Economic sanctions

1027: 6213:, vol. 103, no. 1 (January/February 2024), pp. 150–156. "The dollar is one of the few currencies that almost all major banks will accept, and... the most widely used... As a result, the dollar is the currency that many companies must use... to do international business." (p. 150.) "ocal banks facilitating that trade... normally... buy U.S. dollars and then use dollars to buy . To do so, however, the banks must have access to the U.S. financial system and... follow rules laid out by Washington." (pp. 151–152.) "But there is another, lesser-known reason why the commands overwhelming economic power. Most of the world's 6397: 6266:(pp. 154–155.) Farrell and Newman, writes Krugman, "are worried about the possibility of overreach. f the weaponizes the dollar against too many countries, they might... band together and adopt alternative methods of international payment. If countries become deeply worried about U.S. spying, they could lay fiber-optic cables that bypass the . And if Washington puts too many restrictions on American exports, foreign firms might turn away from U.S. technology." (p. 155.) 49: 6421: 6409: 1593: 2190: 4574:

engaged in the seemingly endless war it had started against China in mid-1937, badly needed oil and other raw materials. Commercial access to these was gradually curtailed as the conquests continued. In July 1941 the Western powers effectively halted trade with Japan. From then on, as the desperate Japanese schemed to seize the oil and mineral-rich East Indies and Southeast Asia, a Pacific war was virtually inevitable.

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presidential powers. When sanctions are imposed on a country, it can try to mitigate them by adjusting its economic policy. The size of the veto players determines how many constraints the government will face when trying to change status quo policies, and the larger the size of the veto players, the more difficult it is to find support for new policies, thus making the sanctions more effective.

6034: 6338:, vol. 44, no. 6 (24 March 2022), pp. 25–29. "US sanctions are based on monopoly power over a global commons: the world's reserve currency and medium of exchange." (p. 25.) "At some point the US may no longer be in a position to exploit its financial centrality as it does now. For large parts of the world that moment will be cause for celebration." (p. 29.) 1372:. The embargo was later extended to mid-2018. Under the embargo, Libya has suffered severe inflation because of increased dependence on the private sector to import goods. The sanctions caused large cuts to health and education, which caused social conditions to decrease. Even though the sanctions were in response to human rights, their effects were limited. 1115:(the blockade), the US embargo on Cuba remains as of 2022 one of the longest-standing embargoes in modern history. Few of the United States' allies embraced the embargo, and many have argued it has been ineffective in changing Cuban government behavior. While taking some steps to allow limited economic exchanges with Cuba, American President 1304:, or foreign investment. The most frequently used UNSC sanction documented in the dataset is an embargo against imported weapons, which applied in 87% of all cases and was directed against non-state actors more often than against governments. Targeted sanctions regimes may contain hundreds of names, a handful, or none at all. 6245:

equipment to much of the planet giv China the power to eavesdrop on the rest of the world – just as the has done.... The learned that Huawei had been dealing surreptitiously with Iran – and therefore violating U.S. sanctions. Then, it... used its special access to information on international bank

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In response to cyber-attacks on April 1, 2015, President Obama issued an Executive Order establishing the first-ever economic sanctions. The Executive Order was intended to impact individuals and entities ("designees") responsible for cyber-attacks that threaten the national security, foreign policy,

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There is an importance, especially with relation to financial loss, for companies to be aware of embargoes that apply to their intended export or import destinations. Properly preparing products for trade, sometimes referred to as an embargo check, is a difficult and timely process for both importers

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One of the most popular suggestions to combat the humanitarian issues that arise from sanctions is the concept of “smart sanctions”, and a lot of research has been done on this concept also known as targeted sanctions. The term "smart sanctions" refers to measures like asset freezes, travel bans, and

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finds that "suspending aid is more effective than adopting economic sanctions because (1) aid suspensions are economically beneficial for the adopting state, while sanctions are costly, (2) aid suspensions directly affect the targeted government’s budget, (3) market forces undermine sanctions but not

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A strong connection has been found between the effectiveness of sanctions and the size of veto players in a government. Veto players represent individual or collective actors whose agreement is required for a change of the status quo, for example, parties in a coalition, or the legislature's check on

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Imposing sanctions on an opponent also affects the economy of the imposing country to a degree. If import restrictions are promulgated, consumers in the imposing country may have restricted choices of goods. If export restrictions are imposed or if sanctions prohibit companies in the imposing country

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Smart Sanctions have also not been totally successful in avoiding civilian harm or unintended consequences. For example, arms embargoes can impact the self-defense efforts of those under attack, aviation bans can affect a nation's transportation sector and the jobs of civilians associated with them,

