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base of the bill and about halfway across the breast. There is a large white shoulder patch and the flight feathers are barred with black and white, as is the tail. The underparts are white other than a scarlet lower belly and undertail. The bill is slate-black, the legs greenish-grey and the eye is deep red. Males have a crimson patch on the nape, which is absent from the otherwise similar females. Juvenile birds are less glossy than adults and have a brown tinge to their upperparts and dirty white underparts. Their markings are less well-defined than the adult's and the lower belly is pink rather than red. The crown of the juvenile's head is red, less extensively in young females than males.
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885:. Old holes are rarely re-used, although the same tree may be used for nesting for several years. The nest cavity is 25â35 cm (9.8â13.8 in) deep with an entrance hole 5â6 cm (2.0â2.4 in) wide. It is excavated by both sexes, the male doing most of the chiselling. As with other woodpeckers, the hole is unlined, although wood chips from the excavation may cover the base of the cavity.
1142:. Numbers have increased in Europe due to the planting of forests, which provides breeding habitat, and more available dead wood, and this species has profited from its flexibility with regard to types of woodland and its ability to thrive in proximity to humans. Harsh winters are a problem, and fragmentation of woodland can cause local difficulties. The Canary Islands populations of the subspecies
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The typical clutch is four to six glossy white eggs that measure 27 mm Ă 20 mm (1.06 in Ă 0.79 in) and weigh about 5.7 g (0.20 oz), of which 7% is shell. They are laid from mid-April to June, the later dates being for birds breeding in the north of the range or
758:
cones in the north of the range. Highland populations often descend to lower altitudes in winter. Juveniles also have a tendency to wander some distance from where they were hatched, often as far as 100â600 km (60â400 mi), sometimes up to 3,000 km (1,900 mi). Vagrants have reached
1034:
Fat-rich plant products such as nuts and conifer seeds are particularly important as winter food in the north of the woodpecker's range, and can then supply more than 30% of the bird's energy requirements. Other plant items consumed include buds, berries and tree sap, the latter obtained by drilling
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Both sexes drum, although the male does so much more often, mostly from mid-January until the young are fledged. The far-carrying drumming is faster than for any other woodpecker in its range at around 10â16 strikes per second, typically in one-second bursts, although repeated frequently. As
538:
An adult great spotted woodpecker is 20â24 cm (7.9â9.4 in) long, weighs 70â98 g (2.5â3.5 oz) and has a 34â39 cm (13â15 in) wingspan. The upperparts are glossy blue-black, with white on the sides of the face and neck. Black lines run from the shoulder to the nape, the
1126:
The total population for the great spotted woodpecker is estimated at 73.7â110.3 million individuals, with 35% of the population in Europe. The breeding range is estimated as 57.8 million square kilometres (22.3 million sq mi), and the population is considered overall to be large and
1050:
Easily accessible items are picked off the tree surface or from fissures in the bark, but larvae are extracted by chiselling holes up to 10 cm (3.9 in) deep and trapping the soft insect with the tongue, which can extend to 40 mm (1.6 in) beyond the bill, and is covered with
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is folded inwards, tensioned by a muscle that braces it against the shock of the impact when the bill is hammering on hard wood. The outer layer of the upper mandible is significantly longer than the more rigid lower mandible and absorbs much of the concussive force. Skeletal adaptations and
876:
Sexual maturity is attained at an age of one year; courtship behaviour commences in the following
December. The male has a fluttering flight display with shallow wingbeats and a spread tail. He calls in flight and may land at a prospective nest-site. The female may initiate mating and will
609:
Some other species in its genus are similar to the great spotted woodpecker. The Syrian woodpecker lacks its relative's black cheek bar and has whiter underparts and paler red underparts, although juvenile great spotted woodpeckers often have an incomplete cheek bar, so can potentially be
507:
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Mourer-ChauvirĂŠ, CĂŠcile; Philippe, Michel; Quinif, Yves; Chaline, Jean; Debard, Evelyne; GuĂŠrin, Claude; Hugueney, Margarite (2003). "Position of the palaeontological site Aven I des AbĂŽmes de La Fage, at
Noailles (Corrèze, France), in the European Pleistocene chronology".
