Epirus - Knowledge

4188: 4197:, p. 41: "Throughout this period bands of Albanians raiders pillaged and destroyed the villages of the Vlachs and the Greeks in Epirus, northern Pindus, the lakeland of Prespa and Ochrid, and parts of western Macedonia. One Albanian leader, 'Ali the Lion', emulated the achievements of 'John the Sword' and 'Peter the Pockmark' when he established himself as Ali Pasha, independent ruler of Ioannina. He and his Albanian soldiers, recruited mainly from his homeland in the Kurvelesh and the Drin valley of North Epirus, controlled the whole of Epirus and carried their raids far into western Macedonia and Thessaly. As we have seen, they destroyed the Vlach settlements in the lakeland and weakened those farther south. After the assassination of Ali Pasha in 1822 sporadic raids by bands of Albanians were a feature of life in northern Greece until the liberation of 1912–13". 3302: 2906: 2838: 2081: 3311:, p. 215: "Epirus was geographically placed on the fringe of the Greek world and remained almost until the (early) Hellenistic period on the sidelines of the political, socio-economic and cultural characteristics that characterized the southern Greek city-states and their overseas colonies from as early as the Archaic period. In that respect, Epirus shows clear similarities to neighboring Greek regions, such as Macedonia, Aetolia and Acarnania, which also stayed out of the limelight of Greek history until a relatively late period; Epirus was closely related to those areas, and in fact not only in political and economic terms, but also in a cultural and linguistic manner". 2754: 1790: 2774: 2945: 2790: 2702: 4224: 3259:: "Rather we must take the cause of all these changes to be that, just as winter occurs in the seasons of the year, so in determined periods there comes a great winter of a great year and with it excess of rain. But this excess does not always occur in the same place. The deluge in the time of Deucalion, for instance, took place chiefly in the Greek world and in it especially about ancient Hellas, the country about Dodona and the Achelous, a river which has often changed its course. Here the Selli dwelt and those who were formerly called Graeci and now Hellenes." 1931: 629: 929: 2734: 2411: 92: 826: 2682: 2870: 4233:, p. 105 "The Second Balkan War had short duration and the Bulgarians were soon dragged to the table of negotiations. By the Treaty of Bucharest (August 1913) Bulgaria was forced to accept a little favourable regulation of the borders, even if she kept a way to the Aegean, in Degeagatch (modern Alexandroupolis). The sovereignty of Greece over Crete was now recognised, but her ambition to annex Northern Epirus with its large Greek population was stopped by the annexation of the area to an independent Albania". 1620: 2718: 1992:, but Carlo's son Torno was in turn defeated by the Albanians. After the Tocchi succeeded in capturing Rhiniasa, Leonardo tried to take Rogoi and Carlo attempted to take Arta, but Jakob and Muriq succeeded in defending their capital for the time being. Carlo withdrew to Ioannina, but soon after was able to lure Jakob to an ambush near Vobliana: Jakob was captured and immediately executed (1 October 1416). Carlo had effectively ended the rule of the Albanian clans in southernmost Epirus. 2546:. People outside the official minority zone received no education in the Greek language, which was prohibited in public. The Hoxha regime also diluted the ethnic demographics of the region by relocating Greeks living there and settling in their stead Albanians from other parts of the country. Relations began to improve in the 1980s with Greece's abandonment of any territorial claims over Northern Epirus and the lifting of the official state of war between the two countries. 2806: 2555: 2822: 2926: 2327: 2666: 1943:(1367–1384), whose rule was marked by hostilities in the region, as Ioannina came under constant siege by the Mazaraki and Malakasi clans under Losha. These tribes would besiege Ioannina a second time in 1374–1375. A truce was signed when Pjetër's son Gjin was betrothed to Thomas's daughter Irina, but she would soon die in the 1375 plague and hostilities would recommence. Preljubović attempted to pacify the Albanians of Epirus; however, under 2271: 2025: 1553:. With the exception of some few toponyms on Corfu, the Ionian Islands seem to not have been affected by Slavic settlement. The linguistic analysis of the toponyms reveals that they date mostly to the early wave of Slavic settlement at the turn of the 6th/7th centuries. Due to scarcity of textual evidence, it is unclear how much the area was affected by the second wave of Slavic migration, which began in the middle of the 8th century due to 618: 2886: 913: 2854: 1256: 1357: 539: 399: 3866:, p. 176: "Are we obliged to see in this a possible earlier Albanian immigration in the Epeirote lands, as Kostas Komis did in the case of the etymology of the toponym 'Preveza'? I believe that the use of hypothetical immigrations as a basis to interpret sources that indicate the presence of Albanians in the Epeirote lands prior to the thirteenth-fourteenth century is somewhat arbitrary." 842: 655:. The Pindus mountains form the spine of mainland Greece and separate Epirus from Macedonia and Thessaly to the east. The ridges of the Pindus are parallel to the sea and generally so steep that the valleys between them are mostly suitable for pasture rather than large-scale agriculture. Altitude increases as one moves east, away from the coast, reaching a maximum of 2,637 m at 1657:. The eventual success of the Hellenization campaign also suggests a continuity of the original Greek population, and that the Slavs had settled among many Greeks, in contrast to areas further north, in what is now Bulgaria and the former Yugoslavia, as those areas could not be Hellenized when they were recovered by the Byzantines in the early 11th century. Following the 1481:(r. 527–565) the entirety of the Balkan provinces was raided by barbarians every year, is considered rhetorical hyperbole by modern scholars; only a single Slavic raid to the environs of Dyrrhachium, in 548/9, has been documented. Procopius further reports that in 551, in an attempt to interdict the Byzantines' lines of communication with Italy during the 2231:, was a native of the village of Syrrako in Epirus and was a former personal physician to Ali Pasha. Ali Pasha tried to use the war as an opportunity to make himself a fully independent ruler, but was assassinated by Ottoman agents in 1822. When Greece became independent in 1830, however, Epirus remained under Ottoman rule. In 1854, during the 2403:, signed by Albanian and Northern Epirote representatives and approved by the Great Powers. The signing of the Protocol ensured that the region would have its own administration, recognized the rights of the local Greeks and provided self-government under nominal Albanian sovereignty. The Republic, however, was short-lived, as when 1287:). Although this territory was not traditionally part of Epirus proper as defined by the ancient geographers, and was historically inhabited by Illyrian tribes and Greeks, the name reflects the fact that under Roman rule, the area had been subject to increasing Hellenization and settlement by Epirote tribes from the south. 2510:, who committed numerous atrocities against the civilian population. They fought fiercely against the Greek partisans of the EDES, the latter being ordered by the Allied command to push them out of Greece into Albania. The violent clashes and the reprisals that followed by the Greek guerillas resulted in the 2256:

in order to influence the local population. These schools began to attract students from the Greek language schools, but were ultimately closed after intervention and harassment by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Throughout, the late period of Ottoman rule (from the 18th century) Greek

2146:

ruled Epirus for almost 500 years. Their rule in Epirus proved particularly damaging; the region was subjected to deforestation and excessive cultivation, which damaged the soil and drove many Epirotes to emigrate so as to escape the region's pervasive poverty. Nonetheless, the Ottomans did not enjoy

1938:

Although Albanian clans gained control of most of the region by 1366/7, their continued division into rival clans meant that they could not establish a single central authority. Ioannina became a center of Greek resistance to the Albanian clans. The Greeks of Ioannina offered power to three foreign

856:

In the Neolithic period Epirus was populated by seafarers along the coast and by shepherds and hunters from the southwestern Balkans who brought with them the Greek language. These people buried their leaders in large mounds containing shaft graves. Similar burial chambers were subsequently used by

2533:

in 1949, ending with the defeat of the Communists. Peace returned to the region in 1949, although because of official Albanian active involvement in the civil war on the side of the communists, the formal state of war between Greece and Albania remained in effect until 1987. Another reason for the

2203:

warriors of the mountainous area. After numerous failed attempts to defeat the Souliotes, his troops succeeded in conquering the area in 1803. On the other hand, Ali, who used Greek as official language, witnessed an increase of Greek cultural activity with the establishment of several educational

1866:

in Epirus is from a Venetian document dating to 1210, which states that "the continent facing the island of Corfu is inhabited by Albanians". Kosta Giakoumis believes that the use of hypothetical immigrations to explain the accounts of Albanian presence in Epirote territory prior to the 13th-14th

2247:

managed to shut down the few Albanian schools, considering teaching in Albanian a factor that would diminish its influence and lead to the creation of separate Albanian church, while publications in Albanian were banned by the Ottoman Empire. In the late 19th century, the Kingdom of Italy opened

1611:

was established, but at least initially it was more oriented towards restoring Byzantine control over the Ionian and Adriatic seas, combating Saracen piracy, and securing communications with the remaining Byzantine possessions in Italy, rather than any systematic effort at subduing the Epirote

2569:

A rugged topography, poor soils, and fragmented landholdings have kept agricultural production low and have resulted in a low population density. Animal husbandry is the main industry and corn the chief crop. Oranges and olives are grown in the western lowlands, while tobacco is grown around

1489:

sent his fleet to raid the shores of Epirus. In response to these raids, and to repair the damage done by two destructive earthquakes in 522, Justinian initiated a wide-ranging programme of reconstruction and re-fortification: Hadrianopolis was rebuilt, albeit in reduced extent, and renamed

942:

Geographically on the edge of the Greek world, Epirus remained for the most part outside the limelight of Greek history until relatively late, much like the neighbouring Greek regions of Macedonia, Aetolia, and Acarnania, with which Epirus had political, cultural, linguistic and economic

1711:, the Theme of Nicopolis was raided by the Bulgarians, who even occupied some parts until driven out or subjugated by the Byzantines years later. Only the extreme north of Epirus seems to have remained consistently under Bulgarian rule in the period, but under Tsar 1742:, Hadrianopolis, Bela, Buthrotum, Ioannina, Kozyle, and Rogoi passed under the jurisdiction of Ohrid, while the Metropolitan of Naupaktos retained only the sees of Bonditza, Aetos, and Acheloos. Basil II also established new, smaller themes in the region: 1669:

was established, most likely after 886. As the ancient capital of Epirus had been laid waste by the Slavs, the capital of the new theme became Naupaktos further south. The extent of the new province is unclear, but probably matched the extent of the

1545:". Based on the density of the Slavic toponyms in Epirus, the Slavs must have settled in the region, although the extent of this settlement is unclear. Slavic toponyms occur mainly in the mountainous areas of the interior and the coasts of the 865:. Epirus itself remained culturally backward during this time, but Mycenaean remains have been found at two religious shrines of great antiquity in the region: the Oracle of the Dead on the Acheron River, familiar to the heroes of Homer’s 600:

in Greece only comprises a fraction of classical Epirus and does not include its easternmost portions, which lie in Thessaly. In Albania, where the concept of Epirus is never used in an official context, the counties of Gjirokastër,

1171:(171–168 BC), with the Molossians siding with the Macedonians and the Chaonians and Thesprotians siding with Rome. The outcome was disastrous for Epirus; Molossia fell to Rome in 167 BC and 150,000 of its inhabitants were enslaved. 5040:

Konidaris, Gerasimos (2013). "Examining Policy Responses to Immigration in the Light of Interstate Relations and Foreign Policy Objectives: Greece and Albania". In King, Russell; Mai, Nicola; Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie (eds.).

4970:. XVIth Turkish Congress of History, organised by the Turkish Historical Society, in Ankara, 20–24 September 2010. Kongreye Sunulan Bildiriler, Volume 4, Part 2, Osmanli Tarihi. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu. pp. 967–998. 1684:

comment, it appears that "the Byzantine administration had brought the strongly Slavic-settled areas in the mainland somewhat under its control, and a certain Re-Hellenization had set in". Further north, the region around

2529:(EDES). In subsequent years (1945–1949), the mountains of Epirus also became the scene of some of the fiercest fighting of the second and bloodier round of the Greek Civil War. The final episode of the war took place on 978:

of the Greek colonies on the Ionian islands, and bearers of mostly Greek names, as evidenced by epigraphy, seem to have been regarded with some disdain by some classical writers. The 5th-century BC Athenian historian

2570:

Ioannina. Epirus has few natural resources and industries, and the population has been depleted by migration. The population is centered around Ioannina, which has the largest number of industrial establishments.

