High Seas Fleet - Knowledge

589: 547:. The arms reduction mission ended in failure, however, and the 1912 law was announced shortly thereafter. The Germans were aware at as early as 1911, the Royal Navy had abandoned the idea of a decisive battle with the German fleet, in favor of a distant blockade at the entrances to the North Sea, which the British could easily control due to their geographical position. There emerged the distinct possibility that the German fleet would be unable to force a battle on its own terms, which would render it militarily useless. When the war came in 1914, the British did in fact adopt this strategy. Coupled with the restrictive orders of the Kaiser, who preferred to keep the fleet intact to be used as a bargaining chip in the peace settlements, the ability of the High Seas Fleet to affect the military situation was markedly reduced. 703: 389: 289: 928: 76: 571:

Grand Fleet with submarines and torpedo boats. Once a rough equality of forces could be achieved, the High Seas Fleet would be able to attack and destroy the British fleet. Implicit in Tirpitz's strategy was the assumption that German vessels were better-designed, had better-trained crews, and would be employed with superior tactics. In addition, Tirpitz assumed that Britain would not be able to concentrate its fleet in the North Sea, owing to the demands of its global empire. At the start of a conflict between the two powers, the Germans would therefore be able to attack the Royal Navy with local superiority.

58: 325:, required a larger fleet than those of the next two largest naval powers combined. The crux of Tirpitz's "risk theory" was that by building a fleet to the 2:3 ratio, Germany would be strong enough that even in the event of a British naval victory, the Royal Navy would incur damage so serious as to allow the third-ranked naval power to rise to preeminence. Implicit in Tirpitz's theory was the assumption that the British would adopt an offensive strategy that would allow the Germans to use mines and submarines to even the numerical odds before fighting a decisive battle between 1278: 1070:. Scheer turned north after receiving a false report from a zeppelin about a British unit in the area. As a result, the bombardment was not carried out, and by 14:35, Scheer had been warned of the Grand Fleet's approach and so turned his forces around and retreated to German ports. Another fleet sortie took place on 18–19 October 1916 to attack enemy shipping east of Dogger Bank. Despite being forewarned by signal intelligence, the Grand Fleet did not attempt to intercept. The operation was however cancelled due to poor weather after the cruiser 318:, as the primary threat to Germany. In a discussion with the Kaiser during his first month in his post as State Secretary, he stated that "for Germany the most dangerous naval enemy at present is England." Tirpitz theorized that an attacking fleet would require a 33 percent advantage in strength to achieve victory, and so decided that a 2:3 ratio would be required for the German navy. For a final total of 60 German battleships, Britain would be required to build 90 to meet the 2:3 ratio envisioned by Tirpitz. 463:, which increased their cost and necessitated expensive dredging of canals and harbors to accommodate them. The German naval budget was already stretched thin; without new funding, Tirpitz would have to abandon his challenge to Britain. As a result, Tirpitz went before the Reichstag in May 1906 with a request for additional funding. The First Amendment to the Second Naval Law was passed on 19 May and appropriated funding for the new battleships, as well as for the dredging required by their increased size. 467: 804: 1006: 1147: 1264:) of the fleet—intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy, in order to retain a better bargaining position for Germany, despite the expected casualties. However, many of the war-weary sailors felt the operation would disrupt the peace process and prolong the war. On the morning of 29 October 1918, the order was given to sail from Wilhelmshaven the following day. Starting on the night of 29 October, sailors on 31: 982:

formation, which was completed by 23:40. A series of ferocious engagements between Scheer's battleships and Jellicoe's destroyer screen ensued, though the Germans managed to punch their way through the destroyers and make for Horns Reef. The High Seas Fleet reached the Jade between 13:00 and 14:45 on 1 June; Scheer ordered the undamaged battleships of the I Battle Squadron to take up defensive positions in the Jade

556: 1222:, Scotland, on the 24th, a Thursday. As a result, there was no convoy for Hipper to attack. Beatty sortied with a force of 31 battleships and four battlecruisers, but was too late to intercept the retreating Germans. The Germans reached their defensive minefields early on 25 April, though approximately 40 nmi (74 km; 46 mi) off Heligoland 657:

In 1897, the year Tirpitz came to his position as State Secretary of the Navy Office, the Imperial Navy consisted of a total of around 26,000 officers, petty officers, and enlisted men of various ranks, branches, and positions. By the outbreak of war in 1914, this had increased significantly to about

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in 1905 further strengthened Britain's position, as it removed the second of her two traditional naval rivals. These developments allowed Britain to discard the "two power standard" and focus solely on out-building Germany. In October 1906, Admiral Fisher stated "our only probable enemy is Germany.

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outside Wilhelmshaven and departed the following morning. Despite the success in reaching the convoy route undetected, the operation failed due to faulty intelligence. Reports from U-boats indicated to Scheer that the convoys sailed at the start and middle of each week, but a west-bound convoy had

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on 15–16 December 1914 was the first such operation. On the evening of 15 December, the German battle fleet of some twelve dreadnoughts and eight pre-dreadnoughts came to within 10 nmi (19 km; 12 mi) of an isolated squadron of six British battleships. However, skirmishes between the

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revolution, and introduced rigorous training for the fleet personnel. In 1912, the British concluded a joint defense agreement with France that allowed the British to concentrate in the North Sea while the French defended the Mediterranean. Worse still, the British began developing the strategy of

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Fisher's reforms caused serious problems for Tirpitz's plans; he counted on a dispersal of British naval forces early in a conflict that would allow Germany's smaller but more concentrated fleet to achieve a local superiority. Tirpitz could also no longer depend on the higher level of training in

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in 1904, introduced sweeping reforms in large part to counter the growing threat posed by the expanding German fleet. Training programs were modernized, old and obsolete vessels were discarded, and the scattered squadrons of battleships were consolidated into four main fleets, three of which were

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in the fleet were rendered obsolete and required replacement. Enough dreadnoughts for two full squadrons were completed by the outbreak of war in mid-1914; the eight most modern pre-dreadnoughts were used to constitute a third squadron. Two additional squadrons of older vessels were mobilized but

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The German Navy's pre-war planning held that the British would be compelled to mount either a direct attack on the German coast to defeat the High Seas Fleet, or to put in place a close blockade. Either course of action would permit the Germans to whittle away at the numerical superiority of the

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felt the implications of the Second Naval Law were not a significantly more dangerous threat than the fleet set by the First Naval Law; they believed it was more important to focus on the practical situation rather than speculation on future programs that might easily be reduced or cut entirely.