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arrangement of the foot, with two toes facing forward and two back, and the stiff tail feathers that are used as a prop against the trunk. In most birds the bones of the tail diminish in size towards its end, but this does not occur in woodpeckers, and the final
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misidentified as Syrian. The white-winged woodpecker has a far more extensive white wing patch than the great spotted woodpecker. The Sind woodpecker is very similar to the Syrian species, and can be distinguished from great spotted woodpecker in the same way.
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As well as using holes for breeding, great spotted woodpeckers roost at night, and sometimes during the day, in old nest cavities, excavated by other woodpeckers. They will occasionally make a new roosting hole or use an artificial site such as a nest box.
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The hammering of woodpeckers when drumming or feeding creates great forces which are potentially damaging to the birds. In the great spotted woodpecker and most of its relatives, the hinge where the front of the skull connects with the upper
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The pair excavate a new hole at least 0.3 m (1 ft) above the ground and usually lower than 8 m (26 ft), although sometimes much higher. The chosen site is normally a tree, alive or dead, occasionally a utility pole or
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The species feeds at all levels of a tree, usually alone, but sometimes as a pair. It will use an "anvil" on which to hammer hard items, particularly pine, spruce, and larch cones, but also fruit, nuts, and hard-bodied insects.
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46:
682:, is mostly given in the display flight. Drumming on dead trees and branches, and sometimes suitable man-made structures, serves to maintain contact between paired adults and to advertise ownership of territory.
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Great spotted woodpeckers are strongly territorial, typically occupying areas of about 5 ha (12 acres) year-round, which are defended mainly by the male, a behaviour which attracts females. Pairs are
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Mcdevitt, Allan D; Kajtoch, Ĺukasz; Mazgajski, Tomasz D; Carden, Ruth F; Coscia, Ilaria; Osthoff, Christian; Coombes, Richard H; Wilson, Faith (2011). "The origins of Great
Spotted Woodpeckers
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to North
America. Great spotted woodpeckers chisel into trees to find food or excavate nest holes, and also drum for contact and territorial advertisement; like other woodpeckers, they have
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apparently stable or slightly increasing, especially in
Britain, where the population has recently overspilled into Ireland. For this reason the great spotted woodpecker is evaluated as a
904:, the former often due to parasites or diseases that weaken the tree's core. It is not certain how suitable trees are selected, although it may be by drumming, since woods with differing
499:. It is sometimes treated as a distinct species, but did not differ significantly from the extant great spotted woodpecker, whose European subspecies are probably its direct descendants.
723:
to Japan, and in North Africa from
Morocco to Tunisia; it is absent only from those areas too cold or dry to have suitable woodland habitat. It is found in a wide variety of woodlands,
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in 20â23 days from hatching. Each parent then takes responsibility for feeding part of the brood for about ten days, during which time they normally remain close to the nest tree.
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The great spotted woodpecker spends much of its time climbing trees, and has adaptations to this lifestyle, many of which are shared by other woodpecker species. These include the
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Winkler, Hans; Christie, David A; Kirwan, Guy M (2020). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Great
Spotted Woodpecker (
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feathers. This moult to near-adult plumage starts from late May to early August and finishes from mid-September to late
November, timing varying with latitude as with the adults.
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Breeding densities have been recorded as between 0.1 and 6.6 pairs/10 ha (0.04â2.7 pairs/10 acres), with the greatest densities in mature forest growing on
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late as the early twentieth century it was thought that the drumming might be a vocalisation, and it was not until 1943 that it was finally proved to be purely mechanical.
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with pied black and white plumage and a red patch on the lower belly. Males and young birds also have red markings on the neck or head. This species is found across the
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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
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from inside trees or eggs and chicks of other birds from their nests. It breeds in holes excavated in living or dead trees, unlined apart from wood chips. The typical
967:
There is only one brood per year. The survival rates for adults and young are unknown, as is the average lifespan, but the maximum known age is just over 11 years.
606:, have brownish heads and underparts, and often some red on the breast. Both races have increasingly dark underparts towards the south of their respective ranges.
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309:, some of which are distinctive enough to be potential new species. It has a huge range and large population, with no widespread threats, so it is classed as a
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at altitude. The eggs are incubated by either adult during the day and by the male at night, for 10â12 days before hatching. Both birds brood and feed the
790:
in 2007. Its expansion in range is continuing, with breeding proven or suspected in at least 10 counties by 2013, with the main concentration in Down and
1027:, may be raided for their eggs and chicks; nest boxes may be similarly attacked, holes being pecked to admit entrance by the woodpecker where necessary.