2542:. Although a Greek minority was recognized by the Hoxha regime, this recognition only applied to an "official minority zone" consisting of 99 villages, leaving out important areas of Greek settlement, such as 2155:

regions managed to successfully resist Ottoman rule and maintained a degree of independence throughout this period. The Ottomans expelled the Venetians from almost the whole area in the late 15th century.

1858:

in 1224. During this time, the definition of Epirus came to encompass the entire coastal region from the Ambracian Gulf to Dyrrhachium, and the hinterland to the west up to the highest peaks of the

876:

In the Middle Bronze Age, Epirus was inhabited by the same nomadic Hellenic tribes that went on to settle in the rest of Greece. Aristotle considered the region around Dodona to have been part of

1895:

conquered Epirus, with a number of Albanian mercenaries assisting him. The Byzantine authorities in Constantinople soon re-established a measure of control by making the Despotate of Epirus a

1842:

The Despotate of Epirus ruled over Epirus and western Greece as far south as Naupaktos and the Gulf of Corinth, much of Albania (including Dyrrhachium), Thessaly, and the western portion of

2753: 959:

to the north. However, Epirus had a far greater religious significance than might have been expected given its geographical remoteness, due to the presence of the shrine and oracle at

4997: 4221:, p. 105: "In February 1913 the Greek Army seized Ioannina, the capital of Epirus. The Turks recognized the gains of the Balkan allies by the Treaty of London, in May 1913." 3191:, p. 92 "Appian's description of the Illyrian territories records a southern boundary with Chaonia and Thesprotia, where ancient Epirus began south of the river Aous (Vijosë)." ( 2239:. Although the newly found Greek state tried tacitly to support it, the rebellion was suppressed by Ottoman forces after a few months. Another failed rebellion by local Greeks 1155:

The Aeacid dynasty ended in 232 BC, but Epirus remained a substantial power, unified under the auspices of the Epirote League as a federal state with its own parliament, or

1136:. The high cost of his victories against the Romans gave Epirus a new, but brief, importance, as well as a lasting contribution to the Greek language with the concept of a " 3235:, p. 77: "The original home of the Hellenes was 'Hellas', the area round Dodona in Epirus, according to Aristotle. In the Iliad it was the home of Achilles' Hellenes." 1580:

As in eastern Greece, the restoration of Byzantine rule seems to have proceeded from the islands, chiefly Cephallonia, which was certainly under firm Imperial control in

2175:, teaching subjects such as literature, philosophy, mathematics and physical sciences. In the 18th century, as the power of the Ottoman Empire declined, Epirus became a 1680: 5352: 2463:. The Italians were driven back into Albania, however, and Greek forces again took control of northern Epirus. The conflict marked the first tactical victory of the 1835:, with the former theme of Nicopolis at its core and Arta as its capital. Epirus, and the city of Ioannina in particular, became a haven for Greek refugees from the 1827:, who had married the daughter of a local magnate, took advantage of this, and within a few years consolidated his control over most of Epirus, first as a Venetian 2905: 695:

in Albania. Most of Epirus lies on the windward side of the Pindus, and the prevailing winds from the Ionian Sea make the region the rainiest in mainland Greece.

3468:, p. 141: "As for Aspestos, Achilles was honored in Epirus under that name, and the patronymic σπετίδης is found in a fragmentary poem found on papyrus." 3378: 2837: 4556:

Davies, J. K. (2002). "13. A Wholly Non-Aristotelian Universe: The Molossians as Ethnos, State, and Monarchy". In Brock, Roger; Hodkinson, Stephen (eds.).

2475:

himself supervised the spring counter-offensive of his divisions in spring 1941, only to be repulsed again by the poorly equipped, but determined, Greeks.

1862:

mountain range. Some of the most important cities in Epirus, such as Gjirokastër (Argyrokastron), were founded during this period. The oldest reference to

1781:

presence in Epirus is first mentioned in the late 11th century, while Jewish communities are attested throughout the medieval period in Arta and Ioannina.

5606: 1646: 1631:

The 9th century saw great progress in the restoration of Imperial control in the mainland, as evidenced by the participation of the bishops of Ioannina,

1498:), while Procopius claims that no less than 36 smaller fortresses in Epirus Vetus—most of them not identifiable today—were either rebuilt or built anew. 2084:

Linguistic (big) and religious (small) map of the Epirus region, 1878. German maker, H. Kiepert; information provided by Greek scholar, P. Aravandinos.

1696:

During the early 10th century, the themes of Cephallenia and Nicopolis appear mostly as bases for expeditions against southern Italy and Sicily, while

3986:"The Albanians and in particular the Mazarakii of the Kalamas valley held firm against him. In 1385 he was assassinated by some of his own bodyguards" 596:

The definition of Epirus has changed over time, such that modern administrative boundaries do not correspond to the boundaries of ancient Epirus. The

2452:

and, crucially, Italian lobbying in favor of Albania meant that Greece would not keep Northern Epirus. In 1924, the area was again ceded to Albania.

1642: 4449:

Blumi, Isa (2002). "The Role of Education in the Albanian Identity and its Myths". In Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (eds.).

1966:. At the time the Zenebishi clan controlled the area around Gjirokastër (1386–1411), while only the city of Ioannina remained under Greek control. 2681: 2187:

brigand who rose to become the provincial governor of Ioannina in 1788. At the height of his power, he controlled all of Epirus, and much of the

562: 5208:

Trapp, Erich; Beyer, Hans-Veit; Walther, Rainer; Sturm-Schnabl, Katja; Kislinger, Ewald; Leontiadis, Ioannis; Kaplaneres, Sokrates (1976–1996).

2578:

Epirus has historically been a remote and isolated region due to its location between the Pindus mountains and the sea. In antiquity, the Roman

1995:

Nevertheless, internal dissension eased the Ottoman conquest, which began with the capture of Ioannina in 1430 and continued with Arta in 1449,

5210: 792:

in the interior. Epirus is heavily forested, mainly by coniferous species. The fauna in Epirus is especially rich and features species such as

2257:

and Aromanian population of the region suffered from Albanians raiders, that sporadically continued after Ali Pasha's death, until 1912–1913.

1954:(1385–1411) in Ioannina followed, and with an army that consisted of the Albanian tribes of the Mazaraki and Malakasi, he marched against the 1665:

in 880, and the beginning of the Byzantine offensive against the Arabs in southern Italy in the 880s, the security situation improved and the

5181: 4986: 2392: 2381:

This outcome was unpopular among local Greeks, as a substantial Greek population existed on the Albanian side of the border. Among Greeks,

4125:: "Στη δεκαετία του 1790 ο νεοελληνικός διαφωτισμός έφθασε στο κορύφωμά του. Φορέας του πνεύματος στα Ιωάννινα είναι ο Αθανάσιος Ψαλίδας." 1591:

was banished there. The gradual restoration of Imperial rule is evidenced further from the participation of local bishops in councils in

1377:, composed in ca. 527/8 AD but probably reflecting the situation in the first half of the 5th century, reports 11 cities for Old Epirus ( 1061:

and began expanding their power at the expense of rival tribes. The Aeacids allied themselves with the increasingly powerful kingdom of

1279:(r. 284–305), the western portion of the province of Macedonia along the Adriatic coast was split off into the province of New Epirus ( 951:

of southern Greece. Their region lay on the periphery of the Greek world and was far from peaceful; for many centuries, it remained a

2244: 3252: 2610:, is the only highway through the Pindus mountains and has served to greatly reduce the region's isolation from the east, while the 2534:

continuation of the state of war until 1987 was that during the entire period of Communist rule in Albania, the Greek population of

4317: 3089: 2733: 1723:

came under Bulgarian rule. This is evidenced from the fact that the territories that were under Bulgarian rule formed part of the

2869: 2701: 1406: 91: 3340: 5591: 4627:

Filos, Panagiotis (2018). "The Dialectal Variety of Epirus". In Giannakis, Georgios; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.).

2407:

broke out, Albania collapsed, and northern Epirus was alternately controlled by Greece, Italy and France at various intervals.

2396: 2331: 1876: 339: 1341:

plundered Greece. They remained in Epirus for a few years, until 401, and again in 406–407, during Alaric's alliance with the

5596: 5379: 5360: 5170: 5147: 5105: 5084: 4975: 4933: 4891: 4835: 4774: 4546: 4407: 4386: 3944: 2011:

in 1479. With the exception of several coastal Venetian possessions, this was also the end of Latin rule in mainland Greece.

1820: 1678:, Ioannina, Hadrianopolis, Photike, and Buthrotum. Vagenetia notably no longer appears as a bishopric. As the authors of the 346:. The region was then divided amongst a number of despotates and political entities, including the Despotate of Epirus, the 4740:"Fourteenth-century Albanian migration and the 'relative autochthony' of the Albanians in Epeiros. The case of Gjirokastër" 1880: 1758: 1516:

in the year 587, and is further corroborated by evidence that several sees were abandoned by their bishops by 591. Thus in

402:

Coin of the Epirote League, depicting Zeus (left) and a lightning bolt with the word "ΑΠΕΙΡΩΤΑΝ" – of the Epirotes (right).

311:. Epirus subsequently became part of the Roman Republic along with the rest of Greece in 146 BC, which was followed by the 2773: 3407: 5555: 2944: 1831:

and eventually as an independent ruler. By the time of his death in 1214/5, Michael had established a strong state, the

5126: 3192: 5511: 5490: 5469: 5400: 5293: 5261: 5240: 5219: 5191: 5052: 5030: 4954: 4912: 4856: 4806: 4728: 4707: 4686: 4662: 4638: 4617: 4567: 4523: 4502: 4481: 4460: 4428: 2522: 2449: 2313: 2159:

Between the 16th and 19th centuries, the city of Ioannina attained great prosperity and became a major center of the

2067: 671:(2,523 m) in the northeast, Tzoumerka (2,356 m) in the southeast, Tomaros (1,976 m) in the southwest, 3275:: in northwestern Greece the Proto-Greek language had already been formed: this is the original home of the Greeks." 4827:

The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume III, Part 3: The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C.

4122: 2964: 2925: 2789: 2526: 2503: 1374: 3999: 1035:, he claims that Achilles "had a divine status in Epirus and in the local dialect he was called Aspetos" (meaning 2280: 2034: 1996: 1596: 2708: 1819:, but the Venetians were largely unable to effectively establish their authority, except over Dyrrhachium (the " 770: 636: 5021: 3134: 1836: 1731: 1603:, a century later the bishops of Dyrrhachium, Nicopolis, Corfu, Cephallonia, and Zakynthos are attested in the 2821: 1955: 1523:

the bishop, clergy and people of Euroea fled their city, carrying with them the relics of their patron saint,

1429:, comprised 9 cities. From 467 on, the Ionian Islands and the coasts of Epirus became subject to raids by the 4871: 4817: 2619: 2399:

in February 1914. After fierce guerrilla fighting, they managed to gain full autonomy under the terms of the

483: 4763:

Greenwalt, William S. (2011). "Macedonia, Illyria and Epirus". In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.).

