1555:
31:
850:, which means that they are able to absorb more solar energy per molecule than carbon dioxide. Wealthy countries are clamping down on these gases. Thornton says that many countries are needlessly producing these chemicals just to get the carbon credits. Thus, as a result of carbon trading rules under the Kyoto Protocol, nearly half the credits from developing countries are from HFCs, with China scoring billions of dollars from catching and destroying HFCs that would be in the atmosphere as industrial byproducts.
5109:
5071:
1655:
5119:
1624:, which are intensely irritating. Halons are very effective on Class A (organic solids), B (flammable liquids and gases), and C (electrical) fires, but they are unsuitable for Class D (metal) fires, as they will not only produce toxic gas and fail to halt the fire, but in some cases pose a risk of explosion. Halons can be used on Class K (kitchen oils and greases) fires, but offer no advantages over specialised foams.
5100:
5092:
5084:
717:
molecule, the second is the number of fluorine atoms, the third is the chlorine atoms, and the fourth is the number of bromine atoms. If the number includes a fifth digit, the fifth number indicates the number of iodine atoms (though iodine in halon is rare). Any bonds not taken up by halogen atoms are then allocated to hydrogen atoms.
1608:
causes only slight giddiness at its effective concentration of 5%, and even at 15% those exposed remain conscious but impaired and suffer no long-term effects. (Experimental animals have also been exposed to 2% concentrations of Halon 1301 for 30 hours per week for 4 months, with no discernible health effects.)
1607:
fire suppression flood systems operate from 34% concentration by volume (surface-only combustion of liquid fuels) up to 75% (dust traps). Carbon dioxide can cause severe distress at concentrations of 3–6%, and has caused death by respiratory paralysis in a few minutes at 10% concentration. Halon 1301
1700:
is typically used in hand-held extinguishers, in which a stream of liquid halon is directed at a smaller fire by a user. The stream evaporates under reduced pressure, producing strong local cooling, as well as a high concentration of halon in the immediate vicinity of the fire. In this mode, fire is
1646:
designed to ensure uniform mixing throughout the room. The quantity dumped is pre-calculated to achieve the desired concentration, typically 3–7% v/v. This level is maintained for some time, typically with a minimum of ten minutes and sometimes up to a twenty-minute "soak" time, to ensure all items
111:
The physical properties of halomethanes depend on the number and identity of the halogen atoms in the compound. In general, halomethanes are volatile but less so than methane because of the polarizability of the halides. The polarizability of the halides and the polarity of the molecules makes them
1806:
Manfred
Rossberg, Wilhelm Lendle, Gerhard Pfleiderer, Adolf Tögel, Eberhard-Ludwig Dreher, Ernst Langer, Heinz Rassaerts, Peter Kleinschmidt, Heinz Strack, Richard Cook, Uwe Beck, Karl-August Lipper, Theodore R. Torkelson, Eckhard Löser, Klaus K. Beutel, Trevor Mann “Chlorinated Hydrocarbons” in
737:
The refrigerant naming system is mainly used for fluorinated and chlorinated short alkanes used as refrigerants. In the United States, the standard is specified in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34–1992, with additional annual supplements. The specified ANSI/ASHRAE prefixes were FC (fluorocarbon) or R
716:
Halons are usually defined as hydrocarbons where the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by bromine, along with other halogens. They are referred to by a system of code numbers similar to (but simpler than) the system used for freons. The first digit specifies the number of carbon atoms in the
720:
For example, consider Halon 1211. This halon has number 1211 in its name, which tells it has 1 carbon atom, 2 fluorine atoms, 1 chlorine atom, and 1 bromine atom. A single carbon only has four bonds, all of which are taken by the halogen atoms, so there is no hydrogen. Thus its formula is
1615:
However, Halon 1301 fire suppression is not completely non-toxic; very high temperature flame, or contact with red-hot metal, can cause decomposition of Halon 1301 to toxic byproducts. The presence of such byproducts is readily detected because they include
1666:
or other automatic detection system. In the latter case, a warning siren and strobe lamp will first be activated for a few seconds to warn personnel to evacuate the area. The rapid discharge of halon and consequent rapid cooling fills the air with
814:
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) contain no chlorine. They are composed entirely of carbon, hydrogen, and fluorine. They have no known effects on the ozone layer; fluorine itself is not ozone-toxic. However, HFCs and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are
107:
Like methane itself, halomethanes are tetrahedral molecules. The halogen atoms differ greatly in size and charge from hydrogen and from each other. Consequently, most halomethanes deviate from the perfect tetrahedral symmetry of methane.
1878:
1647:
have cooled so reignition is unlikely to occur, then the air in the enclosure is purged, generally via a fixed purge system that is activated by the proper authorities. During this time the enclosure may be entered by persons wearing
1483:
Dichloromethane is the most important halomethane-based solvent. Its volatility, low flammability, and ability to dissolve a wide range of organic compounds makes this colorless liquid a useful solvent. It is widely used as a
680:
halomethanes, especially bromine-containing compounds. Small amounts of chloromethanes arise from the interaction of chlorine sources with various carbon compounds. The biosyntheses of these halomethanes are catalyzed by the
1786:
Günter
Siegemund, Werner Schwertfeger, Andrew Feiring, Bruce Smart, Fred Behr, Herward Vogel, Blaine McKusick “Fluorine Compounds, Organic” Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002.
1651:. (There exists a common myth that this is because halon is highly toxic; in fact, it is because it can cause giddiness and mildly impaired perception, and due to the risk of combustion byproducts.)
1882:
1642:, and a fixed piping network leads to the protected enclosure. On triggering, the entire measured contents of one or more cylinders are discharged into the enclosure in a few seconds, through
1546:. The conversion of these devices and treatments from CFC to propellants that do not deplete the ozone layer is almost complete. Production and import is now banned in the United States.
1701:
extinguished by cooling and oxygen deprivation at the core of the fire, as well as radical quenching over a larger area. After fire suppression, the halon diffuses, leaving no residue.