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in China, allowed Tirpitz to push through an expanded fleet plan in 1900. The Second Naval Law was passed on 14 June 1900; it doubled the size of the fleet to 38 battleships and 20 large and 38 small cruisers. Tirpitz planned an even larger fleet. As early as September 1899, he had informed the

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in January 1917, began to appear. In June and July, the crews began to conduct more active forms of resistance. These activities included work refusals, hunger strikes, and taking unauthorized leave from their ships. The disruptions came to a head in August, when a series of protests, anti-war

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to cope with the growing cost of the latest battleships. The law also reduced the service life of all battleships from 25 to 20 years, which allowed Tirpitz to push for the replacement of older vessels earlier. A third and final amendment was passed in May 1912 represented a compromise between

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Admiral Scheer had used light surface forces to attack British convoys to Norway beginning in late 1917. As a result, the Royal Navy attached a squadron of battleships to protect the convoys, which presented Scheer with the possibility of destroying a detached squadron of the Grand Fleet. The

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Steam ships of the period, which burned coal to fire their boilers, were naturally tied to coaling stations in friendly ports. The German Navy lacked sufficient overseas bases for sustained operations, even for single ships operating as commerce raiders. The Navy experimented with a device to

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This maneuver again put Scheer in a dangerous position; Jellicoe had turned his fleet south and again crossed Scheer's "T". A third 16-point turn followed; Hipper's mauled battlecruisers charged the British line to cover the retreat. Scheer then ordered the fleet to adopt the night cruising

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Admiral Scheer's fleet, composed of 16 dreadnoughts, six pre-dreadnoughts, six light cruisers, and 31 torpedo boats departed the Jade early on the morning of 31 May. The fleet sailed in concert with Hipper's five battlecruisers and supporting cruisers and torpedo boats. The Royal Navy's

694:). Each of these ships typically had a total crew in excess of 1,000 officers and men; the light cruisers that screened for the fleet had crew sizes between 300 and 550. The fleet torpedo boats had crews of about 80 to 100 officers and men, though some later classes approached 200. 636:

connected the Baltic and North Seas and allowed the German Navy to quickly shift naval forces between the two seas. In peacetime, all ships on active duty in the High Seas Fleet were stationed in Wilhelmshaven, Kiel, or Danzig. Germany possessed only one major overseas base, at

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The High Seas Fleet conducted a number of sweeps and advances into the North Sea. The first occurred on 2–3 November 1914, though no British forces were encountered. Ingenohl, the commander of the High Seas Fleet, adopted a strategy in which the battlecruisers of Rear Admiral

209:, Tirpitz believed Germany could achieve a balance of force that could seriously damage British naval hegemony. This was the heart of Tirpitz's "Risk Theory", which held that Britain would not challenge Germany if the latter's fleet posed such a significant threat to its own. 1323:, three light cruisers, and eighteen destroyers were saved from sinking by the British harbor personnel. The Royal Navy, initially opposed to salvage operations, decided to allow private firms to attempt to raise the vessels for scrapping. Cox and Danks, a company founded by 990:-class battleships were to maintain a state of readiness just outside Wilhelmshaven. The High Seas Fleet had sunk more British vessels than the Grand Fleet had sunk German, though Scheer's leading battleships had taken a terrible hammering. Several capital ships, including 205:, the German Emperor, championed the fleet as the instrument by which he would seize overseas possessions and make Germany a global power. By concentrating a powerful battle fleet in the North Sea while the Royal Navy was required to disperse its forces around the 902:

in coordinated attacks on the Grand Fleet; Scheer received approval from the Kaiser in February 1916 to carry out his intentions. Scheer ordered the fleet on sweeps of the North Sea on 26 March, 2–3 April, and 21–22 April. The battlecruisers conducted another

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had intercepted and decrypted German radio traffic containing plans of the operation. The Admiralty ordered the Grand Fleet, totaling some 28 dreadnoughts and 9 battlecruisers, to sortie the night before in order to cut off and destroy the High Seas Fleet.

744:. While on a peacetime footing, the Fleet conducted a routine pattern of training exercises, with individual ships, with squadrons, and with the combined fleet, throughout the year. The entire fleet conducted several cruises into the Atlantic Ocean and the 997:, which had been the first vessel in the line, and most of the battlecruisers, were in drydock for extensive repairs for at least two months. On 1 June, the British had twenty-four capital ships in fighting condition, compared to only ten German warships. 1303:, which led the ships to the Allied fleet that was to escort the Germans to Scapa Flow. The massive flotilla consisted of some 370 British, American, and French warships. Once the ships were interned, their guns were disabled through the removal of their 653:

to warships while underway in 1907, though the practice was not put into general use. Nevertheless, German capital ships had a cruising range of at least 4,000 nmi (7,400 km; 4,600 mi), more than enough to operate in the Atlantic Ocean.

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The British, however, did not accommodate Tirpitz's projections; from his appointment as the First Sea Lord in 1904, Fisher began a major reorganization of the Royal Navy. He concentrated British battleship strength in home waters, launched the

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before returning to port, where the ships remained at a heightened state of readiness. War between Austria-Hungary and Serbia broke out the following day, and in the span of a week all of the major European powers had joined the conflict.

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Tirpitz and moderates in parliament. The amendment authorized three new battleships and two light cruisers. The amendment called for the High Seas Fleet to be equipped with three squadrons of eight battleships each, one squadron of eight

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Segments of the British public, however, quickly seized on the perceived threat posed by the German construction programs. Despite their dismissive reaction, the Admiralty resolved to surpass German battleship construction. Admiral

333:. Tirpitz believed Germany would emerge victorious from a naval struggle with Britain, as he believed Germany to possess superior ships operated by better-trained crews, more effective tactics, and led by more capable officers. 893:

became Commander in chief of the High Seas Fleet on 18 January 1916 when Pohl became too ill to continue in that post. Scheer favored a much more aggressive policy than that of his predecessor, and advocated greater usage of

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the distant blockade of Germany starting in 1904; this removed the ability of German light craft to reduce Britain's superiority in numbers and essentially invalidated German naval planning before the start of World War I.