2805: 2521:

at the end of 1944, the highlands of Epirus became a major theater of guerrilla warfare between the leftist

2080: 892:

during the Late Neolithic period. By the early 1st millennium BC, all fourteen Epirote tribes including the

5586: 2445: 1762: 454: 5063: 1549:, indicative of the fact that this was the avenue used by most of the Slavs who crossed the Gulf into the 5601: 5541: 2511: 2483:

in April 1941 to avert an Italian defeat. The German military performed rapid military maneuvers through

2456: 737:, which flows in a northwesterly direction from the Pindus mountains in Greece to its mouth north of the 5528: 4787:

Epirus: The Geography, the Ancient Remains, the History and the Topography of Epirus and Adjacent Areas

2935: 2367: 2160: 1199: 1008: 1445:. The Vandals notably seized Nicopolis in 474 as a bargaining chip in their negotiations with Emperor 5304: 4672: 4648: 3951:

For the Albanian tribes of the Mazarakaioi and the Malakasioi, led by Peter Losha the despot of Arta,

3361: 2643: 2491: 2208: 1916: 1892: 1824: 1613: 1566: 947:, the inhabitants of Epirus lived in small villages and their way of life was foreign to that of the 5560: 3441: 5390: 2885: 1951: 1851: 1754: 1604: 1482: 237: 5197: 4678:

The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

3956: 2717: 1940: 2647: 2355: 2339: 1671: 1512: 1449:, and plundered Zakynthos, killing many of its inhabitants and ferrying off others into slavery. 1220: 1195: 1185: 1031:

mentions an interesting element of Epirote folklore regarding Achilles: In his biography of King

33: 17: 2434: approx. extent of largest concentration of Greeks in "Northern Epirus", early 20th century 1167:. The League steered an uneasy neutral course in the first two Macedonian Wars but split in the 2665: 2464: 2284: 2038: 1855: 1727: 1554: 1438: 1378: 1093: 1058: 1012: 937: 474: 323: 292: 5158: 1198:

in 27 BC, with the exception of its northernmost part, which remained part of the province of

2498:

to the Allies. Due to the extensive activity of the anti-Nazi Greek resistance (mainly under

2484: 2240: 2236: 2211:

broke out, the inhabitants of Epirus contributed greatly. Two of the founding members of the

2180: 1888: 1577:

ones, therefore it can be assumed that the expansion of the Slavs had not reach this region.

1470: 1016: 785: 420: 371: 145: 136: 4946:

The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804–1920: A History of East Central Europe

1302:, when they became part of the former. In the 4th century, Epirus was still a stronghold of 549:

Historically, the geographical area of Epirus proper is defined within the lines drawn from

245: 5412:"Power politics and nationalist discourse in the struggle for 'Northern Epirus': 1919-1921" 4559:

Alternatives to Athens: Varieties of Political Organization and Community in Ancient Greece

3043: 2912: 2599: 2347: 2220: 1912: 1658: 1608: 1588: 1570: 1295: 1211: 1168: 1078: 889: 885: 834: 830: 494: 431: 316: 2295: 2049: 1674:, established at about the same time, encompassing the sees of Vonditsa, Aetos, Acheloos, 8: 5186:. Camberley, Surrey: Conflict Studies Research Centre, Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. 3249: 1832: 1794: 1690: 1557:

pressure in the northern Balkans. Slavic toponyms are nearly lacking in the mountains of

1506:

In the late 6th century, much of Greece, including Epirus, fell under the control of the

1314: 1191: 1140:". Pyrrhus nonetheless brought great prosperity to Epirus, building the great theater of 1089: 1082: 688: 569:

in the south-west. The northern boundary of ancient Epirus is alternatively given as the

554: 331: 221: 197: 5411: 4654:

The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century

2853: 2448:

of 1919 awarded Northern Epirus to Greece, developments such as the Greek defeat in the

1700:

from both themes are listed in the large but unsuccessful expedition of 949 against the

984: 628: 5439: 5324: 4594: 4535: 2192: 1884: 1843: 1816: 1712: 1666: 1562: 1311: 1208: 1109: 1101: 1020: 578: 521: 363: 355: 68: 1962:, and ransomed for 10,000 gold pieces on the intervention of the Venetian governor of 643:

Epirus is a predominantly rugged and mountainous region. It is largely made up of the

5507: 5486: 5465: 5443: 5431: 5396: 5375: 5356: 5328: 5289: 5257: 5236: 5232:

Nihil Obstat: Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe and Russia

5215: 5187: 5166: 5143: 5122: 5101: 5080: 5048: 5026: 5016: 4971: 4950: 4929: 4908: 4887: 4852: 4831: 4802: 4770: 4739: 4724: 4703: 4682: 4658: 4634: 4613: 4598: 4563: 4542: 4519: 4498: 4477: 4456: 4424: 4403: 4382: 3940: 3337: 3130: 2651: 2627: 2495: 2460: 2400: 2371: 2343: 2168: 2164: 1985: 1981: 1924: 1811: 1600: 1524: 1350: 1291: 1117: 1074: 1032: 928: 511: 347: 300: 193: 82: 60: 1930: 1595:: whereas only the bishop of Dyrrhachium participated in the Ecumenical Councils of 550: 189: 5581: 5423: 5320: 5316: 4875: 4866:

Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1994). "ILLYRIANS AND NORTH-WEST GREEKS". In

4821: 4751: 4586: 2969: 2764: 2692: 2480: 2472: 2351: 2228: 2216: 1908: 1701: 1624: 1334: 1307: 1299: 1125: 956: 644: 574: 351: 335: 209: 159: 97: 5372:

Late Classical – Hellenistic Fortifications in Epirus: Fourth to Second Century BC

5118:

Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World

3818: 2362:, was incorporated into Greece. Greece had also seized northern Epirus during the 825: 449: 5576: 5545: 5501: 5480: 5459: 5339:

An Ethnological Map Illustrating Hellenism in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor

5337: 5283: 5272: 5251: 5230: 5137: 5116: 5095: 5074: 5042: 4944: 4923: 4902: 4846: 4825: 4816:

Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1982). "ILLYRIS, EPIRUS AND MACEDONIA". In

4796: 4785: 4764: 4718: 4697: 4676: 4652: 4628: 4607: 4557: 4513: 4492: 4471: 4450: 4439: 4418: 4397: 4374: 3982: 3934: 3478: 3344: 3256: 2535: 2518: 2502:), the Germans carried out large scaled anti-partisan sweeps, making wide use of 2420: 2382: 2375: 2172: 1944: 1774: 1649:. The Byzantine recovery resulted in an influx of Greeks from southern Italy and 1546: 1507: 1491: 1398: 1236: 1137: 971: 849: 845: 769:. The Vikos Gorge, one of the deepest in the world, forms the centerpiece of the 750: 711: 609:

extend well beyond the northern and northeastern boundaries of classical Epirus.

597: 387: 241: 4590: 4577:

Desnickaja, A. V. (1973). "Language Interferences and Historical Dialectology".

2410: 1019:, describe them as Greeks. Similarly, Epirote tribes/states are included in the 738: 698:

Significant lowlands are to be found only near the coast, in the southwest near

602: 558: 249: 217: 4879: 4867: 2672: 2635: 2615: 2507: 2143: 2000: 1959: 1806: 1802: 1720: 1592: 1574: 1446: 1386: 1280: 1260: 1224: 1160: 1121: 877: 789: 758: 754: 566: 470: 466: 411: 359: 343: 327: 304: 264: 225: 52: 5214:(in German). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 4755: 2414:

The region of Epirus in the 20th century, divided between Greece and Albania.

1972:(1411–1429) then assumed control of Ioannina, commencing heavy conflicts with 1206:, sometime between 103 and 114 AD, Epirus became a separate province, under a 257: 5570: 5435: 3424: 2212: 1977: 1969: 1899:, but Albanian clans proceeded to invade and seize most of the region. Under 1724: 1654: 1619: 1342: 1105: 1044: 774: 765:

or Kalamas, and the Voidomatis, a tributary of the Vjosë flowing through the

746: 375: 5305:"The Albanians in the Chronicle(s) of Ioannina: An Anthropological Approach" 4699:

The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman Rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913

2342:

awarded large parts of Epirus to Greece, opposition by the Ottomans and the

5139:

The Despotate of Epiros, 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece

4108: 2591: 2539: 2476: 2468: 1920: 1896: 1770: 1466: 1434: 1330: 1149: 943:

connections. Unlike most other Greeks of this time, who lived in or around

901: 699: 652: 606: 312: 276: 229: 2554: 2227:, respectively. Greece's first constitutional prime minister (1844–1847), 2195:

Ali Pasha's campaign to subjugate the confederation of the settlements of

745:, famous for its religious significance in ancient Greece and site of the 2931: 2916: 2724: 2631: 2607: 2583: 2579: 2558: 2404: 2387: 2363: 2232: 2188: 1973: 1900: 1747: 1686: 1550: 1478: 1450: 1426: 1317:

through reduction in taxes and the rebuilding of the provincial capital,

1240: 766: 715: 632: 593:

is situated off the Epirote coast but is not regarded as part of Epirus.

383: 379: 308: 2487:

and forced the encircled Greek forces of the Epirus front to surrender.

2326: 1494:

was moved further inland (traditionally identified with the founding of

4630:

Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea

2760: 2611: 2587: 1904: 1778: 1650: 1541:, are known by name, giving their name to their region of settlement: " 1531: 1454: 1414: 1369: 1276: 980: 944: 897: 707: 586: 461:'coast', and was applied to the mainland of north-west Greece opposite 272: 213: 5427: 2517:

With the liberation of Greece and the start of the first round of the

1789: 1653:

into the Greek interior, while remaining Slavs were Christianized and

1558: 999:, although the latter clearly distinguishes them from the neighboring 773:, known for its scenic beauty. The only significant lake in Epirus is 4609:

The Muslim Bonaparte: Diplomacy and Orientalism in Ali Pasha's Greece

4028: 4026: 3129:. Facts on File Library of World History. Facts on File. p. 85. 2812: 2200: 2184: 1989: 1863: 1697: 1637: 1632: 1542: 1418: 1361: 1326: 1318: 1244: 1113: 1066: 1051: 1024: 1004: 1000: 893: 730:

area is a scenic upland plateau surrounded by mountain on all sides.

672: 648: 367: 268: 233: 131: 5503:

Badlands, Borderlands: A History of Northern Epirus/Southern Albania

4541:(2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 4381:. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 3–20. 3124: 1159:. However, it was faced with the growing threat of the expansionist 617: 4965: 3902: 3095: 2896: 2618:, helped reducing the region's isolation from the south. Also, the 2603: 2359: 2249: 2224: 1735: 1495: 1442: 1410: 1346: 1338: 1322: 1303: 1145: 1070: 1054: 1028: 952: 881: 778: 684: 680: 676: 656: 621: 582: 296: 263:

A rugged and mountainous region, Epirus was the north-west area of

253: 4438:

Bahr, Lauren S.; Johnston, Bernard; Bloomfield, Louise A. (1997).

4023: 1255: 1216: 1112:, who succeeded Alexander, espoused the cause of Olympias against 912: 907: 734: 577:, that form the spine of mainland Greece and separate Epirus from 5165:. Pisa: Edizioni Plus – Pisa University Press. pp. 125–154. 4121:Υπουργείο Εσωτερικών, Αποκέντρωσης και Ηλεκρονικής Διακυβέρνησης 2950: 2844: 2780: 2740: 2623: 2253: 2008: 2004: 1766: 1743: 1739: 1430: 1422: 1402: 1356: 1329:

raided the area. With the division of the Empire on the death of

1232: 1164: 1097: 1062: 975: 921: 866: 862: 858: 841: 762: 742: 723: 719: 703: 687:(2,485 m) on the border between Greece and Albania, and the 538: 205: 121: 114: 4884:

The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume VI: The Fourth Century B.C

1846:, extending its rule briefly over central Macedonia and most of 1635:, Hadrianopolis, and Vagenetia (evidently by now organized as a 362:

in the 15th century. Epirus became part of the semi-independent

338:. In the 14th century, Epirus was brought under the rule of the 5550: 4949:. Vol. VIII. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 4922:

Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (2012) .