87:). Halomethanes are both naturally occurring, especially in marine environments, and human-made, most notably as refrigerants, solvents, propellants, and fumigants. Many, including the
4820:
5045:
1733:
Haloalkanes are diverse in their properties, making generalizations difficult. Few are acutely toxic, but many pose risks from prolonged exposure. Some problematic aspects include
802:
a = Letter added to identify isomers, the "normal" isomer in any number has the smallest mass difference on each carbon, and a, b, or c are added as the masses diverge from normal.
5040:
112:
useful as solvents. The halomethanes are far less flammable than methane. Broadly speaking, reactivity of the compounds is greatest for the iodides and lowest for the fluorides.
1682:
from becoming explosive; when the aircraft enters an area with the possibility of attack, Halon 1301 is injected into the fuel tanks for one-time use. Due to ozone depletion,
2660:
2642:
2674:
2651:
2591:
2792:
2783:
2753:
2700:
2691:
2612:
2418:
2741:
2479:
2432:
2774:
2762:
2724:
2621:
2825:
2800:
2732:
2837:
2816:
2484:
2437:
2395:
2509:
2500:
5167:
1603:
total flooding systems are typically used at concentrations no higher than 7% by volume in air, and can suppress many fires at 2.9% v/v. By contrast,
2234:
1956:
1570:
atoms that combine readily with active hydrogen atoms, quenching flame propagation reactions even when adequate fuel, oxygen, and heat remain. The
2040:
5058:
1594:
1589:
than are required by fire suppressants using the more traditional methods of cooling, oxygen deprivation, or fuel dilution. As of 2023, due to
839:, a non-governmental, environmental watchdog, says that HFCs are up to 12,500 times as potent as carbon dioxide in global warming. The higher
4753:
2892:
2017:
196:= 1, 2, 3, or 4). The main problems with this method are that it cogenerates HCl and it produces mixtures of different products. Using
3811:
2125:
4992:
3816:
2056:
2094:
2152:
858:
Most permutations of hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine on one carbon atom have been evaluated experimentally.
5035:
1862:
1675:
4323:
4135:
2006:
4288:
4181:
3851:
5053:
5030:
4209:
3869:
2119:
2111:
1648:
1612:
also has low toxicity, although it is more toxic than Halon 1301, and thus considered unsuitable for flooding systems.
836:
5095:
4842:
4728:
4222:
4217:
1630:
is common in total flooding systems. In these systems, banks of halon cylinders are kept pressurised to about 4
1475:
Because they have many applications and are easily prepared, halomethanes have been of intense commercial interest.
668:
Traces of halomethanes in the atmosphere arise through the introduction of other non-natural, industrial materials.
5177:
5022:
1286:
Soil sterilant and fumigant, currently being phased out. It strongly depletes the ozone layer and is highly toxic.
4768:
4505:
3895:
2885:
843:
has two causes: HFCs remain in the atmosphere for long periods of time, and they have more chemical bonds than
5157:
5103:
5078:
4383:
3715:
17:
1585:; by sequestering the radicals which propagate the reaction, halons are able to halt the fire at much lower
5142:
4554:
4303:
4283:
4035:
2669:
4659:
4313:
5087:
4987:
4910:
4318:
4148:
3978:
3288:
2878:
2583:
2145:
2037:
1374:
5152:
4790:
4748:
4710:
4275:
4069:
1663:
1232:
1922:
4785:
4308:
4249:
4160:
3325:
2413:
840:
302:
Halogen exchange. The method is mainly used to produce fluorinated derivatives from the chlorides.
4997:
4763:
4293:
3844:
3798:
2571:
1516:
1101:
752:
232:
of methanol. This method is used for the production of the mono-chloride, -bromide, and -iodide.
4956:
4346:
3698:
2633:
2600:
2546:
1635:
1128:
1077:
2103:
5172:
5162:
4926:
4758:
4634:
4542:
4232:
4125:
3925:
3805:
3693:
2860:
2682:
2554:
2404:
2379:
2138:
2086:
1741:(e.g., carbon tetrachloride). Under certain combustion conditions, chloromethanes convert to
1397:
1150:
4733:
4388:
4084:
3774:
3219:
2716:
2708:
2562:
2470:
2453:
2423:
2387:
1683:
1420:
889:
2081:
8:
4800:
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4441:
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1718:
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42:
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4102:
3973:
3900:
3837:
2845:
2538:
2307:
2277:
1350:
978:
959:
88:
2064:
1941:
125:
The halomethanes are produced on an industrial scale from abundant precursors such as
5002:
4862:
4682:
4591:
4559:
4476:
4429:
4356:
4328:
4097:
4092:
3890:
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3114:
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2316:
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934:
639:
611:
92:
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4424:
4409:
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4153:
4107:
3469:
2963:
2901:
2530:
2337:
1937:
1835:
1808:
1788:
1617:
902:. The main chemical used under this trademark is dichlorodifluoromethane. The word
682:
1812:
5147:
4810:
4720:
4686:
4571:
4525:
4451:
4378:
4298:
4201:
4143:
3998:
3688:
3447:
3442:
3425:
3408:
3209:
2958:
2295:
2256:
2190:
2098:
2044:
1827:
1734:
1590:
1221:
1027:
776:
686:
2021:
2004:
1948:
5123:
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3146:
3136:
2363:
2325:
1604:
1582:
1497:
1485:
1300:
832:
820:
816:
738:(refrigerant), but today most are prefixed by a more specific classification:
5136:
5108:
4877:
4778:
4564:
4493:
4265:
4013:
3877:
3779:
3727:
3658:
3544:
3534:
3529:
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3514:
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3459:
3375:
3370:
3360:
3214:
3169:
3131:
3119:
3090:
2968:
2346:
2248:
2207:
2198:
1978:
1792:
1586:
1539:
1520:
1493:
1251:
1003:
899:
4898:
4872:
4852:
4676:
4639:
4603:
4239:
4186:
4062:
4018:
4003:
3932:
3710:
3597:
3592:
3569:
3320:
3159:
3085:
3022:
3017:
2995:
2951:
2936:
2926:
2216:
1764:
1738:
1579:
1559:
1524:
1276:
767:
677:
229:
91:, have attracted wide attention because they become active when exposed to
30:
1807:
Ullmann's
Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
1662:
Flooding systems may be manually operated or automatically triggered by a
1597:
in some countries and alternatives are being deployed by the US military.