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The various subspecies differ in plumage, the general pattern being that northern forms are larger, heavier-billed and whiter beneath, as predicted by
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crop fails. Some individuals have a tendency to wander, leading to the recolonisation of
Ireland in the first decade of the 21st century and to
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is pale below with red in the centre of its breast, and birds breeding at higher altitudes are larger and darker than those lower in the hills.
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This woodpecker occurs in all types of woodlands and eats a variety of foods, being capable of extracting seeds from pine cones, insect
518:
1580:
Handbook of the birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the
Western Palearctic. Volume 4: Terns to Woodpeckers
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within the Picinae is Melanerpini, the pied woodpeckers, a group which includes the great spotted woodpecker. Within the genus
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1989:
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is four to six glossy white eggs. Both parents incubate the eggs, feed the chicks, and keep the nest clean. When the young
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Fahy, K (on behalf of the Irish Rare Birds Committee) (2014). "Report of the Irish Rare Breeding Birds Panel 2013".
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starts late May or June and finishes as early as August. Juveniles have a partial moult, retaining some of the wing
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to which it is attached has long flexible "horns" that wind around the skull and can move forward when required.
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are earlier, commencing in early June to mid-July and completing in mid-September to late October, and southern
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they are fed by the adults for about ten days, each parent taking responsibility for feeding part of the brood.
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in the seventeenth century, but the island has been naturally recolonised, with the first proven nesting in
634:, England. Juveniles can be distinguished from adults by their red crown, which is more pronounced in males.
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McComb, A M G; Kernohan, R; Mawhirt, P; Robinson, B; Weir, J; Wells, B (2010). "Great spotted woodpecker (
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Recognised subspecies vary by author from as few as 14 to nearly 30. This is largely because changes are
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evidence shows the birds to be of British, rather than Scandinavian, ancestry, with the populations in
618:
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starts its moult from mid-June to late July and finishes in October or November, temperate races like
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adaptations to manage the physical stresses from the hammering action. This species is similar to the
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in Algeria and Tunisia is very distinctive, with a breast band of red-tipped black feathers. Caspian
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in the Canary Islands are similar to the Iberian race but have contrasting white flanks. In Morocco,
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having separate origins. The great spotted woodpecker was also found to have been nesting in the
363:
1793:
Morris, Neil G; Sharpe, Christopher (2021). "Birds of Conservation Concern in the Isle of Man".
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strengthening also help to absorb the shock, and narrow nostrils protect against flying debris.
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including adult beetles, ants and spiders. The bird also digs for Lepidoptera larvae like
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occasionally mount the male, this reverse mounting typically preceding normal copulation.
8:
1028:
870:
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58:
1911:
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Matsuoka, Shigeru (2008). "Wood hardness in nest trees of the Great Spotted Woodpecker
1930:
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of Japan has less white on its shoulders but more in its wings. The two Chinese forms,
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The species is closely related to some other members of its genus. It has a number of
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Predation in Vertebrate Communities: The Bialowieza Primeval Forest as a Case Study
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hunt the great spotted woodpecker. This woodpecker is a host of the blood-feeding
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to trap the prey. The woodpecker is able to extend its tongue so far because the
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and Iceland, and there are several sightings from North America in at least the
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268:
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Shakya, Subir B; Fuchs, JĂŠrĂ´me; Pons, Jean-Marc; Sheldon, Frederick H (2017).
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during the breeding period, but often change partners before the next season.
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1896:"Why do woodpeckers resist head impact injury: a biomechanical investigation"
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916:. A Japanese study found nests in trees from many families; these included
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face a potential threat from the exploitation of the local pine forests.
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The great spotted woodpecker is mainly resident year-round, but sizeable
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1879:
495:(250,000 to 300,000 years ago) when it was found in Europe south of the
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2800:
2753:
2662:
2058:"Comparative nesting ecology of the three British breeding woodpeckers"
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may all merit full species status. Despite its distinctive appearance,
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155:
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and domestic scraps. The nests of other cavity-nesting birds, such as
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after the breeding season which takes about 120 days. Northern
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Ageing and sexing by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
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and carrion may be eaten, and bird feeders are visited for seeds,
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2507:
2194:"How often do great spotted woodpeckers eat other birds' chicks?"
1274:(in Latin). Vol. 1. Holmiae : Laurentii Salvii. p. 114.