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The 7 December 1941 Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor was one of the great defining moments in history. A single carefully-planned and well-executed stroke removed the United States Navy's battleship force as a possible threat to the Japanese Empire's southward expansion. The Japanese military, deeply

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conducted in violation of the Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The resolution banned the sale of military and luxury goods and froze government assets. Since then, the UN has passed multiple resolutions subsequently expanding sanctions on North Korea. Resolution 2270 from 2016 placed

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and to trade with both sides, but both countries objected to American trade with the other. American policy aimed to use the new laws to avoid war and to force both France and Britain to respect American rights. The embargo failed to achieve its aims, and Jefferson repealed the legislation in March

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by the US and its allies, notably by barring nuclear, missile and many military exports to Iran and target investments in: oil, gas and petrochemicals, exports of refined petroleum products, banks, insurance, financial institutions, and shipping. Enacted 1979, increased through the following years

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examined their study, he found that only 5 of their reported 40 successes were actually effective, reducing the success rate to 4%. In either case, the difficulty and unexpected nuances of measuring the actual success of sanctions in relation to their goals are both increasingly apparent and still

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In 2013 the UN decreed an arms embargo against the CAR. The arms embargo was established in the context of an intercommunity conflict between the Séléka rebels, with a Muslim majority, and the predominantly Christian militias. to fight back. Raised UN Security Council lifts arms embargo on CAR on

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Brazil introduced sanctions against the US in March 2010. These sanctions were placed because the US government was paying cotton farmers for their products against World Trade Organization rules. The sanctions cover cotton, as well as cars, chewing gum, fruit, and vegetable products. The WTO is

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In response to intelligence analysis alleging Russian hacking and interference with the 2016 US elections, President Obama expanded presidential authority to sanction in response to cyber activity that threatens democratic elections. Given that the original order was intended to protect critical

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Most UNSC sanctions since the mid-1990s have targeted individuals and entities rather than entire governments, a change from the comprehensive trade sanctions of earlier decades. For example, the UNSC maintains lists of individuals indicted for crimes or linked to international terrorism, which

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impact on targeted states by reducing their GDP growth by an average of 2.3–3.5% per year—and more than 5% per year in the case of comprehensive UN embargoes—with the negative effects typically persisting for a period of ten years. By contrast, unilateral US sanctions had a considerably smaller

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restrictions.” Also in 2010, the UN Council imposed sanctions on Iran due to their involvement in their nuclear program. These sanctions banned Iran from carrying out tests on their nuclear weapons and imposed an embargo on the transfer of weapons into the country. These sanctions resulted in

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This process can become very complicated, especially for countries with changing embargoes. Before better tools became available, many companies relied on spreadsheets and manual processes to keep track of compliance issues. Today, there are software based solutions that automatically handle

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by many governments. Economic sanctions are usually imposed by a larger country upon a smaller country for one of two reasons: either the latter is a perceived threat to the security of the former nation or that country treats its citizens unfairly. They can be used as a coercive measure for

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that her company was not doing business with Iran. Canadian authorities, acting on a U.S. request, arrested her... in December 2018. After... almost three years under house arrest... Meng... was allowed to return to China... But by the prospects for Chinese dominance of 5G had vanished..."

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aid suspensions, and (4) aid suspensions are less likely to spark adverse behavioral reactions. The findings suggest that economic sanctions are less effective than previously thought and that large donor states have a higher chance of achieving political goals through economic coercion."

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The Global Sanctions Data Base categorizes nine objectives of sanctions: "changing policy, destabilizing regimes, resolving territorial conflicts, fighting terrorism, preventing war, ending war, restoring and promoting human rights, restoring and promoting democracy, and other objectives."

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I examined the 40 claimed successes and found that only 5 stand up. Eighteen were actually settled by either direct or indirect use of force; in 8 cases there is no evidence that the target state made the demanded concessions; 6 do not qualify as instances of economic sanctions, and 3 are

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The efficacy of sanctions in achieving intended goals is a subject of debate. Scholars have also considered the policy externalities of sanctions. The humanitarian consequences of country-wide sanctions have been a subject of controversy. As a consequence, since the mid-1990s,

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economic health, or financial stability of the US. Specifically, the Executive Order authorized the Treasury Department to freeze designees— assets. The European Union implemented their first targeted financial sanctions regarding cyber activity in 2020.