4835:
4830:
4515:
4510:
4481:
4446:
4419:
3949:
3769:
3722:
3683:
3564:
3452:
3437:
3432:
3420:
2985:
2980:
2946:
2941:
2931:
2909:
2225:
2057:"Credit Card Freedom | Red Smoothie Detox & Dessert Photographs"
1825:
Gordon W. Gribble (1998). "Naturally
Occurring Organohalogen Compounds".
1445:
150:
126:
96:
5012:
4629:
3944:
3937:
3920:
3905:
3678:
3669:
3549:
3504:
3400:
3365:
3355:
3295:
3231:
3154:
3102:
2445:
2371:
1759:
1754:
1697:
1627:
1609:
1600:
1176:
1057:
898:
is a trade name for a group of chlorofluorocarbons used primarily as a
1839:
1654:
4941:
4893:
4867:
4815:
4649:
4611:
4361:
4351:
4023:
3885:
3860:
3645:
3559:
3524:
3509:
3497:
3340:
3315:
3124:
2492:
1679:
1512:
1489:
1330:
907:
2870:
1903:
4586:
4530:
4191:
4040:
4008:
3653:
3607:
3574:
3270:
3176:
3050:
3005:
2990:
2517:
2108:
2005:
Office of
Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (September 2000).
1742:
1639:
130:
76:
72:
64:
38:
4547:
4050:
4028:
3915:
3910:
3615:
3539:
3390:
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3350:
3335:
3330:
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3283:
3107:
3034:
3000:
2177:
2169:
1567:
146:
134:
80:
68:
53:
35:
4951:
4931:
4825:
4500:
3993:
3703:
3635:
3479:
3188:
3181:
3075:
3056:
3045:
3029:
2975:
2130:
1722:
1710:
1643:
1543:
1500:
911:
138:
84:
1995:
All Things
Considered, NPR News, 5:24 p.m., December 11, 2007.
4961:
4903:
4244:
4176:
4074:
3966:
3584:
3554:
3487:
3345:
3310:
3305:
3278:
3226:
3193:
3097:
2921:
1575:
895:
3829:
2116:
4936:
4057:
4045:
3961:
3012:
1527:
1508:
95:
found at high altitudes and destroy the Earth's protective
1954:
1542:, including metered-dose inhalers for drugs used to treat
988:(CFC-14 and HF-14 also used, although formally incorrect)
1668:
1631:
1504:
225:, but mixtures of other products will still be present.
1957:"Environmental issues : essential primary sources"
638:
Reaction of methanol with hypochlorous acid, producing
729:, hence its IUPAC name is bromochlorodifluoromethane.
1709:
Chloromethane and bromomethane are used to introduce
853:
141:. They are usually prepared by one of three methods.
1671:, and is accompanied by a loud, disorienting noise.
1013:
Methylation agent; e.g., for methyl trichlorosilane
2014:
Public Health Goals for
Chemicals in Drinking Water
1955:Lerner & K. Lee Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth (2006).
1566:At high temperatures, halons decompose to release
1824:
1717:. Chlorodifluoromethane is the main precursor of
1538:One major use of CFCs has been as propellants of
689:enzymes, respectively. An idealized equation is:
5134:
732:
809:
3845:
2886:
2146:
2117:Environment Investigation Agency – EIA Global
1852:
1558:Halon-based fire extinguishing system inside
787:0 = Number of double bonds (omitted if zero)
176:This method is useful for the production of
1704:
102:
5168:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
3852:
3838:
2893:
2879:
2153:
2139:
2018:California Environmental Protection Agency
1782:
1780:
1678:fighter to prevent the fuel vapors in the
1515:. Its volatility has led to its use as an
799:4 = Replaced by Bromine ("B" prefix added)
1802:
1800:
1694:) is being considered as an alternative.
806:Other coding systems are in use as well.
1920:
1658:Halon-based hand-held fire extinguishers
1653:
1553:
29:
4993:Pollutant release and transfer register
1777:
1593:problems, halon fire extinguishers are
1184:In semiconductor industry, refrigerant
783:The decoding system for CFC-01234a is:
711:
14:
5135:
1976:
1818:
1797:
1721:, which is the monomeric precursor to
27:Halogen compounds derived from methane
3833:
2900:
2874:
2134:
2126:Alphabetical list of all halomethanes
1562:, a nuclear fallout bunker in Canada.
1549:
790:1 = Carbon atoms -1 (omitted if zero)
5083:
4324:Electromagnetic radiation and health
218:in large excess generates primarily
203:in large excess generates primarily
120:
5099:
5091:
4182:Radium and radon in the environment
2092:History of Halon use by the US Navy
1402:BTM, Halon 1301 BTM, or Freon 13BI
1379:BCF, Halon 1211 BCF, or Freon 12B1
1310:Solvent and chemical intermediate.
835:. Allan Thornton, President of the
24:
2120:Environmental Investigation Agency
2112:Environmental Investigation Agency
1507:as well as to prepare extracts of
854:Overview of principal halomethanes
837:Environmental Investigation Agency
25:
5189:
2104:Ozone Loss: The Chemical Culprits
2075:
1977:US EPA, OAR (February 15, 2013).
1337:For separation of heavy minerals
5117:
5107:
5098:
5090:
5082:
5070:
5069:
2160:
3896:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
2049:
2038:3-III-2 HALON 1301 REPLACEMENTS
2031:
1998:
1989:
1674:Halon 1301 is also used in the
1470:
1360:Formerly in fire extinguishers
983:Carbon tetrafluoride, Freon 14
921:Formerly in fire extinguishers
1970:
1914:
1896:
1871:
1855:Oxford Dictionary of Chemistry
1846:
1533:
13:
1:
4384:Electrical resistance heating
3859:
1942:10.1016/S1872-0358(06)01001-3
1813:10.1002/14356007.a06_233.pub2
1770:
823:. Two groups of haloalkanes,
145:Free radical chlorination of
115:
52:compounds are derivatives of
4036:Persistent organic pollutant
1930:Advances in Fluorine Science
1923:"Fluorine in the Atmosphere"
1496:, it was previously used to
810:Hydrofluoro compounds (HFC)
745:—list of chlorofluorocarbons
733:ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-1992
671:
7:
5046:Least polluted cities by PM
1857:. Oxford University Press.
