637:
328:
527:
449:, which Maxentios had previously attacked without success. According to the continuators of Georgios Monachos, he was besieging Amantia when news came of Emperor Basil's death and his own recall by Leo VI; Nikephoros kept the news a secret until he had persuaded the Arab garrison to surrender on guarantee of safe passage. During his time in Italy he also took steps to strengthen the Byzantine position by settling many
461:
furthermore reports that
Nikephoros brought an end to abuse against the local population, by ending the practice of returning Byzantine soldiers carrying off local Italians to be sold off in the East as slaves. According to Skylitzes, the grateful Italians dedicated a church in his honour. By the
623:
No definite conclusion as to the date of
Nikephoros' death can be reached today, but most modern scholars, such as Jean-Claude Cheynet, are doubtful of the version of Theophanes Continuatus. It would have been very unusual for a former Domestic to be appointed to the subordinate position of a
905:
652:, and he is credited with the invention of a weapon to counter cavalry during his campaign against the Bulgarians, consisting of a sharpened stake driven into the ground. Skylitzes assesses him as a "brave and prudent man, pious towards God and just towards men".
620:, making many prisoners, and confounded the Arabs by following a different course on his return, thereby avoiding the Arab army sent to block his retreat. This undated raid probably took place either in the years before or directly after the Bulgarian war.
358:, who had been defeated by the Arabs. This took place in 885, according to traditional dating. It is likely, however, that Nikephoros was originally sent to Italy already before that, at the head of a picked detachment of troops from Charsianon, which
572:. The later chronicle of Theophanes Continuatus, however, reports a different story, according to which Nikephoros was disgraced and dismissed from his post after refusing proposals for a marriage alliance with Leo's powerful chief minister,
408:
Byzantium had been absent from the affairs of southern Italy for almost a century, but the accession of Basil the
Macedonian changed this: from 868 on, the imperial fleet and diplomacy were employed in an effort to secure the
398:, in late 886. Shaun Tougher however posits that Nikephoros was sent to Italy only after the accession of Leo VI, as Leo in his writings takes credit for his dispatch there, and that his recall was not until
628:, and there is reason to doubt the authenticity of the tale of Zaoutzes' seeing in Nikephoros a potential future emperor and offering the hand of an—otherwise unknown—daughter in marriage.
229:. Contemporaries and later historians lauded him for his military ability and character. Both of his sons later succeeded him as Domestics of the Schools. His grandsons Nikephoros and
541:
In 895, he was sent against the
Bulgarians at the head of a large army. It is unclear whether Nikephoros engaged the Bulgarians in battle, for a Byzantine-instigated invasion by the
470:. These victories were followed up by his successors and laid the foundation of a resurgence of Byzantine power in southern Italy, culminating in the establishment of the theme of
17:
1212:
949:
775:
711:
636:
1207:
425:
in 876. According to the
Byzantine sources, during his tenure in Italy Nikephoros recovered numerous towns taken by the Arabs in the previous years, including
959:
919:
915:
800:
724:
355:
233:
were likewise distinguished generals, while the former became emperor in 963–969, spearheading the recovery of several lost provinces from the Arabs.
988:]. Berliner byzantinische Arbeiten 35 (in French). Vol. I. Berlin and Amsterdam: Akademie-Verlag & Adolf M. Hakkert. pp. 426–468.
1056:
Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische
Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt
1174:
569:
1128:
297:
and received from the emperor his own palace in the vicinity of the Church of St. Thecla. Eventually he rose to the post of military governor (
278:. At the same time Nikephoros, still in his youth, was taken into the imperial retinue, and was soon appointed to the guard corps of the
1242:
671:
in 963–969. Both Leo and
Nikephoros II scored major successes against the Arabs, with Nikephoros in particular leading the recovery of
498:
1192:
1096:
586:
351:
1222:
1040:
1019:
1144:
1010:
382:), but Theophanes Continuatus also reports that Nikephoros received further reinforcements from the themes of
362:
records as part of
Maxentios' expeditionary force. His command involved the forces of several western themes (
1136:
210:, in effect commander-in-chief of the army, which he led with success against the Arabs in the east and the
641:
104:
1202:
564:
reports that he died in 895/6. His death reportedly encouraged Tsar Simeon to reopen hostilities, with
453:
in the region, as well as 1,000 manumitted slaves donated by
Emperor Basil's old benefactor, the widow
304:
327:
247:
170:
663:, both of whom became Domestics of the Schools. So did his grandsons through Bardas, Nikephoros and
1217:
648:
By all accounts, Nikephoros Phokas was a capable soldier. Leo VI lauds his military talents in his
565:
1232:
1164:
656:
584:, spending his remaining years, until his death around 900, fighting against the Arabs. Leo VI's
512:
207:
114:
92:
82:
1227:
1141:Προσφορά εις Στίλπωνα Π. Κυριακίδην, επί τη εικοσιπενταετηρίδι της καθηγεσίας αυτού (1926-1951)
664:
502:
359:
255:
230:
211:
174:
344:
Nikephoros remained in command of
Charsianon until his appointment as the commander-in-chief (
561:
140:
1113:
Cheynet, Jean-Claude (1986). "Les Phocas". In Dagron, Gilbert; Mihăescu, Haralambie (eds.).