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are an ancient bird family consisting of three subfamilies, the
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including parts of North Africa. Across most of its range it is
2273:
2272:
1894:
Wang, L; Cheung, J T-M; Pu, F; Li, D; Zhang, M; Fan, Y (2011).
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The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes)
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Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the great spotted woodpecker
1553:. Helm Field Guides. London: Christopher Helm. p. 214.
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Gorman, Gerard (2020). "Reverse mounting by three European
1164:
1109:. The great spotted woodpecker is the favoured host of the
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or mixed, and in modified habitats like parks, gardens and
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is small, relatively long-billed and has brown underparts.
527:
135:
2299:"Acute Fatal Toxoplasmosis in a Great Spotted Woodpecker (
2248:
Jedrzejewska, Bogumila; Jedrzejewski, Wlodzimierz (1998).
1721:): proof of breeding in Tollymore Forest Park, Co. Down".
1832:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 74â79.
1080:
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Large trees provide habitat for excavating feeding holes.
350:
the great spotted woodpecker's closest relatives are the
2247:
1855:"Woodpecker pecking: how woodpeckers avoid brain injury"
1433:. Vol. Part 1: Europe. Prague: Ninox. p. 150.
782:
Due to deforestation, this woodpecker was extirpated in
2219:
New Generation Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe
2123:
10.2326/1347-0558(2008)7[59:WHINTO]2.0.CO;2
2383:. Helm Photographic Guides. London: Christopher Helm.
2215:
Perrins, Christopher; Attenborough, Sir David (1987).
1582:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 856â873 .
1294:(in German). Vol. 1. NĂźrnberg: Stein. p. 72.
1226:"Tapping the woodpecker tree for evolutionary insight"
1223:
1177:
1618:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 993â996.
1523:
Birds of Europe with North Africa and the Middle East
1374:
2354:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 68.
2279:
Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos. A study of bird parasites
1666:
670:
The call of the great spotted woodpecker is a sharp
370:. The great spotted woodpecker has been recorded as
2214:
1766:colonizing Ireland revealed by mitochondrial DNA".
839:, is very large to anchor the strong tail muscles.
1614:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M, eds. (1998).
2296:
2009:
1671:. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. 306â307.
1203:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22681124A87323054.en
574:are somewhat smaller and have darker underparts.
2887:
2349:
2178:Vogrin, M., 2002. Breeding birds in hop fields.
960:naked chicks and keep the nest clean. The young
638:Adult great spotted woodpeckers have a complete
1696:. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 113â114.
1383:. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
822:Skull showing tongue and supporting structures.
1893:
1475:
1031:colonies can be destroyed in repeated visits.
678:if the bird is disturbed. The courtship call,
377:The great spotted woodpecker was described by
315:International Union for Conservation of Nature
2223:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p.
1548:
1088:, and its internal parasites may include the
674:, which may be repeated as a wooden rattling
2098:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1792:
1309:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1099:also occur, including the potentially fatal
271:, but in the north some will migrate if the
2350:Combes, Claude; Simberloff, Daniel (2008).
2055:
1757:
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2297:Jokelainen, Pikka; Vikøren, Turid (2014).
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1643:. London: A & C Black. p. 284.
1549:Porter, Richard; Aspinal, Simon (2010).
1520:
1417:
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735:groves. It occurs from sea level to the
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617:
554:are large and strikingly white, whereas
517:
506:
42:
1511:
1304:
719:The species ranges across Eurasia from
439:with many intermediate forms. However,
2888:
2428:Feathers of great spotted woodpecker (
2343:
2252:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 252â254.
2241:
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1979:
1973:
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1525:. London: A&C Black. p. 346.
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896:Trees chosen for nest holes have soft
750:can occur when there are shortages of
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2447:
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2010:Michalek, K G; Miettinen, J (2003). "
1814:
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1667:Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005).
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1313:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
1230:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1217:
1001:from trees and also takes many other
471:appears to be closely related to the
392:. It was moved to its current genus,
2873:4D5A7A19-857C-4FA4-8E9E-F2CD4F1F2601
2650:63e50911-aa07-4e9f-b255-61ce85bb70a5
2290:
2266:
2056:Glue, David E; Boswell, Tim (1994).
2049:
1887:
1739:
1284:
1035:rings of holes around a tree trunk.
2896:IUCN Red List least concern species
2137:
1984:. London: New Holland. p. 77.