4476:(Revised ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 4152: 2876: 2828: 2796: 2688: 2543: 2530: 2152: 2148: 1859: 1847: 1828: 1486: 1425:, Corfu Island, and Ithaca Island. New Epirus, with capital at 1394: 1203: 1141: 1133: 1120:

came to throne in 295 BC, and for six years fought against the

992: 964: 960: 917: 727: 692: 668: 667:(2,249 m), to the west and east of Smolikas respectively, 664: 288: 284: 280: 201: 110: 5392:

Prehistory and History: Ethnicity, Class and Political Economy

4375:"Why Study Ancient Macedonia and What This Companion is About" 1927:(1358-1416) with the help of the Mazaraki and Malakasi clans. 1616:

in 827, the Ionian became particularly exposed to Arab raids.

1501: 781:, the region's largest and traditionally most important city. 659:, the highest point in Epirus. Other important ranges include 398: 5183:

The Greek Minority in Albania – In the Aftermath of Communism

4455:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. 49–59. 3791: 3767: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3740: 3738: 3711: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3657: 3655: 3628: 3606: 3604: 3591: 3589: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3555: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3508: 2892: 2860: 2744: 2639: 2562: 2196: 1963: 1875:

In 1337, Epirus was once again brought under the rule of the

1716: 1675: 1662: 1462: 1458: 1228: 1129: 948: 660: 590: 570: 462: 5079:(15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1715:, who moved the centre of Bulgarian power south and west to 904:

in the south, were speakers of a strong west Greek dialect.

857:

the Mycenaean civilization, suggesting that the founders of

5349:

Tabula Imperii Byzantini, Band 3: Nikopolis und Kephallēnia

5253:

Crisis of the Ottoman Empire: Prelude to Collapse 1839–1878

4886:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 422–443. 2499: 1096:

in 334 BC. He invaded Italy, but was killed in battle by a

870: 809: 805: 797: 793: 542: 488: 177: 171: 5538: 5533: 4921: 4720:

Introduction to the History of the Indo-European Languages

4633:. Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 215–248. 4339: 4337: 3750: 3735: 3667: 3652: 3601: 3586: 3567: 3534: 3505: 3073: 1870: 1773:

was unsuccessfully besieged, and Ioannina was captured by

1227:

in the south, and included the northern Ionian Islands of

4830:

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 261–285.

4271: 3835: 3833: 3808: 3806: 3477:

cf. Athenian secretary: Aspetos, son of Demostratos from

3447: 2350:

being ceded to Greece in 1881. It was only following the

1984:. The Shpata were originally defeated by Carlo's brother 1027:

lists of the Greek Thearodokoi (hosts of sacred envoys).

932:

Regions of mainland Greece and environments in antiquity.

801: 505: 442: 287:

in ancient Greece, and the second most prestigious after

162: 4494:

Epirus Vetus: The Archaeology of a Late Antique Province

4399:

Tabula Imperii Romani : J 34 - Athens : Epirus

3914: 3845: 3640: 2163:. Numerous schools were founded, such as the Balaneios, 1934:

Map of the southern Balkans and western Anatolia in 1410

5353:

Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften

5047:. Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press. pp. 64–92. 4334: 4043: 4041: 3699: 1294:, until it was divided in ca. 369 into the dioceses of 963:– regarded as second only to the more famous oracle at 41:

Historical region in Divided between Greece and Albania

5395:. Montréal, Québec, Canada: Black Rose Books Limited. 4437: 4053: 4011: 3869: 3830: 3803: 3779: 3723: 3204: 2606:

to the Greek province of Macedonia and terminating at

2291: 2045: 514:

name for the region, which derives from the Greek, is

4798:

Migrations and Invasions in Greece and Adjacent Areas

4681:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. 4562:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 234–258. 4349: 4128: 3689: 3687: 2494:

until 1943, when the Germans took over following the

2391:. Local Greeks in northern Epirus revolted, declared 180: 5302: 5285:

Epirus, 4000 Years of Greek History and Civilization

4967:

The Ottoman Conquest of Preveza and its First Castle

4038: 3970: 3936:

Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization

3908: 2561:

is the main port in Epirus, and links the region to

1958:. He was defeated and captured by Albanian nobleman 1607:

in 787. In about the middle of the 8th century, the

1215:. The new province extended from the Gulf of Aulon ( 174: 168: 4176: 2215:(the secret society of the Greek revolutionaries), 1641:under imperial rule) in the Ecumenical Councils of 1612:mainland. Nevertheless, following the onset of the 1333:in 395, Epirus became part of the Eastern Roman or 573:river. Epirus's eastern boundary is defined by the 510:, i.e. "of the Epirotes", see adjacent image). The 425: 252:in southern Albania. The largest city in Epirus is 165: 4534: 4473:In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon 3684: 3616: 3141:... in a region of northwest Greece called Epirus. 2490:The whole of Epirus was then placed under Italian 2440:: Territory of Autonomous State of Northern Epirus 469:. The local name was struck on the coinage of the 299:dynasty, Epirus achieved fame during the reign of 236:in the south. It is currently divided between the 5458:Tucker, Spencer; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005). 5277:. Chicago, IL: Argonaut Incorporated, Publishers. 4928:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4295: 3932: 3125:David Sacks; Lisa R. Brody; Oswyn Murray (2005). 2514:to Albania of almost the entire Cham population. 1627:ca. 900 AD, with the themes and major settlements 1275:Probably during the provincial reorganization by 873:at Dodona, to whom Achilles prayed in the Iliad. 524:name for Epirus, which is also Greek-derived, is 260:the largest city in the Albanian part of Epirus. 5568: 5409: 5161:. In Ellis, Steven G.; Klusáková, Lud'a (eds.). 5097:The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors, 1801–1927 5025:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 4942: 4518:. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4289: 4283: 4158: 4140: 4109:The Era of Enlightenment (Late 7th century–1821) 5410:Triadafilopoulos, Triadafilos (November 2000). 4377:. In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). 3926: 1510:and their Slavic allies. This is placed by the 1453:became a battleground in the rebellions of the 908:Epirus in the Classical and Hellenistic periods 741:in Albania. Other important rivers include the 525: 386:, southern Epirus became part of Greece, while 378:re-asserted its control in 1821. Following the 5211:Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit 4497:. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co. Limited. 2622:connects the southernmost tip of Epirus, near 2179:independent region under the despotic rule of 515: 267:. It was inhabited by the Greek tribes of the 5457: 5374:(Thesis). Unigrafia, University of Helsinki. 5062:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). 4943:Jelavich, Charles; Jelavich, Barbara (1977). 4901:Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1998). 4845:Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1986). 4795:Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1976). 4784:Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1967). 4612:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 4301: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2586:, which linked Byzantium and Thessalonica to 1290:The two Epirote provinces became part of the 1179: 733:The main river flowing through Epirus is the 533: 5464:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO Incorporated. 5346: 5061: 4365: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 3797: 3773: 3761: 3744: 3717: 3678: 3661: 3634: 3610: 3595: 3580: 3561: 3549: 3528: 3516: 3085: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2358:that the rest of southern Epirus, including 1919:in 1359, which won Pjetër Losha the rule of 1069:raids, and in 359 BC the Molossian princess 884:originated. According to Bulgarian linguist 5281: 5159:"The Ethnic Composition of Medieval Epirus" 4769:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 279–305. 4657:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 4200: 4083: 2428: approx. extent of Epirus in antiquity 1502:Epirus from the Slavic invasions until 1204 1174: 624:(2637m/8652f), the highest point in Epirus. 256:, seat of the Greek region of Epirus, with 244:in northwestern Greece and the counties of 5607:Traditional geographic divisions of Greece 5499: 5416:Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans 5335: 5163:Imagining Frontiers, Contesting Identities 4576: 4416: 4395: 4313: 4277: 3997: 3646: 3152: 3113: 2294:. Please do not remove this message until 2048:. Please do not remove this message until 1190:The region of Epirus was placed under the 5142:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5039: 4963: 4762: 4737: 4343: 4265: 4248: 4164: 4071: 3863: 3851: 3484: 3176: 2987: 2642:exist. The only airport in Epirus is the 2330:Detachment of armed Epirote women in the 2314:Learn how and when to remove this message 2245:Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople 2125: Greek Orthodox – Muslim equivalence 2068:Learn how and when to remove this message 1850:following the aggressive expansionism of 5485:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Limited. 5347:Soustal, Peter; Koder, Johannes (1981). 5179: 4723:. Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. 4716: 4355: 4242: 3268: 3074:Hornblower, Spawforth & Eidinow 2012 3069: 3067: 3065: 2553: 2409: 2325: 2290:Relevant discussion may be found on the 2079: 2044:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1939:rulers during this time, beginning with 1929: 1788: 1618: 1355: 1254: 1223:in the north to the lower course of the 1163:, which fought a series of wars against 927: 911: 840: 824: 627: 616: 612: 537: 397: 342:, before being briefly conquered by the 330:(1204), Epirus became the center of the 5156: 5114: 5072: 5015: 4900: 4865: 4844: 4815: 4794: 4783: 4695: 4605: 4511: 4423:. Athens, Greece: Kentro Lexikologias. 4206: 4194: 4134: 4095: 4089: 4059: 4017: 3875: 3839: 3812: 3785: 3729: 3705: 3622: 3465: 3320: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3232: 3220: 3127:Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World 2630:in western Greece. Ferry services from 2219:and Athanasios Tsakalov, came from the 2191:, central Greece, and parts of western 1871:14th century until the Ottoman conquest 1530:Of the various Slavic tribes, only the 1116:, but was dethroned in 313 BC. His son 1065:, in part against the common threat of 565:in the south-east, to the mouth of the 14: 5569: 5478: 5270: 5093: 4984: 4555: 4490: 4444:. Vol. 11. New York, NY: Collier. 4328: 4322: 3453: 3288: 3188: 2763:(Dragon Lake), on Mount Gamila in the 2397:Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus 2332:Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus 2260: 1784: 1693:possibly as early as the 9th century. 1092:succeeded to the throne and the title 861:may have come from Epirus and central 651:ridges that are a continuation of the 5388: 5303:Sansaridou-Hendrickx, Thekla (2017). 5235:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 5228: 5135: 4626: 4606:Fleming, Katherine Elizabeth (1999). 4532: 4469: 4452:Albanian Identities: Myth and History 4448: 4372: 4230: 4218: 4182: 4170: 4047: 3962: 3920: 3824: 3490: 3308: 3216: 3101: 3062: 2843:Sheep under the shade of a tree near 1719:, probably all of Epirus down to the 393: 334:, one of the successor states to the 5369: 5288:. Athens, Greece: Ekdotikē Athēnōn. 5249: 5003:from the original on 26 January 2021 4994:The Journal of Indo-European Studies 4987:"Proto-Greeks and the Kurgan Theory" 4702:. New York and London: I.B. Tauris. 4671: 4647: 4515:Greek Mythography in the Roman World 4146: 3966: 3896: 3693: 3334:The History of the Peloponnesian War 3205:Bahr, Johnston & Bloomfield 1997 3164: 2687:The village of Aetomilitsa on Mount 2654:. There are no railroads in Epirus. 2650:is located just south of Preveza in 2264: 2018: 1980:Shpata, the Albanian leaders of the 1759:First Norman invasion of the Balkans 1738:in 1018: thus in Epirus the sees of 5563:by musicologist Christopher C. King 5256:. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. 5136:Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1984). 5100:. New York and London: Frank Cass. 1879:. In 1348, taking advantage of the 777:, on whose shores lies the city of 374:in the early 19th century, but the 24: 5022:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 4744:Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 4717:Georgiev, Vladimir Ivanov (1981). 3998:Hutchinson, Richard Wyatt (1956). 3890: 2248:various schools in the regions of 2199:met with fierce resistance by the 1337:. In 395–397, the Visigoths under 1081:. She was to become the mother of 279:. It was home to the sanctuary of 25: 5618: 5539:Panepirotic Federation of America 5522: 5121:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 4420:Lexiko tis Neas Ellinikis Glossas 4007:. A.G. Kalokairinos. p. 343. 2573: 2101: Greek and Albanian speakers 2003:and its environs (in what is now 1457:after 479. In 517, a raid of the 1250: 5551:Panepirotic Federation of Greece 4766:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia 4379:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia 3440:(Historiae Romanae Breviarium), 2965:List of cities in ancient Epirus 2943: 2924: 2904: 2884: 2868: 2852: 2836: 2820: 2804: 2788: 2772: 2752: 2732: 2716: 2700: 2680: 2664: 2527:National Republican Greek League 2269: 2023: 1867:century is somewhat arbitrary. 1437:provinces and established their 989:History of the Peloponnesian War 820: 663:(2,496 m at Mount Gamila), 585:. To the west, Epirus faces the 453:. It is thought to come from an 358:, before being conquered by the 158: 90: 27:Historical region in the Balkans 5207: 5076:The New Encyclopædia Britannica 4925:The Oxford Classical Dictionary 4801:. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Press. 4696:Gawrych, George Walter (2006). 4307: 4236: 4212: 4115: 4112:. Εθνικό Kέντρο Bιβλίου, p. 13. 4101: 4077: 4065: 4032: 3991: 3976: 3881: 3857: 3496: 3471: 3459: 3430: 3413: 3396: 3383: 3367: 3350: 3326: 3314: 3278: 3262: 3238: 3226: 3210: 3198: 3182: 2346:resulted in only the region of 2014: 1947:, the Albanians defeated him. 1883:between the Byzantine emperors 706:, in the Acheron plain between 5529:Didrachm of the Epirote League 5321:10.1080/10226486.2010.11879131 4848:A History of Greece to 322 B.C 4790:. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. 3170: 3158: 3146: 3118: 3107: 3079: 3050:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc 2523:Greek People's Liberation Army 2095: Greek and Vlach speakers 1837:Latin Empire of Constantinople 1732:Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria 1152:), which he made his capital. 13: 1: 5592:Historical regions in Albania 5336:Soteriades, Georgios (1918). 4417:Babiniotis, Georgios (1998). 4402:. Athens: Academy of Athens. 2975: 2620:Aktio-Preveza Undersea Tunnel 2147:total control of Epirus. The 2119: Greek Orthodox majority 2113: Greek Orthodox entirely 1757:in 1040, and suffered in the 1705: 1581: 1535: 1517: 5597:Historical regions in Greece 5556:Panepirotic Society of Cairo 5309:Acta Patristica et Byzantina 4964:Karabelas, Nikos D. (2015). 4159:Jelavich & Jelavich 1977 3402:Dionysius of Halicarnassus. 2980: 1573:villages neighbour with the 974:dialect, different from the 970:The Epirotes, speakers of a 896:in northwestern Epirus, the 506: 489: 471:unified Epirote commonwealth 443: 7: 5282:Sakellariou, M. V. (1997). 5271:Ruches, Pyrrhus J. (1965). 4851:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 4591:10.1515/ling.1973.11.113.41 4537:A Concise History of Greece 3887:Epeirotica 2.220; cf. 222 f 3438:Abridgment of Roman History 2958: 2879:seen from the Llogara pass. 2827:The Hellenistic theater of 2504:Nazi-collaborationist bands 2385:was henceforth regarded as 2296:conditions to do so are met 2050:conditions to do so are met 1956:Principality of Gjirokastër 1839:for the next half century. 1306:, and was aided by Emperor 1059:centralized state in Epirus 890:Proto-Greek linguistic area 833:area according to linguist 426: 10: 5623: 5342:. London: Edward Stanford. 5229:Ramet, Sabrina P. (1998). 