1237:
1197:
1050:
668:
660:
554:
215:
162:
118:
493:
His successes in Italy secured Nikephoros a friendly welcome and honours on his return to
8:
1157:
520:
371:
203:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
1122:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
573:
1092:
1036:
1015:
1005:
1001:
989:
975:
367:
316:
312:
188:
730:
1115:
Le traité sur la guérilla (De velitatione) de l'empereur Nicéphore Phocas (963–969)
581:
337:
272:), Nikephoros' father caught the emperor's attention and was raised to the rank of
59:
616:
to deal with the Arab invasion, Nikephoros led his forces to raid the vicinity of
1086:
1030:
979:
395:
613:
605:
592:
546:
516:
494:
458:
434:
391:
363:
199:
131:
100:
291:
Shortly after, at any rate before 878, Nikephoros was promoted to the rank of
1186:
993:
526:
346:
410:
293:
179:
1054:
471:
375:
280:
274:
169:
generals of the late 9th century, and the first important member of the
600:
led by Nikephoros, in retaliation of an Arab attack on the fortress of
531:
482:
383:
308:
251:
184:
96:
462:
time of his departure, he had extended Byzantine control over most of
507:
450:
387:
299:
166:
1014:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1665–1666.
488:
485:
would remain firmly under Byzantine control until the 11th century.
390:
detachment. Nikephoros' command in Italy lasted until his recall to
1065:
1032:
Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
601:
467:
454:
442:
414:
379:
285:
684:
680:
597:
560:
This is the last campaign associated with Nikephoros Phokas, and
542:
446:
438:
426:
418:
332:
219:
206:
in the peninsula. After his return, he was raised to the post of
676:
550:
463:
173:. As a youth he was taken into the personal retinue of Emperor
701:
699:
576:. After a period out of office, Nikephoros was then appointed
417:, and extend Byzantine control once more over parts of Italy.
672:
617:
497:, but he is not mentioned again for several years, until the
331:
Byzantine troops under Nikephoros Phokas capture the town of
315:, he scored "numerous" but unspecified successes against the
876:
696:
640:
Nikephoros II enters Constantinople as emperor through the
430:
422:
284:. He possibly participated in Basil's 873 campaign against
1053:; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013).
937:
925:
413:
from Saracen raids, re-establish Byzantine dominance over
895:
893:
891:
815:
813:
811:
809:
596:
further mention a successful raid into the Arab lands of
830:
828:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
716:
714:
888:
840:
806:
505:
in 894. In the meantime, he was raised to the rank of
311:, a post from which, according to the continuators of
825:
222:. He died either in 895/6 or, less likely, sometime
1139:(1953). "La carrière du premier Nicéphore Phocas".
864:
852:
145:
1088:The Reign of Leo VI (886–912): Politics and People
1035:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
557:to ask for a truce, and the Byzantines withdrew.
202:, where his victories laid the foundation for the
489:Domestic of the Schools and the war with Bulgaria
1213:Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars
1184:
18:Italian Campaigns of Nikephoros Phokas the Elder
1070:Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor
161:to distinguish him from his grandson, Emperor
246:Nikephoros was the son of the founder of the
772:, Nikephoros Phokas (“der Ältere”) (#25545).
322:
187:, whence he fought with success against the
1208:Byzantine people of the Arab–Byzantine wars
1059:(in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.
568:against Nikephoros' successor as Domestic,
1127:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
981:Recherches sur les institutions byzantines
545:from the north, and the activities of the
1063:
955:
911:
796:
720:
350:, "single-general") against the Arabs in
254:. During one of the campaigns of Emperor
1135:
974:
819:
635:
631:
525:
421:was taken from the Saracens in 873, and
326:
241:
1112:
1084:
1000:
943:
931:
899:
834:
705:
14:
1185:
1028:
882:
870:
858:
846:
519:, after the death of his predecessor,
515:, in effect commander-in-chief of the
481:. The regions of Apulia, Calabria and
1117:(in French). Paris. pp. 289–315.