1955:"Does the Great Spotted Woodpecker
1946:
1710:
1596:
1539:
1467:: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (
1258:
1189:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
810:from 2009, and breeding from 2010.
50:Drumming recorded in Devon, England
13:
1497:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2003.tb01232.x
1331:
1298:
14:
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2282:. New York: Macmillan. pp.
1871:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00166.x
1853:Gibson, L J (23 February 2006).
990:The great spotted woodpecker is
912:may transmit sound at different
92:
2185:
2172:
2160:. British Trust for Ornithology
1291:System der baierischen Zoologie
1178:BirdLife International (2016).
2372:
1278:
502:
1:
1574:Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1985). "
986:Male and female feeding young
658:but replacing body, tail and
430:
2307:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
2071:(6): 253â269. Archived from
1953:Mazgajski, Tomasz D (2002).
1921:10.1371/journal.pone.0026490
1780:10.1080/00063657.2011.582619
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813:
374:with the Syrian woodpecker.
7:
2916:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2398:
2352:The Art of Being a Parasite
2014:Great Spotted Woodpecker".
1959:select holes for roosting?"
1828:van Grouw, Katrina (2012).
1578:Great Spotted Woodpecker".
1427:Cenozoic Birds of the World
1243:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.09.005
1093:Prosthorhynchus transversus
855:
416:, "striking". The specific
396:, by the German naturalist
320:
40:Dendrocopos major pinetorum
10:
2932:
2192:Tom Waters (2 June 2011).
2150:"Great Spotted Woodpecker
1723:Irish Naturalists' Journal
1414:Gorman (2014) pp. 265â267.
970:
952:were rarely if ever used.
449:Dendrocopos major poelzami
340:. The largest of the five
336:and the true woodpeckers,
2816:
2456:
2405:Lesser spotted woodpecker
2154:[Linnaeus, 1758]"
1963:Polish Journal of Ecology
1305:Jobling, James A (2010).
1121:
233:
226:
217:
194:
187:
89:Scientific classification
87:
65:
56:
37:
28:
24:Great spotted woodpecker
23:
2381:Woodpeckers of the World
2276:; Clay, Theresa (1957).
2095:Gorman (2014) pp. 20â22.
1551:Birds of the Middle East
1424:MlĂkovskĂ˝, JirĂ (2002).
1196:: e.T22681124A87323054.
1129:species of least concern
1042:Scavenging on a dead pig
707:Distribution and habitat
665:
613:
404:is a combination of the
400:in 1816. The genus name
364:white-winged woodpeckers
311:species of least concern
251:great spotted woodpecker
2911:Birds described in 1758
2379:Gorman, Gerard (2014).
1980:Burton, Robert (2006).
1692:D'Arcy, Gordon (1999).
1521:Johnsson, Lars (1992).
1063:Predators and parasites
950:prickly castor-oil tree
513:Dendrocopos major major
443:data suggests that the
2111:Ornithological Science
1043:
987:
893:
865:
823:
716:
699:
635:
535:
515:
51:
1982:Garden Bird Behaviour
1639:Brazil, Mark (2009).
1389:10.2173/bow.grswoo.01
1041:
985:
926:Japanese hop-hornbeam
891:
864:Female feeding chick.
863:
821:
714:
697:
621:
521:
510:
381:in his landmark 1758
368:Darjeeling woodpecker
49:
2645:Fauna Europaea (new)
1830:The Unfeathered Bird
1811:Gorman (2014) p. 18.