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at the next opportunity. On the morning of 21 June, the British fleet left Scapa Flow to conduct training maneuvers, and at 11:20 Reuter transmitted the order to his ships. Out of the interned fleet, only one battleship,

252:, the German fleet commander, that even a highly favorable outcome to a fleet action would not secure German victory in the war. Scheer and other leading admirals therefore advised the Kaiser to order a resumption of the 1314:. Reuter believed that the British intended to seize the German ships on 21 June 1919, which was the deadline for Germany to have signed the peace treaty. Unaware that the deadline had been extended to the 23rd, Reuter 860:

and returned without incident. Another followed on 17–18 April, where the fleet covered a mining operation by the II Scouting Group. Three days later, on 21–22 April, the High Seas Fleet advanced towards the

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operation called for Hipper's battlecruisers to attack the convoy and its escorts on 23 April while the battleships of the High Seas Fleet stood by in support. On 22 April, the German fleet assembled in the

1380:. Raeder advocated long-range commerce raiding by surface ships, rather than constructing a large surface fleet to challenge the Royal Navy, which he viewed to be a futile endeavor. His initial version of 1114:

The war, now in its fourth year, was by 1917 taking its toll on the crews of the ships of the High Seas Fleet. Acts of passive resistance, such as the posting of anti-war slogans in the battleships

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both the German officer corps and the enlisted ranks, nor the superiority of the more modern and homogenized German squadrons over the heterogeneous British fleet. In 1904, Britain signed the

1135:, the center of the anti-war activities. A series of courts-martial followed, which resulted in 77 guilty verdicts; nine men were sentenced to death for their roles, though only two men, 951:

At 16:00 UTC, the two battlecruiser forces encountered each other and began a running gun fight south, back towards Scheer's battle fleet. Upon reaching the High Seas Fleet, Vice Admiral

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in February 1906. The new battleship, armed with a main battery of ten 12-inch (30 cm) guns, was considerably more powerful than any battleship afloat. Ships capable of battle with

2973: 248:, on 31 May–1 June 1916, where the High Seas Fleet confronted the whole of the Grand Fleet. The battle was inconclusive, but the British won strategically, as it convinced Admiral 2963: 2978: 778:

on 28 June, the High Seas Fleet began its summer cruise to Norway on 13 July. During the last peacetime cruise of the Imperial Navy, the fleet conducted drills off

733:—had been constructed to allow for the creation of a second full squadron. On 16 February 1907, Kaiser Wilhelm renamed the Home Fleet the High Seas Fleet. Admiral 856:

replaced him as commander of the fleet. Pohl conducted a series of fleet advances in 1915; in the first one on 29–30 March, the fleet steamed out to the north of

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on 28 March 1898. Construction of the fleet was to be complete by 1 April 1904. Rising international tensions, particularly as a result of the outbreak of the

1307:, and their crews were reduced to 200 officers and enlisted men on each of the capital ships. On 10 January 1919, the High Seas Fleet was formally disbanded. 1254:

was to take effect. The bulk of the High Seas Fleet was to have sortied from their base in Wilhelmshaven to engage the British Grand Fleet; Scheer—by now the

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handled most of the salvage operations, including those of the heaviest vessels raised. After Cox's withdrawal due to financial losses in the early 1930s,

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made clear to Reuter that he could not allow the Allies to seize the ships, under any conditions. The fleet rendezvoused with the British light cruiser

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Fleet always concentrated within a few hours of England. We must therefore keep a Fleet twice as powerful concentrated within a few hours of Germany."

838:. Under orders from the Kaiser to avoid risking the fleet unnecessarily, Ingenohl broke off the engagement and turned the fleet back toward Germany. 358: 879: 869:

before being forced to turn back by inclement weather. On 10 August, the fleet steamed to the north of Heligoland to cover the return of the

1274:. The unrest forced Hipper and Scheer to cancel the operation. When informed of the situation, the Kaiser stated "I no longer have a navy". 1201:

on Ösel. By 20 October, the fighting on the islands was winding down; Moon, Ösel, and Dagö were in German possession. The previous day, the

588: 220:. At its creation in 1907, the High Seas Fleet consisted of two squadrons of battleships, and by 1914, a third squadron had been added. The 314:

on 6 December 1897, Tirpitz stated that the navy was "a question of survival" for Germany. He also viewed Great Britain, with its powerful

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speeches, and demonstrations resulted in the arrest of dozens of sailors. Scheer ordered the arrest of over 200 men from the battleship

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campaign. The primary responsibility of the High Seas Fleet in 1917 and 1918 was to secure the German naval bases in the North Sea for

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battlecruisers turned back to the north to lure the Germans towards the rapidly approaching Grand Fleet, under the command of Admiral

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operations. Nevertheless, the fleet continued to conduct sorties into the North Sea and detached units for special operations in the

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Kaiser that he sought at least 45 battleships, and potentially might secure a third double-squadron, for a total of 48 battleships.

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had struck a mine during the previous raid and the repair work forced the operation to be pushed back until the end of the month.

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before proceeding to the Norwegian fjords on 25 July. The following day the fleet began to steam back to Germany, as a result of

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on 24–25 April, during which the fleet provided distant support. Scheer planned another raid for mid-May, but the battlecruiser

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raided British coastal towns to lure out portions of the Grand Fleet where they could be destroyed by the High Seas Fleet. The

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In his first program, Tirpitz envisioned a fleet of nineteen battleships, divided into two eight-ship squadrons, one ship as a

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The High Seas Fleet, particularly its wartime impotence and ultimate fate, strongly influenced the later German navies, the

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turn to the south-west. At 18:55, Scheer decided to conduct another 16-point turn to launch an attack on the British fleet.

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had ordered the cessation of naval actions and the return of the dreadnoughts to the High Seas Fleet as soon as possible.

1189:, and the III and IV Battle Squadrons of the High Seas Fleet. The operation began on the morning of 12 October, when 775: 702: 340:, and two in reserve. The squadrons were further divided into four-ship divisions. This would be supported by the eight 2815: 1285:

Following the capitulation of Germany in November 1918, most of the High Seas Fleet, under the command of Rear Admiral

1331:, Inc. took over the salvage operation for the remaining ships. Five more capital ships were raised, though three—SMS 2789: 2770: 2751: 2675: 2536: 2494: 2475: 2456: 2437: 2418: 2399: 2380: 388: 244:

of the I Scouting Group to raid the British coast as the bait for the Royal Navy. These operations culminated in the

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and twelve light cruisers. By the outbreak of war in August 1914, only one eight-ship squadron of dreadnoughts—the

807: 757: 347: 1467:, Chile. In addition, the High Seas Fleet conducted several training cruises into the mid-Atlantic in 1908–1911. 1394:, long-range light cruisers, and reconnaissance forces for attacking enemy shipping, though he was overruled by 882:. The last operation of the year, conducted on 23–24 October, was an advance without result in the direction of 612:, was also a major base in the North Sea. The island of Heligoland provided a fortified forward position in the 216:, typically organized in eight-ship squadrons, though it also contained various other formations, including the 1247: 1057: 2858: 1251: 952: 721: 638: 560: 408: 253: 1346:—were too deep to permit raising. They remain on the bottom of Scapa Flow, along with four light cruisers. 849: 727: 397: 301: 480:

The Reichstag passed a second amendment to the Naval Law in March 1908 to provide an additional billion

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Imperialism at Sea: Naval Strategic Thought, the Ideology of Sea Power, and the Tirpitz Plan, 1875–1914

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During the initial period of German naval expansion, Britain did not feel particularly threatened. The

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Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart

1370:. Former Imperial Navy officers continued to serve in the subsequent institutions, including Admiral 368: 927: 526: 2851: 1130: 1103:, built to serve as fleet flagship, entered service; on the 17th, Scheer hauled down his flag from 1014: 749: 539:

Before the 1912 naval law was passed, Britain and Germany attempted to reach a compromise with the

310:—RMA); Tirpitz was an ardent supporter of naval expansion. During a speech in support of the First 130: 970:. By 18:30, the Grand Fleet had arrived on the scene, and was deployed into a position that would 288: 519: 502: 421: 1181:. On 18 September, the order was issued for a joint operation with the army to capture Ösel and 1328: 753: 738: 706: 470: 449: 322: 134: 2968: 975: 878:. A month later, on 11–12 September, the fleet covered another mine-laying operation off the 436:

with France, Britain's primary naval rival. The destruction of two Russian fleets during the

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during the war, designed to lure out an isolated portion of the numerically superior British

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from the northeast. To extricate his fleet from this precarious position, Scheer ordered a

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The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present

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was the architect of the fleet; he envisioned a force powerful enough to challenge the

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80,000 officers, petty officers, and men. Capital ships were typically commanded by a

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The fleet remained in captivity during the negotiations that ultimately produced the

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visited the United States in mid 1912, and a flotilla consisting of the battleships

1161:, the German navy decided to eliminate the Russian naval forces that still held the 2924: 2593: 2588: 1294: 1198: 1170: 1151: 1140: 1097:-class ships were transferred to the IV Squadron. In March 1917 the new battleship 1087:-class battleships remained in the III Squadron, along with the newly commissioned 1036: 822: 818: 481: 431: 217: 146: 1265: 1013:

By August, enough warships had been repaired to allow Scheer to undertake another

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in January 1915, the Kaiser removed Ingenohl from his post on 2 February. Admiral

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based in Europe. Britain also made a series of diplomatic arrangements, including

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revolution in 1906 greatly affected the composition of the fleet; the twenty-four

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was the most important base in the Baltic, which supported the forward bases at

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In early September 1917, following the German conquest of the Russian port of

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that allowed a greater concentration of British battleships in the North Sea.

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screens in the darkness convinced Ingenohl that he was faced with the entire

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Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea

2313: 1395: 1374:, Hipper's former chief of staff, who became the commander in chief of the 1371: 1365: 1357: 1304: 1277: 1162: 1050: 936: 908: 857: 613: 265: 991: 862: 835: 237: 221: 181: 91: 35: 1464: 1437: 1324: 1290: 1146: 1088: 1064: 1043: 883: 745: 601: 326: 315: 269: 261: 213: 198: 367:). This fleet was secured by the First Naval Law, which passed in the 2546:

Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993).

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at Jutland, the only battlecruisers available for the operation were

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Islands; the primary naval component was to comprise its flagship,

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entered service by early 1915. As a result, the third squadron—the

372: 337: 184:. The formation was created in February 1907, when the Home Fleet ( 2843: 959:. During the run to the north, Scheer's leading ships engaged the 555: 493:. Two 8-ship squadrons would be placed in reserve, along with two 30: 1227: 1077: 944: 448:

The most damaging blow to Tirpitz's plan came with the launch of

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while the IV Squadron shelled Russian gun batteries on the

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The Royal Navy's "two-power standard", first formulated in the

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The primary base for the High Seas Fleet in the North Sea was

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and the III Squadron ships engaged Russian positions in

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Organization of the High Seas Fleet at the Battle of Jutland

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The Great Naval Race: Anglo-German Naval Rivalry 1900–1914

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Military units and formations of the Imperial German Navy

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was planned for the end of October 1918, days before the

748:. Prince Henry was replaced in late 1909 by Vice Admiral 1414:

Organization of the High Seas Fleet in late October 1918

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Despite the rising international tensions following the

1293:. Prior to the departure of the German fleet, Admiral 935:-class battleship firing her main guns at Jutland, by 276:

in June 1919, days before the belligerents signed the

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The I and II Squadrons of the High Seas Fleet in Kiel

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Naval units and formations of Germany in World War I

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The Collapse of Power: Mutiny in the High Seas Fleet

1177:, and specifically the Russian gun batteries on the 1083:. The fleet was reorganized on 1 December; the four 559:

Prewar photo of the High Seas Fleet—a member of the

459:would need to be significantly larger than the old 2620:(1). Collingwood: The Browning Press: 65–66. 1907. 2524: 2506:"Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918 2979:Military units and formations established in 1907 2449:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 2430:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946 1218:on Tuesday the 22nd and an east-bound group left 232:The fleet conducted a series of sorties into the 2955: 2428:Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger, eds. (1980). 2427: 1760:"New Apparatus for Coaling Warships", pp. 65–66 2373:Room 40: British Naval Intelligence, 1914–1918 1398:, who preferred a large fleet of battleships. 1390:in the late 1930s, called for large number of 790:. On the 27th, the entire fleet assembled off 2859: 2725:The Great Admirals: Command at Sea, 1587–1945 2447:Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). 1289:, were interned in the British naval base of 2446: 1385: 1375: 1363: 1355: 1259: 812:, the second flagship of the High Seas Fleet 752:, who served until April 1913. Vice Admiral 677: 659: 429: 362: 305: 240:. These operations frequently used the fast 185: 2945:Imperial German Navy order of battle (1914) 2760: 2394:. London: Pen and Sword Military Classics. 1242:Scuttling of the German fleet at Scapa Flow 1235: 212:The primary component of the Fleet was its 2866: 2852: 2828:Germany's High Seas Fleet in the World War 827:raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby 583: 514:. The second squadron of dreadnoughts—the 2941:List of ships of the Imperial German Navy 720:In early 1907, enough battleships—of the 2779: 2722: 2706:German Battleships: 1914–1918 (Volume 2) 2687:German Battleships: 1914–1918 (Volume 1) 2646: 2624: 2531:. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. 2408: 1768: 1766: 1276: 1145: 1017:. Due to the serious damage incurred by 1004: 1000: 926: 802: 701: 587: 554: 465: 387: 287: 2746:. London: Cassell Military Paperbacks. 2741: 2573:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2568: 2484: 2389: 2288: 2286: 2267: 2265: 1720: 1718: 1076:was torpedoed by the British submarine 767:as the fleet flagship on 2 March 1913. 2956: 2824: 2805: 2612:"New Apparatus for Coaling Warships". 2587: 2522: 2503: 2465: 2370: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1877: 1875: 1838: 1836: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1463:sailed around South America as far as 1270:and then on several other battleships 190:) was renamed as the High Seas Fleet. 2847: 2765:. Worcester: Billing & Sons Ltd. 2703: 2684: 2665: 1763: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1232:; she successfully returned to port. 1150:Movements of the German fleet during 2727:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 2489:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 2470:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 2451:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 2432:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 2411:Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting 2358:Gardiner & Chesneau, pp. 218–220 2283: 2262: 2037: 1863: 1715: 1598: 916: 2873: 2597:. New York City: Ballantine Books. 2375:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2100: 1974: 1965: 1929: 1872: 1833: 1688: 1580: 1530: 1384:, the construction program for the 525:, was only completed when the four 300:became the State Secretary for the 13: 2799: 1498: 1169:) planned an operation, codenamed 543:, led by the British War Minister 383: 361:, all assigned to the Home Fleet ( 47:16 February 1907 – 10 January 1919 14: 2990: 2413:. London: Conway Maritime Press. 2320:Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz 2668:German Battlecruisers: 1914–1918 1830:Gardiner & Gray, pp. 164–172 1631:Gardiner & Gray, pp. 135–136 1613:Gardiner & Gray, pp. 145–147 1173:, to seize the Baltic island of 74: 56: 29: 2744:Jutland: The German Perspective 2352: 2343: 2334: 2325: 2304: 2295: 2274: 2253: 2244: 2235: 2226: 2217: 2208: 2199: 2190: 2181: 2172: 2163: 2154: 2145: 2136: 2127: 2118: 2109: 2091: 2082: 2073: 2064: 2055: 2046: 2028: 2019: 2010: 2001: 1992: 1983: 1956: 1947: 1920: 1911: 1902: 1893: 1884: 1854: 1845: 1824: 1815: 1806: 1797: 1788: 1775: 1754: 1745: 1736: 1727: 1706: 1697: 1679: 1670: 1661: 1652: 1643: 1634: 1625: 1616: 1607: 1589: 1571: 1427: 1281:Locations of the scuttled ships 1226:was torpedoed by the submarine 1015:fleet operation on 18–19 August 1009:The High Seas Fleet in Kiel bay 2487:A Naval History of World War I 1562: 1553: 1544: 1521: 1512: 1489: 1480: 798: 608:, located on the mouth of the 254:unrestricted submarine warfare 173:) was the battle fleet of the 1: 2784:. London: Arthur Barker Ltd. 2364: 750:Henning von Holtzendorff 501:—had been assembled with the 2831:. Cassell and Company, ltd. 1474: 1420: 1316:ordered the ships to be sunk 518:—which included four of the 398:Anglo-German naval arms race 7: 2647:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001). 2508:. Amherst: Humanity Books. 1622:Gardiner & Gray, p. 141 1604:Gardiner & Gray, p. 135 1541:Gardiner & Gray, p. 134 1401: 754:Friedrich von Ingenohl 600:on the western side of the 550: 283: 10: 2995: 2569:Lambert, Nicholas (2012). 2468:German Warships: 1815–1945 2390:Bennett, Geoffrey (2006). 1239: 920: 735:Prince Heinrich of Prussia 697: 395: 272:, where it was ultimately 180:and saw action during the 16:Imperial German Navy fleet 2938: 2917: 2881: 2825:Scheer, Reinhard (1920). 2761:van der Vat, Dan (1986). 2485:Halpern, Paul G. (1995). 1794:Staff (Vol. 2), pp. 10–11 1349: 1165:. The Navy High Command ( 1063:, and the new battleship 905:raid on the English coast 476:underway, circa 1906–1907 323:Naval Defence Act of 1889 120: 115: 105: 97: 87: 69: 51: 43: 28: 23: 2780:Woodward, David (1973). 2708:. Oxford: Osprey Books. 2689:. Oxford: Osprey Books. 2670:. Oxford: Osprey Books. 2649:Naval Warfare, 1815–1914 2523:Heyman, Neil M. (1997). 2371:Beesly, Patrick (1984). 2349:van der Vat, pp. 210–214 2340:van der Vat, pp. 200–210 1772:Gröner, pp. 23–28, 52–56 1236:Internment at Scapa Flow 776:Archduke Franz Ferdinand 375:in South Africa and the 131:Henning von Holtzendorff 2742:Tarrant, V. E. (1995). 