986:Studies on the Byzantine Institutions
978:(1967). "Le Domestique des Scholes".
667:, with the first becoming emperor as
250:, a man called Phokas, a native of
24:
1106:
1072:. Foundation of the Hellenic World
1011:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
27:Byzantine general (9th century AD)
25:
1254:
1243:Governors of the Thracesian Theme
265:) sometime in the 870s (probably
177:, rising quickly to the posts of
1049:
769:
165:, was one of the most prominent
580:either of Charsianon or of the
260:
1145:Society for Macedonian Studies
13:
1:
1066:"Nikephoros Phokas (the Old)"
690:
655:Nikephoros was the father of
553:, forced the Bulgarian ruler
530:The Magyars pursue Simeon to
475:
457:. The 11th-century historian
399:
335:in Italy. Miniature from the
266:
223:
198:he led a major expedition in
192:
151:
69:
46:
1193:9th-century Byzantine people
612:of the Anatolics and of the
7:
1143:(in French). Thessaloniki:
1029:Kreutz, Barbara M. (1996).
394:following the accession of
146:
10:
1259:
968:
1171:
1162:
1154:
1064:Stankovic, Vlada (2003).
511:and named to the post of
323:Command in southern Italy
135:
110:
88:
78:
65:
55:
41:
34:
1223:Domestics of the Schools
445:, Tropai and especially
105:Byzantine–Bulgarian wars
1165:Domestic of the Schools
1085:Tougher, Shaun (1997).
657:Bardas Phokas the Elder
513:Domestic of the Schools
236:
208:Domestic of the Schools
115:Bardas Phokas the Elder
83:Domestic of the Schools
665:Leo Phokas the Younger
645:
608:. While directing the
538:
360:Theophanes Continuatus
341:
256:Basil I the Macedonian
175:Basil I the Macedonian
1051:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes
1004:(1991). "Phokas". In
885:, pp. 63–66, 68.
708:, pp. 1665–1666.
639:
632:Assessment and family
534:, miniature from the
529:
330:
242:Early life and career
183:and then governor of
66:Years of service
661:Leo Phokas the Elder
204:Byzantine resurgence
163:Nikephoros II Phokas
157:), usually surnamed
119:Leo Phokas the Elder
1158:Andrew the Scythian
1147:. pp. 232–254.
946:, pp. 205–206.
934:, pp. 204–205.
566:devastating success
521:Andrew the Scythian
93:Arab–Byzantine wars
1203:Byzantine generals
1006:Kazhdan, Alexander
1002:Kazhdan, Alexander
976:Guilland, Rodolphe
646:
574:Stylianos Zaoutzes
539:
354:in replacement of
342:
1181:
1180:
1172:Succeeded by
1098:978-90-04-10811-0
849:, pp. 41–43.
562:Symeon Logothetes
356:Stephen Maxentios
313:Georgios Monachos
147:Nikēphoros Phōkas
144:
128:Nikephoros Phokas
125:
124:
36:Nikephoros Phokas
16:(Redirected from
1250:
1169:887/894 – 895/6
1155:Preceded by
1152:
1151:
1148:
1132:
1126:
1118:
1102:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1060:
1046:
1025:
997:
963:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
909:
903:
897:
886:
880:
874:
868:
862:
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
823:
817:
804:
794:
773:
767:
728:
718:
709:
703:
582:Thracesian Theme
536:Madrid Skylitzes
480:
477:
404:
401:
338:Madrid Skylitzes
271:
268:
264:
262:
228:
225:
197:
194:
156:
153:
150:; died 895/6 or
149:
139:
137:
74:
73: 872–895/6
71:
60:Byzantine Empire
51:
48:
32:
31:
21:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1218:Byzantine Italy
1183:
1182:
1177:
1168:
1160:
1137:Grégoire, Henri
1120:
1119:
1109:
1107:Further reading
1099:
1075:
1073:
1043:
1022:
971:
966:
954:
950:
942:
938:
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926:
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906:
898:
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833:
826:
818:
807:
795:
776:
768:
731:
719:
712:
704:
697:
693:
634:
499:outbreak of war
491:
478:
402:
396:Leo VI the Wise
325:
269:
259:
244:
239:
226:
195:
154:
136:Νικηφόρος Φωκᾶς
72:
49:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1256:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1233:Protostratores
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1133:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1082:
1061:
1047:
1041:
1026:
1020:
998:
970:
967:
965:
964:
956:Stankovic 2003
948:
936:
924:
912:Stankovic 2003
904:
902:, p. 205.