1748:
1478:
860:
760:—list of hydrofluorocarbons
10:
5194:
4988:Pollution haven hypothesis
4911:Brain health and pollution
4149:Ecological light pollution
3979:Internal combustion engine
1375:Bromochlorodifluoromethane
1262:Semiconductor manufacture
63:) with one or more of the
5067:
5021:
4970:
4919:
4886:
4791:Nonpoint source pollution
4719:
4711:War and environmental law
4658:
4620:
4602:
4402:
4337:
4274:
4200:
4169:
4134:
4118:
4083:
4070:Volatile organic compound
3876:
3867:
3788:
3747:
3667:
3644:
3606:
3583:
3478:
3399:
3269:
3246:
3202:
3145:
3068:
3043:
2908:
2857:
2529:
2362:
2247:
2189:
2168:
1745:, which is highly toxic.
1728:
1233:ozone depletion potential
1207:Refrigerant (phased out)
862:Overview of Halomethanes
610:Reaction of methane with
4250:Marine mammals and sonar
4161:Radio spectrum pollution
1979:"Ozone Layer Protection"
1921:Tressaud, Alain (2006).
1904:"Ozone Layer Protection"
1793:10.1002/14356007.a11_349
1705:Chemical building blocks
1517:aerosol spray propellant
841:global warming potential
779:(completely fluorinated)
753:hydrochlorofluorocarbons
103:Structure and properties
5178:Fire suppression agents
5096:WikiProject Environment
5054:Most polluted countries
4998:Polluter pays principle
4729:Agricultural wastewater
3799:chemical classification
1425:Trifluoromethyl iodide
1102:Dichlorodifluoromethane
5114:Environment portal
4347:Agricultural pollution
1853:John Daintith (2008).
1659:
1563:
1231:Refrigerant with zero
1129:Chlorotrifluoromethane
1078:Trichlorofluoromethane
676:Many marine organisms
46:
4769:Industrial wastewater
4635:Clutter (advertising)
4543:Municipal solid waste
4389:Soil guideline values
4233:Sustainable transport
4126:Information pollution
3926:Open burning of waste
3806:chemical nomenclature
1657:
1557:
1398:Bromotrifluoromethane
1151:Chlorodifluoromethane
831:, are targets of the
793:2 = Hydrogen atoms +1
33:
5158:Halogenated solvents
5041:Most polluted cities
4734:Biological pollution
4645:Overhead power lines
2082:Gas conversion table
2061:www.afrlhorizons.com
1684:trifluoroiodomethane
1421:Trifluoroiodomethane
939:Carbon tetrabromide
890:Carbon tetrachloride
712:Classes of compounds
67:atoms replaced with
5143:Aerosol propellants
5104:WikiProject Ecology
4801:Ocean acidification
4706:Unexploded ordnance
4577:Post-consumer waste
4437:Foam food container
4415:Biodegradable waste
3989:Global distillation
3262:not C, H or O)
1910:. October 14, 2020.
1719:tetrafluoroethylene
1198:Chlorofluoromethane
1032:Methylene chloride
886:Tetrachloromethane
863:
89:chlorofluorocarbons
43:space filling model
5124:Ecology portal
5008:Waste minimisation
4983:Industrial ecology
4978:Cleaner production
4796:Nutrient pollution
4673:Herbicidal warfare
4467:Construction waste
4103:Introduced species
3974:Indoor air quality
3901:Chlorofluorocarbon
3704:Hypervalent iodine
2097:2000-08-19 at the
2043:2008-04-19 at the
1879:"ASHRAE Bookstore"
1660:
1638:) with compressed
1564:
1550:Fire extinguishing
1455:Organic synthesis
1431:Organic synthesis
1351:Bromochloromethane
1305:Methylene bromide
979:Tetrafluoromethane
960:Carbon tetraiodide
861:
825:hydrofluorocarbons
796:3 = Fluorine atoms
614:, producing water.
47:
5130:
5129:
5003:Pollution control
4683:Nuclear holocaust
4592:Thermal treatment
4560:Plastic pollution
4477:Mercury poisoning
4430:Battery recycling
4329:Radioactive waste
4098:Genetic pollution
4093:Biological hazard
3891:Air quality index
3827:
3826:
3765:Sulfenyl chloride
3743:
3742:
3242:
3241:
3061:(only C, H and O)
2902:Functional groups
2868:
2867:
2067:on July 11, 2007.