5068:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 5044:The New Albanian Migration 4396:Antoniadis, Vyron (2016). 4035:, 26521. Σπάτας Γιαγούπης. 3988:(Epeirotica 2.230), p. 59. 3933:M. V. Sakellariou (1997). 3827:, "Introduction", pp. 4–5. 2936:UNESCO World Heritage Site 2657: 2549: 2525:(ELAS) and the right-wing 2243:. During this period, the 2161:modern Greek Enlightenment 1797:in the early 13th century. 1465:reached Greece, including 1393:): the capital Nicopolis, 1382: 1183: 1180:Epirus as a Roman province 1009:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 935: 815: 753:, crossed by the historic 545:satellite image of Epirus. 534:Boundaries and definitions 498: 478: 435: 31: 5461:World War I: Encyclopedia 5157:Osswald, Brendan (2007). 4756:10.1179/byz.2003.27.1.171 4738:Giakoumis, Kosta (2002). 4470:Borza, Eugene N. (1992). 4373:Anson, Edward M. (2010). 4366:General and cited sources 4302:Tucker & Roberts 2005 3971:Sansaridou-Hendrickx 2017 3909:Sansaridou-Hendrickx 2017 2644:Ioannina National Airport 2614:, connecting Epirus with 2209:Greek War of Independence 1923:; Losha then founded the 1877:restored Byzantine Empire 1614:Muslim conquest of Sicily 1433:, who had taken over the 1353:from the Eastern Empire. 1263:in the Balkans including 1088:On the death of Arybbas, 1050:Beginning in 370 BC, the 1003:. Other writers, such as 888:, Epirus was part of the 880:and the region where the 784:The climate of Epirus is 447:), meaning "mainland" or 415: 340:restored Byzantine Empire 142: 130: 120: 105: 96:Map of ancient Epirus by 89: 80: 56: 46: 5500:Winnifrith, Tom (2002). 5479:Wilkes, John J. (1995). 5389:Tandy, David W. (2001). 5180:Pettifer, James (2001). 5094:Miller, William (1966). 5073:McHenry, Robert (2003). 4533:Clogg, Richard (2002) . 4491:Bowden, William (2003). 3798:Soustal & Koder 1981 3774:Soustal & Koder 1981 3762:Soustal & Koder 1981 3745:Soustal & Koder 1981 3718:Soustal & Koder 1981 3679:Soustal & Koder 1981 3662:Soustal & Koder 1981 3635:Soustal & Koder 1981 3611:Soustal & Koder 1981 3596:Soustal & Koder 1981 3581:Soustal & Koder 1981 3562:Soustal & Koder 1981 3550:Soustal & Koder 1981 3529:Soustal & Koder 1981 3517:Soustal & Koder 1981 3086:Liddell & Scott 1940 2709:Vikos–Aoös National Park 1852:Theodore Komnenos Doukas 1755:uprising of Petar Delyan 1681:Tabula Imperii Byzantini 1605:Second Council of Nicaea 1527:, to Cassiope in Corfu. 1175:Roman and Byzantine rule 955:area contested with the 771:Vikos–Aoös National Park 637:Vikos–Aoös National Park 390:became part of Albania. 366:governed by the Ottoman 5250:Reid, James J. (2000). 5115:Minahan, James (2002). 5065:A Greek-English Lexicon 3219:, pp. 62, 78, 98; 3048:Encyclopædia Britannica 2648:Aktion National Airport 2340:Treaty of Berlin (1878) 2107: Albanian speakers 2007:) in 1463, and finally 1988:at Mazoma near ancient 1825:Michael Komnenos Doukas 1672:Metropolis of Naupaktos 1513:Chronicle of Monemvasia 1490:Justinianopolis, while 1221:Acroceraunian Mountains 1186:Epirus (Roman province) 829:Epirus was part of the 647:, a series of parallel 526: 222:Acroceraunian Mountains 72: 34:Epirus (disambiguation) 4985:Katona, A. L. (2000). 4512:Cameron, Alan (2004). 4441:Collier's Encyclopedia 3983:Hammond, 1976 & ps 3502:Livy (1926), 8.24.8–14 3104:, p. 215, footnote #1. 2566: 2446:Paris Peace Conference 2441: 2370:, which concluded the 2335: 2139: 1935: 1856:Empire of Thessalonica 1854:, who established the 1798: 1753:The region joined the 1728:Archbishopric of Ohrid 1628: 1390: 1364: 1349:in order to wrest the 1284: 1272: 938:Epirus (ancient state) 933: 925: 900:in the centre and the 853: 838: 640: 625: 561:in the north-east, to 557:in the north-west, to 546: 516: 403: 324:sack of Constantinople 216:, stretching from the 208:. It lies between the 64: 5506:. London: Duckworth. 5351:(in German). Vienna: 4907:. London: Duckworth. 4290:Triadafilopoulos 2000 3421:Description of Greece 3343:5 August 2011 at the 3295:, pp. 430, 434; 3273:Late Neolithic Period 2811:The walls of ancient 2557: 2413: 2354:of 1912–1913 and the 2329: 2223:area and the city of 2181:Ali Pasha of Tepelena 2137: Muslim entirely 2131: Muslim majority 2083: 1952:Esau de' Buondelmonti 1941:Thomas II Preljubović 1933: 1889:John VI Kantakouzenos 1792: 1622: 1485:, the Ostrogoth king 1471:Procopius of Caesarea 1359: 1310:(r. 361–363) and his 1258: 931: 915: 844: 828: 631: 620: 613:Geography and ecology 541: 401: 309:a series of campaigns 200:, now shared between 146:Eastern European Time 137:Central European Time 5561:Folk music in Epirus 5544:11 June 2008 at the 5370:Suha, Mikko (2021). 4673:Fine, John V. A. Jr. 4649:Fine, John V. A. Jr. 3969:, pp. 351–352; 3965:, pp. 142–145; 3939:. Ekdotikē Athēnōn. 3255:29 June 2011 at the 2089: Greek speakers 1913:Nikephoros II Orsini 1893:Stefan Uroš IV Dušan 1823:"). The Greek noble 1609:Theme of Cephallenia 1589:Philippicus Bardanes 1169:Third Macedonian War 1144:and a new suburb at 1079:Philip II of Macedon 886:Vladimir I. Georgiev 869:, and the Oracle of 835:Vladimir I. Georgiev 788:along the coast and 691:(2,000 m) near 683:(1,806 m), and 410:is derived from the 317:Eastern Roman Empire 224:in the north to the 32:For other uses, see 5587:Geography of Europe 4331:, pp. 543–544. 4074:, pp. 972–975. 3923:, pp. 142–145. 3899:, pp. 348–351. 3456:, pp. 234–258. 3076:, "Epirus", p. 527. 2538:experienced forced 2395:and proclaimed the 2368:Treaty of Bucharest 2283:of this section is 2261:20th-century Epirus 2237:rebellion broke out 2037:of this section is 1891:, the Serbian king 1833:Despotate of Epirus 1815:assigned Epirus to 1795:Despotate of Epirus 1785:Despotate of Epirus 1659:great naval victory 1315:Claudius Mamertinus 1192:senatorial province 1090:Alexander of Epirus 1083:Alexander the Great 983:describes them as " 689:Ceraunian Mountains 555:Ceraunian Mountains 332:Despotate of Epirus 198:southeastern Europe 5602:Historical regions 5274:Albania's Captives 5017:Kazhdan, Alexander 4123:Περιφέρεια Ηπείρου 4001:The Lord of Patras 2953:seen from the air. 2759:The high altitude 2739:The old bridge of 2612:Ionia Odos highway 2567: 2442: 2393:their independence 2336: 2140: 1936: 1917:Battle of Achelous 1885:John V Palaiologos 1799: 1761:: Dyrrhachium was 1667:Theme of Nicopolis 1629: 1365: 1312:praetorian prefect 1273: 1110:Aeacides of Epirus 1102:Battle of Pandosia 934: 926: 924:in the background. 854: 839: 641: 626: 547: 404: 394:Name and etymology 356:Republic of Venice 5534:Epirus Info Guide 5428:10.1080/713683343 5381:978-951-51-7673-8 5362:978-3-7001-0399-8 5172:978-88-8492-466-7 5149:978-0-521-26190-6 5107:978-0-7146-1974-3 5086:978-0-85229-961-6 4977:978-975-16-2982-1 4935:978-0-19-954556-8 4904:Philip of Macedon 4893:978-0-5212-3348-4 4876:Hornblower, Simon 4837:978-0-5212-3447-4 4822:Hammond, N. G. L. 4776:978-1-4443-5163-7 4548:978-0-52-100479-4 4409:978-960-404-308-8 4388:978-1-4051-7936-2 4268:, pp. 64–92. 4209:, pp. 68–69. 4098:, pp. 63–66. 3946:978-960-213-371-2 3800:, pp. 59–61. 3776:, pp. 55–56. 3720:, pp. 53–54. 3637:, pp. 51–52. 3564:, pp. 48–49. 3531:, pp. 47–48. 3404:Roman Antiquities 2707:The Vikos river, 2652:Aetolia-Acarnania 2628:Aetolia-Acarnania 2496:Italian surrender 2450:Greco-Turkish War 2401:Protocol of Corfu 2372:Second Balkan War 2344:League of Prizren 2324: 2323: 2316: 2241:broke out in 1878 2078: 2077: 2070: 1986:Leonardo II Tocco 1982:Despotate of Arta 1925:Despotate of Arta 1812:partitio Romaniae 1793:Expansion of the 1750:(Hadrianopolis). 1563:Kurvelesh plateau 1534:, first attested 1351:Eastern Illyricum 1292:Diocese of Moesia 1075:Arybbas of Epirus 1041:unspeakably great 685:Nemercke/Aeoropos 520:. Similarly, the 504: 487: 441: 424: 348:Despotate of Arta 301:Pyrrhus of Epirus 295:in 370 BC by the 291:. Unified into a 151: 150: 83:Historical region 75: 16:(Redirected from 5614: 5517: 5496: 5475: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5406: 5385: 5366: 5343: 5332: 5299: 5278: 5267: 5246: 5225: 5204: 5202: 5196:. Archived from 5176: 5153: 5132: 5111: 5090: 5069: 5058: 5036: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5002: 4991: 4981: 4960: 4939: 4918: 4897: 4862: 4841: 4812: 4791: 4780: 4759: 4734: 4713: 4692: 4668: 4644: 4623: 4602: 4573: 4552: 4540: 4529: 4508: 4487: 4466: 4445: 4434: 4413: 4392: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4119: 4113: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4084:Sakellariou 1997 4081: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4036: 4030: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 3995: 3989: 3980: 3974: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3748: 3742: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3682: 3676: 3665: 3659: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3599: 3593: 3584: 3578: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3503: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3434: 3428: 3417: 3411: 3400: 3394: 3387: 3381: 3371: 3365: 3354: 3348: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3282: 3276: 3266: 3260: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3122: 3116: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3040: 2970:List of Epirotes 2947: 2928: 2908: 2888: 2872: 2856: 2840: 2824: 2808: 2792: 2779:A canyon of the 2776: 2765:Pindus mountains 2756: 2736: 2720: 2704: 2693:Pindus mountains 2684: 2668: 2473:Benito Mussolini 2457:occupied Albania 2433: 2427: 2421:region of Epirus 2418: 2356:Treaty of London 2352:First Balkan War 2319: 2312: 2308: 2305: 2299: 2273: 2272: 2265: 2235:, a major local 2229:Ioannis Kolettis 2217:Nikolaos Skoufas 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2073: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2053: 2027: 2026: 2019: 1911:tribes defeated 1821:Duchy of Durazzo 1710: 1707: 1702:Emirate of Crete 1691:homonymous theme 1625:Byzantine Greece 1586: 1583: 1540: 1537: 1522: 1519: 1384: 1335:Byzantine Empire 1202:. Under Emperor 1104:against several 1057:dynasty built a 957:Illyrian peoples 850:region of Epirus 722:, and also near 679:(1,810 m), 645:Pindus Mountains 598:region of Epirus 589:. The island of 575:Pindus Mountains 529: 519: 509: 503:romanized: 502: 500: 492: 482: 480: 446: 440:romanized: 439: 437: 429: 419: 417: 352:Zenebishi family 336:Byzantine Empire 210:Pindus Mountains 187: 186: 183: 182: 179: 176: 173: 170: 167: 164: 109:Divided between 98:Heinrich Kiepert 94: 58: 51: 44: 43: 21: 5622: 5621: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5567: 5566: 5546:Wayback Machine 5525: 5520: 5514: 5493: 5472: 5448: 5446: 5403: 5382: 5363: 5296: 5264: 5243: 5222: 5203:on 21 May 2010. 5200: 5194: 5173: 5150: 5129: 5108: 5087: 5055: 5033: 5006: 5004: 5000: 4989: 4978: 4957: 4936: 4915: 4894: 4868:Lewis, David M. 4859: 4838: 4809: 4777: 4731: 4710: 4689: 4665: 4641: 4620: 4570: 4549: 4526: 4505: 4484: 4463: 4431: 4410: 4389: 4368: 4363: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4342: 4335: 4327: 4323: 4314:Soteriades 1918 4312: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4288: 4284: 4278:Winnifrith 2002 4276: 4272: 4264: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4229: 4225: 4217: 4213: 4205: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4120: 4116: 4106: 4102: 4094: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4070: 4066: 4058: 4054: 4046: 4039: 4031: 4024: 4016: 4012: 4004: 3996: 3992: 3981: 3977: 3961: 3957: 3947: 3931: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3874: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3838: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3811: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3751: 3743: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3708:, p. 1485. 