1430:
963:
2216:"Consolidated text: Regulation (EU) 2019/787 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on the definition, description, presentation, and labeling of spirit drinks, the use of the names of spirit drinks in the presentation and labeling of other foodstuffs, the protection of geographical indications for spirit drinks, the use of ethyl alcohol and distillates of agricultural origin in alcoholic beverages, and repealing Regulation (EC) No 110/2008: Annex 1 - Categories of spirit drinks - 39. Egg liqueur or advocaat or avocat or advokat"
2202:"Consolidated text: Regulation (EU) 2019/787 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on the definition, description, presentation, and labeling of spirit drinks, the use of the names of spirit drinks in the presentation and labeling of other foodstuffs, the protection of geographical indications for spirit drinks, the use of ethyl alcohol and distillates of agricultural origin in alcoholic beverages, and repealing Regulation (EC) No 110/2008: Article 2 - Definition of and requirements for spirit drinks"
44:
817:
1479:
2244:"Consolidated text: Regulation (EU) 2019/787 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on the definition, description, presentation, and labeling of spirit drinks, the use of the names of spirit drinks in the presentation and labeling of other foodstuffs, the protection of geographical indications for spirit drinks, the use of ethyl alcohol and distillates of agricultural origin in alcoholic beverages, and repealing Regulation (EC) No 110/2008: Annex 1 - Categories of spirit drinks"
1655:
66:
1337:
58:
2230:"Consolidated text: Regulation (EU) 2019/787 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on the definition, description, presentation, and labeling of spirit drinks, the use of the names of spirit drinks in the presentation and labeling of other foodstuffs, the protection of geographical indications for spirit drinks, the use of ethyl alcohol and distillates of agricultural origin in alcoholic beverages, and repealing Regulation (EC) No 110/2008"
229:"), typically in amounts of around 50 millilitres (1.7 US fluid ounces) per served drink. In an undiluted form, distilled beverages are often slightly sweet and bitter and typically impart a burning mouthfeel with an odor derived from the alcohol and the production and aging processes; the exact flavor varies between different varieties of liquor and the different impurities they impart. Liquor is also frequently mixed with other ingredients to form a
1187:
1643:
419:
3313:
1513:, and as such, spirit consumption has short-term psychological and physiological effects on the user. Different concentrations of alcohol in the human body have different effects on a person. The effects of alcohol depend on the amount an individual has drunk, the percentage of alcohol in the spirits and the timespan over which the consumption took place.
1125:, it is illegal to distill beverage alcohol without a license, and the licensing process is too arduous for hobbyist-scale production. In some parts of the U.S., it is also illegal to sell a still without a license. Nonetheless, all states allow unlicensed individuals to
1033:("burning water", i.e., alcohol) by distilling wine with salt started to appear in a number of Latin works, and by the end of the thirteenth century, it had become a widely known substance among Western European chemists. Its medicinal properties were studied by
1597:, also known as "alcohol use disorder", is a broad term for any drinking of alcohol that results in problems. Alcoholism reduces a person's life expectancy by around ten years and alcohol use is the third-leading cause of early death in the United States.
217:
ordinarily refers to distilled alcoholic spirits rather than beverages produced by fermentation alone, it can sometimes be used more broadly to refer to any alcoholic beverage (or even non-alcoholic products of distillation or various other liquids).
409:
is defined as an alcoholic liquid that is the result of the distillation, after alcoholic fermentation, of agricultural products which does not have the properties of ethyl alcohol and which retain the aroma and taste of the raw materials used.
373:
addition, individually or in combination, to ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin, distillates of agricultural origin, or spirit drinks of flavorings, colors, other authorized ingredients, sweetening products, other agricultural products, and
436:
Some spirit drinks can fall into more than one category. Specific production requirements distinguish one category from another (London gin falls into the Gin category but any gin cannot be considered as London gin).
2150:
1468:(WHO) measures and publishes alcohol consumption patterns in different countries. The WHO measures alcohol consumed by persons 15 years of age or older and reports it on the basis of liters of pure alcohol consumed
2583:
The earliest possible period seems to be the
Eastern Han dynasty... the most likely period for the beginning of true distillation of spirits for drinking in China is during the Jin and Southern Song dynasties
3144:
Understanding and
Treating Alcoholism Volume I: An Empirically Based Clinician's Handbook for the Treatment of Alcoholism: Volume II: Biological, Psychological, and Social Aspects of Alcohol Consumption and
954:
involves freezing the alcoholic beverage and then removing the ice. The freezing technique had limitations in geography and implementation limiting how widely this method was put to use.
1433:
Map of Europe with individual countries grouped by preferred type of alcoholic drink, based on recorded alcohol consumption per capita (age 15+) (in liters of pure alcohol) in 2016.
240:, which can be fatal. Consistent consumption of liquor over time correlates with higher mortality and other harmful health effects, even when compared to other alcoholic beverages.
1571:, which may result in violence or accidents. About 3.3 million deaths (5.9% of all deaths) are due to alcohol each year. Unlike wine and perhaps beer, there is no evidence for a
993:(23/24–79 CE). This did not immediately lead to the isolation of alcohol, however, despite the development of more advanced distillation techniques in second- and third-century
3115:
2334:
As already mentioned, the textual evidence for Sumero-Babylonian distillation is disclosed in a group of
Akkadian tablets describing perfumery operations, dated ca. 1200 B.C.
2142:
3034:
Feige B, Scaal S, Hornyak M, Gann H, Riemann D (January 2007). "Sleep electroencephalographic spectral power after withdrawal from alcohol in alcohol-dependent patients".
2494:
2451:
2749:
281:
Liquor generally has an alcohol concentration higher than 30% when bottled, and before being diluted for bottling, it typically has a concentration over 50%.
1141:. Due to its flammability (see below) alcoholic beverages with an alcohol content above 70% by volume are not permitted to be transported in aircraft.
331:
defined as "a liquid for drinking" occurred in the 14th century. Its use as a term for "an intoxicating alcoholic drink" appeared in the 16th century.
248:
The term "spirit" (singular and used without the additional term "drink") refers to liquor that should not contain added sugar and is usually 35–40%
1129:, and some also allow unlicensed individuals to make their own wine (although making beer and wine is also prohibited in some local jurisdictions).
1544:, so once it is in the bloodstream, it can diffuse into nearly every cell in the body. Alcohol can greatly exacerbate sleep problems. During
2666:
2643:
1202:) will catch fire if heated to about 26 °C (79 °F) and if an ignition source is applied to it. This temperature is called its
3345:
2835:
327:), an early use of the word in the English language, meaning simply "a liquid", can be dated to 1225. The first use documented in the
3119:
1418:
2808:
1118:
It is legal to distill beverage alcohol as a hobby for personal use in some countries, including New
Zealand and the Netherlands.
