1030:
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1496:"The XIIth Dynasty (1991–1786 B.C.E.) originated from the Aswan region. As expected, strong Nubian features and dark coloring are seen in their sculpture and relief work. This dynasty ranks as among the greatest, whose fame far outlived its actual tenure on the throne. Especially interesting, it was a member of this dynasty – that decreed that no Nehsy (riverine Nubian of the principality of Kush), except such as came for trade or diplomatic reasons, should pass by the Egyptian fortress at the southern end of the Second Nile Cataract. Why would this royal family of Nubian ancestry ban other Nubians from coming into Egyptian territory? Because the Egyptian rulers of Nubian ancestry had become Egyptians culturally; as pharaohs, they exhibited typical Egyptian attitudes and adopted typical Egyptian policies."
688:
969:
52:
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726:
1000:
825:, she personified the bountiful annual flooding of the Nile. The cult of Satis originated in Aswan. Later, when the triad was formed, Khnum became identified as her consort and, thereby, was thought of as the father of Anuket. His role in myths later changed; another deity was ascribed duties with the river. At that time his role as a potter enabled him to be assigned a duty in the creation of human bodies. Anuket was the goddess of the first cataract and is referred to as the personification of the Nile. A cult was formed on the island for Anuket.
71:
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in
Elephantine. French teams also set out to Elephantine where they discovered several hundred ostraca, but very few have been published thus far. The major findings from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century are found in these museums; Berlin, Brooklyn, Cairo, London, Munich, and Paris.
585:
Between 1893 and 1910, Aramaic papyri, consisting of Jewish achievements, were found and collected on
Elephantine. There has been a large presence of German excavation with a vast amount of discoveries or papyri and ostraca. The documents have led to discoveries about Jewish presence and significance
881:
The earliest recount of the Jewish temple is from 525 BC. In 410 BC, the Jewish temple, the House of Yahweh, was burned down by a
Persian military commander after he was bribed by Khnum priests. While no explicit reasoning has been given for this lash out, it has been suspected that the priests did
758:
was a structure for measuring the Nile River's clarity and the water level during the annual flood season. There are two nilometers at
Elephantine. The more famous is a corridor nilometer associated with the temple of Satis, with a stone staircase that descends the corridor. It is one of the oldest
485:
of the northern part of Egypt. Elephantine is 1,600 metres from north to south and 450 metres across at its widest point. The layout of this and other nearby islands in Aswan can be seen from west bank hillsides along the Nile. The island is located just downstream of the
782:
The other nilometer is a rectangular basin located at the island's southern tip, near the temple of Khnum and opposite the Old
Cataract Hotel. It is probably the older of the two. One of the nilometers, though it is not certain which, is mentioned by the Greek historian
877:
There is bias that surrounds the Jewish and
Egyptian interactions that occurred on Elephantine, but the findings show that there was often culture interchange. Conflict began after an Egyptian precious stone turned up in the hands of the Jews.
814:, it is debated whether Anuket is the daughter of the two or the sister of Satis. Elephantine was the dwelling place of Khnum, the ram-headed god of the cataracts, who guarded and controlled the waters of the Nile from caves beneath the island.
968:
550:. Trade routes would stop on Elephantine to deliver ivory, a precious good in ancient Egypt. It was an excellent defensive site for a fort, and its location made it a natural cargo transfer point for river trade. During the
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Most of the present day southern tip of the island is taken up by the ruins of the temple of Khnum. These, the oldest ruins still standing on the island, are composed of a granite
646:
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during their 300-year rule over Egypt (305–30 BC) and maintained the ancient religious customs and traditions, while often associating the
Egyptian deities with their own.
802:, but the reference is to a well at Aswan, not at Elephantine. Neither nilometer at Elephantine is suitable for the purpose, while the well at Aswan is apparently lost.
865:, which functioned alongside that of Khnum. It is not clear when or why the Jewish community settled in Elephantine. The temple may have been built in reaction to
424:
in 1979, along with other examples of Upper
Egyptian architecture, as part of the "Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae" (despite Elephantine being neither
845:
mercenaries and their families on
Elephantine, starting in the 7th century BCE. The mercenaries guarded the frontier between Egypt and Nubia. Following the
4646:
1448:"Ammenemes himself was not a Theban but the son of a woman from Elephantine called Nofret and a priest called Sesostris (‘The man of the Great Goddess’).",
3150:
2188:
894:
461:
1480:"Amenemhet I was a commoner, the son of one Senwosret and a woman named NEFRET, listed as prominent members of a family from ELEPHANTINE Island."
4008:
1694:
1655:
2257:
941:
1577:
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de Morgan 1894. J. De Morgan . Catalogue des monuments et inscriptions de l'Égypte antique. De la frontière de Nubie à Kom Ombos. Vienne
1048:
999:
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4106:
1604:
4335:
4163:
687:
209:
206:
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577:, being from the Elephantine Egyptian nome Ta-Seti. Many scholars have argued that Amenemhat I's mother was of Nubian origin.