3704: 3700: 3692: 3685: 3677: 3668: 3660: 3653: 3647:Desnickaja 1973 3645: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3609: 3602: 3594: 3587: 3579: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3535: 3527: 3523: 3515: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3476: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3435: 3431: 3418: 3414: 3401: 3397: 3388: 3384: 3372: 3368: 3355: 3351: 3345:Wayback Machine 3331: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3291:, p. 104; 3283: 3279: 3267: 3263: 3257:Wayback Machine 3243: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3215: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3153:Winnifrith 2002 3151: 3147: 3137: 3123: 3119: 3114:Babiniotis 1998 3112: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3084: 3080: 3072: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3042: 3041: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2961: 2954: 2948: 2939: 2929: 2920: 2911:Section of the 2909: 2900: 2889: 2880: 2873: 2864: 2857: 2848: 2841: 2832: 2825: 2816: 2809: 2800: 2795:The village of 2793: 2784: 2777: 2768: 2761:Lake Drakolimni 2757: 2748: 2737: 2728: 2721: 2712: 2705: 2696: 2685: 2676: 2669: 2660: 2582:passed through 2576: 2552: 2536:Northern Epirus 2519:Greek Civil War 2455:In 1939, Italy 2438:Red dotted line 2436: 2435: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2423: 2416: 2388:terra irredenta 2383:northern Epirus 2376:Northern Epirus 2320: 2309: 2303: 2300: 2289: 2274: 2270: 2263: 2138: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2074: 2063: 2057: 2054: 2043: 2028: 2024: 2017: 1945:Gjin Bua Shpata 1903:, the Albanian 1873: 1787: 1775:Robert Guiscard 1708: 1689:existed as the 1584: 1547:Gulf of Corinth 1538: 1520: 1504: 1469:. The claim of 1321:. According to 1261:Roman provinces 1253: 1188: 1182: 1177: 1138:Pyrrhic victory 1077:, married King 972:Northwest Greek 940: 916:The theater of 910: 823: 818: 751:Arachthos river 615: 536: 473:: "ΑΠΕΙΡΩΤΑΝ" ( 396: 388:northern Epirus 303:who fought the 228:and the ruined 161: 157: 101: 85: 76: 67: 59: 49: 42: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5620: 5610: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5565: 5564: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5536: 5531: 5524: 5523:External links 5521: 5519: 5518: 5512: 5497: 5491: 5476: 5470: 5455: 5422:(2): 149–162. 5407: 5401: 5386: 5380: 5367: 5361: 5344: 5333: 5315:(2): 287–306. 5300: 5294: 5279: 5268: 5262: 5247: 5241: 5226: 5220: 5205: 5192: 5177: 5171: 5154: 5148: 5133: 5128:978-0313076961 5127: 5112: 5106: 5091: 5085: 5070: 5059: 5053: 5037: 5031: 5019:, ed. (1991). 5013: 4982: 4976: 4961: 4955: 4940: 4934: 4919: 4913: 4898: 4892: 4872:Boardman, John 4863: 4857: 4842: 4836: 4818:Boardman, John 4813: 4807: 4792: 4781: 4775: 4760: 4735: 4729: 4714: 4708: 4693: 4687: 4669: 4663: 4645: 4639: 4624: 4618: 4603: 4585:(113): 41–52. 4574: 4568: 4553: 4547: 4530: 4524: 4509: 4503: 4488: 4482: 4467: 4461: 4446: 4435: 4429: 4414: 4408: 4393: 4387: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4348: 4344:Konidaris 2013 4333: 4321: 4306: 4294: 4292:, p. 152. 4282: 4280:, p. 130. 4270: 4266:Konidaris 2013 4247: 4235: 4223: 4211: 4199: 4187: 4175: 4173:, p. 205. 4163: 4161:, p. 226. 4151: 4139: 4127: 4114: 4100: 4088: 4086:, p. 268. 4076: 4072:Karabelas 2015 4064: 4062:, p. 136. 4052: 4050:, p. 186. 4037: 4022: 4020:, p. 134. 4010: 3990: 3975: 3973:, p. 294. 3955: 3945: 3925: 3913: 3911:, p. 294. 3901: 3889: 3880: 3878:, p. 135. 3868: 3864:Giakoumis 2002 3856: 3854:, p. 176. 3852:Giakoumis 2002 3844: 3842:, p. 133. 3829: 3817: 3815:, p. 132. 3802: 3790: 3788:, p. 129. 3778: 3766: 3749: 3734: 3732:, p. 668. 3722: 3710: 3698: 3683: 3666: 3651: 3639: 3627: 3625:, p. 128. 3615: 3600: 3585: 3566: 3554: 3533: 3521: 3504: 3495: 3483: 3470: 3458: 3446: 3429: 3412: 3395: 3382: 3366: 3349: 3325: 3313: 3301: 3299:, p. 284. 3277: 3261: 3237: 3225: 3223:, p. 578. 3209: 3207:, p. 389. 3197: 3181: 3177:Greenwalt 2011 3169: 3157: 3145: 3135: 3117: 3106: 3094: 3078: 3061: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2955: 2949: 2942: 2940: 2930: 2923: 2921: 2910: 2903: 2901: 2890: 2883: 2881: 2875:The region of 2874: 2867: 2865: 2858: 2851: 2849: 2842: 2835: 2833: 2826: 2819: 2817: 2810: 2803: 2801: 2794: 2787: 2785: 2778: 2771: 2769: 2758: 2751: 2749: 2738: 2731: 2729: 2722: 2715: 2713: 2706: 2699: 2697: 2686: 2679: 2677: 2673:Bridge of Arta 2670: 2663: 2659: 2656: 2636:Ionian islands 2616:Western Greece 2602:, which links 2575: 2574:Transportation 2572: 2551: 2548: 2508:Cham Albanians 2461:invaded Greece 2459:, and in 1940 2430: 2424: 2415: 2322: 2321: 2277: 2275: 2268: 2262: 2259: 2204:institutions. 2133: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2076: 2075: 2031: 2029: 2022: 2016: 2013: 2001:Riniasa Castle 1960:Gjon Zenebishi 1872: 1869: 1807:Fourth Crusade 1803:Constantinople 1786: 1783: 1769:in 1081–1084, 1721:Ambracian Gulf 1593:Constantinople 1575:Greek-speaking 1503: 1500: 1475:Secret History 1383:Παλαιὰ Ἤπειρος 1345:generalissimo 1252: 1251:Late Antiquity 1249: 1225:Acheloos River 1184:Main article: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1161:Roman Republic 1094:King of Epirus 936:Main article: 909: 906: 822: 819: 817: 814: 755:Bridge of Arta 657:Mount Smolikas 622:Mount Smolikas 614: 611: 567:Ambracian Gulf 535: 532: 467:Ionian islands 395: 392: 360:Ottoman Empire 344:Serbian Empire 328:Fourth Crusade 322:Following the 305:Roman Republic 265:ancient Greece 226:Ambracian Gulf 149: 148: 143: 140: 139: 134: 128: 127: 124: 118: 117: 107: 106:Present status 103: 102: 95: 87: 86: 81: 78: 77: 50: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5619: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5515: 5513:0-7156-3201-9 5509: 5505: 5504: 5498: 5494: 5492:0-631-19807-5 5488: 5484: 5483: 5482:The Illyrians 5477: 5473: 5471:1-85109-420-2 5467: 5463: 5462: 5456: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5408: 5404: 5402:1-55164-188-7 5398: 5394: 5393: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5341: 5340: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5301: 5297: 5295:960-213-371-6 5291: 5287: 5286: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5269: 5265: 5263:3-515-07687-5 5259: 5255: 5254: 5248: 5244: 5242:0-8223-2070-3 5238: 5234: 5233: 5227: 5223: 5221:3-7001-3003-1 5217: 5213: 5212: 5206: 5199: 5195: 5193:1-903584-35-3 5189: 5185: 5184: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5141: 5140: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5060: 5056: 5054:9781837641932 5050: 5046: 5045: 5038: 5034: 5032:0-19-504652-8 5028: 5024: 5023: 5018: 5014: 4999: 4995: 4988: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4969: 4968: 4962: 4958: 4956:0-295-96413-8 4952: 4948: 4947: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4927: 4926: 4920: 4916: 4914:0-7156-2829-1 4910: 4906: 4905: 4899: 4895: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4858:0-19-873096-9 4854: 4850: 4849: 4843: 4839: 4833: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4808:0-8155-5047-2 4804: 4800: 4799: 4793: 4789: 4788: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4732: 4730:9789535172611 4726: 4722: 4721: 4715: 4711: 4709:1-84511-287-3 4705: 4701: 4700: 4694: 4690: 4688:0-472-08260-4 4684: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4664:0-472-08149-7 4660: 4656: 4655: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4640:9783110532135 4636: 4632: 4631: 4625: 4621: 4619:0-691-00194-4 4615: 4611: 4610: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4571: 4569:0-19-925810-4 4565: 4561: 4560: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4539: 4538: 4531: 4527: 4525:0-19-517121-7 4521: 4517: 4516: 4510: 4506: 4504:0-7156-3116-0 4500: 4496: 4495: 4489: 4485: 4483:0-691-00880-9 4479: 4475: 4474: 4468: 4464: 4462:0-253-21570-6 4458: 4454: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4442: 4436: 4432: 4430:960-86190-0-9 4426: 4422: 4421: 4415: 4411: 4405: 4401: 4400: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4370: 4357: 4356:Pettifer 2001 4352: 4346:, p. 67. 4345: 4340: 4338: 4330: 4325: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4304:, p. 77. 4303: 4298: 4291: 4286: 4279: 4274: 4267: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4244: 4243:Pettifer 2001 4239: 4232: 4227: 4220: 4215: 4208: 4203: 4196: 4191: 4185:, p. 57. 4184: 4179: 4172: 4167: 4160: 4155: 4148: 4143: 4137:, p. 64. 4136: 4131: 4124: 4118: 4111: 4110: 4104: 4097: 4092: 4085: 4080: 4073: 4068: 4061: 4056: 4049: 4044: 4042: 4034: 4029: 4027: 4019: 4014: 4003: 4002: 3994: 3987: 3984: 3979: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3938: 3937: 3929: 3922: 3917: 3910: 3905: 3898: 3893: 3884: 3877: 3872: 3865: 3860: 3853: 3848: 3841: 3836: 3834: 3826: 3821: 3814: 3809: 3807: 3799: 3794: 3787: 3782: 3775: 3770: 3764:, p. 55. 3763: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3747:, p. 54. 3746: 3741: 3739: 3731: 3726: 3719: 3714: 3707: 3702: 3696:, p. 64. 3695: 3690: 3688: 3681:, p. 53. 3680: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3664:, p. 52. 3663: 3658: 3656: 3649:, p. 48. 3648: 3643: 3636: 3631: 3624: 3619: 3613:, p. 51. 3612: 3607: 3605: 3598:, p. 50. 3597: 3592: 3590: 3583:, p. 49. 3582: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3563: 3558: 3552:, p. 48. 3551: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3530: 3525: 3519:, p. 47. 3518: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3499: 3492: 3487: 3480: 3474: 3467: 3462: 3455: 3450: 3443: 3439: 3433: 3426: 3425:1.11.7–1.12.2 3422: 3416: 3409: 3408:20.10 (19.11) 3405: 3399: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3346: 3342: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3322: 3317: 3310: 3305: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3274: 3270: 3269:Georgiev 1981 3265: 3258: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3246:Meteorologica 3241: 3234: 3229: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3206: 3201: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3179:, p. 280 3178: 3173: 3166: 3161: 3155:, p. 22. 3154: 3149: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3115: 3110: 3103: 3098: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3075: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3049: 3045: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2986: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2952: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2871: 2866: 2862: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2667: 2662: 2661: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2594:. The modern 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2571: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2531:Mount Grammos 2528: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2444:Although the 2439: 2422: 2412: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2333: 2328: 2318: 2315: 2307: 2297: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2267: 2266: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2213:Filiki Eteria 2210: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2082: 2072: 2069: 2061: 2051: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2030: 2021: 2020: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1970:Carlo I Tocco 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1950:The reign of 1948: 1946: 1942: 1932: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1813: 1809:in 1204, the 1808: 1804: 1796: 1791: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1725:autocephalous 1722: 1718: 1714: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1634: 1626: 1621: 1617: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1477:, that under 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1435:North African 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1403:Hadrianopolis 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1380: 1379:Ancient Greek 1376: 1372: 1371: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1343:Western Roman 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1325:, in 380 the 1324: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1271:, ca. 400 AD. 