
3765:Maundiaceae
3717:Alismatales
3634:Monimiaceae
3558:Magnoliales
3543:Saururaceae
3520:Winteraceae
3515:Canellaceae
3498:Magnoliidae
3440:Cabombaceae
3427:Nymphaeales
3360:Supergroup
3293:Brady Haran
2961:21 November
2933:21 November
2862:. webmd.com
2686:Cuénoud, P.
2654:11 December
2529:25 December
2405:), p. 218b.
2278:cal-ipc.org
2168:: 392–402.
2139:27 November
2050:5 September
2007:19 February
1982:25 December
1951:Ilex pernyi
1811:mac cuilinn
1732:Virgin Mary
1649:Blue Prince
1474:theobromine
1454:quinic acid
1404:Lepidoptera
1305:Macaronesia
1262:Nemopanthus
1253:Nemopanthus
1180:Ilex rugosa
1157:Ilex perado
1038:Ilex glabra
899:Pleistocene
874:Ilex sinica
845:Otway Basin
663:terms like
595:Old English
470:subtropical
406:Description
310:About 570,
199:Angiosperms
6978:Categories
6798:60437220-2
6476:Dipsacales
6466:Bruniaceae
6443:Asteraceae
6327:Araliaceae
6264:Phrymaceae
6199:Stilbaceae
6126:Solanaceae
6103:Vahliaceae
6029:Garryaceae
5975:Icacinales
5885:Sapotaceae
5739:Opiliaceae
5726:Santalales
5701:Talinaceae
5681:Montiaceae
5433:Kirkiaceae
5415:Sapindales
5387:Penaeaceae
5357:Onagraceae
5352:Lythraceae
5284:Cytinaceae
5243:Huerteales
5220:Geraniales
5157:Cleomaceae
5147:Resedaceae
5097:Caricaceae
5082:Akaniaceae
5011:Oxalidales
4966:Salicaceae
4951:Goupiaceae
4861:Clusiaceae
4762:Urticaceae
4742:Rhamnaceae
4704:Betulaceae
4684:Myricaceae
4406:Gunnerales
4312:Proteaceae
4192:Cyperaceae
4177:Mayacaceae
4167:Xyridaceae
3897:Corsiaceae
3846:Pandanales
3785:Ruppiaceae
3740:Butomaceae
3591:Annonaceae
3548:Piperaceae
3507:Canellales
3126:The Garden
1960:References
1706:. In many
1574:I. crenata
1545:eau de vie
1505:Yerba mate
1458:kaempferol
1351:Often the
1333:Yerba mate
1294:Ilex mitis
1236:subtropics
1133:Ilex opaca
1093:Ilex mitis
867:, about 50
833:Cretaceous
782:speciation
739:agrifoglio
733:aquifolium
729:acrifolium
687:, such as
657:Low German
548:California
505:The small
486:branchlets
420:The genus
378:angiosperm
6702:FloraBase
6484:Adoxaceae
6453:Bruniales
6385:Asterales
6254:Lamiaceae
6113:Solanales
6095:Vahliales
6047:Rubiaceae
6016:Garryales
5945:Ericaceae
5890:Ebenaceae
5827:Cornaceae
5812:Loasaceae
5797:Nyssaceae
5734:Olacaceae
5716:Cactaceae
5651:Aizoaceae
5626:Limeaceae
5463:Meliaceae
5367:Myrtaceae
5319:Cistaceae
5299:Malvaceae
4946:Violaceae
4851:Ochnaceae
4826:Pandaceae
4297:Sabiaceae
4289:Proteales
4187:Juncaceae
4152:Typhaceae
4129:Costaceae
4119:Cannaceae
4104:Lowiaceae
4043:Arecaceae
4000:Iridaceae
3960:Boryaceae
3937:Liliaceae
3707:Acoraceae
3639:Lauraceae
3530:Piperales
3368:Bryophyta
3289:Test Tube
3172:Christmas
3077:meserveae
3047:meserveae
2670:PPP-index
2617:213027259
2601:: 73–82.
2306:14 August
2198:232421827
2182:2055-0278
2083:: 28559.
