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provided a sort of public-relations counterweight to the bad reputation accorded to the FDN faction (mostly led by ex-National-Guard "Somocistas"). However, Pastora soon lost whatever popularity he might have had among common
Nicaraguans as he adopted the strategy of the northern Contras, committing human rights abuses while mostly avoiding direct encounters with the Nicaraguan military.
355:. He finished in fifth place, with 0.29% of the vote. In 2008, Pastora announced that he had become reconciled with the current FSLN and pledged support for the government of Daniel Ortega. He is quoted as saying, "this government is making a revolution, one-eyed or lame, but it is a revolution." As of 2010, he held the title of Minister of Development of the Rio San Juan Basin.
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Pastora also received less support from the US government; whether his performance was a result or cause of this disparity is subject to debate. Military achievements aside, the presence of
Pastora, a former FSLN revolutionary hero, among the Contras, helped the public image of the Contras abroad and
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and aboriginal tribes he represented and was overly concerned with propagating ideological consistency in a poorly concealed bid to consolidate Ortega's political power. Pastora turned against the
Sandinista regime. He once again began military operations in southern Nicaragua, loosely federated with
213:
commando unit, headed by
Pastora, burst into the house of Josè Maria Castillo, president of the Banco Central, and took his guests hostage (including two relatives of the dictator Somoza). Three days later, thanks to the Managua archbishop's intermediation, the hostages were released, in exchange for
217:
Pastora allied himself with the FSLN in the mid-1960s. He became a rebel guerrilla and was the mastermind behind the August 1978 standoff in the
Nicaraguan National Palace, in which he and 19 FSLN commandos disguised as members of Somoza's National Guard stormed the Palace, disarming or killing the
162:
His group was the first to call itself "Sandinistas", and was also the first to accept an alliance with the FSLN, the group that was to become more popularly identified by the name. At the end of 1982, a few years after the revolutionary victory, Pastora became disillusioned with the government of
392:
Pastora had three failed marriages. Lamenting about the interpersonal strains that occur in the life of a revolutionary, Pastora said: "The first thing we revolutionaries lose is our wives. The last thing we lose is our lives. In between our women and our lives, we lose our freedom, our happiness,
261:
Pastora was put in command of the FSLN's
Southern Front, advancing on the town of Rivas from bases in Costa Rica. In reaction to Pastora's widely held reputation, Somoza sent his best troops against him and as a consequence the Southern Front made little headway while suffering heavy casualties.
187:
370:
that the
Republic of Nicaragua claims to be a part of their territory. In a taunt taken at face value by many in the international media, Pastora (and the Nicaraguan Government) based his arguments not on official maps but on faulty border information obtained from
222:
members. Among the hostages taken were members of the
Nicaraguan Congress, which was in session at the time of the attack, and Somoza's half brother, José Somoza. Members of the commando used numbers as codenames, with Pastora as Zero, and
379:
in order to create a channel connecting the San Juan River with the
Atlantic Ocean. The government of Costa Rica, which disputes ownership of the island with Nicaragua, holds that this has caused irreparable ecological destruction.
262:
However, the
Southern Front contributed to the Sandinista victory by tying down over 2,000 heavily equipped Nicaraguan National Guard forces, as Somoza remained fixated on stopping Pastora, even as major cities fell to the rebels.
383:
In April 2015 photos show the now 78-year-old Pastora watching as the canal that provoked the international incident was filled with sand. He is well above the ground watching from a ladder lashed to trees.
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714:
801:...este gobierno está haciendo una revolución, tuerta o renca, pero es una revolución y Daniel, Bayardo (Arce), Tomas (Borge), pueden ser malos, pero son revolucionarios y son mejores que los otros.
230:
The operation infuriated Somoza and was considered one of the turning points in the insurgency. Originally organized to free FSLN members imprisoned by the regime — among the prisoners being
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was corrupt and formed the southern Nicaraguan ARDE from local peasant farmers (called campesinos) and aboriginal tribes living according to more traditional ways.