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1187: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1126:Carthaginians 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1106:Italic tribes 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1045:Homeric Greek 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 977: 973: 968: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 939: 930: 923: 919: 914: 905: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 851: 848:sites in the 847: 843: 836: 832: 827: 821:Early history 813: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 786:Mediterranean 782: 780: 776: 775:Lake Pamvotis 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 747:Necromanteion 744: 743:Acheron river 740: 736: 731: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 696: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 638: 634: 630: 623: 619: 610: 608: 604: 599: 594: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 563:Mount Gavrovo 560: 556: 552: 544: 540: 531: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 496: 491: 485: 476: 475:Ancient Greek 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 455:Indo-European 452: 451: 445: 433: 428: 422: 413: 409: 400: 391: 389: 385: 381: 377: 376:Sublime Porte 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 283:, the oldest 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 261: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 185: 155: 147: 144: 141: 138: 135: 133: 129: 125: 123: 119: 116: 112: 108: 104: 99: 93: 88: 84: 79: 74: 70: 66: 62: 54: 45: 39: 35: 30: 19: 5502: 5481: 5460: 5447:. Retrieved 5419: 5415: 5391: 5371: 5348: 5338: 5312: 5308: 5284: 5273: 5252: 5231: 5209: 5198:the original 5182: 5162: 5138: 5117: 5096: 5075: 5064: 5043: 5020: 5005:. Retrieved 4993: 4966: 4945: 4924: 4903: 4883: 4847: 4826: 4797: 4786: 4765: 4747: 4743: 4719: 4698: 4677: 4653: 4629: 4608: 4582: 4578: 4558: 4536: 4514: 4493: 4472: 4451: 4440: 4419: 4398: 4378: 4358:, p. 7. 4351: 4324: 4309: 4297: 4285: 4273: 4245:, p. 4. 4238: 4226: 4214: 4207:Gawrych 2006 4202: 4195:Hammond 1976 4190: 4178: 4166: 4154: 4142: 4135:Fleming 1999 4130: 4117: 4107: 4103: 4096:Fleming 1999 4091: 4079: 4067: 4060:Osswald 2007 4055: 4018:Osswald 2007 4013: 4000: 3993: 3985: 3978: 3958: 3950: 3935: 3928: 3916: 3904: 3892: 3883: 3876:Osswald 2007 3871: 3859: 3847: 3840:Osswald 2007 3820: 3813:Osswald 2007 3793: 3786:Osswald 2007 3781: 3769: 3730:Kazhdan 1991 3725: 3713: 3706:Kazhdan 1991 3701: 3642: 3630: 3623:Osswald 2007 3618: 3557: 3524: 3498: 3493:, p. 5. 3486: 3473: 3466:Cameron 2004 3461: 3449: 3437: 3432: 3420: 3415: 3403: 3398: 3390: 3385: 3374: 3369: 3357: 3352: 3333: 3332:Thucydides. 3328: 3321:Hammond 1967 3316: 3304: 3297:Hammond 1982 3293:Hammond 1994 3285:Hammond 1998 3280: 3272: 3264: 3245: 3240: 3233:Hammond 1986 3228: 3221:Minahan 2002 3212: 3200: 3184: 3172: 3167:, p. 19 3160: 3148: 3140: 3126: 3120: 3109: 3097: 3081: 3052:. Retrieved 3047: 2646:, while the 2596:Egnatia Odos 2595: 2592:Adriatic Sea 2577: 2568: 2540:Albanisation 2516: 2489: 2477:Nazi Germany 2469:World War II 2454: 2443: 2437: 2419: Greek 2386: 2380: 2378:to Albania. 2337: 2310: 2301: 2279: 2206: 2176: 2158: 2141: 2064: 2055: 2033: 2015:Ottoman rule 1997:Angelokastro 1994: 1968: 1949: 1937: 1901:Pjetër Losha 1897:vassal state 1874: 1841: 1810: 1805:fell to the 1800: 1752: 1695: 1679: 1636: 1630: 1579: 1571:Lab Albanian 1569:where today 1567:Ionian coast 1529: 1511: 1505: 1474: 1467:Epirus Vetus 1391:Epirus Vetus 1368: 1366: 1331:Theodosius I 1289: 1274: 1268: 1265:Epirus Vetus 1264: 1207: 1189: 1156: 1154: 1148:(now modern 1128:in southern 1087: 1049: 1040: 1036: 996: 988: 969: 941: 902:Thesprotians 875: 855: 783: 739:Bay of Vlorë 732: 697: 653:Dinaric Alps 642: 595: 559:Mount Qelqëz 548: 458: 448: 407: 405: 321: 313:Roman Empire 293:single state 277:Thesprotians 262: 218:Bay of Vlorë 190:geographical 153: 152: 38: 29: 4880:Ostwald, M. 4750:: 171–183. 4579:Linguistics 4329:Miller 1966 3454:Davies 2002 3436:Eutropius. 3419:Pausanias. 3389:Herodotus. 3289:Wilkes 1995 3271:, p. 192: " 3244:Aristotle. 3189:Wilkes 1995 3054:16 November 2932:Gjirokaster 2917:Igoumenitsa 2913:A2 motorway 2895:river near 2859:The bay of 2725:Vikos Gorge 2632:Igoumenitsa 2608:Igoumenitsa 2600:A2 motorway 2584:Epirus Nova 2580:Via Egnatia 2559:Igoumenitsa 2405:World War I 2374:, assigned 2364:Balkan Wars 2233:Crimean War 2189:Peloponnese 2183:, a Muslim 1748:Dryinopolis 1734:by Emperor 1687:Dyrrhachium 1661:of admiral 1551:Peloponnese 1525:St. Donatus 1479:Justinian I 1451:Epirus Nova 1441:centred on 1439:own kingdom 1427:Dyrrhachium 1285:Epirus Nova 1269:Epirus Nova 1241:Cephallonia 1073:, niece of 1037:unspeakable 945:city-states 922:Mt. Tomarus 831:Proto-Greek 767:Vikos Gorge 716:Igoumenitsa 633:Vikos Gorge 551:Cape Gjuhëz 495:Attic Greek 450:terra firma 432:Doric Greek 384:World War I 380:Balkan Wars 258:Gjirokastër 246:Gjirokastër 5571:Categories 5007:22 January 4231:Clogg 2002 4219:Clogg 2002 4183:Blumi 2002 4171:Ramet 1998 4048:Nicol 1984 3963:Nicol 1984 3921:Nicol 1984 3825:Nicol 1984 3491:Anson 2010 3481:c. 340 BC. 3309:Filos 2018 3217:Borza 1992 3136:0816057222 3102:Filos 2018 2976:References 2588:Dyrrachium 2492:occupation 2485:Yugoslavia 2481:intervened 2366:, but the 2338:While the 2281:neutrality 2169:Kaplaneios 2165:Maroutsaia 2035:neutrality 1730:after the 1709: 930 1655:Hellenized 1651:Asia Minor 1585: 702 1565:), in the 1539: 615 1532:Baiounitai 1521: 590 1483:Gothic War 1455:Ostrogoths 1415:Anchiasmos 1370:Synecdemus 1277:Diocletian 1219:) and the 1209:procurator 1025:Epidaurian 991:, as does 985:barbarians 981:Thucydides 898:Molossians 714:, between 708:Paramythia 587:Ionian Sea 354:, and the 273:Molossians 214:Ionian Sea 196:region in 194:historical 132:Time zones 5444:140687333 5436:1461-3190 5329:163742869 4675:(1994) . 4651:(1991) . 4599:144569294 4147:Reid 2000 3967:Fine 1994 3897:Fine 1994 3694:Fine 1991 3391:Histories 3375:Geography 3358:Geography 3165:Suha 2021 2981:Citations 2813:Nicopolis 2743:over the 2691:, in the 2512:expulsion 2304:June 2023 2292:talk page 2207:When the 2193:Macedonia 2058:June 2023 2046:talk page 1999:in 1460, 1990:Nicopolis 1881:civil war 1864:Albanians 1844:Macedonia 1779:Aromanian 1698:Mardaites 1638:Sklavinia 1633:Naupaktos 1543:Vagenetia 1419:Buthrotum 1375:Hierocles 1362:Buthrotum 1360:Ruins of 1327:Visigoths 1319:Nicopolis 1296:Macedonia 1245:Zakynthos 1200:Macedonia 1157:synedrion 1114:Cassander 1052:Molossian 1017:Eutropius 1013:Pausanias 1005:Herodotus 1001:Illyrians 997:Geography 987:" in his 894:Chaonians 846:Mycenaean 673:Mitsikeli 649:limestone 579:Macedonia 522:Aromanian 507:Ēpeirōtôn 499:Ἠπειρωτῶν 490:Āpeirōtân 484:romanized 479:Ἀπειρωτᾶν 421:romanized 406:The name 372:Ali Pasha 269:Chaonians 234:Nicopolis 69:Aromanian 5542:Archived 4998:Archived 4882:(eds.). 4824:(eds.). 3479:Kytheros 3393:, 6.127. 3373:Strabo. 3356:Strabo. 3341:Archived 3253:Archived 3090:ἤπειρ-ος 3044:"Epirus" 2959:See also 2897:Tepelena 2604:Ioannina 2360:Ioannina 2285:disputed 2250:Ioannina 2225:Ioannina 2185:Albanian 2177:de facto 2173:Zosimaia 2144:Ottomans 2039:disputed 1909:Mazaraki 1905:Malakasi 1763:occupied 1744:Koloneia 1736:Basil II 1561:(on the 1496:Ioannina 1443:Carthage 1411:Phoenice 1347:Stilicho 1323:Jordanes 1304:paganism 1146:Ambracia 1108:331 BC. 1098:Lucanian 1071:Olympias 1067:Illyrian 1055:Aeacidae 1029:Plutarch 953:frontier 882:Hellenes 779:Ioannina 681:Mourgana 677:Ioannina 583:Thessaly 512:Albanian 465:and the 368:Albanian 364:Pashalik 297:Aeacidae 254:Ioannina 232:city of 220:and the 212:and the 61:Albanian 5582:Balkans 5449:17 June 3442:2.11.13 2951:Preveza 2915:, near 2845:Konitsa 2781:Acheron 2741:Konitsa 2658:Gallery 2634:to the 2626:, with 2624:Preveza 2590:on the 2550:Economy 2254:Preveza 2201:Souliot 2009:Vonitsa 2005:Preveza 1915:at the 1767:Normans 1765:by the 1740:Chimara 1623:Map of 1587:, when 1559:Labëria 1473:in his 1431:Vandals 1423:Photike 1233:Lefkada 1212:Augusti 1165:Macedon 1118:Pyrrhus 1100:in the 1063:Macedon 1033:Pyrrhus 995:in his 867:Odyssey 863:Albania 859:Mycenae 816:History 763:Thyamis 724:Saranda 720:Sagiada 704:Preveza 553:of the 486:: 459:*apero- 444:Ápeiros 436:Ἄπειρος 427:Ḗpeiros 423:: 416:Ἤπειρος 326:by the 206:Albania 188:) is a 126:Epirote 122:Demonym 115:Albania 57:Ήπειρος 18:Epirote 5577:Epirus 5510: 5489: 5468: 5442: 5434: 5399: 5378: 5359: 5327: 5292: 5260: 5239: 5218: 5190: 5169: 5146: 5125: 5104: 5083: 5051: 5029: 4974: 4953: 4932: 4911: 4890: 4855: 4834: 4805: 4773: 4727: 4706: 4685: 4661: 4637: 4616: 4597: 4566: 4545: 4522: 4501: 4480: 4459: 4427: 4406: 4385: 3943: 3133: 2877:Himara 2829:Dodona 2797:Sirako 2783:river. 2747:river. 2689:Gramos 2598:, the 2544:Himara 2465:Allies 2432: 2426: 2417: 2171:, and 2153:Zagori 2149:Himara 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2093: 2087: 1860:Pindus 1848:Thrace 1829:vassal 1817:Venice 1746:, and 1713:Samuel 1647:879/80 1643:869/70 1555:Bulgar 1492:Euroea 1487:Totila 1399:Euroea 1395:Dodona 1339:Alaric 1308:Julian 1243:, and 1237:Ithaca 1204:Trajan 1196:Achaea 1142:Dodona 1134:Sicily 1122:Romans 1021:Argive 1015:, and 993:Strabo 976:Dorian 965:Delphi 961:Dodona 949:poleis 918:Dodona 878:Hellas 810:lynxes 808:, and 798:wolves 790:Alpine 761:, the 759:Louros 757:, the 749:, the 728:Zagori 726:. The 712:Fanari 693:Himara 669:Gramos 665:Lygkos 605:, and 408:Epirus 370:ruler 350:, the 289:Delphi 285:oracle 281:Dodona 275:, and 242:Epirus 238:region 202:Greece 154:Epirus 111:Greece 100:, 1902 48:Epirus 5440:S2CID 5325:S2CID 5201:(PDF) 5001:(PDF) 4990:(PDF) 4595:S2CID 4005:(PDF) 3362:7.7.1 2893:Vjosa 2861:Parga 2640:Italy 2563:Italy 2479:then 2197:Souli 1978:Muriq 1974:Jakob 1964:Corfu 1801:When 1777:. An 1717:Ohrid 1704:. In 1676:Rogoi 1663:Nasar 1597:680/1 1508:Avars 1463:Antae 1459:Getae 1407:Appon 1387:Latin 1300:Dacia 1281:Latin 1229:Corfu 1217:Vlorë 1130:Italy 1043:, in 920:with 802:foxes 794:bears 735:Vjosë 675:near 661:Tymfi 607:Berat 603:Vlorë 591:Corfu 571:Vjosa 527:Epiru 517:Epiri 463:Corfu 457:root 412:Greek 250:Vlorë 230:Roman 73:Epiru 65:Epiri 53:Greek 5508:ISBN 5487:ISBN 5466:ISBN 5451:2023 5432:ISSN 5397:ISBN 5376:ISBN 5357:ISBN 5290:ISBN 5258:ISBN 5237:ISBN 5216:ISBN 5188:ISBN 5167:ISBN 5144:ISBN 5123:ISBN 5102:ISBN 5081:ISBN 5049:ISBN 5027:ISBN 5009:2021 4972:ISBN 4951:ISBN 4930:ISBN 4909:ISBN 4888:ISBN 4853:ISBN 4832:ISBN 4803:ISBN 4771:ISBN 4725:ISBN 4704:ISBN 4683:ISBN 4659:ISBN 4635:ISBN 4614:ISBN 4564:ISBN 4543:ISBN 4520:ISBN 4499:ISBN 4478:ISBN 4457:ISBN 4425:ISBN 4404:ISBN 4383:ISBN 3941:ISBN 3379:7.11 3250:1.14 3131:ISBN 3056:2013 2934:, a 2891:The 2745:Aoos 2723:The 2671:The 2638:and 2500:EDES 2348:Arta 2278:The 2252:and 2221:Arta 2151:and 2142:The 2032:The 1976:and 1921:Arta 1907:and 1887:and 1771:Arta 1645:and 1599:and 1447:Zeno 1367:The 1298:and 1267:and 1259:The 1150:Arta 1132:and 1124:and 1023:and 871:Zeus 806:deer 718:and 710:and 702:and 700:Arta 581:and 543:NASA 382:and 315:and 248:and 204:and 192:and 113:and 5424:doi 5317:doi 4752:doi 4587:doi 4318:Map 4033:PLP 3338:1.8 3193:Map 2506:of 2467:in 1601:692 1461:or 1373:of 1194:of 1047:). 635:in 307:in 240:of 5573:: 5438:. 5430:. 5418:. 5414:. 5355:. 5323:. 5313:21 5311:. 5307:. 4996:. 4992:. 4878:; 4874:; 4870:; 4820:; 4748:27 4746:. 4742:. 4593:. 4583:11 4581:. 4336:^ 4316:: 4250:^ 4040:^ 4025:^ 3949:. 3832:^ 3805:^ 3752:^ 3737:^ 3686:^ 3669:^ 3654:^ 3603:^ 3588:^ 3569:^ 3536:^ 3507:^ 3423:, 3406:, 3377:, 3360:, 3336:, 3287:; 3248:, 3139:. 3088:, 3064:^ 3046:. 2989:^ 2471:. 2167:, 1706:c. 1582:c. 1536:c. 1518:c. 1421:, 1417:, 1413:, 1409:, 1405:, 1401:, 1397:, 1389:: 1385:, 1381:: 1283:: 1247:. 1239:, 1235:, 1231:, 1085:. 1039:, 1011:, 1007:, 967:. 812:. 804:, 800:, 796:, 530:. 501:, 497:: 493:, 481:, 477:: 438:, 434:: 418:, 414:: 319:. 271:, 172:aɪ 71:: 63:: 55:: 5516:. 5495:. 5474:. 5453:. 5426:: 5420:2 5405:. 5384:. 5365:. 5331:. 5319:: 5298:. 5266:. 5245:. 5224:. 5175:. 5152:. 5131:. 5110:. 5089:. 5057:. 5035:. 5011:. 4980:. 4959:. 4938:. 4917:. 4896:. 4861:. 4840:. 4811:. 4779:. 4758:. 4754:: 4733:. 4712:. 4691:. 4667:. 4643:. 4622:. 4601:. 4589:: 4572:. 4551:. 4528:. 4507:. 4486:. 4465:. 4433:. 4412:. 4391:. 4149:. 3444:. 3427:. 3410:. 3364:. 3347:. 3323:. 3195:) 3092:. 3058:. 2938:. 2919:. 2899:. 2863:. 2847:. 2831:. 2815:. 2799:. 2767:. 2727:. 2711:. 2695:. 2675:. 2565:. 2334:. 2317:) 2311:( 2306:) 2302:( 2298:. 2288:. 2071:) 2065:( 2060:) 2056:( 2052:. 2042:. 852:. 837:. 639:. 430:( 184:/ 181:s 178:ə 175:r 169:p 166:ˈ 163:ɪ 160:/ 156:( 36:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index