2181:
2134:
1994:
1834:
1614:
1219:
1187:
4281:
3225:
1529:"Critique of the "Black Pharaohs" Theme: Racist Perspectives of Egyptian and Kushite/Nubian Interactions in Popular Media"
4395:
4153:
4148:
4029:
3690:
3260:
4001:
3175:
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1954:
1924:
1678:
1639:
116:
17:
1403:"Then a king will come from the South, Ameny, the justified, by name, son of a woman of Ta-seti, child of Upper Egypt"
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4118:
1870:
1587:
1425:
321:
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at the island's ancient town site have uncovered many findings that are now on display in the museum, including a
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times and still in use as late as the 19th century AD. Ninety steps that lead down to the river are marked with
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live in three villages in the island's middle section. A large luxury hotel is at the island's northern end.
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at the town have uncovered many findings, on display in the Aswan Museum located on the island, including a
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presence that formulated on the island. The standard reference collection of the
Aramaic documents of the
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4204:
4123:
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3215:
3011:
846:
622:
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The standard reference collection of the Aramaic documents of the Elephantine papyri and ostraca is the
4143:
3715:
677:
668:, founded around 3000 BC and enlarged and renovated over the next 3,000 years. There are records of an
551:
2038:
1464:"Senusret, a commoner as the father of Amenemhet, his mother, Nefert, came from the area Elephantine."
501:
The island may have received its name after its shape, which in aerial views is similar to that of an
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4113:
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3190:
3118:
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798:, was located on the island. Strabo mentions a well that was used to observe that Aswan lies on the
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4261:
4182:
4133:
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2398:
795:
574:
360:
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1468:
Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt
566:
51:
1709:
4365:
4298:
4138:
3781:
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3659:
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dating to sometime in the 5th century BC. These papyri document the presence of a community of
704:
680:, just before the foreign rule that followed in the Graeco-Roman Period. The Greeks formed the
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602:
1944:
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numerals. Visible at the water's edge are inscriptions carved deeply into the rock during the
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3624:
3035:
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2841:
1914:
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433:
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1410:
Kingship, Power, and Legitimacy in Ancient Egypt: From the Old Kingdom to the Middle Kingdom
1209:
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4170:
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231:
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1827:
The Elephantine papyri in English: three millennia of cross-cultural continuity and change
554:(1650–1550 BC), the fort marked the southern border of Egypt. The island was also a vital
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2014:
Une Communauté Judéo-Araméenne à Éléphantine, en Egypte, aux vi et v siècles avant J.-C,
1167:
869:'s reinstitution of pagan worship or simply to serve the needs of the Jewish community.
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called Yebu or Abu is located at the uppermost part of the Nile river that is a part of
4586:
4229:
4192:
4091:
3210:
3078:
2105:
2022:
1829:. Idocumenta et monumenta Orientis antiqui (DMOA). Leiden: New York : E.J. Brill.
1804:
1737:
1688:
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1321:
1294:"Among the Priests of Elephantine Island Elephantine Island Seen from Egyptian Sources"
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2017:
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Many sources claim that the fabled "Well of Eratosthenes", famous in connection with
681:
606:
2155:
1514:
General History of Africa Volume II – Ancient civilizations of Africa (ed. G Moktar)
886:. Papyri records that have been collected from this time show Jewish letters asking
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3796:
3649:
3255:
3159:
3006:
2703:
2640:
2223:
2089:
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2009:
1940:
1916:
The Aramaic and Egyptian Legal Traditions at Elephantine: An Egyptological Approach
1796:
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1413:
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1305:
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1175:
1036:
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842:
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have been collected to study what life was like on Elephantine during the time of
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Aramäische Papyrus und Ostraka aus einer jüdischen Militär-Kolonie zu Elephantine
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379:
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this because of the Jewish rituals of sacrificing of sheep, especially during
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1373:
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955:
946:
638:
502:
498:. This region above is called Upper Egypt because it is further up the Nile.
474:
448:
131:
118:
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4524:
4500:
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4286:
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3058:
3001:
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2535:
2440:
2370:
1862:
The Nile Mosaic of Palestrina: Early Evidence of Egyptian Religion in Italy
1065:
983:
906:
853:
in reverse,” settled on Elephantine. They maintained their own temple (the
791:
738:
700:
634:
618:
482:
3250:
1020:
Verdant Elephantine Island, opposite Assuan, Egypt", 1908. Lantern slide.
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514:
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3359:
3091:
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2708:
2630:
2610:
2555:
2540:
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2238:
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1890:
1673:(First Pegasus books paperback ed.). New York. pp. Chapter 12.
909:
is located at the southern end of the island. Ongoing excavations by the
818:
760:
570:
495:
491:
413:
255:
View south (upstream) of Elephantine Island and Nile, from a hotel tower.