2007:"Dichloromethane"
1864:978-0-19-920463-2
1840:10.1021/ar9701777
1715:organic synthesis
1622:hydrofluoric acid
1572:chemical reaction
1468:
1467:
1173:Trifluoromethane
1054:Trichloromethane
956:Tetraiodomethane
935:Tetrabromomethane
881:Chemical formula
640:hydrogen peroxide
612:hypochlorous acid
121:Industrial routes
93:ultraviolet light
16:(Redirected from
5185:
5153:Greenhouse gases
5122:
5121:
5120:
5112:
5111:
5102:
5101:
5094:
5093:
5086:
5085:
5073:
5072:
4947:Legacy pollution
4806:Oil exploitation
4668:Chemical warfare
4582:Waste management
4489:Industrial waste
4457:Biomedical waste
4425:Electronic waste
4410:Advertising mail
4394:Phytoremediation
4369:Land degradation
4154:Overillumination
4108:Invasive species
3854:
3847:
3840:
3831:
3830:
3794:
3699:Trifluoromethoxy
3267:
3266:
3263:
3066:
3065:
3062:
2915:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2872:
2871:
2531:Tetrasubstituted
2155:
2148:
2141:
2132:
2131:
2087:Nomenclature FAQ
2069:
2068:
2063:. Archived from
2053:
2047:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2020:. Archived from
2011:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1927:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1881:. Archived from
1875:
1869:
1868:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1822:
1816:
1804:
1795:
1784:
1693:
1618:hydrobromic acid
1464:
1440:
1415:
1392:
1369:
1345:
1327:Tribromomethane
1322:
1295:
1271:
1256:Methyl fluoride
1246:
1216:
1192:
1168:
1145:
1123:
1096:
1072:
1049:
1022:
1008:Methyl chloride
998:
973:
951:
929:
906:is a registered
867:Systematic name
864:
849:
829:perfluorocarbons
817:greenhouse gases
777:perfluorocarbons
728:
707:
683:chloroperoxidase
664:
633:
605:
585:
564:
551:
530:
517:
493:
476:
463:
442:
429:
409:
396:
383:
355:
334:
317:
297:
276:
251:
224:
217:
210:
202:
191:
172:
62:
21:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5118:
5116:
5106:
5063:
5049:
5017:
4966:
4915:
4882:
4821:Pharmaceuticals
4811:Oil exploration
4715:
4687:Nuclear fallout
4654:
4616:
4598:
4572:Packaging waste
4526:Deep sea mining
4452:Hazardous waste
4398:
4379:Open defecation
4333:
4299:Nuclear fallout
4294:Nuclear fission
4270:
4196:
4165:
4136:Electromagnetic
4130:
4114:
4079:
3999:Ozone depletion
3872:
3863:
3858:
3828:
3823:
3792:
3784:
3739:
3694:Trichloromethyl
3689:Trifluoromethyl
3663:
3640:
3602:
3579:
3474:
3443:Phosphine oxide
3395:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3238:
3198:
3141:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3039:
2913:
2912:
2904:
2899:
2869:
2864:
2853:
2849:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2820:
2812:
2804:
2796:
2787:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2736:
2728:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2695:
2686:
2678:
2664:
2655:
2646:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2595:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2566:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2504:
2496:
2488:
2474:
2465:
2457:
2449:
2441:
2427:
2408:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2243:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2191:Monosubstituted
2185:
2181:
2164:
2159:
2099:Wayback Machine
2078:
2073:
2072:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2045:Wayback Machine
2036:
2032:
2024:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1960:
1953:
1949:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1888:
1886:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1851:
1847:
1828:Acc. Chem. Res.
1823:
1819:
1805:
1798:
1785:
1778:
1773:
1751:
1735:carcinogenicity
1731:
1707:
1691:
1687:
1591:ozone depletion
1552:
1536:
1481:
1473:
1462:
1458:
1438:
1434:
1414:
1410:
1391:
1387:
1367:
1363:
1344:
1340:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1293:
1289:
1281:Methyl bromide
1269:
1265:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1222:Difluoromethane
1214:
1210:
1191:
1187:
1167:
1163:
1144:
1140:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1106:Freon-12, R-12
1094:
1090:
1082:Freon-11, R-11
1071:
1067:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1028:Dichloromethane
1020:
1016:
997:
993:
987:
972:
968:
950:
946:
928:
924:
871:
856:
848:
844:
812:
735:
726:
722:
714:
705:
701:
697:
693:
687:bromoperoxidase
674:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
631:
627:
623:
619:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
558:
554:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
470:
466:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
403:
399:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
311:
307:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
223:
219:
216:
212:
208:
204:
201:
197:
190:
184:
177:
170:
166:
162:
158:
123:
118:
105:
61:
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5191:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5128:
5127:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5038:
5036:Law by country
5033:
5027:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4858:Surface runoff
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4744:Eutrophication
4741:
4736:
4731:
4725:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4701:Scorched earth
4698:
4695:nuclear winter
4691:nuclear famine
4680:
4670:
4664:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4626:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4608:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4557:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4536:Uranium mining
4533:
4528:
4523:
4521:Surface mining
4518:
4513:
4503:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4472:Lead poisoning
4469:
4464:
4462:Chemical waste
4459:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4374:Bioremediation
4371:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4343:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4289:Bioremediation
4286:
4280:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4242:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:Transportation
4206:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4140:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4100:
4095:
4089:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3984:Global dimming
3981:
3976:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3955:Diesel exhaust
3947:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3857:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3834:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3802:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3780:Sulfinylamines
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3760:Phosphoramides
3757:
3755:Isothiocyanate
3751:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3675:
3673:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3631:Selenenic acid
3628:
3626:Seleninic acid
3623:
3621:Selenonic acid
3618:
3612:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3414:Phosphodiester
3405:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3275:
3273:
3264:
3260:(one element,
3244:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3151:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3137:Methylenedioxy
3134:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3063:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2918:
2916:
2914:(only C and H)
2906:
2905:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2875:
2866:
2865:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2364:Trisubstituted
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2114:
2106:
2101:
2089:
2084:
2077:
2076:External links
2074:
2071:
2070:
2048:
2030:
2027:on 2009-10-09.
1997:
1988:
1969:
1959:. Thomson Gale
1947:
1913:
1895:
1870:
1863:
1845:
1834:(3): 141–152.
