20:
144:
1315:
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28:
1301:
1642:
meaning extra large) are coalitions that include more parties than mathematically necessary for a majority. However, generally the parties are reluctant to join coalitions where they are not mathematically needed towards a majority. ĂśbergroĂź coalitions are usually formed in times of crisis, or when
1550:
There are two two-party coalitions usually preferred for reasons of ideological proximity; the center-right black/yellow coalition (CDU/CSU and FDP) and the center-left red/green coalition (SPD and
Alliance 90/The Greens). A third type of two-party-coalition, which occurs especially after
1538:
was included in the government for the first three years of its existence, and the government was not a fully single-faction cabinet until those ministers joined the CDU in July 1960. In the states, too, single-party governments have been quite rare, with the exception of the
1526:
has emerged with two major parties (CDU/CSU and SPD) and a number of smaller parties that are nevertheless frequently represented in parliaments (Alliance 90/The Greens, FDP, The Left, AfD), single-party governments with absolute majorities are quite rare.
1681:
met to elect a minister president, he unexpectedly failed to get elected on the first ballot, falling just one vote short, which was attributed to right-wing dissent within his party. On the second ballot, he was elected.
1965:(including the AfD's light blue), was coined in 2013. Other coalitions involving the AfD are considered even more unlikely due to lack of parliamentary majority, ideological differences and the cordon sanitaire.
1960:
elected in 2021, but was not seriously discussed publicly by either media or politicians. Such a coalition does not have a common nickname, but the term "Bahamas coalition", in reference to the colors of the
1665:
Alternatively, an ĂĽbergroĂź coalition may be created to avoid problems stemming from an undisciplined parliamentary groups, where too narrow a majority carries a strong risk of failure. For example, in
2322:
2000:, comprising the main pro-democratic parties at the time: the Social Democratic Party (SPD), the German Centre Party (DZP), the German Democratic Party (DDP), and the German People's Party (DVP).
616:
611:
606:
2238:
2292:
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At the federal level, a single-party government has occurred only once so far: Between 1957 and 1961, the CDU/CSU held an absolute majority in the
Bundestag and was able to govern alone (
2137:
1956:) all other parties have established against the AfD, hypothetical coalitions involving the AfD are rarely discussed. A coalition of CDU/CSU, AfD and FDP would have a majority in the
1650:
is needed, such as for making constitutional amendments. For this reason, they were common during the early days of the
Federal Republic. At the federal level they were formed twice (
1555:
of the two larger parties CDU/CSU and SPD. Such coalitions are rare due to the ideological difference between the two, but have become more common in the 21st century, with three of
1522:
Since the founding of the
Federal Republic of Germany in 1949, the country has traditionally used proportional representation both at the federal level and in the states. Because a
2003:
1601:
2070:
1133:
1635:
1388:
are often associated with particular colors, coalitions are frequently given nicknames based on the colors included. Prominent political parties in
Germany are the
1784:
1733:
1654:, where CDU/CSU came just one seat short of majority and could have formed a coalition with just one party, but chose to form a coalition with three (FDP, DP and
1713:
1143:
329:
2174:
1694:
2314:
1919:
1128:
1088:
400:
1830:
2259:
2230:
1283:
1002:
997:
992:
867:
862:
1559:'s four governments being grand coalitions. Parties frequently make statements ahead of elections about which coalitions they categorically reject.
1273:
2100:
2284:
2205:
1543:, where the CSU has many times been able to achieve absolute majorities in state elections. As of January 2024, only one of 16 German states,
1355:
155:
2121:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1490:
1443:
857:
732:
457:
1462:
1953:
737:
2062:
1469:
1569:, counted as a single party). However, in the 2010s coalitions at the state level increasingly included three parties, often the
167:
1597:
1581:
and Greens. As of 2017, the Greens have joined governments on the state level in ten coalitions in seven various combinations.
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In
Germany, coalitions rarely consist of more than two parties (CDU and CSU, two allies which on federal level always form the
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
378:
73:
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following the 1970 elections, where the SPD alone held a 10-seat majority, but still chose to go into coalition with the FDP.