1891:"Anuket: The Ancient Egyptian Goddess of the Nile | History Cooperative"
1325:
1293:
251:
4325:
3986:
3959:
3629:
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3395:
3270:
2976:
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2811:
2668:
2620:
2564:
2525:
1808:
1394:
Ian Shaw, Ed, Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, New York, 2000, page 206
1381:
1349:
1273:
1241:
850:
719:
715:
429:
2109:
2077:
1946:
A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period (vol. 2)
1484:
Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt (Facts on File Library of World History)
3896:
3811:
3725:
3195:
2495:
2435:
2197:
849:, some Judean refugees traveled south and, in what may be called an “
755:
742:
714:. In the Middle Kingdom, many officials, such as the local governors
1800:
1365:
1121:
676:. This temple was completely rebuilt in the Late Period, during the
4406:
4197:
3856:
3816:
3506:
3431:
3351:
3128:
2867:
2757:
2678:
2580:
2500:
2345:
2280:
2166:
2093:
1784:
1257:
1128:. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
883:
641:
on the island. In 1822, they were destroyed during the campaign of
610:
546:), the island of Elephantine stood at the border between Egypt and
444:
396:
3536:
2320:
505:, or from the rounded rocks along the banks resembling elephants.
4569:
4535:
4459:
4239:
3911:
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3786:
3735:
3574:
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3526:
3341:
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2600:
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2515:
2470:
2455:
2385:
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2365:
2360:
2330:
2310:
982:
columns, dedicated by the artisan Kasa to the Elephantine Triad.
918:
733:
707:
559:
440:
1671:
The story of Egypt : the civilization that shaped the world
821:
and protector of this strategic region of Egypt. When seen as a
4475:
4465:
3891:
3826:
3740:
3730:
3695:
3634:
3594:
3541:
3531:
3496:
3426:
3346:
2981:
2940:
2862:
2783:
2773:
2752:
2530:
2505:
2485:
2325:
2315:
2270:
979:
887:
811:
784:
729:
Khnum temple at Elephantine island, New kingdom, Reconstruction
711:
534:
401:
703:
from the Third Dynasty and a small temple built for the local
451:. There have been studies about the Elephantine Triad and the
439:
The island has been studied through excavation sites. Aramaic
352:
313:
301:
4480:
4438:
3876:
3866:
3861:
3836:
3821:
3614:
3579:
3421:
3400:
3385:
3096:
2920:
2910:
2857:
2831:
2821:
2816:
2801:
2747:
2729:
2615:
2575:
2510:
2460:
2450:
2213:
1710:"Ethnicity: Constructions of Self and Other in Ancient Egypt"
1498:
F. J. Yurco. "'Were the ancient Egyptians black or white?'".
1005:
975:
914:
598:
594:
547:
478:
425:
409:
4446:
3906:
3871:
3791:
3761:
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3680:
3469:
3333:
3205:
2930:
2734:
2560:
1090:
http://projetrosette.info/popup.php?Id=1012&idObjet=423
452:
405:
295:
271:
91:
57:
656:
Small Kalabsha temple reconstruction, south of the island.
3372:
2788:
1174:, Oxford University PressNew York, NY, pp. 130–141,
283:
277:
1987:
Becoming a Diaspora Jew: Behind the Story of Elephantine
1634:(Second ed.). Chichester, West Sussex. p. 99.
1101:
Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Third Edition
2890:
2126:
Biblical Aramaic and Related Dialects: An Introduction
1211:
Biblical Aramaic and Related Dialects: An Introduction
924:
The Aswan Botanical Garden is adjacent to the west on
872:
837:
are caches of legal documents and letters written in
322:
298:
286:
280:
268:
4514:
1970:
Schama, Simon (September 2013). "In the Beginning".
386:
310:
292:
274:
810:The Elephantine triad is between Khnum, Satis, and
307:
289:
722:, dedicated statues and shrines into the temple.
4613:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
895:Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt
817:Satis was worshipped from very early times as a
462:Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt
1454:. Wiley-Blackwell (July 19, 1994). p. 159.
951:Drei aramäische papyrusurkunden aus Elephantine
1884:
1882:
1820:
1818:
1753:
1751:
1629:
931:
4422:
4002:
3144:
2182:
1412:. Cambridge University Press: 138–160. 2020.
1332:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1122:"Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae"
660:The main two temples of the island were for
562:for monuments and buildings all over Egypt.
538:
4647:Historic Jewish communities in North Africa
1879:
1815:
1748:
759:nilometers in Egypt, last reconstructed in
4429:
4415:
4009:
3995:
3151:
3137:
2189:
2175:
1693:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1654:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1465:
1280:
1140:
50:
2160:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 4
2153:
1949:. Bloomsbury T&T Clark. p. 103.
1908:
1906:
1544:
1347:
1228:
4016:
2043:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1989:. Yale University Press. pp. 1–88.