1817:
1796:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1750:
1747:
1730:
1727:
1706:
1703:
1689:
1605:carbon dioxide
1595:largely banned
1587:concentrations
1583:chain reaction
1578:proceeds as a
1551:
1548:
1535:
1532:
1486:paint stripper
1480:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1450:Methyl iodide
1448:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:Dibromomethane
1297:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1000:
999:
995:
991:
989:
984:
981:
975:
974:
970:
966:
964:
962:
957:
953:
952:
948:
944:
942:
940:
937:
931:
930:
926:
922:
919:
916:
887:
883:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:Common/trivial
868:
855:
852:
846:
833:Kyoto Protocol
821:global warming
819:, which cause
811:
808:
804:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
781:
780:
770:
761:
755:
746:
734:
731:
724:
713:
710:
709:
708:
703:
699:
695:
673:
670:
666:
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:OH + HOCl → CH
649:
644:
643:
635:
634:
629:
625:
621:
616:
615:
607:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
556:
552:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
468:
464:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
401:
397:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
309:
304:
303:
299:
298:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
243:
239:
234:
233:
221:
214:
206:
199:
186:
179:
174:
173:
168:
164:
160:
155:
154:
122:
119:
117:
114:
104:
101:
59:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5190:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5125:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5097:
5089:
5080:
5076:
5066:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4912:
4909:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4879:
4878:Water quality
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4640:Traffic signs
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4565:Microplastics
4563:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4555:Nanomaterials
4553:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4495:
4494:Lead smelting
4492:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4314:Radioactivity
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4266:Noise control
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4014:Metal working
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3850:
3848:
3843:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3659:Telluroketone
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:Sulfonic acid
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3535:Sulfinic acid
3533:
3531:
3530:Thiosulfonate
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3520:Thiosulfinate
3518:
3516:
3515:Sulfenic acid
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3470:Phosphaallene
3468:
3466:
3465:Phosphaalkyne
3463:
3461:
3460:Phosphaalkene
3458:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3245:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:Ethylenedioxy
3130:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2891:
2889:
2884:
2882:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2815:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2782:
2780:
2773:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2752:
2750:
2740:
2738:
2731:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2690:
2688:
2681:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2659:
2657:
2650:
2648:
2641:
2639:
2632:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2611:
2609:
2599:
2597:
2590:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2561:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2499:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2469:
2467:
2460:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2403:
2401:
2394:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2336:
2334:
2324:
2322:
2315:
2313:
2306:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2276:
2274:
2267:
2265:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2249:Disubstituted
2246:
2240:
2233:
2231:
2224:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2206:
2204:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2170:Unsubstituted
2167:
2163:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1885:on 2006-06-15
1884:
1880:
1874:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1801:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1665:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1556:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1521:blowing agent
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1494:food industry
1491:
1487:
1476:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1252:Fluoromethane
1250:
1249:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1004:Chloromethane
1002:
1001:
992:
990:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
967:
965:
963:
961:
958:
955:
954:
945:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
923:
920:
917:
915:
913:
910:belonging to
909:
905:
901:
897:
891:
888:
885:
884:
880:
877:
874:
869:
866:
865:
859:
851:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
807:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
785:
784:
778:
774:
771:
769:
768:fluorocarbons
765:
762:
759:
756:
754:
750:
747:
744:
741:
740:
739:
730:
718:
692:
691:
690:
688:
684:
679:
678:biosynthesize
669:
646:
645:
641:
637:
636:
618:
617:
613:
609:
608:
587:
566:
553:
532:
519:
495:
478:
465:
444:
431:
411:
398:
385:
357:
336:
319:
306:
305:
301:
300:
278:
253:
242:OH + HCl → CH
236:
235:
231:
228:
227:
226:
195:
189:
183:
157:
156:
152:
148:
144:
143:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
113:
109:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
55:
51:
44:
40:
37:
32:
19:
18:Halon systems
5173:Refrigerants
5163:Halomethanes
4957:Point source
4899:Heavy metals
4873:Urban runoff
4853:Sulfur water
4831:Septic tanks
4677:Agent Orange
4531:Mining waste
4357:Manure waste
4187:Volcanic ash
4063:Black carbon
4019:Oil refining
4004:Particulates
3933:Construction
3804:
3797:
3711:Vinyl halide
3668:
3598:Borinic acid
3593:Boronic acid
3570:Thioxanthate
2910:Hydrocarbons
2162:Halomethanes
2161:
2065:the original
2060:
2051:
2033:
2022:the original
2013:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1972:
1961:. Retrieved
1950:
1933:
1929:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1887:. Retrieved
1883:the original
1873:
1854:
1848:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1765:Halogenation
1739:liver damage
1732:
1708:
1696:
1673:
1661:
1626:
1614:
1599:
1580:free radical
1565:
1560:Diefenbunker
1537:
1525:polyurethane
1498:decaffeinate
1482:
1474:
1471:Applications
1277:Bromomethane
903:
893:
857:
828:
824:
813:
805:
782:
772:
763:
757:
748:
742:
736:
719:
715:
675:
667:
437:+ 3 HF → CHF
404:+ 2 HF → CHF
391:+ HF → CHFCl
312:Cl + HF → CH
230:Halogenation
193:
187:
181:
175:
124:
110:
106:
49:
48:
4927:Area source
4836:Pit latrine
4759:Groundwater
4516:Gold mining
4511:Coal mining
4482:Toxic waste
4447:Green waste
4420:Brown waste
4403:Solid waste
3950:Exhaust gas
3775:Thiocyanate
3770:Sulfonamide
3735:Perchlorate
3723:Acyl halide
3684:Fluoroethyl
3565:Thionoester
3453:Phosphonium
3438:Phosphinate
3433:Phosphonous
3421:Phosphonate
3120:Hydroperoxy
2942:Cyclopropyl
1534:Propellants
1446:Iodomethane
1428:Freon 13T1
1405:Halon 1301
1382:Halon 1211
1357:Halon 1011
900:refrigerant
892:, Freon 10
827:(HFCs) and
624:+ HOCl → CH
576:+ 2 HF → CF
559:+ 4 HF → CF
525:+ 3 HF → CF
484:+ 2 HF → CF
471:+ HF → CFCl
346:+ 2 HF → CH
292:I + HPO(OH)
151:ultraviolet
133:, and from
127:natural gas
97:ozone layer
50:Halomethane
5137:Categories
5079:by country
5075:Categories
5013:Zero waste
4894:Pollutants
4848:Stagnation
4786:Monitoring
4754:Freshwater
4630:Air travel
4442:Food waste
4362:Pesticides
4352:Herbicides
4256:Industrial
4085:Biological
3945:Demolition
3938:Renovation
3921:Joss paper
3906:Combustion
3679:Haloalkane
3550:Thioketone
3505:Persulfide
3401:Phosphorus
3366:Isocyanate
3356:Isonitrile
3257:or oxygen
3255:hydrogen,
3251:not being
3232:Orthoester
3125:Dioxiranes
3103:Enol ether
2991:1-Propenyl
2122:in the USA
1963:2006-09-11
1889:2009-10-07
1771:References
1760:Haloalkane
1755:Halocarbon
1713:groups in
1698:Halon 1211
1680:fuel tanks
1634:(600
1628:Halon 1301
1610:Halon 1211
1601:Halon 1301
1513:flavorings
1511:and other
1177:Fluoroform
1058:Chloroform
698:+ 2 Cl + O
529:Cl + 3 HCl
454:+ HF → CHF
408:Cl + 2 HCl
288:+ P → 3 CH
263:+ S → 4 CH
211:and using
116:Production
4971:Responses
4942:Garbology
4868:Turbidity
4816:Oil spill
4749:Firewater
4650:Vandalism
4612:Satellite
4309:Poisoning
4304:Plutonium
4284:Actinides
4276:Radiation
4024:Wood dust
3886:Acid rain
3861:Pollution
3812:inorganic
3646:Tellurium
3560:Thioester
3525:Sulfoxide
3510:Disulfide
3498:Sulfonium
3448:Phosphine
3426:Phosphite
3409:Phosphate
3341:Carbamate
3316:Hydrazone
3249:element,
3247:Only one
3220:Anhydride
2959:Methylene
2863:compound.