2723:Sweetman, Jack (1997). 2504:Herwig, Holger (1980). 2409:Campbell, John (1998). 1860:Staff (Vol. 1), pp. 7–8 1049:, which were joined by 584:Logistics and personnel 2466:Gröner, Erich (1990). 1386: 1376: 1364: 1356: 1329:Metal Industries Group 1282: 1260: 1154: 1107:and transferred it to 1010: 939: 841:Following the loss of 813: 717: 716:of the High Seas Fleet 678: 660: 593: 567: 477: 430: 422:an alliance with Japan 404:Lords of the Admiralty 393: 363: 306: 293: 203:Kaiser Wilhelm II 186: 170: 135:Friedrich von Ingenohl 38:of the High Seas Fleet 2918:Reconnaissance forces 2806:Hobson, Rolf (2002). 2651:. London: Routledge. 2632:. Edinburg: Birlinn. 2392:The Battle of Jutland 2142:Staff (Vol. 2), p. 43 2106:Staff (Vol. 2), p. 35 1971:Staff (Vol. 2), p. 11 1944:Staff (Vol. 2), p. 15 1881:Staff (Vol. 2), p. 14 1783:German Battlecruisers 1518:Sondhaus, pp. 160–161 1280: 1149: 1008: 1001:Subsequent operations 930: 850:Battle of Dogger Bank 806: 705: 591: 558: 469: 391: 355:coastal defense ships 291: 274:scuttled by its crews 2704:Staff, Gary (2010). 2685:Staff, Gary (2010). 2666:Staff, Gary (2006). 2259:Tarrant, pp. 281–282 2250:Tarrant, pp. 280–281 2196:Halpern, pp. 214–215 2061:Tarrant, pp. 177–181 1851:Staff (Vol. 1), p. 7 1803:Staff (Vol. 1), p. 8 1312:Treaty of Versailles 1132:Prinzregent Luitpold 1105:Friedrich der Grosse 809:Friedrich der Grosse 760:Friedrich der Grosse 641:in China, where the 630:Kaiser Wilhelm Canal 302:Imperial Navy Office 278:Treaty of Versailles 264:against the Russian 82:Imperial German Navy 2899:III Battle Squadron 2614:Industrial Magazine 2571:Planning Armageddon 2331:van der Vat, p. 199 2301:Herwig, pp. 254–255 2169:Woodward, pp. 72–73 2160:Woodward, pp. 70–72 2151:Woodward, pp. 66–67 1899:Herwig, pp. 149–150 1821:Gröner, pp. 104–115 1733:Herwig, pp. 104–105 1685:Herwig, pp. 149–150 968:5th Battle Squadron 966:battleships of the 788:ultimatum to Serbia 649:transfer coal from 516:III Battle Squadron 392:Admiral John Fisher 2904:IV Battle Squadron 2894:II Battle Squadron 1998:Tarrant, pp. 63–64 1926:Tarrant, pp. 43–44 1917:Tarrant, pp. 31–33 1283: 1248:final fleet action 1155: 1011: 972:cross Scheer's "T" 940: 854:Hugo von Pohl 814: 718: 643:East Asia Squadron 634:Schleswig-Holstein 594: 568: 534:II Battle Squadron 530:-class battleships 523:-class battleships 512:-class battleships 478: 441:Germany keeps her 438:Russo-Japanese War 394: 298:Alfred von Tirpitz 294: 292:Alfred von Tirpitz 195:Alfred von Tirpitz 2951: 2950: 2930:II Scouting Group 2909:V Battle Squadron 2889:I Battle Squadron 2763:The Grand Scuttle 2734:978-0-87021-229-1 2715:978-1-84603-468-8 2696:978-1-84603-467-1 2658:978-0-415-21478-0 2639:978-1-84341-013-3 2604:978-0-345-40878-5 2589:Massie, Robert K. 2580:978-0-67406-149-1 2561:978-3-7822-0210-7 2515:978-1-57392-286-9 1649:Herwig, pp. 36–37 1595:Herwig, pp. 56–57 1568:Herwig, pp. 48–49 1433:For example, the 1287:Ludwig von Reuter 1143:, were executed. 1093:, while the five 923:Battle of Jutland 917:Battle of Jutland 871:auxiliary cruiser 499:I Battle Squadron 411:, who became the 296:In 1898, Admiral 246:Battle of Jutland 229:later disbanded. 201:'s predominance. 156: 155: 151:Ludwig von Reuter 110:Battle of Jutland 2986: 2925:I Scouting Group 2882:Battle Squadrons 2868: 2861: 2854: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2821: 2795: 2776: 2757: 2738: 2719: 2700: 2681: 2662: 2643: 2621: 2608: 2584: 2565: 2542: 2530: 2519: 2500: 2481: 2462: 2443: 2424: 2405: 2386: 2359: 2356: 2350: 2347: 2341: 2338: 2332: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2308: 2302: 2299: 2293: 2290: 2281: 2278: 2272: 2269: 2260: 2257: 2251: 2248: 2242: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2224: 2221: 2215: 2212: 2206: 2203: 2197: 2194: 2188: 2185: 2179: 2176: 2170: 2167: 2161: 2158: 2152: 2149: 2143: 2140: 2134: 2131: 2125: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2107: 2104: 2098: 2095: 2089: 2086: 2080: 2079:Campbell, p. 274 2077: 2071: 2070:Campbell, p. 275 2068: 2062: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2044: 2041: 2035: 2032: 2026: 2023: 2017: 2014: 2008: 2005: 1999: 1996: 1990: 1987: 1981: 1978: 1972: 1969: 1963: 1960: 1954: 1953:Sweetman, p. 394 1951: 1945: 1942: 1927: 1924: 1918: 1915: 1909: 1906: 1900: 1897: 1891: 1888: 1882: 1879: 1870: 1867: 1861: 1858: 1852: 1849: 1843: 1840: 1831: 1828: 1822: 1819: 1813: 1810: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1792: 1786: 1779: 1773: 1770: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1749: 1743: 1740: 1734: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1713: 1710: 1704: 1701: 1695: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1677: 1674: 1668: 1665: 1659: 1656: 1650: 1647: 1641: 1638: 1632: 1629: 1623: 1620: 1614: 1611: 1605: 1602: 1596: 1593: 1587: 1584: 1578: 1575: 1569: 1566: 1560: 1557: 1551: 1548: 1542: 1539: 1528: 1525: 1519: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1496: 1493: 1487: 1484: 1468: 1431: 1392:P-class cruisers 1389: 1379: 1369: 1361: 1295:Adolf von Trotha 1263: 1199:Sworbe Peninsula 1179:Sworbe Peninsula 1171:Operation Albion 1152:Operation Albion 1141:Max Reichpietsch 1060:Grosser Kurfürst 1028:and the loss of 823:I Scouting Group 819:Franz von Hipper 693: 690: 689:corvette captain 687: 683: 680:Korvettenkapitän 675: 672: 669: 665: 461:pre-dreadnoughts 435: 432:Entente cordiale 415:and head of the 366: 309: 226:pre-dreadnoughts 218:I Scouting Group 189: 147:Franz von Hipper 80: 78: 77: 62: 60: 59: 33: 21: 20: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2984: 2983: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2947: 2934: 2913: 2877: 2875:High Seas Fleet 2872: 2818: 2802: 2800:Further reading 2792: 2773: 2754: 2735: 2716: 2697: 2678: 2659: 2640: 2626:Padfield, Peter 2611: 2605: 2581: 2562: 2539: 2516: 2497: 2478: 2459: 2440: 2421: 2402: 2383: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2271:Tarrant, p. 282 2270: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2241:Halpern, p. 420 2240: 2236: 2232:Halpern, p. 419 2231: 2227: 2223:Halpern, p. 418 2222: 2218: 2214:Halpern, p. 219 2213: 2209: 2205:Halpern, p. 215 