1782:
1668:
1526:
732:
724:
686:
651:
625:, was found in fragments on the island.
250:
2078:"The Origin of the Jews in Elephantine"
1963:
1933:
1858:
1576:Lobban, Richard A. Jr (10 April 2021).
1497:
672:to Khnum on the island as early as the
609:have been found on Elephantine. A rare
580:
56:West bank of Elephantine Island on the
14:
4614:
3310:
2075:
1969:
1939:
1903:
1888:
1824:
1757:
1708:Smith, Stuart Tyson (8 October 2018).
1602:
1596:
1579:Historical Dictionary of Ancient Nubia
1575:
1527:Crawford, Keith W. (1 December 2021).
1481:
1449:
1406:"The Beginning of the Twelfth Dynasty"
1291:
1165:
917:ram of Khnum. A sizable population of
691:Elephantine, as published in the 1809
395:
4410:
3990:
3303:
3132:
2170:
2036:
1984:
1912:
1758:Porten, Bezalel (December 31, 1999).
1707:
1609:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 72.
1239:
1086:Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian
978:with sledge and pronaos supported by
633:Prior to 1822, there were temples to
4596:
4436:
4371:
3158:
2196:
2122:
1207:
1008:houses on central Elephantine Island
805:
664:and Khnum. The first temple was the
364:
4391:
2037:Toorn, Karel van der (2021-12-16).
1054:Ruins on Elephantine Island in 2000
873:Conflict Between Jews and Egyptians
645:, who had taken power in Egypt, to
539:
77:
24:
3044:Monumental depictions of Amanitore
2147:
1919:. T&T Clark. pp. 15–116.
1502:. (Vol 15, no. 5, 1989): 24–9, 58.
1470:. Thames & Hudson. p. 78.
1350:"The Jewish Temple at Elephantine"
1242:"The Jewish Temple at Elephantine"
1180:10.1093/oso/9780195099898.003.0011
942:Aramäische Papyrus aus Elephantine
828:
513:Known to the ancient Egyptians as
25:
4663:
4119:Ancient Egyptian race controversy
1240:Smith, John Merlin Powis (1908).
900:
4595:
4517:
4390:
4380:
4370:
4361:
4360:
4349:
4312:
3971:
3970:
3234:
3113:
3112:
2997:Temple of Apedemak (Lion Temple)
2247:
2055:10.7817/jameroriesoci.138.2.0255
1047:
1028:
1013:
998:
967:
890:for help rebuilding the temple.
847:587 BCE destruction of Jerusalem
508:
264:
76:
69:
4381:
2116:
2082:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
2069:
2030:
2003:
1978:
1852:
1843:
1776:
1701:
1662:
1623:
1603:Morris, Ellen (6 August 2018).
1569:
1520:
1506:
1490:
1474:
1458:
1442:
1397:
1166:Bunson, Margaret (1995-11-23),
911:German Archaeological Institute
591:German Archaeological Institute
2129:. Cambridge University Press.
1388:
1348:Rosenberg, Stephen G. (2004).
1214:. Cambridge University Press.
1201:
1114:
1094:
1078:
835:Elephantine papyri and ostraca
794:' presumed calculation of the
617:, which dates to the reign of
615:Elephantine Calendar of Things
457:Elephantine Papyri and Ostraca
408:, forming part of the city of
13:
1:
4642:Archaeological sites in Egypt
2992:Temple of Amun (Jebel Barkal)
1985:Toorn, Karel Van Der (2019).
1825:Porten, Bezalel, ed. (1996).
1630:Van de Mieroop, Marc (2021).
1533:African Archaeological Review
1172:A Dictionary of Ancient Egypt
1071:
749:
2039:"Previously, at Elephantine"
1606:Ancient Egyptian Imperialism
1582:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1486:. Facts on File. p. 25.
1126:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
490:, at the southern border of
481:. Elephantine had the first
468:
387:
353:
7:
4602:Islands of Egypt at commons
4304:Egypt–Mesopotamia relations
4124:Population history of Egypt
2123:Cook, Edward (2022-09-29).
2027:vol.5, (1939) 1964 p125 n.1
1889:Parikh, Amee (2023-05-24).
1789:The Jewish Quarterly Review
1785:"The Elephantine Documents"
1714:Journal of Egyptian History
1500:Biblical Archaeology Review
1310:10.13109/wdor.2016.46.2.213
1208:Cook, Edward (2022-09-29).
1059:
932:Primary scholarly documents
589:Ongoing excavations by the
161:1,200 m (3900 ft)
10:
4668:
1859:Meyboom, P. G. P. (1995).
1632:A history of ancient Egypt
1546:10.1007/s10437-021-09453-7
1466:A. Clayton, Peter (2006).