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Sanctions have been criticized on humanitarian grounds, as they negatively impact a nation's economy and can also cause collateral damage on ordinary citizens. Peksen implies that sanctions can degenerate human rights in the target country. Some

763:, diplomats and legal scholars regularly discussed using coordinated economic pressure to enforce international law. This idea was also included in reform proposals by Latin American and Chinese international lawyers in the years leading up to 1893: 902:

suggests sanctions are popular not because they are known to be effective, but because "there is nothing else between words and military action if you want to bring pressure upon a government". Critics of sanctions like Belgian jurist

4448: 1707:"have led to a sharp downturn in Iran's economy, pushing the value of its currency to record lows, quadrupling its annual inflation rate, driving away foreign investors, and triggering protests". These sanctions have taken a toll on 1255:

and wider trade sanctions that impacted the Georgian economy, particularly Georgian exports of wine, citrus fruits, and mineral water. In 2006, Russia banned all imports from Georgia which was able to deal a significant blow to the

1292:. According to a dataset covering the years 1991 to 2013, 95% of UNSC sanction regimes included "sectoral bans" on aviation and/or the import (or export) of arms or raw materials, 75% included "individual/group" sanctions such as 985:

and financial sanctions targeting individuals raise due process issues. One example of smart sanctions in practice can be seen with sanctions imposed by the United States on the Russian Federation following the latter's 2014

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is the most frequent foreign-policy objective of economic sanctions, accounting for just over 39 percent of cases of their imposition. Hufbauer et al. found that 34 percent of the cases studied were successful. However, when

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Sanctions can target an entire country or they can be more narrowly targeted at individuals or groups; this latter form of sanctions are sometimes called "smart sanctions". Prominent forms of economic sanctions include

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nevertheless reaffirmed the policy in 2011, stating that without the granting of improved human rights and freedoms by Cuba's current government, the embargo remains "in the national interest of the United States".

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from trading with the UK. In practice the French Empire could not completely enforce the embargo, which proved as harmful (if not more so) to the continental nations involved as to the British. By the time of the

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EU, US, Australia, Canada and Norway by Russia since August 2014 on beef, pork, fruit and vegetable produce, poultry, fish, cheese, milk and dairy items. On August 13, 2015, the embargo was expanded to include

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does not accrue unwanted fines, taxes, or other punitive measures. Common examples of embargo checks include referencing embargo lists, cancelling transactions, and ensuring the validity of a trade entity.

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by the US and its allies since 2015. An arms embargo and the selling of assets were banned due to human rights violations, high government corruption, links with drug cartels and electoral rigging in the

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arms embargoes that aim to target responsible parties like political leaders and elites with the goal of avoiding causing widespread collateral damage to innocent civilians and neighboring nations.

1280:. The nature of these sanctions may vary, and include financial, trade, or weaponry restrictions. Motivations can also vary, ranging from humanitarian and environmental concerns to efforts to halt 5134: 5112: 5876: 4456: 1111:. At first, the embargo applied only to arms sales; however, it later expanded to include other imports, eventually extending to almost all trade on February 7, 1962. Referred to by Cuba as 4424: 981:

Though there has been enthusiasm about the concept, as of 2016, the Targeted Sanctions Consortium (TSC) found that targeted sanctions only result in policy goals being met 22% of the time.

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achieving particular policy goals related to trade or for humanitarian violations. Economic sanctions are used as an alternative weapon instead of going to war to achieve desired outcomes.

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argue that in nondemocratic regimes, the extent to which this affects political outcomes is contested, because by definition such regimes do not respond as strongly to the popular will.

1836: 4844: 1174:, that defines sanctions against US citizens involved in "violations of the human rights and freedoms of Russian citizens". It lists US citizens who are banned from entering Russia. 5766: 1026: 3111:

indeterminate. If I am right, then sanctions have succeeded in only 5 of 115 attempts, and thus there is no sound basis for even qualified optimism about the effects of sanctions.

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In the lead-up to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the United States imposed severe trade restrictions on Japan to discourage further Japanese conquests in East Asia.