887:
875:
863:
851:
839:
837:, p. 204.
824:
822:, p. 439.
805:
797:Stankovic 2003
774:
729:
721:Stankovic 2003
710:
694:
692:
689:
633:
630:
614:Opsician Theme
606:Anatolic Theme
593:De velitatione
590:and the later
547:Byzantine navy
517:Byzantine army
495:Constantinople
490:
487:
459:John Skylitzes
435:Santa Severina
392:Constantinople
386:, including a
352:southern Italy
324:
321:
263: 867–886
243:
240:
238:
235:
200:southern Italy
123:
122:
112:
108:
107:
101:southern Italy
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
43:
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1255:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1228:Phokas family
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1176:
1175:Leo Katakalon
1167:
1166:
1159:
1153:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1116:
1111:
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1052:
1048:
1044:
1042:0-8122-1587-7
1038:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1021:0-19-504652-8
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1007:
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991:
987:
983:
982:
977:
973:
972:
961:
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952:
945:
940:
933:
928:
921:
917:
913:
908:
901:
896:
894:
892:
884:
879:
873:, p. 63.
872:
867:
861:, p. 57.
860:
855:
848:
843:
836:
831:
829:
821:
820:Guilland 1967
816:
814:
812:
810:
802:
798:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
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771:
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750:
748:
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726:
722:
717:
715:
707:
702:
700:
695:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:Nikephoros II
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
643:
638:
629:
627:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:
589:
588:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:Leo Katakalon
567:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
537:
533:
528:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
509:
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486:
484:
473:
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460:
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436:
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416:
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406:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
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373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:
347:monostrategos
340:
339:
334:
329:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:
296:
295:
289:
287:
283:
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277:
276:
257:
253:
249:
248:Phokas family
234:
232:
221:
217:
213:
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182:
181:
176:
172:
171:Phokas family
168:
164:
160:
148:
142:
133:
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120:
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109:
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102:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
44:
40:
33:
30:
19:
1163:
1140:
1114:
1087:
1074:. Retrieved
1069:
1055:
1031:
1009:
985:
980:
951:
944:Tougher 1997
939:
932:Tougher 1997
927:
907:
900:Tougher 1997
878:
866:
854:
842:
835:Tougher 1997
706:Kazhdan 1991
654:
649:
647:
625:
622:
609:
591:
585:
577:
559:
540:
535:
506:
492:
411:Adriatic Sea
407:
345:
343:
336:
298:
294:protostrator
292:
290:
279:
273:
245:
180:protostrator
178:
158:
127:
126:
29:
1238:Manglabitai
1198:890s deaths
883:Kreutz 1996
871:Kreutz 1996
859:Kreutz 1996
847:Kreutz 1996
642:Golden Gate
472:Longobardia
376:Longobardia
372:Cephallenia
281:manglabitai
275:tourmarches
1187:Categories
691:References
532:Dorystolon
483:Basilicata
479: 892
403: 887
384:Asia Minor
309:Charsianon
270: 872
252:Cappadocia
227: 900
212:Bulgarians
196: 886
185:Charsianon
155: 900
97:Asia Minor
56:Allegiance
50: 900
1123:cite book
1091:. BRILL.
1076:22 August
994:878894516
960:Chapter 3
920:Chapter 3
916:Chapter 2
801:Chapter 2
725:Chapter 1
626:strategos
624:thematic
610:strategoi
578:strategos
508:patrikios
451:Armenians
388:Paulician
368:Macedonia
303:) of the
300:strategos
167:Byzantine
159:the Elder
141:romanized
111:Relations
45:895/6 or
602:Mistheia
503:Bulgaria
468:Calabria
455:Danielis
443:Taormina
415:Dalmatia
380:Calabria
286:Samosata
214:of Tsar
1008:(ed.).
969:Sources
685:Antioch
681:Cilicia
650:Tactica
604:in the
598:Cilicia
587:Tactica
549:in the
543:Magyars
447:Amantia
439:Rhegion
427:Taranto
419:Otranto
333:Amantia
220:Balkans
218:in the
143::
1095:
1039:
1018:
992:
918:&
677:Cyprus
644:in 963
555:Simeon
551:Danube
464:Apulia
364:Thrace
216:Simeon
121:(sons)
984:[
673:Crete
618:Adana
501:with
317:Arabs
305:theme
191:. In
189:Arabs
132:Greek
1129:link
1093:ISBN
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