1519:and as a
1492:. In the
1490:degreaser
1331:Bromoform
1202:Freon 31
908:trademark
775:—list of
766:—list of
751:—list of
706:Cl + 2 OH
672:In nature
542:+ HF → CF
333:FCl + HCl
329:+ HF → CH
259:OH + 3 Br
5059:Treaties
5031:Diseases
4843:Shipping
4739:Diseases
4587:Landfill
4262:Abstract
4259:Military
4192:Wildfire
4041:Smelting
4009:Asbestos
3793:See also
3728:Chloride
3654:Tellurol
3608:Selenium
3575:Xanthate
3289:Ammonium
3271:Nitrogen
3253:carbon,
3210:Carboxyl
3177:Aldehyde
3165:Acryloyl
3147:carbonyl
3051:hydrogen
3006:Cumulene
2670:C*BrClFI
2480:C*HBrClI
2414:C*HBrClF
2095:Archived
2041:Archived
1936:: 1–32.
1749:See also
1743:phosgene
1640:nitrogen
1540:aerosols
1479:Solvents
1158:HCFC-22
1064:Solvent
1037:Solvent
872:name(s)
284:OH + 3 I
171:Cl + HCl
135:halogens
131:methanol
65:hydrogen
39:molecule
5088:Commons
4863:Thermal
4764:Hypoxia
4548:Garbage
4319:Uranium
4170:Natural
4119:Digital
4051:Aerosol
4029:Welding
3916:Biomass
3911:Biofuel
3870:History
3817:organic
3616:Selenol
3540:Sulfone
3493:Sulfide
3391:NONOate
3386:Nitroso
3376:Nitrite
3371:Nitrate
3361:Cyanate
3351:Nitrile
3336:Amidine
3331:Imidate
3301:Nitrene
3296:Hydrazo
3284:Enamine
3215:Acetoxy
3203:carboxy
3170:Benzoyl
3108:Epoxide
3091:Methoxy
3081:Alcohol
3035:Carbene
2969:Methine
2433:C*HBrFI
2419:C*HClFI
1644:nozzles
1568:halogen
1259:HFC-41
1228:HFC-32
1181:HFC-23
1135:CFC-13
1109:CFC-12
1085:CFC-11
918:CFC-10
584:+ 2 HCl
563:+ 4 HCl
546:Cl + Cl
492:+ 2 HCl
441:+ 3 HCl
425:Cl + Cl
354:+ 2 HCl
316:F + HCl
275:+ 2 HBr
153:light):
149:(under
147:methane
139:halides
71:atoms (
69:halogen
54:methane
36:methane
5148:DuPont
4952:Midden
4932:Debris
4887:Topics
4826:Sewage
4779:debris
4774:Marine
4622:Visual
4506:Mining
4501:Litter
3994:Mining
3716:Iodide
3636:Selone
3480:Sulfur
3189:Ketone
3182:Ketene
3160:Acetyl
3115:Peroxy
3086:Alkoxy
3076:Acetal
3057:oxygen
3046:carbon
3030:Alkyne
3023:Benzyl
3018:Phenyl
3001:Allene
2996:Crotyl
2976:Alkene
2964:Bridge
2952:Pentyl
2937:Propyl
2927:Methyl
2861:Chiral
2793:CBrClI
2584:CBrClF
2454:CHBrCl
1983:US EPA
1908:US EPA
1861:
1729:Safety
1723:Teflon
1711:methyl
1544:asthma
1501:coffee
1488:and a
1388:CBrClF
986:PFC-14
912:DuPont
702:→ 2 CH
656:Cl + H
628:Cl + H
601:+ 2 Cl
296:+ 3 HI
267:Br + H
246:Cl + H
41:in 3D
5023:Lists
4962:Waste
4904:Paint
4721:Water
4604:Space
4245:Sonar
4240:Urban
4218:Water
4202:Noise
4177:Ozone
4144:Light
4075:Waste
3967:Smoke
3748:Other
3585:Boron
3555:Thial
3488:Thiol
3381:Nitro
3346:Imide
3326:Amide
3311:Oxime
3306:Imine
3279:Amine
3227:Ester
3194:Ynone
3098:Ether
3069:R-O-R
3044:Only
2986:Allyl
2981:Vinyl
2947:Butyl
2932:Ethyl
2922:Alkyl
2754:CBrCl
2725:CBrCl
2701:CBrFI
2675:CClFI
2643:CBrCl
2510:CHBrI
2485:CHClI
2388:CHBrF
2380:CHClF
2025:(PDF)
2010:(PDF)
1926:(PDF)
1664:VESDA
1576:flame
1574:in a
1528:foams
1164:CHClF
1155:R-22
904:Freon
896:Freon
875:Code
593:+ 2 F
550:+ HCl
475:+ HCl
462:+ HCl
421:→ CHF
395:+ HCl
83:, or
4937:Dust
4920:Misc
4339:Soil
4228:Rail
4214:Land
4058:Soot
4046:Smog
3962:Haze
3670:Halo
3155:Acyl
3055:and
3013:Aryl
2838:CBrI
2801:CClI
2613:CBrF
2592:CClF
2555:CBrF
2547:CClF
2501:CHBr
2493:CHBr
2471:CHBr
2462:CHCl
2446:CHCl
2438:CHFI
2424:CHBr
2405:CHCl
2312:BrCl
1859:ISBN
1737:and
1676:F-16
1649:SCBA
1620:and
1523:for
1509:hops
1503:and
1411:CBrF
1368:BrCl
1341:CHBr
1141:CClF
1068:CHCl
878:Use
749:HCFC
727:ClBr
694:2 CH
685:and
597:→ CF
580:+ Cl
513:+ Cl
505:→ CF
458:+ Cl
446:CHCl
433:CHCl
413:CHCl
400:CHCl
387:CHCl
379:+ Cl
371:→ CH
280:3 CH
255:4 CH
167:→ CH
163:+ Cl
5048:2.5
4660:War
4223:Air
3878:Air
3321:Azo
2826:CBr
2817:CBr
2809:CBr
2788:ClI
2784:CBr
2775:CBr
2763:CCl
2742:CBr
2733:CCl
2717:CCl
2709:CFI
2692:CBr
2683:CBr
2665:ClF
2661:CBr
2652:CCl
2634:CCl
2601:CBr
2572:CCl
2518:CHI
2396:CHF
2372:CHF
2342:BrI
2321:ClI
2282:BrF
2273:ClF
2109:EIA
1938:doi
1836:doi
1809:doi
1789:doi
1669:fog
1636:psi
1632:MPa
1505:tea
1215:ClF
1188:CHF
1115:CCl
1091:CCl
947:CBr
925:CCl
914:.)