2856:
1137:
Some countries and sub-national jurisdictions limit or prohibit the sale of certain high-percentage alcohol, commonly known as
1009:, the flammability of the resulting vapors may be enhanced. The distillation of wine is attested in Arabic works attributed to
929:
stills" were capable of producing only very weak liquor, as there was no efficient means of collecting the vapors at low heat.
3012:
2791:
2569:
2524:
2491:
2448:
2357:
3317:
2363:
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describing perfumery operations, providing textual evidence that an early, primitive form of distillation was known to the
397:
Spirit drinks must contain at least 15% ABV (except in the case of egg liqueur, which must contain a minimum of 14% ABV).
3219:
2953:
405:
Regulation makes a difference between "ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin" and a "distillate of agricultural origin".
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1584:
2884:
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3257:
3153:
2703:
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1533:
102:
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2757:
344:
In accordance with the regulation (EU) 2019/787 of the
European Parliament and of the Council of April 17, 2019, a
1056:
In China, archaeological evidence indicates that the true distillation of alcohol began during the 12th century
1041:(c. 1310–1366), the latter of whom regarded it as a life-preserving substance able to prevent all diseases (the
3383:
3338:
2173:
1424:
2028:"Distilled Spirits Overconsumption as the Most Important Factor of Excessive Adult Male Mortality in Europe"
536:
1680:
970:
The flammable nature of the exhalations of wine was already known to ancient natural philosophers such as
5308:
1057:
941:
17:
1633:
1429:
1049:
910:
547:
Spirit (supplemented by the name of the fruit, berries or nuts) obtained by maceration and distillation
170:
is sometimes used to distinguish distilled alcoholic drinks from non-distilled ones, whereas the term
5288:
5283:
5278:
3331:
2349:
A short history of the art of distillation: from the beginnings up to the death of
Cellier Blumenthal
1465:
319:
1516:
The short-term effects of alcohol consumption range from a decrease in anxiety and motor skills and
367:
226:
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3398:
1102:
1002:
871:
3535:
3269:
Short
History of the Art of Distillation from the Beginnings up to the Death of Cellier Blumenthal
1152:(also known as craft distilling) began to re-emerge as a trend in the United States following the
2994:
1951:
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1091:
962:
35:
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1331:
139:
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1996:
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In Europe, spirits (especially vodka) are more popular in the north and east of the continent.
1138:
289:, which are not distilled, typically have a maximum alcohol content of about 15% ABV, as most
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3413:
3142:
2931:
1548:, residual disruptions in sleep regularity and sleep patterns are the greatest predictors of
1400:
1061:
945:
922:
433:
Annex 1 to the regulation lists 44 categories of spirit drinks and their legal requirements.
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3403:
2720:
1931:
In the
Netherlands, the ABV of the distilled drink must be under 15% ABV without a license.
1877:
1824:
1621:
1521:
1319:
821:
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cannot metabolize when the concentration of alcohol is above this level; as a consequence,
5143:
3160:
The World Health
Organization defines alcoholism as any drinking which results in problems
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8:
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951:
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either directly by using, individually or in combination, any of the following methods:
166:) than other alcoholic drinks, they are considered "harder." In North America, the term
3938:
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2385:
2001:
1601:
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1038:
236:
Rapid consumption of a large amount of liquor can cause severe alcohol intoxication or
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health effect for the consumption of distilled alcohol. Long-term use can lead to an
1190:
These flaming cocktails illustrate that some liquors will readily catch fire and burn.
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3149:
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2520:
2426:
Taxila: An
Illustrated Account of Archaeological Investigations Carried Out at Taxila
2405:
2353:
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2098:
2090:
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1613:
1609:
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249:
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222:
155:
2750:"India's Most Popular Liquors: ভারতের সব থেকে জনপ্রিয় মদ কোনগুলি জানেন, রইল তালিকা"
2243:
2229:
2215:
2201:
2026:
Korotayev, Andrey; Khaltourina, Daria; Meshcherina, Kira; Zamiatnina, Elena (2018).
1969:
1671: – Generic term for alcoholic beverages containing 29% to 60% alcohol by volume
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through a water-cooled still, by which an alcohol purity of 90% could be obtained.
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79:
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The Complete Book of Spirits: A Guide to Their History, Production, and Enjoyment
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O'Keefe, JH; Bhatti, SK; Bajwa, A; DiNicolantonio, JJ; Lavie, CJ (March 2014).
2910:
2635:
Studies in al-Kimya': Critical Issues in Latin and Arabic Alchemy and Chemistry
2553:
1764:
1568:
1541:
1355:
1256:
552:
370:, distillates of agricultural origin or spirit drinks or a combination thereof;
159:
3076:"Alcohol and cardiovascular health: the dose makes the poison...or the remedy"
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65:
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Javed Husain, "The So-Called 'Distillery' at Shaikhan Dheri - A Case Study",
2409:
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1910:
1794:
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997:. An important recognition, first found in one of the writings attributed to
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268:
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dynasty (1st–2nd centuries), but the distillation of beverages began in the
57:
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2263:. Vol. 1. Translated by Kremers, Edward. New York: Wiley. p. 203.
2102:
2053:
1836:
1782:
1691:
1659:
1617:
1297:
1153:
1090:(1223–1296) describe a method for concentrating alcohol involving repeated
975:
966:
An illustration of brewing and distilling industry methods in England, 1858
492:
360:
359:
distillation, with or without added flavorings or flavoring foodstuffs, of
294:
253:
119:
5083:
5058:
4906:
3632:
3189:
2677:, vol. I, pp. 141, 143. Sometimes, sulfur was also added to the wine (see
1722:
1301:
1287:
1220:
The flash points of alcohol concentrations from 10% to 96% by weight are:
925:
says these terracotta distill tubes were "made to imitate bamboo". These "
379:
or by adding, individually or in combination, to it any of the following:
5013:
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3582:
3572:
3567:
3441:
2085:
2068:
2025:
1713:
1668:
1555:
Drinking more than 1–2 drinks a day increases the risk of heart disease,
1380:
1252:
1203:
1173:
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1076:
994:
937:
875:
863:
851:
732:
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1157:
1043:
1018:
918:
778:
705:
575:
422:
4699:
4420:
3323:
3174:"Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens)"
1841:
1728:
948:(10th–13th centuries) dynasties according to archaeological evidence.
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4709:
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is 16.6 °C (61.9 °F), less than average room temperature.
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5188:
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1904:
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In India, the true distillation of alcohol was introduced from the
1010:
926:
906:
738:
692:
639:
271:
264:
230:
207:
154:. The distillation process concentrates the liquid to increase its
2482:
Frank Raymond Allchin, "India: the ancient home of distillation?"
2439:
Frank Raymond Allchin, "India: the ancient home of distillation?"