1694:Ireland's Lost Birds
1073:Eurasian sparrowhawk
1051:bristles and sticky
922:Japanese white birch
546:, so north Eurasian
259:) is a medium-sized
2320:10.7589/2013-03-057
1912:2011PLoSO...626490W
930:Japanese tree lilac
552:D. m. kamtschaticus
522:A juvenile male is
473:nominate subspecies
240:Linnaeus, 1758
59:Conservation status
2437:2018-03-04 at the
2274:Rothschild, Miriam
2152:Dendrocopos major
1859:Journal of Zoology
1641:Birds of East Asia
1381:Birds of the World
1115:Anomotaenia brevis
1044:
988:
894:
866:
824:
717:
700:
636:
536:
516:
490:Middle Pleistocene
52:
2883:
2882:
2806:Dendrocopos-major
2762:Open Tree of Life
2488:Dendrocopos major
2458:Dendrocopos major
2450:Taxon identifiers
2430:Dendrocopos major
2390:978-1-4081-4715-3
2361:978-0-226-11429-3
2301:Dendrocopos major
2259:978-3-540-64138-4
2234:978-0-292-75532-1
2107:Dendrocopos major
2012:Dendrocopos major
1991:978-1-84537-597-3
1957:Dendrocopos major
1839:978-0-691-15134-2
1764:Dendrocopos major
1719:Dendrocopos major
1703:978-1-85182-529-5
1678:978-0-7011-6907-7
1650:978-0-7136-7040-0
1625:978-0-19-854099-1
1589:978-0-19-857507-8
1576:Dendrocopos major
1560:978-0-7136-7602-0
1532:978-0-7136-8096-6
1440:978-80-901105-3-3
1379:), version 1.0".
1377:Dendrocopos major
1324:978-1-4081-2501-4
1286:Koch, Carl Ludwig
1182:Dendrocopos major
1144:D. m. canariensis
1102:Toxoplasma gondii
1090:spiny-headed worm
1085:Carnus hemapterus
1008:Acronicta rumicis
983:
695:
604:D. m. stresemanni
576:D. m. canariensis
488:lived during the
483:fossil subspecies
461:D. m. canariensis
441:mitochondrial DNA
285:Syrian woodpecker
256:Dendrocopos major
247:
246:
198:Dendrocopos major
82:
47:
2923:
2906:Birds of Eurasia
2876:
2875:
2863:
2862:
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2837:
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2795:
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2728:NHMSYS0000530331
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2158:BTOWeb BirdFacts
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1669:Birds Britannica
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1449:
1443:. Archived from
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1214:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1175:
1146:on Tenerife and
1077:northern goshawk
984:
942:Sargent's cherry
804:Northern Ireland
773:Pribilof Islands
769:Aleutian Islands
696:
652:D. m. hispanicus
584:D. m. mauritanus
556:D. m. hispanicus
398:Carl Ludwig Koch
383:10th edition of
241:
222:
200:
97:
96:
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71:
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33:
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2749:Observation.org
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2534:
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2511:
2506:
2500:
2495:
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2485:
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2471:
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2465:
2452:
2439:Wayback Machine
2413:
2401:
2391:
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2235:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2190:
2186:
2182:, 12, pp.92â94.
2177:
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2161:
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2147:
2138:
2103:
2099:
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2081:
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1206:
1176:
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1160:
1124:
1105:, which causes
1065:
975:
973:
906:elastic modulus
858:
816:
709:
685:
668:
648:D. m. pinetorum
616:
596:D. m. japonicus
544:Bergmann's rule
505:
493:Riss glaciation
453:D. m. japonicus
433:
385:Systema Naturae
323:
239:
213:
202:
196:
183:
91:
83:
72:
68:
61:
43:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
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2632:Fauna Europaea
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2411:External links
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2037:woodpeckers".
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1945:
1906:(10): e26490.
1886:
1865:(3): 462â465.
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1266:Linnaeus, Carl
1257:
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1148:D. m. thanneri
1123:
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938:Japanese larch
857:
854:
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792:County Wicklow
708:
705:
667:
664:
622:Juvenile male
615:
612:
600:D. m. cabanisi
592:D. m. poelzami
580:D. m. thanneri
564:D. m. harterti
504:
501:
486:D. m. submajor
469:Canary Islands
457:D. m. cabanisi
432:
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412:, "tree", and
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2092:
2078:on 2017-02-11
2074:
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2065:British Birds
2059:
2052:
2045:(3): 180â181.
2044:
2040:
2039:British Birds
2036:
2029:
2022:(2): 101â184.
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2017:
2013:
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2004:
2002:
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1795:British Birds
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1450:on 2011-05-20
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179:
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166:
39:
18:
2901:Dendrocopos
2818:Picus major
2671:iNaturalist
2482:Wikispecies
2373:Cited texts
2286:, 189, 222.
2035:Dendrocopus
1742:Irish Birds
1236:: 182â191.