1935:meserveae
1748:salvation
1700:Christmas
1688:mistletoe
1672:koehneana
1645:meserveae
1636:I. rugosa
1627:meserveae
1619:I. perado
1603:Highclere
1599:cultivars
1537:I. glabra
1450:quercetin
1402:). Other
1381:predators
1335:. Having
1042:L. A.Gray
887:Paleogene
849:Australia
812:. In the
655:, as are
562:Etymology
500:dioecious
482:evergreen
466:temperate
400:Christmas
386:deciduous
382:evergreen
375:dioecious
169:Kingdom:
6930:VicFlora
6919:VASCAN:
6912:40030671
6907:Tropicos
6663:eFloraSA
6597:Wikidata
6563:Category
6337:Apiaceae
6259:Mazaceae
6169:Oleaceae
6151:Lamiales
5900:Theaceae
5837:Ericales
5789:Cornales
5779:Asterids
5636:Kewaceae
5453:Rutaceae
5339:Myrtales
5314:Bixaceae
5276:Malvales
5117:Bataceae
4986:Linaceae
4971:Peraceae
4757:Moraceae
4747:Ulmaceae
4722:Rosaceae
4679:Fagaceae
4646:Fabaceae
4555:Vitaceae
4482:Iteaceae
4279:Buxaceae
4262:Eudicots
4114:Musaceae
4030:Arecales
3884:Liliales
3699:Acorales
3689:Monocots
3601:Laurales
3295:for the
3004:Archived
2752:21652411
2668:Species
2447:cnrtl.fr
2371:, later
2190:33782581
2115:27378489
1760:heraldry
1605:holly",
1470:caffeine
1434:caffeoyl
1424:Toxicity
1353:tropical
1004:Japanese
1000:inutsuge
946:(Hawaii)
915:List of
841:Turonian
814:Pliocene
796:about 82
794:Laurasia
790:Gondwana
750:grefuèlh
723:Several
716:cuileann
705:kelen(n)
681:Germanic
679:. These
608:, later
600:hole(ġ)n
577:Linnaean
543:diarrhea
539:vomiting
474:Tertiary
312:see text
241:Family:
225:Asterids
212:Eudicots
63:Turonian
6759:3169013
6603:Q117085
6299:Apiales
5965:Lamiids
5064:Malvids
5019:Huaceae
4714:Rosales
4666:Fagales
4633:Fabales
4547:Vitales
4271:Buxales
4217:Poaceae
3725:Araceae
3684:Lilidae
3109:2 March
3084:9 March
2888:3 March
2884:. aspca
2866:3 March
2860:"Holly"
2839:3 March
2760:6484345
2744:4123880
2570:9 April
2106:4932625
2085:Bibcode
1853:'Ferox'
1818:Gallery
1776:In the
1716:wreaths
1678:Culture
1595:hybrids
1462:tannins
1391:of the
1347:Ecology
1341:endemic
1337:evolved
1323:endemic
1303:, from
1232:tropics
1076:(India)
1068:(China)
1031:extinct
919:species
891:Neogene
843:of the
758:History
754:, etc.
745:Occitan
515:berries
433:Byronia
303:Species
263:Genus:
256:A.Rich.
231:Order:
173:Plantae
65:–recent
6961:415505
6881:PLANTS
6873:319957
6860:727571
6844:NZOR:
6746:116366
6720:116366
6629:191632
6626:APDB:
4570:Fabids
4537:Rosids
4144:Poales
3349:APG IV
3263:
3231:
3203:
3178:
3026:
2983:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2615:
2561:
2425:
2401:
2373:Hollen
2328:
2234:wa.gov
2196:
2188:
2180:
2113:
2103:
1803:Ostara
1771:Druids
1591:hedges
1529:Yaupon
1519:Kuding
1478:ilicin
1476:, and
1373:storms
1307:, and
1289:Africa
1258:native
1209:A.Gray
1110:A.Gray
1108:&
1106:Torrey
1086:tarayō
1019:Mexico
1015:Walter
903:relict
895:
869:
865:Eocene
798:
700:Breton
614:French
612:. The
610:Hollen
519:drupes
507:fruits
456:subg.
448:Prinos
446:subg.
431:subg.
364:family
296:
6956:WoRMS
6811:27980
6785:53854
6728:FoAO2
6707:22454
6694:1ILEG
6681:40226
6655:62WJ5
6642:56768
3362:Plant
3103:(PDF)
3051:. RHS
2756:S2CID
2740:JSTOR
2613:S2CID
2369:Holin
2194:S2CID
2164:(4).
1799:Mabon
1795:Wicca
1784:Harry
1764:Stord
1744:blood
1466:rutin
1389:larva
1377:birds
1256:, is
1226:Range
879:basal
711:Irish
694:celyn
689:Welsh
675:hulst
667:Hülse
647:hulis
631:hulis
629:*
606:Holin
535:toxic
523:seeds
360:genus
358:is a
356:holly
354:) or
219:Clade
206:Clade
193:Clade
180:Clade
56:Holly
6984:Ilex
6922:1282
6894:POWO
6886:ILEX
6837:4295
6832:NCBI
6806:ITIS
6793:IPNI
6772:6018
6767:GRIN
6754:GBIF
6733:Ilex
6689:EPPO
6668:Ilex
6637:APNI
6618:Ilex
6588:Ilex
3261:ISBN
3229:ISBN
3201:ISBN
3176:ISBN
3111:2018
3086:2018
3073:Ilex
3057:2020
3043:Ilex
3024:ISBN
2981:ISBN
2963:2021
2935:2021
2890:2014
2868:2014
2841:2014
2781:Ilex
2748:PMID
2708:Ilex
2656:2017
2589:Ilex
2572:2012
2559:ISBN
2555:2003
2548:Ilex
2531:2023
2423:ISBN
2399:ISBN
2326:ISBN
2308:2015
2186:PMID
2178:ISSN
2141:2018
2131:Ilex
2111:PMID
2069:Ilex
2052:2021
2039:Ilex
2009:2017
1984:2023
1931:Ilex
1788:wand
1769:The
1668:Ilex
1623:Ilex
1607:Ilex
1597:and
1494:Uses
1396:moth
1385:food
1365:Ilex
1359:and
1270:Ilex
1234:and
917:Ilex
837:Ilex
829:Ilex
823:The
792:and
786:Ilex
776:The
709:and
653:huls
637:huls
620:houx
585:Ilex
581:Ilex
567:Ilex
541:and
511:Ilex
468:and
458:Ilex
454:Ilex
444:Ilex
429:Ilex
422:Ilex
371:Ilex
322:Ilex
268:Ilex
70:PreꞒ
46:Holy
18:Ilex
6943:WFO
6819:NBN
6741:FoC
6715:FNA
6676:EoL
6650:CoL
3306:in
3130:147
2811:doi
2730:hdl
2722:doi
2603:doi
2485:269
2170:doi
2101:PMC
2093:doi
1801:to
1786:'s
1758:In
1662:'s
1527:),
1511:),
1420:).
1331:or
855:of
847:of
671:or
550:to
509:of
392:is
384:or
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