1758: – Separating components of a mixture by their melting points
221:
Like other alcoholic drinks, liquor is typically consumed for the
174:
is more commonly used in the UK. Some examples of liquors include
5198:
5118:
5103:
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4375:
4308:
3908:
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3813:
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3697:
3456:
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1821: – High-proof distilled spirit, generally produced illicitly
1776:
1770:
1703:
1674:
1572:
1549:
1225:
1207:
879:
855:
698:
676:
655:
600:
585:
557:(supplemented by the name of the fruit or the raw materials used)
441:
426:
275:
199:
187:
163:
48:
31:
4891:
1865:
1725: – Slovak alcoholic beverage flavoured with juniper berries
1642:
689:(supplemented by the name of a fruit or other raw material used)
615:
418:
5238:
5163:
5093:
5073:
5068:
5028:
4739:
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4659:
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4253:
4181:
4171:
4021:
3888:
3878:
3858:
3833:
3762:
3637:
3312:
2630:
1889: – Several types of flavored distilled alcoholic beverages
1812:
1791: – Distinct beverages associated with a particular country
1709:
1697:
1564:
1525:
1351:
Neat – at room temperature without any additional ingredient(s)
1279:
1273:
1269:
1213:
The flammability of liquor is applied in the cooking technique
1098:
898:
894:
720:
630:
625:
487:
483:
469:
458:
445:
195:
191:
2982:. Oceanside, California: Bartenders America, Inc. p. 104.
94:
4973:
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4684:
4674:
4639:
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3948:
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3903:
3898:
3873:
3843:
3808:
3803:
3767:
3752:
3687:
3557:
3471:
1859:
1847:
1830:
1797: – indigenously made Indian moonshine alcoholic beverage
1483:
1384:
1360:
Down – shaken or stirred with ice, strained, and served in a
1265:
1242:
1069:
1065:
933:
914:
883:
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570:
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175:
135:
127:
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51:
1624:. The more alcohol is consumed, the higher the cancer risk.
1340:
A row of alcoholic beverages – in this case, spirits – in a
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4131:
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3993:
3988:
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Up – shaken or stirred with ice, strained, and served in a
1238:
1232:
792:
667:
619:
440:
Spirit drinks that are not produced within the EU, such as
286:
282:
1779: – French, Dutch and Belgian juniper-flavoured liquor
5113:
4719:
4318:
3978:
2836:"Distilling your own spirits: A drop of the easier stuff"
2143:"Are spirits more dangerous than other alcoholic drinks?"
1868: – Sweetened, anise-flavored Turkish alcoholic drink
1029:). In the twelfth century, recipes for the production of
820:
Distillation equipment used by the 3rd century alchemist
453:
183:
179:
88:
2325:
Chemistry and Chemical Technology in Ancient Mesopotamia
259:
Liquor bottled with added sugar and flavorings, such as
225:
effects of alcohol. Liquor may be consumed on its own ("
30:
For the sweetened and flavored alcoholic beverages, see
2429:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 420.
1808:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1760:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1745:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
366:
maceration or similar processing of plant materials in
1292:
60% – 22 °C (72 °F) – strong baijiu, normal
1068:
has been found at an archaeological site in Qinglong,
3033:
1631:
103:
91:
69:
Some single-drink liquor bottles available in Germany
1882:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1799:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
400:
85:
3534:
2256:
82:
2637:. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag. pp. 283–298.
2275:
2060:
1712: – Distilled alcoholic beverage from China /
1160:movement in the last decades of the 20th century.
2995:"Global status report on alcohol and health 2018"
2629:(2009). "Alcohol and the Distillation of Wine in
1706: – Distilled alcoholic beverage from Okinawa
1700: – South and Southeast Asian alcoholic drink
1412:
854:. Early evidence of distillation also comes from
5270:
1913: – Colombian traditional alcoholic beverage
1815: – Distilled alcoholic beverage from Mexico
256:, for example, is also known as 'fruit spirit'.
2932:"Flash points of ethanol-based water solutions"
2678:
2674:
2613:
2602:. Vol. I–III. Paris: Imprimerie nationale.
2594:
2174:"The Difference Between a Liquor and a Liqueur"
1752: – Alcoholic spirit produced in Goa, India
1567:. The risk is greater in younger people due to
1408:With water poured over sugar (as with absinthe)
3036:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
2274:Bunch, Bryan H.; Hellemans, Alexander (2004).
2273:
725:
3339:
3029:
3027:
3025:
2980:National Bartending Center Instruction Manual
2516:Economic history of medieval India, 1200-1500
2079:(6). Oxford University Press (OUP): 585–595.
1261:30% – 29 °C (84 °F) – strong shōchū
769:
763:
756:
598:
61:A display of various liquors in a supermarket
3108:
2756:(in Bengali). April 19, 2022. Archived from
2727:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
1856: – Traditional Irish distilled beverage
1737: – French clear, colorless fruit brandy
1731: – Distilled beverage popular in Brazil
1047:or "water of life", also called by John the
1005:to boiling wine, which increases the wine's
681:
589:
550:
525:
513:
4807:and infused distilled drinks by ingredients
3148:. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 55.
2877:
2021:
2019:
1862: – Fruit brandy popular in the Balkans
1850: – Grape spirit made in Peru and Chile
784:
776:
736:
643:
4205:
3366:
3346:
3332:
3290:. Gordon & Breach Science Publishers.
3220:"Alcohol and Cancer Risk Fact Sheet - NCI"
3069:
3067:
3065:
3022:
2468:Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society
2339:
2309:"Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs"
1681:Alcohol measurements § Liquor bottles
835:Early evidence of distillation comes from
800:
317:, meaning 'to be fluid'. According to the
3091:
2659:
2625:
2306:
2084:
2043:
1944:
1806: – Drink from the Dominican Republic
1231:12.5% – about 52 °C (126 °F) –
202:, or are infused with flavorings to form
3285:
3171:
3165:
3140:
2778:
2719:
2690:
2508:
2506:
2422:
2016:
1477:
1428:
1419:List of countries by alcohol consumption
1335:
1318:90% or more – 17 °C (63 °F) –
1278:50% – 24 °C (75 °F) – typical
1264:40% – 26 °C (79 °F) – typical
1185:
1108:
961:
815:
417:
158:. As liquors contain significantly more
64:
56:
42:
27:Alcoholic drink produced by distillation
3353:
3062:
2977:
2911:"Material Safety Data Sheet, Section 5"
2257:Gildemeister, E.; Hoffman, Fr. (1913).
2066:
1952:"distilled spirit – alcoholic beverage"
1694: – Middle Eastern distilled spirit
1600:Consumption of alcohol in any quantity
1505:, the same chemical that is present in
957:
870:was described in the 2nd century AD by
448:, are not listed in the 44 categories.
14:
5271:
3266:
3252:. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.
2833:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2388:(1945). "The Evolution of the Still".