1328:
1658:; and the aforementioned Adenauer III). At the state level, the last time until 2021 that such a coalition was formed was in
1589:
1258:
1222:
847:
827:
32:
1476:
1385:
1186:
572:
537:
1191:
421:
1574:
1458:
1393:
1113:
1108:
852:
240:
203:
55:
1997:
1670:
1509:
1348:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
842:
712:
707:
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697:
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682:
677:
590:
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508:
223:
2158:
1267:
1118:
822:
307:
1068:
1877:
1570:
1409:
82:
1985:
1757:
1447:
1217:
1138:
312:
228:
1717:
2355:
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1800:
1620:
1341:
1245:
1201:
1176:
1157:
972:
967:
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832:
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797:
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787:
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777:
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757:
752:
747:
552:
483:
443:
360:
36:
1943:
1196:
1181:
742:
532:
1483:
1977:
1973:
1737:
448:
249:
2092:
1788:
1815:
1772:
598:
499:
490:
2196:
1892:
1678:
1103:
373:
282:
1384:, rather than single-party governments, are the usually expected outcome of a German election. As
408:
1904:
1651:
1436:
1405:
1263:
1083:
199:
172:
100:
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took power in
Germany, the first time a three-party coalition had formed at the federal level.
1531:
1397:
542:
261:
109:
64:
1604:, or Gambia coalition because these parties' colors (including the SSW's dark blue) match the
1865:
1698:
1278:
1249:
336:
1981:
1923:
1838:
1834:
1381:
1123:
624:
523:
474:
393:
388:
383:
351:
320:
191:
8:
1962:
1853:
1535:
1373:
1369:
1093:
1073:
129:
1605:
1585:
1523:
1401:
1078:
270:
46:
19:
1600:(SSW). In state politics, a coalition between the SPD, Greens, and SSW, is called the
2166:
2129:
1969:
1968:
An hypothetical coalition involving the AfD and CDU would have had a majority in the
1753:
1098:
431:
2204:. Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung European Union and Green European Foundation. p. 19.
1613:
467:
1674:
1608:. Such a coalition was in power between 2012 and 2017, led by minister president
1552:
1319:
1227:
1673:, a grand coalition would have held a one-seat majority, but Minister President
1957:
1624:
1305:
275:
2344:
2170:
2133:
1666:
1647:
1609:
1556:
257:
1573:, Greens and one of the major parties, or "red-red-green" coalitions of the
1677:(CDU) also chose to include the FDP and form a Germany coalition. When the
1593:
2260:"Haseloff als Ministerpräsident von Sachsen-Anhalt wiedergewählt | MDR.DE"
2006:, with information on which parties are included in each state government.
143:
236:
2315:""Bahamas-Koalition": Opposition wittert BĂĽndnis zwischen Union und AfD"
1314:
1450: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1721:
1578:
1377:
301:
1425:
1544:
27:
1659:
1563:
1540:
1404:(red, or alternatively magenta to distinguish from the SPD), the
1389:
91:
2023:(60 seats needed for a majority, CDU 45, AfD 38. Total 83 seats)
2004:
List of current heads of government of the German federal states
2122:"German voters face a bewildering array of possible coalitions"
2063:"Factbox: German "traffic light" coalition seen as most likely"
2041:(45 seats needed for a majority, AfD 32, CDU 23. Total 55 seats
2032:(61 seats needed for a majority, CDU 41, AfD 40. Total 81 seats
1740:) (or liberal-conservative, Christian-liberal, center-right or
1655:
1566:
1547:, has a single-party government, consisting solely of the SPD.
2285:"Bundestagswahl: Das Gespenst einer Bahamas-Koalition geht um"
1988:. However the CDU rejected this due to the cordon sanitaire.
2198:
German Greens in
Coalition Governments. A Political Analysis
1643:
the coalition parties deem it necessary for other reasons.
2093:"What are the coalition options after Germany's election?"
1818:(or Afghanistan coalition) (CDU/CSU, SPD, and Greens)
1623:, a traffic light coalition (SPD, FDP, and Greens)
23:Composition of German states' governing coalitions
1376:rarely wins an absolute majority of seats in the
2342:
1349:
1947:
2228:
2194:
1619:In December 2021, following the September
1356:
1342:
1646:Such a coalition may be assembled when a
1510:Learn how and when to remove this message
1685:
625:Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949)
26:
18:
16:Potential governing alliances in Germany
2159:"The many colours of German coalitions"
122:This article is part of a series on the
39:. From left to right, the parties are:
2343:
2090:
1630:
1551:inconclusive election results, is the
2325:from the original on 8 December 2021
2295:from the original on 8 December 2021
1448:adding citations to reliable sources
1419:
1598:South Schleswig Voters' Association
13:
2229:Hauptmeier, Carsten (2021-11-25).
