370:, who had also been appointed to his high office by Eskil in 1164, were both close acquaintances with the Pope, having met in France while the Pope had been exiled there in the 1160s. In Pope's letter to Stefan in 1171 (or 1172), he complains how Finns only turned to God at the time of war, harassing preachers as soon as the peril was over. No Diocese or Bishop of Finland is mentioned in the papal letter, and no information survives, whether it prompted any actions. In the apparent shortage of missionaries, it can be speculated that the frustrated Pope may have organized Fulco to deal with the Finns as soon as his assistant Nicolaus could have taken over the missionary work in Estonia.
382:, the Archbishop of Lund, in 1209, an unnamed Bishop of Finland is mentioned to have died "lawfully" (i.e., a natural death) sometime earlier. By repeating Archbishop's own words, the letter makes it clear that the dead bishop had been appointed by the Lund archbishopric or at least with its approval, and that the "recent" establishment of the church in Finland was work of the Danes or their close allies, "caretaking of a few noble men". The Archbishop had also complained to the Pope how difficult it was to get anyone to be a bishop in Finland and planned to appoint someone without formal adequacy, which the Pope approved of without questioning Archbishop's opinions.
100:
328:
358:(meaning "pertaining to") in the name just emphasizes its first part. As the two bishops had similar names and they worked roughly around the same time in neighboring areas under Lund's missionary supervision, possibility for the identification remains, although the church in Finland is officially sceptical about it.
373:
If information about
Folquinus still being in office in 1198 is correct, his identification with Fulco would require him to have worked in missionary assignments for more than 30 years, in any case reaching a rather high age for a man of his times. In a letter by
431:- Michele Maccarrone (ed.), Gli Inizi del Cristianesimo in Livonia-Lettonia: Atti del Colloque internazionale di storia ecclesiastica in occasione dell'VIII centenario della Chiesa in Livonia (1186-1986), Roma 24-25 giugno 1986. Città del Vativaco, pages 171-200.
361:
Noteworthy is that while organizing assistance to the
Estonian mission, Pope Alexander III was also closely following the situation in Finland, something that no previous Pope is known to have done. Eskil and
319:
in 1198 he was still in office. However, no such attack is known from other sources, and Paulus
Juusten seems to have based his claim of an attack on an incorrect reading of the year, as Novgorodians did
427:- Andres Andresen (ed.), Muinasaja loojangust omariikluse lävele: Pühendusteos Sulev Vahtre 75. sünnipäevaks. Tartu: Kleio, pages 37-68. See also Rebane 1989. Peep Peeter Rebane,
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In surviving lists of
Swedish bishoprics from 1164, 1189 and 1192, there is no reference, factual or propagandist, to the Diocese or Bishop of Finland.
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to go to Fulco's assistance. No further information survives about Fulco's work in
Estonia, or whether he ever even got there.
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307:. The chronicle claimed him to be Swedish by birth. Folquinus was again mentioned in another chronicle of the same name by
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Archbishop of Lund had been at least formally responsible for all the missionary activities in northern Europe since 1104.
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Juva, Einar W. (1964), Suomen kansan historia I. Esihistoria ja keskiaika, Otava. Page 125.
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The name "Fulco" appears in unrelated
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Note that according to the
Russian chronicles Finland was attacked already in 1191.
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476:. Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seuran toimituksia 476. Pieksämäki 1988.
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After his appointment, Fulco appears in sources only once. In 1171,
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by an unknown writer. Part of the Palmsköld collection. In Latin.
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Fulco is sometimes speculated to be the same person as a certain
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For information on Fulco, see Rebane 2001. Peep Peeter Rebane,
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From Fulco to
Theoderic: The Changing Face of Livonian Mission
334:(pictured) was the first Pope to address the situation of the
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595:"Letter by Pope Alexander III to the Archbishop of Uppsala"
647:"Letter by Pope Innocent III to the Archbishop of Lund"
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The chronicle has been published in
Finnish, see e.g.
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34:. Before his appointment, Fulco was a
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80:Identification with Folquinus
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303:and before quite historical
16:Missionary Bishop of Estonia
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605:National Archive of Finland
539:different variants of Folke
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692:People of medieval Estonia
603:. In Latin. Hosted by the
490:(in Finnish). p. 93.
400:Thomas (bishop of Finland)
486:Tarkiainen, Kari (2010).
395:Henry (bishop of Finland)
317:Russian attack to Finland
299:after equally legendary
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66:Archbishop of Trondheim
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582:Archdiocese of Turku
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518:), 1267-77.
338:mission in
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164:Archbishops
43: [
36:Benedictine
686:Categories
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411:References
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158:Gregory IX
64:asked the
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208:Locations
198:King Eric
74:Stavanger
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301:Rodulff
190:Sergius
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24:Estonia
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614:. See
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366:, the
364:Stefan
311:, the
305:Thomas
236:Events
218:Köyliö
180:Others
170:Anders
122:Thomas
107:People
55:France
51:Troyes
356:-inus
352:Folke
194:Lalli
144:Popes
134:Fulco
126:Henry
47:]
28:Eskil
20:Fulco
669:ISBN
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