2384:
2378:
2366:from the original on December 20, 2011
2345:
1907: – Alcoholic beverage from Greece
1785: – Retail shop that sells alcohol
1101:) was mentioned in the records of the
1017:(c. 872–950), and in the 28th book of
889:Distillation was known in the ancient
4802:
4204:
3533:
3365:
3327:
2951:
2945:
2503:
2321:
2282:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p.
2278:The History of Science and Technology
2171:
2067:Klatsky, A. L. (September 15, 2003).
1880: – distilled liquor from Vietnam
1490:
917:dating to the early centuries of the
385:ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin;
3247:
2196:
2194:
1925:
1773: – Ukrainian alcoholic beverage
1677: – Flavored Scandinavian spirit
1372:Blended or frozen – blended with ice
368:ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin
3178:The New England Journal of Medicine
2857:"App-1 Appendix on Dangerous Goods"
2552:
2541:
2069:"Wine, Liquor, Beer, and Mortality"
1901: – Distilled spirit from Crete
1874: – Highly concentrated ethanol
388:distillates of agricultural origin;
334:
24:
3172:Schuckit, MA (November 27, 2014).
2834:Austin, Kim (September 16, 2011).
2222:
2153:from the original on June 27, 2022
1579:, an increased risk of developing
1296:(called mesoraki or middle raki),
1144:
25:
5320:
3305:
2952:Wolke, Robert L. (July 5, 2006).
2512:
2191:
1534:central nervous system depression
1237:15% – 42 °C (108 °F) –
1224:10% – 49 °C (120 °F) –
504:spirit and cider and perry spirit
407:Distillate of agricultural origin
401:Distillate of agricultural origin
339:
142:. Other terms for liquor include
3311:
3048:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00260.x
2786:. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
2662:(same content also available on
2639:(same content also available on
2073:American Journal of Epidemiology
1844: – Central European alcohol
1653:
1641:
1312:80% – 20 °C (68 °F) –
1306:70% – 21 °C (70 °F) –
1251:20% – 36 °C (97 °F) –
1025:(later translated into Latin as
1021:'s (Latin: Abulcasis, 936–1013)
1001:(ninth century CE), was that by
811:
194:, such as for the production of
78:
3241:
3212:
3134:
3005:
2987:
2971:
2924:
2903:
2849:
2827:
2801:
2772:
2742:
2713:
2684:
2653:
2633:Sources from the 8th Century".
2619:
2607:
2588:
2564:. Routledge. pp. 147–148.
2476:
2460:
2433:
2416:
2315:
2300:
2267:
2250:
2246:. May 25, 2021. pp. 39–61.
2236:
2208:
1163:
653:Bitter-tasting spirit drink or
243:
138:that have already gone through
3384:History of alcoholic beverages
3116:"Alcohol Facts and Statistics"
2165:
2135:
2109:
1989:
1962:
1688: – Italian herbal liqueur
1472:in a given year in a country.
1413:Alcohol consumption by country
1072:, dating to the 12th century.
13:
1:
3271:. Brill Academic Publishers.
2809:"graf-von-katzenelnbogen.com"
2346:Forbes, Robert James (1970).
2204:. May 25, 2021. pp. 2–3.
2172:Filippone, Peggy Trowbridge.
1938:
1833: – Spanish pomace brandy
1425:Alcohol preferences in Europe
1375:With a simple mixer, such as
1121:In many others including the
1113:
979:
840:
614:-flavored spirit drink (e.g.
566:Juniper-flavored spirit drink
413:
3093:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.11.005
2885:"Flash Point and Fire Point"
2598:; Houdas, Octave V. (1893).
2307:Berthelot, Marcelin (1887).
936:could have begun during the
670:-aromatized spirit drink or
300:
190:. Liquors are often aged in
7:
3248:Blue, Anthony Dias (2004).
2679:Berthelot & Houdas 1893
2675:Berthelot & Houdas 1893
2614:Berthelot & Houdas 1893
2218:. May 25, 2021. p. 60.
1895: – Slavic fruit brandy
1627:
1079:and was in wide use in the
886:device in the 3rd century.
807:Distillation § History
10:
5325:
2669:December 29, 2015, at the
2646:December 29, 2015, at the
2497:December 20, 2019, at the
2454:December 20, 2019, at the
2352:. BRILL. pp. 57, 89.
1767: – Distilled beverage
1532:(memory "blackouts"), and
1501:Distilled spirits contain
1494:
1422:
1416:
1329:
1325:
1167:
944:(12th–13th centuries) and
893:, evident from baked clay
878:were using a distillation
804:
588:-flavored spirit drink or
29:
5253:
4812:
4798:
4632:
4441:
4218:
4214:
4200:
4009:
3783:
3547:
3543:
3529:
3429:
3376:
3372:
3361:
3286:Multhauf, Robert (1993).
2954:"Combustible Combination"
2473::3:289-314 (July 1, 1993)
2402:10.1080/00033794500201451
2117:"Alcohol and Blood Sugar"
1466:World Health Organization
1194:Liquor that contains 40%
1097:In 1437, "burned water" (
320:Oxford English Dictionary
4656:Coconut and other palms
4028:Coconut and other palms
3399:History of Bordeaux wine
3288:The Origins of Chemistry
2696:The Origins of Chemistry
2558:"Wine, women and poison"
1918:
1540:are highly permeable to
1103:County of Katzenelnbogen
872:Alexander of Aphrodisias
352:that has been produced:
5304:Mesopotamian inventions
3484:Drinking establishments
3267:Forbes, Robert (1997).
3141:Littrell, Jill (2014).
3080:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
2984: ASIN: B000F1U6HG.
2423:Marshall, John (1951).
1956:Encyclopædia Britannica
1789:List of national drinks
1743: – Style of baijiu
1589:several types of cancer
1482:Abandoned 19th-century
1132:
1092:fractional distillation
1013:(c. 801–873 CE) and to
897:and receivers found at
830:Parisinus graecus 2327.
801:History of distillation
309:and its close relative
274:, are known instead as
36:Liquor (disambiguation)
4691:Sugarcane or molasses
4128:Sugarcane or molasses
3367:History and production
2978:Walkart, C.G. (2002).
2725:The Secrets of Alchemy
2616:, vol. I, pp. 138-139.
2600:La Chimie au Moyen Âge
2322:Levey, Martin (1959).
2032:Alcohol and Alcoholism
1585:cardiovascular disease
1487:
1461:
1399:As an ingredient of a
1393:As an ingredient of a
1347:Liquor can be served:
1344:
1332:Bartending terminology
1191:
967:
866:, in the 1st century.
832:
785:
777:
770:
764:
757:
737:
726:
682:
644:
599:
590:
551:
526:
514:
430:
297:ceases at that point.
140:alcoholic fermentation
70:
62:
54:
34:. For other uses, see
3414:History of Rioja wine
3190:10.1056/NEJMra1407298
2754:The Bengali Chronicle
2721:Principe, Lawrence M.