1370:Germany's federal electoral system
142:
14:
2367:
2231:"First ever three-party alliance"
1998:Great Coalition (Weimar Republic)
1926:) (CDU/CSU, SPD, FDP and Greens)
1724:coalition) (CDU/CSU and Greens)
1424:
1313:
1299:
2241:from the original on 2022-01-24
2211:from the original on 2021-08-28
2177:from the original on 2021-09-28
2140:from the original on 2021-09-28
2103:from the original on 2021-09-27
2073:from the original on 2021-09-28
2035:
2026:
2017:
1435:needs additional citations for
2307:
2277:
2252:
2222:
2188:
2151:
2114:
2091:Gehrke, Laurenz (2021-09-27).
2084:
2055:
1218:Politics of the European Union
1:
2048:
1744:coalition) (CDU/CSU and FDP)
1690:Possible coalitions include:
1616:serving as justice minister.
37:2021 German federal elections
1459:"German governing coalition"
1169:Foreign relations by country
361:Federal Constitutional Court
168:Federal Constitutional Court
7:
1991:
1803:(CDU/CSU, FDP, and Greens)
573:Weimar Republic (1919–1933)
10:
2372:
1760:) (CDU/CSU, SPD, and FDP)
1415:
250:Vice Chancellor of Germany
31:Breakdown of seats in the
2195:Jungjohann, Arne (2017).
1701:) (CDU/CSU, SPD and BSW)
491:Collective municipality (
2010:
1893:Social-liberal coalition
1880:(SPD, Left, and Greens)
1621:German general elections
1534:); even then, the minor
1386:German political parties
1054:State and local politics
599:East Germany (1949–1960)
1907:(SPD, FDP, and Greens)
1905:Traffic light coalition
1878:Red–red–green coalition
1210:International Relations
200:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
1948:
1785:Green-yellow coalition
1734:Black-yellow coalition
1612:, and with SSW leader
1114:North Rhine-Westphalia
1109:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
724:Parliamentary election
565:Presidential elections
147:
114:
24:
2321:. 11 September 2013.
1972:elected in Saxony in
1714:Black-green coalition
1686:Possible combinations
1592:, who have their own
1541:Free State of Bavaria
1382:coalition governments
1268:Agrarian Conservatism
338:Gemeinsamer Ausschuss
331:Vermittlungsausschuss
224:Chancellor of Germany
146:
30:
22:
2291:. 8 September 2013.
1982:Landtag of Thuringia
1954:firewall, in Germany
1837:) (SPD, Greens, and
1695:Blackberry coalition
1602:Danish traffic light
1532:cabinet Adenauer III
1444:improve this article
1372:, a single party or
1240:Political ideologies
1119:Rhineland-Palatinate
553:Federal Convention (
192:President of Germany
2356:Politics of Germany
2351:Cabinets of Germany
1963:flag of the Bahamas
1854:Red-green coalition
1791:) (Greens and FDP)
1671:2021 state election
1636:ĂśbergroĂź coalitions
1631:ĂśbergroĂź coalitions
1374:parliamentary group
1320:Politics portal
1920:Zimbabwe coalition
1775:(CDU/CSU and SPD)
1625:led by Olaf Scholz
1606:flag of the Gambia
1586:Schleswig-Holstein
1524:multi-party system
1306:Germany portal
1139:Schleswig-Holstein
984:European elections
449:State Parliament (
444:Minister president
148:
115:
25:
1970:Landtag of Saxony
1866:Red–red coalition
1856:(SPD and Greens)
1831:Paprika coalition
1801:Jamaica coalition
1754:Germany coalition
1520:
1519:
1512:
1494:
1366:
1365:
1246:Political culture
1159:Foreign relations
1069:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
555:Bundesversammlung
538:Political parties
133:
35:, elected in the
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1951:
1946:(usually called
1944:cordon sanitaire
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
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1614:Anke Spoorendonk
1515:
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1501:
1495:
1493:
1452:
1428:
1420:
1408:(blue), and the
1358:
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1344:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1284:Social Democracy
1160:
533:Electoral system
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469:Regierungsbezirk
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283:Federal agencies
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2046:
2045:
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2036:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2013:
1994:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1899:
1896:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1872:
1869:
1868:(SPD and Left)
1860:
1857:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:Kenya coalition
1810:
1807:
1804:
1795:
1792:
1779:
1776:
1773:Grand coalition
1767:
1764:
1761:
1748:
1745:
1728:
1725:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1688:
1675:Reiner Haseloff
1633:
1590:Danish minority
1553:grand coalition
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2235:deutschland.de
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2165:. 2021-03-13.