1452:A History of Ancient Egypt
1035:Island of Elephantine, by
991:
678:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
628:
565:Historical texts from the
552:Second Intermediate Period
383:
192:
4593:
4578:
4534:
4512:
4445:
4344:
4321:
4310:
4048:
4025:
3968:
3930:
3749:
3673:
3560:
3482:
3324:
3294:
3243:
3232:
3166:
3110:
3077:
3034:
2949:
2717:
2686:
2677:
2639:
2426:
2384:
2353:
2344:
2256:
2245:
2204:
2076:Gordon, Cyrus H. (1955).
1913:Botta, Alejandro (2009).
1783:Margolis, Max L. (1912).
1726:10.1163/18741665-12340045
1482:Bunson, Margaret (2002).
1418:10.1017/9781108914529.006
1292:Müller, Matthias (2016).
372:
178:
173:
169:400 m (1300 ft)
165:
157:
147:
110:
105:
64:
49:
38:
35:
4356:Ancient Egypt portal
2154:Bresciani, Edda (1998).
1669:Fletcher, Joann (2017).
1450:Grimal, Nicolas (1994).
1354:Near Eastern Archaeology
1103:(Merriam-Webster, 1997;
1037:Edwin Howland Blashfield
3842:Horus on the Crocodiles
859:sacrifices were offered
693:Description de l'Égypte
567:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
525:→ Medio-Late Egyptian:
420:on the island became a
342:
4637:River islands of Egypt
3782:Crown of justification
3716:North African elephant
3660:Throne Hall of Dongola
3286:Veneration of the dead
3017:Throne Hall of Dongola
1764:Jewish Women's Archive
1516:. UNESCO. p. 152.
746:
730:
696:
657:
569:mention the mother of
256:
4030:Glossary of artifacts
3625:Philae temple complex
3002:Temple of Amun (Tabo)
2972:Philae temple complex
1972:The Story of the Jews
1865:. BRILL. p. 52.
796:Earth's circumference
736:
728:
690:
655:
473:Elephantine, or what
393:Coptic pronunciation:
254:
3201:Flooding of the Nile
2967:Monastery in Ghazali
1298:Die Welt des Orients
863:polytheistic beliefs
581:Archaeological sites
4632:Islands of the Nile
4176:Cursive hieroglyphs
3750:Symbols and objects
3620:Musawwarat es-Sufra
3522:Kingdom of al-Abwab
3221:Prophecy of Neferti
3102:Levallois technique
3049:Nubian architecture
2586:Musawwarat es-Sufra
2404:Monarchs of Makuria
2296:Kingdom of al-Abwab
2162:. pp. 360–362.
2016:London 1915 cited,
1084:"3bw" in Faulkner,
984:Museo Egizio, Turin
777:Seventeenth Dynasty
533:, preserved in its
422:World Heritage Site
418:archaeological digs
128: /
32:
4506:Kitchener's Island
4149:Funerary practices
2023:A Study of History
1811:– via JSTOR.
1246:The Biblical World
747:
731:
697:
658:
623:Eighteenth Dynasty
257:
96:Aswan, Upper Egypt
30:
27:Island in the Nile
18:Elephantine Island
4609:
4608:
4580:Mediterranean Sea
4560:St. John's Island
4496:Rahmaniyah Island
4404:
4403:
4159:Great Royal Wives
4129:Prehistoric Egypt
3984:
3983:
3954:Meroitic alphabet
3950:Meroitic language
3945:Egyptian language
3940:Blemmyes language
3478:
3477:
3191:Egyptian religion
3126:
3125:
3069:Sedeinga pyramids
3064:Pyramids of Meroë
3030:
3029:
2962:Kulubnarti church
2663:Meroitic alphabet
2422:
2421:
2394:Monarchs of Kerma
2306:Kingdom of Sennar
2136:978-1-108-78788-8
1996:978-0-300-24949-1
1941:Grabbe, Lester L.
1836:978-90-04-10197-5
1616:978-1-4051-3677-8
1221:978-1-108-78788-8
1189:978-0-19-509989-8
926:el Nabatat Island
823:fertility goddess
806:Elephantine triad
682:Ptolemaic dynasty
607:prehistoric Egypt
573:, founder of the
529:→ Coptic: (Ⲉ)ⲓⲏⲃ
475:ancient Egyptians
351:
249:
248:
217:
216:
213:
212:
187:
186:
16:(Redirected from
4659:
4599:
4598:
4550:Pharaoh's Island
4527:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4408:
4407:
4394:
4393:
4384:
4383:
4374:
4373:
4364:
4363:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4316:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3988:
3987:
3974:
3973:
3797:Egyptian obelisk
3650:Temple of Dendur
3301:
3300:
3256:Execration texts
3238:
3160:Kushite religion
3153:
3146:
3139:
3130:
3129:
3116:
3115:
3007:Temple of Dendur
2684:
2683:
2399:Monarchs of Kush
2351:
2350:
2251:
2224:History of Sudan
2198:History of Nubia
2191:
2184:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2141:
2140:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2034:
2028:
2010:A. van Hoonacker
2007:
2001:
2000:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1886:
1877:
1876:
1856:
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1847:
1841:
1840:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1720:(1–2): 113–146.