773:PFC
758:HFC
743:CFC
589:CCl
572:+ F
568:CCl
555:CCl
538:+ F
534:CCl
521:CCl
501:+ F
497:CCl
480:CCl
467:CCl
450:+ F
417:+ F
367:+ F
220:CCl
137:or
129:or
5139::
5081:)
4693:-
4689:-
3053:,
3048:,
2859:*
2846:CI
2779:Cl
2746:Cl
2696:FI
2656:FI
2622:CF
2563:CF
2539:CF
2475:Cl
2347:CH
2338:CH
2330:Br
2326:CH
2317:CH
2308:CH
2300:Cl
2296:CH
2291:FI
2287:CH
2278:CH
2269:CH
2257:CH
2239:At
2235:CH
2226:CH
2221:Br
2217:CH
2212:Cl
2208:CH
2199:CH
2178:CH
2059:.
2016:.
2012:.
1981:.
1932:.
1928:.
1906:.
1832:31
1799:^
1779:^
1725:.
1688:CF
1530:.
1459:CH
1435:CF
1364:CH
1318:Br
1314:CH
1294:Br
1290:CH
1266:CH
1238:CH
1211:CH
1045:Cl
1041:CH
1021:Cl
1017:CH
994:CF
969:CI
845:CO
764:FC
723:CF
648:CH
620:CH
509:Cl
488:Cl
363:Cl
359:CH
342:Cl
338:CH
325:Cl
321:CH
308:CH
271:SO
238:CH
213:Cl
209:Cl
205:CH
198:CH
185:Cl
180:4−
178:CH
159:CH
99:.
81:Br
79:,
77:Cl
75:,
58:CH
34:A
5077:(
4697:)
4685:(
4679:)
4675:(
3853:e
3846:t
3839:v
2894:e
2887:t
2880:v
2848:4
2840:3
2832:2
2830:I
2828:2
2821:I
2819:3
2811:4
2803:3
2795:2
2786:2
2777:3
2769:2
2767:I
2765:2
2758:I
2756:2
2748:2
2744:2
2737:I
2735:3
2727:3
2719:4
2711:3
2703:2
2694:2
2687:F
2685:3
2677:2
2663:2
2654:2
2647:F
2645:2
2638:F
2636:3
2628:2
2626:I
2624:2
2617:I
2615:2
2607:2
2605:F
2603:2
2596:I
2594:2
2586:2
2578:2
2576:F
2574:2
2567:I
2565:3
2557:3
2549:3
2541:4
2520:3
2512:2
2505:I
2503:2
2495:3
2487:2
2473:2
2466:I
2464:2
2456:2
2448:3
2440:2
2428:F
2426:2
2409:F
2407:2
2400:I
2398:2
2390:2
2382:2
2374:3
2353:2
2351:I
2349:2
2340:2
2332:2
2328:2
2319:2
2310:2
2302:2
2298:2
2289:2
2280:2
2271:2
2263:2
2261:F
2259:2
2237:3
2230:I
2228:3
2219:3
2210:3
2203:F
2201:3
2180:4
2154:e
2147:t
2140:v
1985:.
1966:.
1944:.
1940::
1934:1
1892:.
1867:.
1842:.
1838::
1815:.
1811::
1791::
1692:I
1690:3
1686:(
1463:I
1461:3
1439:I
1437:3
1413:3
1390:2
1366:2
1343:3
1320:2
1316:2
1292:3
1270:F
1268:3
1244:2
1242:F
1240:2
1213:2
1190:3
1166:2
1143:3
1121:2
1119:F
1117:2
1095:F
1093:3
1070:3
1047:2
1043:2
1019:3
996:4
971:4
949:4
927:4
894:(
847:2
725:2
704:3
700:2
696:4
662:2
660:O
658:2
654:3
650:3
642:.
632:O
630:2
626:3
622:4
603:2
599:4
595:2
591:4
582:2
578:4
574:2
570:4
561:4
557:4
548:2
544:3
540:2
536:4
527:3
523:4
515:2
511:2
507:2
503:2
499:4
490:2
486:2
482:4
473:3
469:4
460:2
456:3
452:2
448:3
439:3
435:3
427:2
423:2
419:2
415:3
406:2
402:3
393:2
389:3
381:2
377:2
375:F
373:2
369:2
365:2
361:2
352:2
350:F
348:2
344:2
340:2
331:2
327:2
323:2
314:3
310:3
294:2
290:3
286:2
282:3
273:4
269:2
265:3
261:2
257:3
250:O
248:2
244:3
240:3
222:4
215:2
207:3
200:4
194:n
192:(
188:n
182:n
169:3
165:2
161:4
85:I
73:F
60:4
56:(
45:.
20:)
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