2698:. London: Oldbourne.
2311:. Paris. p. 161.
2178:www.thespruceeats.com
2045:10.1093/alcalc/agy054
1622:head-and-neck cancers
1486:distillery in Estonia
1481:
1432:
1339:
1228:-based water solution
1206:. The flash point of
1189:
1109:Government regulation
1083:by the 14th century.
965:
923:Frank Raymond Allchin
819:
421:
68:
60:
46:
5125:Mammee apple flower
3404:History of Champagne
3320:at Wikimedia Commons
3122:on February 12, 2016
2891:on December 14, 2010
2664:the author's website
2641:the author's website
2596:Berthelot, Marcellin
1958:. December 21, 2023.
1825:Moonshine by country
1577:alcohol use disorder
1366:On the rocks – over
1320:neutral grain spirit
958:Distillation of wine
822:Zosimos of Panopolis
382:other spirit drinks;
5175:Sugarcane/molasses
3618:Moscatel de Setúbal
3511:Yeast in winemaking
3499:Yeast in winemaking
3355:Alcoholic beverages
3318:Distilled beverages
2815:on January 26, 2021
2780:Holmyard, Eric John
2692:Multhauf, Robert P.
2627:al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.
2562:Marco Polo in China
2386:Taylor, F. Sherwood
1756:Freeze distillation
1581:physical dependence
1561:atrial fibrillation
1557:high blood pressure
1530:anterograde amnesia
1528:, unconsciousness,
1127:make their own beer
1037:(1240–1311 CE) and
1035:Arnald of Villanova
1007:relative volatility
952:Freeze distillation
891:Indian subcontinent
537:Jerusalem artichoke
5309:Ancient inventions
3409:History of Chianti
3377:History of alcohol
2760:on August 10, 2022
2681:, vol. I, p. 143).
2123:. January 15, 2019
2086:10.1093/aje/kwg184
2002:Collins Dictionary
1524:(drunkenness), to
1520:at lower doses to
1497:Alcohol and health
1491:Alcohol and health
1488:
1462:
1345:
1192:
1039:John of Rupescissa
968:
833:
431:
361:fermented products
350:alcoholic beverage
313:is the Latin verb
112:distilled beverage
71:
63:
55:
5266:
5265:
5249:
5248:
4952:Chocolate liqueur
4913:Blackthorn shrub
4794:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4746:Various starches
4502:Tennessee whiskey
4196:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4163:Various starches
3525:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3419:History of Sherry
3316:Media related to
2793:978-0-486-26298-7
2571:978-1-134-27542-7
2526:978-81-317-2791-1
2390:Annals of Science
2359:978-90-04-00617-1
2260:The Volatile Oils
1614:esophageal cancer
1610:colorectal cancer
1604:. Alcohol causes
1536:at higher doses.
1282:, strong whisky,
480:Fruit marc spirit
475:Grape marc spirit
391:other foodstuffs.
250:alcohol by volume
238:alcohol poisoning
156:alcohol by volume
148:spirituous liquor
16:(Redirected from
5316:
5289:Distilled drinks
5284:Alcoholic drinks
5279:Alcohol industry
4873:Herbs de Majorca
4847:Anisado Mallorca
4800:
4799:
4602:American whiskey
4593:Multiple grains
4482:Buckwheat whisky
4216:
4215:
4202:
4201:
3975:Multiple grains
3545:
3544:
3536:Fermented drinks
3531:
3530:
3437:Alcohol industry
3374:
3373:
3363:
3362:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3325:
3324:
3315:
3301:
3282:
3263:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3118:. Archived from
3112:
3106:
3105:
3095:
3071:
3060:
3059:
3031:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2887:. Archived from
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2861:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2811:. Archived from
2805:
2799:
2797:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2688:
2682:
2657:
2651:
2638:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2550:
2539:
2538:
2510:
2501:
2490::1:55-63 (1979)
2480:
2474:
2464:
2458:
2447::1:55-63 (1979)
2437:
2431:
2430:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2281:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2088:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2047:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1948:
1932:
1929:
1883:
1872:Rectified spirit
1809:
1800:
1761:
1746:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1602:can cause cancer
1455:
1446:
1437:
1300:whisky, typical
1288:blanche absinthe
1286:whisky, typical
1088:Taddeo Alderotti
1027:Liber servatoris
999:Jābir ibn Ḥayyān
988:
984:
981:
932:Distillation in
874:. Alchemists in
845:
842:
791:Honey nectar or
788:
782:
773:
767:
760:
753:Liqueur with egg
742:
729:
688:
647:
604:
595:
556:
532:, or beer spirit
531:
517:
335:Legal definition
204:flavored liquors
118:produced by the
106:
101:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
84:
21:
5324:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5245:
5214:Crème de cassis
5209:Crème de banane
5195:Various fruits
5064:Crème de menthe
4825:Crème de Noyaux
4808:
4786:
4628:
4612:Canadian whisky
4586:Kaoliang liquor
4492:Bourbon whiskey
4457:Japanese whisky
4437:
4406:Marillenschnaps
4382:Various fruits
4210:
4188:
4017:Agave americana
4005:
3779:
3734:Various fruits
3539:
3517:
3425:
3394:History of wine
3389:History of beer
3368:
3357:
3352:
3308:
3298:
3279:
3260:
3244:
3239:
3229:
3227:
3226:. July 14, 2021
3218:
3217:
3213:
3184:(22): 2109–13.
3170:
3166:
3156:
3139:
3135:
3125:
3123:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3072:
3063:
3032:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2976:
2972:
2962:
2960:
2958:Washington Post
2950:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2894:
2892:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2866:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2832:
2828:
2818:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2794:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2735:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2689:
2685:
2671:Wayback Machine
2658:
2654:
2648:Wayback Machine
2624:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2604:vol. I, p. 137.
2593:
2589:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2554:Haw, Stephen G.
2551:
2542:
2527:
2511:
2504:
2499:Wayback Machine
2481:
2477:
2465:
2461:
2456:Wayback Machine
2438:
2434:
2421:
2417:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2360:
2344:
2340:
2320:
2316:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2272:
2268:
2255:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2232:. May 25, 2021.