151:. In the years prior to the fall of the Somoza regime, Pastora was the leader of the Southern Front, the largest militia in southern Nicaragua, second only to the
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198:. When he was seven, Pastora's father was killed in a boundary dispute. While in high school with the Jesuits in Granada, he first learned about
143:(November 15, 1936 or January 22, 1937 – June 16, 2020) was a Nicaraguan politician and guerrilla who ran for president as the candidate of the
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In November 2010, in perhaps the most publicized Costa Rican arrest warrant issued in years, prosecutors in northern Caribbean canton of
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and allegations of environmental damage to territory claimed by that country led to legal indictment by the government of Costa Rica.
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Pastora became disenchanted with the turn of the revolution when most of the Sandinista leaders moved to the luxury residences of
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Edén Pastora on August 25, 1978, boarding a Venezuelan C-130 with 19 operatives, five hostages and 80 released political prisoners
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He was seen at a Sandinista demonstration over the slow certification of winners in the November 5, 2000 municipal elections.
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238:— the raid marked an uncontested victory for the FSLN. After negotiating a USD$ 500,000 deal with Somoza and Cardinal
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246:, where he claimed to have been a "prisoner" lavished with women and luxury, but not allowed to leave the country until
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as Commander "two" leading to a lasting identification of Eden as Comandante Cero and Dora Maria as Commander "two."
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announced that Pastora, now 73 years old, had been indicted for severe environmental damage caused in the eastern
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681:"Nicaragua von Innen", by Günther Wallraff, Gabriel García Márquez and others, konkret Literatur Verlag, 1983
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a million dollars and the freedom of some political prisoners. Castillo was the only victim of the action.
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through his Panamanian history teacher. He began his rebel career when he decided that the government of
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293:. From a military standpoint, Pastora's efforts contributed much less than did forces in the north.
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northern forces which, composed mostly of highly paid former National Guard members and some
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and Pastora's personal friend, voiced his concern and went to Cuba to rescue him personally.
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As of 2010, he was reconciled with the FSLN and held a ministerial post in the government of
937:
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304:, which killed four people at a press conference he was holding. He was seriously wounded.
167:(ARDE) with the object of confronting the "pseudo-Sandinistas" politically and militarily.
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on June 16, 2020, at the age of 83. The cause of death was reported variously as either
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during the 1990s, where he became a citizen. Later, however, he returned to Nicaragua.
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672:"With the Contras: a reporter in the wilds of Nicaragua" By Christopher Dickey, 1987
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Latin American regional reports: Caribbean & Central America report: Volume 93
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155:(Sandinista National Liberation Front) in the north. Pastora was nicknamed
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20:
789:"Pastora llama al diálogo y la reconciliación entre todos los sandinistas"
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175:
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412:, although his grandson said he was not tested for the coronavirus.
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Pastora became disillusioned with Nicaragua and became a refugee in
43:
409:
875:"21st Century War: Google Maps Error Leads to Nicaraguan Invasion"
446:"Edén Pastora, Nicaraguan ex-guerrilla "Commander Zero," has died"
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408:. While hospitalized, Pastora was also treated for symptoms of
251:
280:; he felt the leadership was doing too little to benefit the
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In 1984, Pastora was apparently the intended target of the
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901:"Edén Pastora quedó grabado en las cámaras de Costa Rica"
517:"Edén Pastora, 'Commander Zero' in Nicaragua, Dies at 83"
340:. It portrays Pastora's return to the political arena of
242:, Pastora, Ortega and other released prisoners left for
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Winners and losers in Nicaragua’s ‘Grand Canal’ project
601:
Everybody Had His Own Gringo: The CIA & the Contras
638:
A History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present
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when he was nominated as a candidate for the mayor of
544:"Edén Pastora, Nicaraguan revolutionary, dead at 83"
482:"Edén Pastora, Nicaraguan revolutionary, dead at 83"
68:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
319:Pastora since opened a shark fishing business in
924:
849:"Nicaragua, Costa Rica y el río de la discordia"
336:made a documentary about Pastora in 2006 called
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31: and the second or maternal family name is
973:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Nicaragua
289:Indians, were collectively referred to as the
422:CIA and Contras cocaine trafficking in the US
692:"Costa Rica Reopens Inquiry in 1984 Bombing"
387:
729:Arghiris, Richard, and Richard Leonardi.