2204: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2187:Halpern, p. 213 2186: 2182: 2178:Woodward, p. 77 2177: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2133:Halpern, p. 214 2132: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2097:Halpern, p. 327 2096: 2092: 2088:Tarrant, p. 263 2087: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2052:Bennett, p. 106 2051: 2047: 2043:Tarrant, p. 165 2042: 2038: 2034:Tarrant, p. 153 2033: 2029: 2025:Tarrant, p. 116 2024: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2007:Campbell, p. 34 2006: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1716: 1712:Halpern, p. 179 1711: 1707: 1703:Halpern, p. 182 1702: 1698: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1563: 1559:Padfield, p. 94 1558: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1531: 1527:Padfield, p. 45 1526: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1471: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1404: 1352: 1244: 1238: 1003: 962:Queen Elizabeth 925: 919: 891:Reinhard Scheer 867:Schiermonnikoog 801: 784:Austria-Hungary 700: 691: 688: 685: 673: 670: 667: 662:Kapitän zur See 645:was stationed. 586: 553: 545:Richard Haldane 541:Haldane Mission 489:, and eighteen 400: 386: 384:Naval arms race 307:Reichsmarineamt 286: 250:Reinhard Scheer 182:First World War 163:High Seas Fleet 159: 149: 145: 143:Reinhard Scheer 141: 137: 133: 129: 127:Prince Heinrich 122: 75: 73: 57: 55: 39: 24:High Seas Fleet 17: 12: 11: 5: 2992: 2982: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2949: 2948: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2878: 2871: 2870: 2863: 2856: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2822: 2817:978-0391041059 2816: 2801: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2790: 2777: 2771: 2758: 2752: 2739: 2733: 2720: 2714: 2701: 2695: 2682: 2676: 2663: 2657: 2644: 2638: 2622: 2609: 2603: 2585: 2579: 2566: 2560: 2543: 2537: 2520: 2514: 2501: 2495: 2482: 2476: 2463: 2457: 2444: 2438: 2425: 2419: 2406: 2400: 2387: 2381: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2360: 2351: 2342: 2333: 2324: 2312: 2310:Herwig, p. 255 2303: 2294: 2292:Herwig, p. 256 2282: 2280:Herwig, p. 252 2273: 2261: 2252: 2243: 2234: 2225: 2216: 2207: 2198: 2189: 2180: 2171: 2162: 2153: 2144: 2135: 2126: 2124:Beesly, p. 167 2117: 2115:Massie, p. 683 2108: 2099: 2090: 2081: 2072: 2063: 2054: 2045: 2036: 2027: 2018: 2009: 2000: 1991: 1989:Tarrant, p. 62 1982: 1980:Tarrant, p. 58 1973: 1964: 1962:Tarrant, p. 50 1955: 1946: 1928: 1919: 1910: 1908:Tarrant, p. 31 1901: 1892: 1890:Heyman, p. xix 1883: 1871: 1869:Herwig, p. 262 1862: 1853: 1844: 1832: 1823: 1814: 1812:Herwig, p. 111 1805: 1796: 1787: 1774: 1762: 1753: 1751:Halpern, p. 67 1744: 1742:Halpern, p. 66 1735: 1726: 1724:Herwig, p. 114 1714: 1705: 1696: 1694:Halpern, p. 10 1687: 1678: 1676:Lambert, p. 39 1669: 1660: 1651: 1642: 1640:Tarrant, p. 21 1633: 1624: 1615: 1606: 1597: 1588: 1579: 1570: 1561: 1552: 1543: 1529: 1520: 1511: 1497: 1488: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1425: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1411: 1403: 1400: 1351: 1348: 1240:Main article: 1237: 1234: 1211:Schillig Roads 1002: 999: 953:David Beatty's 921:Main article: 918: 915: 800: 797: 699: 696: 671:Captain at Sea 604:; the port of 585: 582: 566:leads the line 552: 549: 491:light cruisers 487:battlecruisers 413:First Sea Lord 396:Main article: 385: 382: 377:Boxer Uprising 285: 282: 242:battlecruisers 207:British Empire 157: 154: 153: 124: 118: 117: 113: 112: 107: 103: 102: 99: 95: 94: 89: 85: 84: 71: 67: 66: 53: 49: 48: 45: 41: 40: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2991: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2857: 2855: 2850: 2849: 2846: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2829: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2803: 2793: 2791:0-213-16431-0 2787: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2772:0-86228-099-0 2768: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2753:0-304-35848-7 2749: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2677:1-84603-009-9 2673: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2600: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2538:0-313-29880-7 2534: 2529: 2528: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2496:1-55750-352-4 2492: 2488: 2483: 2479: 2477:0-87021-790-9 2473: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2458:0-87021-907-3 2454: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2439:0-87021-913-8 2435: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2420:1-55821-759-2 2416: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2401:1-84415-300-2 2397: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2382:0-19-281468-0 2378: 2374: 2369: 2368: 2355: 2346: 2337: 2328: 2322:, p. 31. 2321: 2316: 2307: 2298: 2289: 2287: 2277: 2268: 2266: 2256: 2247: 2238: 2229: 2220: 2211: 2202: 2193: 2184: 2175: 2166: 2157: 2148: 2139: 2130: 2121: 2112: 2103: 2094: 2085: 2076: 2067: 2058: 2049: 2040: 2031: 2022: 2016:Bennet, p. 73 2013: 2004: 1995: 1986: 1977: 1968: 1959: 1950: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1923: 1914: 1905: 1896: 1887: 1878: 1876: 1866: 1857: 1848: 1842:Herwig, p. 45 1839: 1837: 1827: 1818: 1809: 1800: 1791: 1784: 1778: 1769: 1767: 1757: 1748: 1739: 1730: 1721: 1719: 1709: 1700: 1691: 1682: 1673: 1667:Herwig, p. 79 1664: 1658:Herwig, p. 92 1655: 1646: 1637: 1628: 1619: 1610: 1601: 1592: 1586:Herwig, p. 50 1583: 1577:Herwig, p. 49 1574: 1565: 1556: 1550:Herwig, p. 42 1547: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1524: 1515: 1509:Herwig, p. 36 1506: 1504: 1502: 1495:Herwig, p. 35 1492: 1486:Herwig, p. 33 1483: 1479: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1456:light cruiser 1453: 1452: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1440: 1436: 1435:battlecruiser 1430: 1426: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1367: 1360: 1359: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1305:breech blocks 1302: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1279: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1268: 1262: 1257: 1256:Grand Admiral 1253: 1249: 1243: 1233: 1231: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1153: 