2228:
2227:
2223:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2124:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2065:
2061:
2024:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1975:Merriam-Webster
1968:
1967:
1963:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1881:
1807:
1798:
1759:
1744:
1686:Amaro (liqueur)
1664:
1654:
1652:
1640:
1632:
1630:
1499:
1493:
1460:
1453:
1451:
1444:
1442:
1435:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1334:
1328:
1314:strong absinthe
1284:bottled in bond
1184:
1166:
1150:Microdistilling
1147:
1145:Microdistilling
1135:
1116:
1111:
1081:Delhi Sultanate
1023:Kitāb al-Taṣrīf
991:Pliny the Elder
986:
982:
974:(384–322 BCE),
960:
868:Distilled water
843:
826:Byzantine Greek
814:
809:
803:
798:
416:
403:
342:
337:
303:
246:
213:While the word
116:alcoholic drink
104:
81:
77:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5322:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4938:Chili peppers
4936:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4927:Cherry Heering
4921:
4920:
4919:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4837:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4796:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4725:Seco Herrerano
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4537:Mixiang Baijiu
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4486:
4485:
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4466:
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4459:
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4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
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4398:
4393:
4388:
4380:
4379:
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4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4338:
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4331:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4222:
4220:
4212:
4211:
4209:by ingredients
4198:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3551:
3549:
3541:
3540:
3538:by ingredients
3527:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3370:
3369:
3359:
3358:
3351:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3307:
3306:External links
3304:
3303:
3302:
3296:
3283:
3277:
3264:
3258:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3224:www.cancer.gov
3211:
3164:
3154:
3133:
3107:
3061:
3021:
3004:
2986:
2970:
2944:
2923:
2902:
2876:
2848:
2826:
2800:
2792:
2771:
2741:
2734:978-0226103792
2733:
2712:
2704:
2683:
2660:al-Hassan 2009
2652:
2618:
2606:
2587:
2570:
2540:
2525:
2519:. p. 55.
2513:Habib, Irfan.
2502:
2475:
2459:
2432:
2415:
2377:
2358:
2338:
2332:. p. 36.
2314:
2299:
2292:
2266:
2249:
2235:
2221:
2207:
2190:
2164:
2134:
2121:Diabetes.co.uk
2108:
2059:
2038:(6): 742–752.
2015:
1988:
1961:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1753:
1747:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1678:
1672:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1650:
1629:
1626:
1569:binge drinking
1538:Cell membranes
1495:Main article:
1492:
1489:
1452:
1443:
1434:
1417:Main article:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1302:verte absinthe
1290:
1276:
1262:
1259:
1257:fortified wine
1249:
1235:
1229:
1165:
1162:
1146:
1143:
1139:neutral spirit
1134:
1131:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
987: 287 BCE
959:
956:
844: 1200 BC
839:tablets dated
813:
810:
805:Main article:
802:
799:
797:
796:
789:
774:
761:
754:
751:
730:
717:
702:
695:
690:
679:
674:
665:
659:
651:
650:Distilled anis
648:
637:
628:
623:
609:
596:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
548:
545:
540:
535:Topinambur or
533:
523:
511:
505:
495:
490:
481:
478:
472:
467:
464:
461:
456:
450:
415:
412:
402:
399:
395:
394:
393:
392:
389:
386:
383:
377:
376:
375:
371:
364:
341:
340:European Union
338:
336:
333:
305:The origin of
302:
299:
245:
242:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5321:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5252:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5149:Grand Marnier
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5009:Cream liqueur
5007:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4797:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4462:Scotch whisky
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4452:Irish whiskey
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4240:Cashew apple
4239:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4152:Fermented tea
4150:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3934:Shaoxing wine
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3724:Prickly pear
3723:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3344:
3342:
3337:
3335:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3299:
3297:2-88124-594-3
3293:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3278:90-04-00617-6
3274:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3259:0-06-054218-7
3255:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3157:
3155:9781317783145
3151:
3147:
3146:
3137:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3086:(3): 382–93.
3085:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3014:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2981:
2974:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2933:
2927:
2912:
2906:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2865:
2858:
2852:
2837:
2830:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2736:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2707:
2705:9782881245947
2701:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2615:
2610:
2601:
2597:
2591:
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2573:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2509:
2507:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:, New Series
2485:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2443:, New Series
2442:
2436:
2428:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2342:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2303:
2295:
2293:0-618-22123-9
2289:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2270:
2262:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2239:
2231:
2225:
2217:
2211:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2020:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1943:
1928:
1924:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1754:
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1742:
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1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
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1715:
1711:
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1702:
1699:
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1679:
1676:
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1670:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1606:breast cancer
1603:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1503:ethyl alcohol
1498:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1450:
1441:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1356:stemmed glass
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
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1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1188:
1183:
1182:Flaming drink
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:Alcohol proof
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1142:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1123:United States
1119:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1086:The works of
1084:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1064:dynasties. A
1063:
1062:Southern Song
1059:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
977:
973:
964:
955:
953:
949:
947:
946:Southern Song
943:
939:
935:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
838:
831:
827:
823:
818:
812:Early history
808:
794:
790:
787:
781:
780:
775:
772:
766:
762:
759:
755:
752:
750:
746:
741:
740:
734:
731:
728:
723:
722:
718:
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712:
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707:
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700:
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691:
687:
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680:
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673:
669:
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664:
660:
658:
657:
652:
649:
646:
641:
638:
636:
632:
629:
627:
624:
621:
617:
613:
610:
608:
603:
602:
597:
594:
593:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
576:Distilled gin
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
555:
554:
549:
546:
544:
541:
538:
534:
530:
529:
524:
521:
516:
512:
509:
506:
503:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
488:raisin brandy
485:
482:
479:
477:or grape marc
476:
473:
471:
468:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
451:
449:
447:
443:
438:
434:
428:
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420:
411:
408:
398:
390:
387:
384:
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380:
378:
372:
369:
365:
362:
358:
357:
355:
354:
353:
351:
347:
332:
330:
326:
322:
321:
316:
312:
308:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
277:
273:
270:
266:
262:
261:Grand Marnier
257:
255:
251:
241:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
219:
216:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
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165:
161:
157:
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149:
145:
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137:
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129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
108:
99:
75:
67:
59:
53:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5294:Distillation
4497:Corn whiskey
4401:Himbeergeist
4254:Kirschwasser
4206:
4016:
3714:Pomegranate
3608:Marsala wine
3603:Madeira wine
3494:Simple syrup
3489:Fermentation
3479:Distillation
3287:
3268:
3249:
3242:Bibliography
3228:. Retrieved
3223:
3214:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3159:
3143:
3136:
3124:. Retrieved
3120:the original
3110:
3083:
3079:
3042:(1): 19–27.
3039:
3035:
3007:
2998:
2989:
2979:
2973:
2961:. Retrieved
2957:
2947:
2935:. Retrieved
2926:
2914:. Retrieved
2905:
2893:. Retrieved
2889:the original
2879:
2867:. Retrieved
2851:
2839:. Retrieved
2829:
2817:. Retrieved
2813:the original
2803:
2783:
2774:
2762:. Retrieved
2758:the original
2753:
2744:
2724:
2715:
2710:pp. 204-206.