1209:19 November
1013:Crustaceans
808:Isle of Man
788:County Down
644:D. m. major
624:D. m. major
548:D. m. major
503:Description
476:D. m. major
451:, Japanese
445:Caspian Sea
402:Dendrocopos
394:Dendrocopos
390:Picus major
372:hybridising
347:Dendrocopos
326:Woodpeckers
237:Picus major
167:Dendrocopos
38:Adult male
2890:Categories
2833:Q106447816
2801:Xeno-canto
2164:19 January
2082:2017-02-10
2016:BWP Update
1768:Bird Study
1454:2008-12-18
1097:Protozoans
1057:hyoid bone
994:. It digs
992:omnivorous
918:grey alder
900:and tough
871:monogamous
828:zygodactyl
729:coniferous
676:krrarraarr
628:Maidenhead
431:Subspecies
307:subspecies
281:anatomical
265:Palearctic
261:woodpecker
146:Piciformes
1505:129833747
1463:cite book
1397:226025386
1158:Citations
1067:Woodland
958:altricial
898:heartwood
837:pygostyle
814:Behaviour
765:Hong Kong
748:movements
737:tree line
725:broadleaf
632:Berkshire
528:pine tree
497:ice sheet
447:region's
352:Himalayan
174:Species:
112:Kingdom:
106:Eukaryota
2827:Wikidata
2715:22681124
2689:11115840
2536:22681124
2531:BirdLife
2520:BioLib:
2467:Wikidata
2435:Archived
2399:See also
2337:23115642
2329:24171576
2131:86316071
1940:22046293
1900:PLOS ONE
1748:: 68â69.
1729:: 66â67.
1288:(1816).
1268:(1758).
1252:28890006
1140:alluvium
1111:tapeworm
1075:and the
1017:molluscs
883:nest box
856:Breeding
845:mandible
833:vertebra
698:Drumming
572:Sardinia
524:foraging
465:Tenerife
420:is from
410:dendron
366:and the
334:piculets
330:wrynecks
321:Taxonomy
317:(IUCN).
277:vagrancy
269:resident
228:Synonyms
206:Linnaeus
152:Family:
126:Chordata
122:Phylum:
116:Animalia
102:Domain:
79:IUCN 3.1
2868:ZooBank
2860:1459906
2847:4408646
2793:1459903
2663:2477968
2572:bob8760
2508:Avibase
2200:7 April
1931:3202538
1908:Bibcode
1317:, 238.
1131:by the
971:Feeding
934:willows
910:density
902:sapwood
800:Ireland
796:Genetic
784:Ireland
721:Ireland
660:primary
656:coverts
568:Corsica
511:Female
467:in the
338:Picinae
313:by the
162:Genus:
156:Picidae
142:Order:
132:Class:
77: (
2767:348848
2741:137523
2702:554048
2619:EURING
2611:DENPMA
2598:grswoo
2559:grswoo
2501:grspwo
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1485:Boreas
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1250:
1122:Status
1053:saliva
999:larvae
996:beetle
962:fledge
944:. The
914:speeds
835:, the
777:Alaska
756:spruce
560:Iberia
437:clinal
408:words
360:Syrian
342:tribes
332:, the
300:fledge
296:clutch
292:larvae
2855:WoRMS
2788:WoRMS
2684:IRMNG
2676:17871
2637:97099
2593:eBird
2585:6CJDB
2556:BOW:
2549:52577
2333:S2CID
2127:S2CID
2076:(PDF)
2061:(PDF)
1501:S2CID
1448:(PDF)
1431:(PDF)
1393:S2CID
733:olive
666:Voice
640:moult
614:Moult
532:Ystad
526:on a
463:from
425:maior
422:Latin
418:major
414:kopos
406:Greek
2842:GBIF
2780:5832
2736:NCBI
2710:IUCN
2697:ITIS
2658:GBIF
2624:8760
2606:EPPO
2544:BOLD
2523:8794
2385:ISBN
2356:ISBN
2325:PMID
2254:ISBN
2229:ISBN
2202:2017
2166:2016
1986:ISBN
1936:PMID
1834:ISBN
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1645:ISBN
1620:ISBN
1584:ISBN
1555:ISBN
1527:ISBN
1469:link
1435:ISBN
1319:ISBN
1248:PMID
1211:2021
1194:2016
1133:IUCN
1025:tits
1021:suet
948:and
940:and
908:and
802:and
775:and
759:the
754:and
752:pine
680:gwig
602:and
578:and
570:and
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550:and
481:The
356:Sind
249:The
210:1758
136:Aves
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2754:109
2723:NBN
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2567:BTO
2497:ABA
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