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2128:. 2021-09-04.
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2069:. 2021-09-27.
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2015:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2001:
1993:
1990:
1958:20th Bundestag
1940:
1939:
1917:
1902:
1895:(SPD and FDP)
1890:
1875:
1863:
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68:
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41:
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33:20th Bundestag
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1648:supermajority
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1610:Torsten Albig
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1433:This section
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2019:
1967:
1941:
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1594:ethnic party
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1536:German Party
1529:
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1497:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1454:
1442:Please help
1437:verification
1434:
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1264:Conservatism
1209:
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1104:Lower Saxony
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409:Other courts
401:Joint Senate
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173:Human rights
132:Politics of
120:
110:Independents
2266:(in German)
1942:Due to the
1742:bĂĽrgerliche
1652:Adenauer II
1640:ĂĽber + groĂź
1596:called the
1396:(red), the
1380:, and thus
1084:Brandenburg
843:1932 (July)
543:Referendums
458:composition
295:Legislature
237:Olaf Scholz
159:(Basic Law)
2345:Categories
2329:8 December
2299:8 December
2270:2023-03-16
2264:www.mdr.de
2245:2022-01-24
2215:2021-09-28
2181:2021-09-28
2144:2021-09-28
2107:2021-09-28
2077:2021-09-28
2049:References
1949:Brandmauer
1470:newspapers
1412:(yellow).
1279:Liberalism
1250:Federalism
858:1933 (Nov)
853:1933 (Mar)
848:1932 (Nov)
828:1924 (Dec)
823:1924 (May)
738:1867 (Aug)
733:1867 (Feb)
548:Coalitions
475:District (
2171:0013-0613
2134:0013-0613
1378:Bundestag
1274:Far-right
1259:Communism
1144:Thuringia
525:Elections
353:Judiciary
321:Bundesrat
302:Bundestag
217:Executive
2323:Archived
2319:Die Welt
2293:Archived
2289:Die Welt
2239:Archived
2206:Archived
2175:Archived
2138:Archived
2101:Archived
2097:POLITICO
2071:Archived
1992:See also
1545:Saarland
1228:Passport
1124:Saarland
502:Gemeinde
374:Ordinary
47:The Left
2067:Reuters
1839:Pirates
1720:) (aka
1679:Landtag
1660:Hamburg
1564:CDU/CSU
1484:scholar
1416:History
1390:CDU/CSU
1094:Hamburg
1074:Bavaria
451:Landtag
432:State (
313:members
271:Cabinet
135:Germany
92:CDU/CSU
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2209:(PDF)
2202:(PDF)
2011:Notes
1491:JSTOR
1477:books
1197:China
1182:Italy
1099:Hesse
477:Kreis
262:GrĂĽne
2331:2021
2301:2021
2167:ISSN
2130:ISSN
1986:2024
1978:2024
1976:and
1974:2019
1722:Kiwi
1579:Left
1463:news
1402:Left
1223:Visa
1039:2024
1033:2019
1028:2014
1023:2009
1018:2004
1013:1999
1008:1994
1003:1989
998:1984
993:1979
974:Next
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963:2017
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633:1949
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586:1925
581:1919
509:list
484:list
434:Land
229:list
1984:in
1575:SPD
1571:FDP
1446:by
1410:FDP
1406:AfD
1394:SPD
1368:In
1192:USA
493:Amt
241:SPD
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101:AfD
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