2695:
2686:
2655:
2634:
2621:
2609:
2599:
2590:
2582:
2575:. Retrieved
2561:
2515:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2425:
2418:
2393:
2389:
2380:
2368:. Retrieved
2348:
2341:
2333:
2324:
2317:
2302:
2277:
2269:
2259:
2252:
2238:
2224:
2210:
2181:. Retrieved
2177:
2167:
2155:. Retrieved
2146:
2137:
2125:. Retrieved
2120:
2111:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2035:
2031:
2008:November 29,
2006:. Retrieved
2000:
1991:
1981:November 29,
1979:. Retrieved
1973:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1927:
1837:Padlamanggan
1827: – none
1783:Liquor store
1618:liver cancer
1599:
1593:
1554:
1522:intoxication
1515:
1500:
1474:
1463:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1346:
1298:barrel proof
1219:
1212:
1208:pure alcohol
1193:
1164:Flammability
1154:microbrewing
1148:
1136:
1120:
1117:
1105:in Germany.
1096:
1085:
1074:
1055:
1050:quintessence
1048:
1042:
1030:
1026:
1022:
976:Theophrastus
969:
950:
931:
888:
834:
829:
765:Väkevä glögi
748:
744:
719:
714:
710:
704:
697:
654:
606:
493:Fruit spirit
463:Grain spirit
439:
435:
432:
406:
404:
396:
346:spirit drink
345:
343:
328:
324:
318:
314:
310:
306:
304:
295:fermentation
280:
258:
254:Fruit brandy
247:
244:Nomenclature
235:
223:psychoactive
220:
214:
212:
171:
167:
151:
147:
143:
120:distillation
111:
73:
72:
40:
5160:Star anise
5054:Bénédictine
5014:Irish cream
4750:Aguardiente
4695:Aguardiente
4567:Rye whiskey
4077:Ginger wine
3794:Barley wine
3758:Mulled wine
3708:Plum jerkum
3678:Lychee wine
3668:Longan wine
3593:Bokbunja-ju
3583:Bignay wine
3573:Banana wine
3568:Banana beer
3442:Bathtub gin
2999:www.who.int
2963:January 27,
2819:October 25,
2183:October 25,
1669:Aguardiente
1381:tonic water
1362:rocks glass
1204:flash point
1174:Flash point
1077:Middle East
1031:aqua ardens
1003:adding salt
995:Roman Egypt
938:Eastern Han
876:Roman Egypt
864:Roman Egypt
858:working in
852:Mesopotamia
850:of ancient
848:Babylonians
828:manuscript
824:, from the
735:liqueur or
711:marrasquino
466:Wine spirit
374:foodstuffs.
168:hard liquor
152:hard liquor
18:Hard Liquor
5273:Categories
5219:Limoncello
5154:Triple sec
5129:Eau créole
5099:Irish Mist
5084:Bärenjäger
5039:Frangelico
4969:Cloudberry
4948:Chocolate
4932:Maraschino
4478:Buckwheat
4391:Eau de vie
3694:Pineapple
3658:Duhat wine
3654:Java plum
3648:White wine
3506:Winemaking
3430:Production
2798:pp. 51–52.
2764:August 10,
2739:pp. 69-71.
2396:(3): 186.
2147:Drinkaware
1939:References
1741:Er guo tou
1735:Eau de vie
1595:Alcoholism
1546:abstinence
1470:per capita
1423:See also:
1405:With water
1330:See also:
1178:Fire point
1168:See also:
1158:craft beer
1114:Production
1053:of wine).
1044:aqua vitae
1019:al-Zahrāwī
985: – c.
983: 371
919:Common Era
911:Rang Mahal
860:Alexandria
856:alchemists
786:Beerenburg
771:spritglögg
706:Maraschino
581:London gin
486:spirit or
423:Viru Valge
414:Categories
206:, such as
132:vegetables
5204:Cedratine
5169:Sassolino
5139:Cointreau
5059:Brennivín
5035:Hazelnut
4999:Tia Maria
4958:Cinnamon
4942:Pertsivka
4907:Bierlikör
4710:Desi daru
4472:Bierbrand
4366:Tsikoudia
4329:Slivovitz
4229:Applejack
4107:Kabarawan
4083:Galangal
4037:Palm wine
3914:Rice wine
3894:Makgeolli
3829:Oshikundu
3748:Hippocras
3633:Rosé wine
3623:Port wine
3589:Bokbunja
3462:Lautering
3206:205116954
3013:"who.int"
2535:728102346
2492:full text
2449:full text
2410:0003-3790
2095:0002-9262
1899:Tsikoudia
1893:Slivovitz
1819:Moonshine
1804:Mamajuana
1723:Borovička
1377:club soda
1368:ice cubes
1308:slivovitz
1294:tsikoudia
1015:al-Fārābī
972:Aristotle
903:Charsadda
779:Berenburg
715:maraskino
661:Flavored
645:janeževec
635:Marseille
528:Bierbrand
515:Hefebrand
301:Etymology
5229:Sloe gin
5224:Schnapps
5189:Licor 43
5185:Vanilla
5179:Charanda
5110:Juniper
5089:Drambuie
5024:Advocaat
4980:Coconut
4917:Patxaran
4856:Anisette
4835:Absinthe
4820:Amaretto
4805:Liqueurs
4670:Lambanog
4578:Sorghum
4517:Cheongju
4371:Tsipouro
4315:Juniper
4289:Armagnac
4234:Calvados
4177:Parakari
4157:Kombucha
4057:Tunggang
4032:Bahalina
3999:Huangjiu
3965:Sorghum
3919:Rượu cần
3884:Gwaha-ju
3819:Tesgüino
3743:Dubonnet
3738:Conditum
3728:Colonche
3643:Vermouth
3628:Red wine
3613:Mistelle
3230:June 28,
3198:25427113
3102:24582196
3056:17207097
2937:June 23,
2916:March 7,
2895:March 6,
2782:(1957).
2723:(2013).
2694:(1966).
2667:Archived
2644:Archived
2577:July 10,
2556:(2006).
2495:Archived
2452:Archived
2370:June 29,
2364:Archived
2330:Elsevier
2157:June 26,
2151:Archived
2127:June 27,
2103:12965884
2054:30113627
1997:"Liquor"
1970:"Liquor"
1905:Tsipouro
1887:Schnapps
1628:See also
1573:J-shaped
1518:euphoria
1395:cocktail
1247:cheongju
1200:US proof
1011:al-Kindī
927:Gandhara
907:Pakistan
837:Akkadian
739:advocaat
727:orehovec
693:Sloe gin
672:pacharán
500:spirit,
427:Estonian
276:liqueurs
272:schnapps
269:American
265:amaretto
231:cocktail
208:absinthe
5235:Walnut
5199:Campari
5144:Curaçao
5135:Orange
5119:Jenever
5104:Krupnik
5049:Aquavit
4990:Coffee
4962:Tentura
4923:Cherry
4897:Sambuca
4882:Mastika
4866:Hierbas
4840:Anisado
4816:Almond
4765:Horilka
4755:Akvavit
4705:Clairin
4700:Cachaça
4650:Tequila
4527:Lao-Lao
4512:Awamori
4448:Barley
4442:Cereals
4431:Schnaps
4421:Pálinka
4411:Nalewka
4376:Zivania
4309:Zivania
4250:Cherry
4207:Liquors
4073:Ginger
3909:Pangasi
3869:Choujiu
3849:Amazake
3825:Millet
3814:Tejuino
3790:Barley
3784:Cereals
3773:Sangria
3698:Tepache
3674:Lychee
3664:Longan
3579:Bignay
3564:Banana
3457:Malting
3452:Brewery
3447:Brewing
2869:May 20,
2841:May 20,
2784:Alchemy
2673:); cf.