1705:
1699:
1698:
1692:
1684:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1645:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1600:
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1548:
1524:
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1471:
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1456:
1455:
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1440:
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1401:
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1392:
1386:
1385:
1345:
1330:
1329:
1289:
1278:
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1237:
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1225:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1163:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1118:
1112:
1098:
1092:
1082:
1051:
1032:
1017:
1002:
971:
839:Imperial Aramaic
800:Tropic of Cancer
542:
541:
532:
528:
524:
399:
394:
390:
385:
374:
366:
358:
346:
339:Ancient Egyptian
333:
329:
325:
320:
319:
316:
315:
312:
309:
304:
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300:
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189:
188:
150:
143:
142:
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139:
138:
133:
129:
126:
125:
124:
121:
90:Location in the
80:
79:
73:
54:
33:
29:
21:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4589:
4587:Nelson's Island
4574:
4530:
4523:
4518:
4516:
4510:
4441:
4435:
4405:
4400:
4350:
4348:
4340:
4317:
4308:
4044:
4021:
4015:
3985:
3980:
3964:
3960:Nubian language
3926:
3777:Crook and flail
3772:Christian cross
3745:
3669:
3556:
3474:
3320:
3290:
3266:Mortuary temple
3239:
3230:
3162:
3157:
3127:
3122:
3106:
3073:
3054:Nubian pyramids
3026:
2957:Faras Cathedral
2945:
2713:
2673:
2635:
2531:Island of Meroë
2418:
2414:Viceroy of Kush
2380:
2340:
2301:Kingdom of Kush
2252:
2243:
2200:
2195:
2150:
2148:Further reading
2145:
2144:
2137:
2121:
2117:
2074:
2070:
2035:
2031:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1983:
1979:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1911:
1904:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1823:
1816:
1801:10.2307/1451065
1781:
1777:
1768:
1766:
1756:
1749:
1706:
1702:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1667:
1663:
1647:
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1642:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1574:
1570:
1525:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1507:
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1479:
1475:
1463:
1459:
1447:
1443:
1428:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1366:10.2307/4149987
1346:
1333:
1290:
1281:
1238:
1229:
1222:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1164:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1099:
1095:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1043:
1041:Brooklyn Museum
1033:
1024:
1022:Brooklyn Museum
1018:
1009:
1003:
994:
987:
972:
934:
903:
875:
855:House of Yahweh
831:
829:Jewish presence
808:
752:
670:Egyptian temple
666:temple of Satet
631:
613:, known as the
605:dating back to
583:
575:Twelfth Dynasty
519:Middle Egyptian
511:
471:
392:
361:Egyptian Arabic
331:
327:
323:
306:
267:
263:
229:
227:
225:
183:
148:
136:
134:
132:24.09°N 32.89°E
130:
127:
122:
119:
117:
115:
114:
101:
100:
99:
98:
88:
87:
86:
85:
81:
60:
45:
44:
42:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4665:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4607:
4606:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4583:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4555:Mukawwa Island
4552:
4547:
4541:
4539:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4470:Agilkia Island
4463:
4452:
4450:
4443:
4442:
4434:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4411:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4388:
4378:
4368:
4358:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4185:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4014:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3991:
3982:
3981:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3947:
3942:
3936:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3711:Nile crocodile
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3677:
3675:
3674:Sacred animals
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3645:Temple of Amun
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3590:Dodekaschoinos
3587:
3585:Deir el-Bahari
3582:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3486:
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3479:
3476:
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3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3186:Creation myths
3183:
3178:
3172:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3156:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3133:
3124:
3123:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2768:
2763:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2521:Gala Abu Ahmed
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2476:Dodekaschoinos
2473:
2468:
2466:Deir el-Bahari
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2409:Queens of Kush
2406:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2219:Names of Nubia
2216:
2210:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2135:
2115:
2094:10.1086/371243
2068:
2029:
2018:Arnold Toynbee
2002:
1995:
1977:
1962:
1956:978-0567541192
1955:
1932:
1926:978-0567045331
1925:
1902:
1878:
1871:
1851:
1842:
1835:
1814:
1795:(3): 419–443.
1775:
1747:
1700:
1680:978-1681774565
1679:
1661:
1641:978-1119620877
1640:
1622:
1615:
1595:
1588:
1568:
1539:(4): 695–712.
1519:
1505:
1489:
1473:
1457:
1441:
1426:
1396:
1387:
1331:
1304:(2): 213–243.
1279:
1258:10.1086/474061
1252:(6): 448–459.