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
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762:"Ortega Refrains From Declaring Victory"
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743:Escrutinio – Elecciones Nacionales 2006
396:Pastora died at a military hospital in
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787:Informe Pastrán (September 10, 2008).
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847:Lopes, Gilberto (November 12, 2010).
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624:https://www.jstor.org/stable/45314650
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816:Williams, Adam (November 26, 2010).
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174:. His role in a border dispute with
66:adding citations to reliable sources
37:
968:People of the Nicaraguan Revolution
13:
943:Alternative for Change politicians
791:(in Spanish). Radio La Primerísima
603:. Brassey's (US). pp. 48–49.
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327:along the border with Costa Rica.
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351:Pastora ran for president in the
165:Democratic Revolutionary Alliance
16:Nicaraguan politician (1937–2020)
963:People from Matagalpa Department
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53:needs additional citations for
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338:Edén Pastora - Comandante Cero
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444:Rios, Julia (June 16, 2020).
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818:"Edén Pastora: A wanted man"
663:: Guide to Hispanic Heritage
23:, the first or paternal
7:
948:Guerrilla warfare theorists
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375:. Pastora and his soldiers
141:Edén Atanacio Pastora Gómez
10:
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958:Nicaraguan revolutionaries
953:Nicaraguan anti-communists
570:"Q&A: Nicaragua votes"
377:invaded the Caleros Island
269:
18:
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220:Nicaraguan National Guard
209:On December 27, 1974, an
163:the FSLN, and formed the
717:January 8, 2014, at the
353:general election of 2006
204:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
661:Encyclopædia Britannica
388:Personal life and death
748:April 3, 2008, at the
599:Garvin, Glenn (1992).
393:our means of living."
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149:2006 general elections
145:Alternative for Change
270:Further information:
200:Augusto César Sandino
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828:on December 15, 2010
456:Agence France-Presse
194:Pastora was born in
159:("Commander Zero").
62:improve this article
576:. November 3, 2006.
513:McFadden, Robert D.
402:respiratory failure
881:. November 5, 2010
768:. November 6, 2006
696:The New York Times
522:The New York Times
321:San Juan del Norte
250:, the son of then
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147:(AC) party in the
698:. August 8, 1993.
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515:(June 16, 2020).
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933:1930s births
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859:February 25,
857:. Retrieved
855:(in Spanish)
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832:February 25,
830:. Retrieved
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60:Please help
55:verification
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21:Spanish name
938:2020 deaths
885:October 10,
373:Google Maps
315:Later years
236:Tomás Borge
927:Categories
650:Wikisource
428:References
309:Costa Rica
282:campesinos
254:strongman
252:Panamanian
182:Sandinista
176:Costa Rica
88:newspapers
911:April 10,
905:La Nacion
853:BBC Mundo
731:Nicaragua
366:near the
342:Nicaragua
118:June 2020
772:June 14,
746:Archived
715:Archived
574:BBC News
554:June 17,
528:June 16,
494:June 16,
461:June 16,
416:See also
410:COVID-19
19:In this
589:, 1993.
398:Managua
346:Managua
323:on the
291:Contras
287:Miskito
278:Managua
102:scholar
29:Pastora
25:surname
607:
360:Pococí
266:Contra
104:
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90:
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404:or a
218:real
109:JSTOR
95:books
33:Gómez
913:2015
887:2012
879:Time
861:2011
834:2011
797:2011
774:2020
605:ISBN
556:2020
530:2020
496:2020
463:2020
244:Cuba
234:and
211:FSLN
153:FSLN
81:news
64:by
27:is
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