1878:Rượu đế
1842:Pálinka
1777:Jenever
1771:Horilka
1729:Cachaça
1704:Awamori
1675:Akvavit
1634:Portals
1550:relapse
1542:alcohol
1458:Spirits
1401:shooter
1326:Serving
1226:ethanol
989:), and
895:retorts
880:alembic
749:advokat
699:Sambuca
677:Liqueur
656:bitters
612:Aniseed
607:aquavit
601:Akvavit
586:Caraway
561:Gentian
442:tequila
315:liquere
252:(ABV).
200:whiskey
192:barrels
188:tequila
172:spirits
164:ethanol
160:alcohol
49:whiskey
47:An old
32:Liqueur
5299:Drinks
5239:Nocino
5164:Pastis
5094:Glayva
5080:Honey
5074:Unicum
5069:Metaxa
5045:Herbs
5029:Eggnog
5005:Cream
4994:Kahlúa
4984:Malibu
4831:Anise
4775:Shōchū
4770:Poitín
4760:Bangla
4740:Tharra
4681:Dairy
4665:Laksoy
4660:Arrack
4645:Mezcal
4622:Whisky
4617:Shōchū
4607:Baijiu
4582:Baijiu
4572:Starka
4542:Shochu
4532:Lihing
4522:Cholai
4488:Maize
4386:Brandy
4351:Grappa
4346:Chacha
4341:Pomace
4299:Cognac
4294:Brandy
4280:Grape
4274:Boukha
4260:Dates
4225:Apple
4182:Ibwatu
4172:Chicha
4118:Sugar
4093:Honey
4063:Dairy
4022:Pulque
3969:Pendhā
3889:Hariya
3879:Dansul
3859:Beopju
3834:Tongba
3763:Nabidh
3638:Sherry
3599:Grape
3554:Apple
3294:
3275:
3256:
3204:
3196:
3152:
3126:May 9,
3100:
3054:
2790:
2731:
2702:
2631:Arabic
2568:
2533:
2523:
2408:
2356:
2290:
2101:
2093:
2052:
1854:Poitín
1813:Mezcal
1714:Shōchū
1710:Baijiu
1698:Arrack
1648:Liquor
1620:, and
1565:stroke
1563:, and
1526:stupor
1456:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1438:
1436:
1280:baijiu
1274:brandy
1270:whisky
1253:shōchū
1215:flambé
1180:, and
1099:brandy
899:Taxila
795:nectar
758:Mistrà
745:avocat
721:Nocino
631:Pastis
626:Pastis
592:Kümmel
539:spirit
522:spirit
510:spirit
484:Raisin
470:Brandy
459:Whisky
446:baijiu
348:is an
311:liquid
307:liquor
291:yeasts
267:, and
215:liquor
196:brandy
186:, and
144:spirit
128:fruits
124:grains
114:is an
74:Liquor
4974:Lakka
4903:Beer
4780:Vodka
4730:Sulai
4715:Guaro
4685:Arkhi
4675:Sotol
4640:Agave
4633:Other
4552:Sulai
4508:Rice
4468:Beer
4426:Rakia
4396:Geist
4361:Orujo
4334:Țuică
4325:Plum
4304:Pisco
4264:Araqi
4219:Fruit
4167:Cauim
4142:Palek
4137:Intus
4122:Kilju
4102:Byais
4087:Byais
4067:Kumis
4052:Tuhak
4010:Other
3959:Kvass
3949:Tapuy
3944:Tapai
3939:Sonti
3904:Mirin
3899:Mijiu
3874:Chuak
3844:Agkud
3840:Rice
3809:Pozol
3804:Mageu
3800:Corn
3768:Pruno
3753:Jabol
3718:Rimon
3704:Plum
3688:Perry
3684:Pear
3558:Cider
3548:Fruit
3472:Yeast
3202:S2CID
3145:Abuse
3016:(PDF)
2860:(PDF)
1919:Notes
1911:Viche
1860:Rakia
1848:Pisco
1831:Orujo
1795:Mahua
1765:Geist
1750:Fenny
1660:Drink
1484:vodka
1387:, or
1385:juice
1266:vodka
1243:mijiu
1070:Hebei
1066:still
934:China
915:India
884:still
684:Crème
663:vodka
553:Geist
543:Vodka
508:Honey
502:perry
498:Cider
429:vodka
425:, an
176:vodka
136:sugar
134:, or
110:) or
52:still
5258:List
5020:Egg
4892:Rakı
4887:Ouzo
4861:Arak
4735:Sura
4562:Korn
4558:Rye
4547:Soju
4416:Oghi
4356:Marc
4284:Arak
4270:Fig
4244:Feni
4148:Tea
4132:Basi
4112:Mead
4097:Bais
4047:Tubâ
4042:Tuak
3994:Boza
3989:Beer
3955:Rye
3929:Sato
3924:Sake
3864:Brem
3467:Wort
3292:ISBN
3273:ISBN
3254:ISBN
3232:2022
3194:PMID
3150:ISBN
3128:2015
3098:PMID
3052:PMID
2965:2011
2939:2011
2918:2011
2897:2011
2871:2020
2864:ICAO
2843:2020
2821:2008
2788:ISBN
2766:2022
2729:ISBN
2700:ISBN
2579:2016
2566:ISBN
2531:OCLC
2521:ISBN
2406:ISSN
2372:2010
2354:ISBN
2288:ISBN
2185:2023
2159:2022
2129:2022
2099:PMID
2091:ISSN
2050:PMID
2010:2022
1983:2022
1866:Rakı
1718:Soju
1692:Arak
1587:and
1511:wine
1509:and
1507:beer
1464:The
1449:Beer
1440:Wine
1389:cola
1239:sake
1233:wine
1198:(80
1156:and
1133:Sale
909:and
901:and
793:mead
668:Sloe
640:Anis
620:ouzo
616:rakı
520:lees
287:wine
285:and
283:Beer
227:neat
198:and
5114:Gin
4720:Rum
4597:Ara
4319:Gin
3984:Ara
3979:Ale
3854:Apo
3186:doi
3182:371
3088:doi
3044:doi
2484:Man
2441:Man
2398:doi
2081:doi
2077:158
2040:doi
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