1227:
1220:
1200:
1188:
1139:
1113:
1093:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1034:
1027:
1025:
1019:
1012:
1010:
1004:
997:
993:
990:
989:
988:
973:
966:
963:
962:
953:
944:
933:
930:
902:
901:Other features
899:
874:
871:
830:
827:
807:
804:
751:
748:
630:
627:
582:
579:
510:
507:
488:First Cataract
470:
467:
428:, nor between
330:-nee, -
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
238:
235:
234:
219:
218:
215:
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
185:
184:
179:
176:
175:
174:Administration
171:
170:
167:
163:
162:
159:
155:
154:
151:
145:
144:
112:
108:
107:
103:
102:
89:
83:
82:
75:
74:
68:
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62:
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55:
47:
46:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4664:
4653:
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4640:
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4604:
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4592:
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4499:
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4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4456:Gezira Island
4454:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4432:
4427:
4425:
4420:
4418:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4397:
4389:
4387:
4379:
4377:
4369:
4367:
4359:
4357:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4331:Egyptologists
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4315:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4279:
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4275:
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4270:
4268:
4265:
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4260:
4258:
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4218:
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4208:
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4199:
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4177:
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4147:
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4142:
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4137:
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4127:
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4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4108:
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4098:
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4078:
4074:
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4050:
4047:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4019:
4018:Ancient Egypt
4012:
4007:
4005:
4000:
3998:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3979:
3978:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3917:Vulture crown
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
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3870:
3868:
3865:
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3855:
3853:
3850:
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3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3802:Egyptian pool
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
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3760:
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3755:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:Hieracosphinx
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3655:Temple of Mut
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
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3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
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3593:
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3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
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3518:
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3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
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3456:
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3438:
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3428:
3425:
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3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3363:
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3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3227:
3224:
3222:
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3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
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3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
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3165:
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3154:
3149:
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3142:
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3135:
3134:
3131:
3121:
3120:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3087:Bow and arrow
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3012:Temple of Mut
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
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2975:
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2970:
2968:
2965:
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2934:
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2927:
2924:
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2909:
2907:
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2899:
2897:
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2869:
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2808:
2805:
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2800:
2798:
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2777:
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2756:
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2723:
2722:
2720:
2716:
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2700:
2697:
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2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:Nubian Desert
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2557:
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2502:
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2442:
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2437:
2434:
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2412:
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2407:
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2402:
2400:
2397:
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2329:
2327:
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2319:
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2314:
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2309:
2307:
2304:
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2299:
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2279:
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2274:
2272:
2269:
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2259:
2255:
2250:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2156:"ELEPHANTINE"
2152:
2151:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1973:
1966:
1958:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1907:
1892:
1885:
1883:
1874:
1872:90-04-10137-3
1868:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1846:
1838:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1765:
1761:
1760:"Elephantine"
1754:
1752:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1696:
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1657:
1651:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1618:
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1608:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1589:9781538133392
1585:
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1580:
1572:
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1534:
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1523:
1515:
1509:
1501:
1493:
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1477:
1469:
1461:
1453:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1427:9781108914529
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
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1351:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
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1251:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1204:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1001:
996:
995:
985:
981:
977:
970:
965:
964:
961:
957:
956:Eduard Sachau
954:
952:
948:
947:Eduard Sachau
945:
943:
939:
938:Arthur Ungnad
936:
935:
929:
927:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
898:
896:
891:
889:
885:
879:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
826:
824:
820:
815:
813:
803:
801:
797:
793:
788:
786:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
757:
744:
740:
735:
727:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
706:
705:Sixth Dynasty
702:
694:
689:
685:
683:
679:
675:
674:Third Dynasty
671:
667:
663:
654:
650:
648:
647:conquer Sudan
644:
640:
639:Amenhotep III
636:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
578:
576:
572:
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
536:
520:
516:
509:Ancient Egypt
506:
504:
503:elephant tusk
499:
497:
493:
489:
484:
480:
476:
466:
464:
463:
458:
454:
450:
449:ancient Egypt
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
397:[jæb]
389:
381:
377:
370:
365:جزيرة الفنتين
362:
357:
356:
349:
344:
340:
336:
335:
318:
261:
253:
245:
244:
241:
240:
237:
236:
233:
228:"Elephantine"
224:
221:
220:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
182:
177:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
146:
141:
113:
109:
104:
97:
93:
72:
63:
59:
53:
48:
37:Native name:
34:
19:
4600:
4565:Rocky Island
4545:Green Island
4525:Egypt portal
4501:Sehel Island
4490:
4486:Rhoda Island
4058:Architecture
3975:
3902:Solar barque
3852:Imiut fetish
3847:Hypocephalus
3832:Hemhem crown
3807:Eye of Horus
3686:Barbary lion
3605:Jebel Barkal
3599:
3464:
3459:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3410:
3405:
3390:
3380:
3367:
3328:
3181:Christianity
3117:
3059:Nubian vault
3036:Architecture
2935:
2925:
2915:
2895:
2885:
2875:
2846:
2836:
2826:
2806:
2796:
2778:
2724:
2694:Christianity
2626:Wad ban Naqa
2536:Jebel Barkal
2490:
2159:
2125:
2118:
2088:(1): 56–58.