1148: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1127: 1126: 1120: 1119: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1075: 1074: 1069: 1068: 1062: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1048: 1047: 1041: 1040: 1034: 1033: 1027: 1026: 1020: 1016: 1007: 998: 996: 995: 989: 985: 979: 977: 973: 969: 965: 963: 958: 957:John Jellicoe 954: 949: 946: 938: 934: 929: 924: 914: 912: 911: 906: 901: 897: 892: 889:Vice Admiral 887: 885: 881: 877: 876: 872: 868: 864: 859: 855: 851: 847: 846: 839: 837: 833: 828: 824: 820: 811: 810: 805: 796: 793: 792:Cape Skudenes 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 772:assassination 768: 766: 762: 761: 755: 751: 747: 743: 742: 736: 732: 730: 725: 724: 715: 711: 710: 704: 695: 682: 681: 664: 663: 655: 652: 646: 644: 640: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 598:Wilhelmshaven 590: 581: 578: 572: 565: 563: 557: 548: 546: 542: 537: 535: 531: 529: 524: 522: 517: 513: 511: 506: 505: 500: 496: 492: 488: 483: 475: 474: 468: 464: 462: 458: 454: 453: 446: 444: 439: 434: 433: 425: 423: 418: 414: 410: 405: 399: 390: 381: 378: 374: 370: 365: 360: 359:torpedo boats 356: 352: 350: 345: 344: 339: 334: 332: 328: 324: 319: 317: 313: 308: 303: 299: 290: 281: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 230: 227: 223: 219: 215: 210: 208: 204: 200: 196: 193: 188: 183: 179: 178:Imperial Navy 176: 172: 171:Hochseeflotte 168: 164: 158:Military unit 152: 148: 144: 140: 139:Hugo von Pohl 136: 132: 128: 125: 119: 114: 111: 108: 104: 100: 96: 93: 90: 86: 83: 72: 68: 65: 64:German Empire 54: 50: 46: 42: 37: 32: 27: 22: 19: 2969:Naval fleets 2874: 2827: 2807: 2781: 2762: 2743: 2724: 2705: 2686: 2667: 2648: 2629: 2617: 2613: 2592: 2570: 2551: 2547: 2526: 2505: 2486: 2467: 2448: 2429: 2410: 2391: 2372: 2354: 2345: 2336: 2327: 2315: 2306: 2297: 2276: 2255: 2246: 2237: 2228: 2219: 2210: 2201: 2192: 2183: 2174: 2165: 2156: 2147: 2138: 2129: 2120: 2111: 2102: 2093: 2084: 2075: 2066: 2057: 2048: 2039: 2030: 2021: 2012: 2003: 1994: 1985: 1976: 1967: 1958: 1949: 1922: 1913: 1904: 1895: 1886: 1865: 1856: 1847: 1826: 1817: 1808: 1799: 1790: 1782: 1777: 1756: 1747: 1738: 1729: 1708: 1699: 1690: 1681: 1672: 1663: 1654: 1645: 1636: 1627: 1618: 1609: 1600: 1591: 1582: 1573: 1564: 1555: 1546: 1523: 1514: 1491: 1482: 1459: 1451:König Albert 1450: 1444: 1438: 1429: 1396:Adolf Hitler 1387:Kriegsmarine 1377:Reichsmarine 1372:Erich Raeder 1366:Kriegsmarine 1358:Reichsmarine 1353: 1343: 1338: 1332: 1320: 1309: 1299: 1284: 1266: 1261:Grossadmiral 1245: 1228: 1223: 1207: 1202: 1190: 1186: 1166: 1163:Gulf of Riga 1156: 1131: 1124: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1072: 1066: 1059: 1052: 1045: 1039:Von der Tann 1038: 1031: 1024: 1018: 1012: 993: 987: 980: 961: 950: 941: 937:Claus Bergen 932: 909: 888: 874: 858:Terschelling 844: 840: 815: 808: 769: 764: 759: 740: 728: 723:Braunschweig 722: 719: 712:, the first 708: 656: 647: 614:German Bight 595: 576: 573: 569: 562:Braunschweig 561: 538: 527: 520: 509: 503: 479: 472: 456: 451: 447: 442: 426: 401: 364:Heimatflotte 348: 342: 335: 320: 295: 266:Baltic Fleet 231: 211: 187:Heimatflotte 162: 160: 36:Dreadnoughts 18: 2527:World War I 1203:Admiralstab 1167:Admiralstab 1137:Albin Köbis 1025:Derfflinger 880:Swarte Bank 863:Dogger Bank 836:Grand Fleet 799:World War I 765:Deutschland 741:Deutschland 729:Deutschland 709:Deutschland 577:Dreadnought 473:Dreadnought 457:Dreadnought 452:Dreadnought 409:John Fisher 238:Grand Fleet 222:dreadnought 214:battleships 106:Engagements 2958:Categories 2365:References 1465:Valparaiso 1460:Strassburg 1342:, and SMS 1325:Ernest Cox 1291:Scapa Flow 986:while the 884:Horns Reef 746:Baltic Sea 602:Jade Bight 327:Heligoland 316:Royal Navy 270:Scapa Flow 262:Baltic Sea 199:Royal Navy 123:commanders 116:Commanders 101:~100 ships 1475:Citations 1421:Footnotes 1339:Kronprinz 1337:SMS 1267:Thüringen 1252:Armistice 1195:Tagga Bay 1123:SMS 1118:Oldenburg 1116:SMS 1078:HMS 1065:SMS 1058:SMS 1051:SMS 1044:SMS 1037:SMS 1030:SMS 1023:SMS 992:SMS 984:roadstead 900:zeppelins 843:SMS 832:destroyer 763:replaced 758:SMS 739:SMS 707:SMS 510:Helgoland 471:HMS 450:HMS 417:Admiralty 369:Reichstag 343:Siegfried 312:Naval Law 234:North Sea 2628:(2005). 2591:(2003). 1454:and the 1402:See also 1344:Markgraf 1272:mutinied 1053:Markgraf 1019:Seydlitz 976:16-point 910:Seydlitz 714:flagship 651:colliers 639:Jiaozhou 632:through 606:Cuxhaven 551:Strategy 373:Boer War 338:flagship 329:and the 284:Creation 2837:2765294 1785:, p. 15 1300:Cardiff 1073:München 945:Room 40 896:U-boats 848:at the 845:Blücher 731:classes 698:History 495:armored 351:classes 192:Admiral 121:Notable 52:Country 2835: 2814: 2788: 2769: 2750: 2731: 2712: 2693: 2674: 2655: 2636: 2601: 2577: 2558: 2535: 2512: 2493: 2474: 2455: 2436: 2417: 2398: 2379: 1781:Staff 1445:Kaiser 1439:Moltke 1382:Plan Z 1350:Legacy 1224:Moltke 1220:Methil 1216:Bergen 1191:Moltke 1187:Moltke 1095:Kaiser 1090:Bayern 1067:Bayern 1046:Moltke 1032:Lützow 988:Kaiser 964:-class 875:Meteor 830:rival 780:Skagen 628:. The 626:Danzig 622:Pillau 521:Kaiser 504:Nassau 346:- and 331:Thames 258:U-boat 175:German 167:German 79: 70:Branch 61: 44:Active 2550:[ 1333:König 1321:Baden 1214:left 1125:Posen 1109:Baden 1100:Baden 1085:König 994:König 933:König 676:) or 564:class 528:König 482:marks 443:whole 92:Fleet 2833:OCLC 2812:ISBN 2786:ISBN 2767:ISBN 2748:ISBN 2729:ISBN 2710:ISBN 2691:ISBN 2672:ISBN 2653:ISBN 2634:ISBN 2599:ISBN 2575:ISBN 2556:ISBN 2533:ISBN 2510:ISBN 2491:ISBN 2472:ISBN 2453:ISBN 2434:ISBN 2415:ISBN 2396:ISBN 2377:ISBN 1448:and 1362:and 1183:Moon 1175:Ösel 1159:Riga 1139:and 1121:and 1042:and 1021:and 898:and 726:and 624:and 618:Kiel 610:Elbe 507:and 349:Odin 161:The 98:Size 88:Type 1229:E42 1080:E38 821:'s 786:'s 774:of 353:of 2960:: 2943:• 2616:. 2285:^ 2264:^ 1931:^ 1874:^ 1835:^ 1765:^ 1717:^ 1532:^ 1500:^ 1335:, 1246:A 1111:. 1056:, 931:A 886:. 616:. 280:. 169:: 2867:e 2860:t 2853:v 2839:. 2820:. 2794:. 2775:. 2756:. 2737:. 2718:. 2699:. 2680:. 2661:. 2642:. 2618:6 2607:. 2583:. 2564:. 2541:. 2518:. 2499:. 2480:. 2461:. 2442:. 2423:. 2404:. 2385:. 1416:. 1410:. 1258:( 692:' 686:' 684:( 674:' 668:' 666:( 304:( 165:(

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