2085:
2081:
2071:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1986:
1980:
1971:
1965:
1945:
1935:
1915:
1894:. Retrieved
1861:
1854:
1845:
1826:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1767:. Retrieved
1763:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1670:
1664:
1631:
1625:
1605:
1598:
1578:
1571:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1513:
1508:
1499:
1492:
1483:
1476:
1467:
1460:
1451:
1444:
1409:
1399:
1390:
1357:
1353:
1301:
1297:
1249:
1245:
1210:
1203:
1193:, retrieved
1171:
1130:. Retrieved
1125:
1116:
1100:
1096:
1085:
1080:
1066:Sehel Island
923:
907:Aswan Museum
904:
892:
880:
876:
832:
816:
809:
792:Eratosthenes
789:
781:
773:hieroglyphic
753:
745:(lower left)
739:Aswan Museum
701:step pyramid
698:
659:
643:Muhammad Ali
635:Thutmose III
632:
619:Thutmose III
614:
588:
584:
564:
558:, providing
556:stone quarry
543:
517:"Elephant" (
512:
500:
472:
460:
438:
375:
259:
258:
222:
180:
137:24.09; 32.89
4622:Elephantine
4491:Elephantine
4437:Islands of
4396:WikiProject
4210:Mathematics
4171:Hieroglyphs
4085:Portraiture
4053:Agriculture
4040:Main topics
3922:Was-sceptre
3600:Elephantine
3360:Arensnuphis
3311:Elephantine
3092:Gold mining
2766:Arensnuphis
2709:Sunni Islam
2541:Jebel Dosha
2491:Elephantine
2239:Upper Nubia
2234:Lower Nubia
1360:(1): 4–13.
1132:7 September
861:, evincing
857:) in which
819:war goddess
621:during the
571:Amenemhat I
496:Lower Nubia
492:Upper Egypt
414:Upper Egypt
376:Elephantíne
260:Elephantine
232:hieroglyphs
149:Adjacent to
135: /
111:Coordinates
84:Elephantine
31:Elephantine
4616:Categories
4326:Egyptology
4294:Technology
4257:Philosophy
4205:Literature
4097:Chronology
3630:Qasr Ibrim
3271:Pilgrimage
3216:Philosophy
3079:Technology
2977:Qasr Ibrim
2669:Old Nubian
2621:Umm Ruweim
2596:Saï Island
2565:Kulubnarti
2526:Jebel Adda
1896:2024-02-22
1769:2024-02-21
1195:2024-03-01
1111:), p. 351.
1109:0877795460
1072:References
750:Nilometers
720:Heqaib III
716:Sarenput I
430:Abu Simbel
373:Ἐλεφαντίνη
39:جزيرة فيلة
4230:Mythology
4154:Geography
4144:Dynasties
4092:Astronomy
3932:Languages
3897:Shen ring
3812:Eye of Ra
3767:Cartouche
3726:Serpopard
3562:Locations
3455:Sabomakal
3244:Practices
3211:Mythology
3196:Eye of Ra
3176:Afterlife
2906:Sabomakal
2687:Religions
2641:Languages
2496:El-Hobagi
2436:Al-Meragh
2428:Locations
2102:0022-2968
2063:2169-2289
1742:203315839
1734:1874-1665
1689:cite book
1650:cite book
1563:238718279
1555:1572-9842
1436:242213167
1374:1094-2076
1318:0043-2547
1266:0190-3578
915:mummified
756:nilometer
743:nilometer
603:Artifacts
595:mummified
527:/ˈjuːbəʔ/
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469:Geography
348:romanized
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4366:Category
4287:District
4282:Capitals
4267:Religion
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4240:Pharaohs
4220:Military
4215:Medicine
4198:Hieratic
4188:Language
4114:Clothing
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3507:Blemmyes
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3276:Pyramids
3261:Funerals
3119:Category
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2758:Apedemak
2699:Egyptian
2679:Religion
2659:Meroitic
2654:Egyptian
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2501:El-Kurru
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2258:Kingdoms
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1943:(2011).
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1060:See also
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4449:islands
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4336:Museums
4272:Scribes
4262:Pottery
4193:Demotic
4183:History
4134:Cuisine
4063:Revival
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3296:Deities
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3168:Beliefs
2950:Temples
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2743:Amesemi
2739:Amanete
2718:Deities
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2649:Blemmye
2601:Shalfak
2551:Kageras
2516:Hamadab
2481:Dongola
2471:Debeira
2456:Ballana
2376:Viceroy
2366:Pharaoh
2361:Kandake
2336:X-Group
2331:Nobatia
2311:Makuria
2286:C-Group
2276:B-Group
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1809:1451065
1382:4149987
1274:3141839
992:Gallery
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597:ram of
560:granite
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4235:People
4102:Cities
4020:topics
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537:name,
535:Hebrew
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