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Francesco Giumelli writes that the "set of sanctions ... that many observers would be likely to consider the most persuasive (and effective)", namely, UN sanctions against "

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adopted a voluntary international oil-embargo against South Africa on November 20, 1987; that embargo had the support of 130 countries. South Africa, in response, expanded its

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has been known to utilize economic sanctions to achieve its political goals. Russia's focus has been primarily on implementing sanctions against the pro-Western governments of

958:(UNSC) has generally refrained from imposing comprehensive sanctions since the mid-1990s, in part due to the controversy over the efficacy and civilian harms attributed to the 2307: 1352:

The efficacy of such sanctions has been questioned in light of continued nuclear tests by North Korea in the decade following the 2006 resolution. Professor William Brown of

6278: 5917: 4343:"Security Council Imposes Fresh Sanctions on Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2270 (2016) | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases" 4033: 1657: 5446: 5401: 1790: 5902: 5837: 4962: 1223:, who was more supportive of Moscow won the election in 2010 to become the fourth president of Ukraine. After his election, gas prices were reduced substantially. 6069: 2020:

Vietnam as a result of capitalist influences over the 1990s and having imposed sanctions against Cambodia, is accepting of sanctions disposed with accountability.

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was elected as the first post-Apartheid president. When asked in 1993 if economic sanctions had helped end apartheid, Mandela replied "Oh, there is no doubt."

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suspensions are typically considered as a type of economic sanctions. Previously mentioned work by Hufbauer, Schott, Elliot, and Oegg is a prominent example.

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a regime or country changes (i.e., whether it was the sanction or inherent instability) and doubly so to measure the full political effect of a given action.

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The Kremlin Playbook: Understanding Russian influence in Central and Eastern Europe : a report of the CSIS Europe Program and the CSD Economics Program

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in such fields, expansion of the list of goods and technology whose supply to Iran is either subject to prior authorization or is completely banned and new

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to power as the third president of the country. Saakashvili wanted to bring Georgia into NATO and the EU and was a strong supporter of the US-led war in

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to analyze the data. As a result, the can monitor almost all international communication." (p. 154) This has allowed the U.S. "to effectively cut

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Ashouri, Mahan "The Role of transnational Private Actors in Ukrain International Flight 752 Crash in Iran Under Economic Sanctions Pressure" (2021)

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believe that imposing trade restrictions only serves to hurt ordinary people as opposed to government elites, and others have likened the practice to

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restrictions on transport personnel and vehicles employed by North Korea while also restricting the sale of natural resources and fuel for aircraft.

6217:, which carry data and messages around the planet, travel through the United States." (p. 152.) "he U.S. government has installed 'splitters': 5536: 5025: 3867: 5670: 5380: 4998: 4106: 3771: 3675: 3284: 4556: 3915: 814:

in 1935 resulted in League sanctions against Mussolini's Italy under Article 16 of the Covenant. Oil supplies, however, were not stopped, nor the

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that divide the beams of light carrying information into two streams. One... goes on to the intended recipients, ... the other goes to the

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By far, regime change is the most frequent foreign policy objective of economic sanctions, accounting for 80 out of the 204 observations.

1069: 501: 3484: 2691: 6329: 1215:. As the Ukrainian economy began to struggle, Yushchenko's approval ratings dropped significantly; reaching the single digits by the 2946: 2442: 4925: 2148: 1700: 1390: 6134:

Escribà-Folch, Abel, and Joseph Wright. "Dealing with tyranny: International sanctions and the survival of authoritarian rulers."

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Peksen, Dursun; Jeong, Jin Mun (30 August 2017). "Domestic Institutional Constraints, Veto Players, and Sanction Effectiveness".

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from trading with the target country, the imposing country may lose markets and investment opportunities to competing countries.

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Biersteker, Thomas J.; Tourinho, Marcos; Eckert, Sue E. (2016), Tourinho, Marcos; Eckert, Sue E.; Biersteker, Thomas J. (eds.),

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Gaza Strip by Israel since 2001, under arms blockade since 2007 due to the large number of illicit arms traffic used to wage war

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suspending all transactions of sanctioned Russian banks, effectively canceling the credit cards of ordinary Russian consumers.

989:, which were intended to exert pressure on Russia's financial sector. The sanctions resulted in American credit card companies 730:(UNSC) sanctions have tended to target individuals and entities, in contrast to the country-wide sanctions of earlier decades. 5505: 4684: 4659: 2988: 1718:

in relation to the spiraling security situation and hostilities in breach of the Agreement on Peace and Reconciliation in 2017

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Nicaragua by the UK. Sanctions imposed in 2020 to push the government to respect democratic principles and legal institutions

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Doxey, Margaret. "International sanctions: a framework for analysis with special reference to the UN and Southern Africa."

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Offering an explanation as to why sanctions are still imposed even when they may be marginally effective, British diplomat

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that attempts to get an actor to change its behavior through disruption in economic exchange. Sanctions can be intended to

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When a League member goes to war without submitting the dispute to the League Council or League Assembly (Articles 12–15)

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argued that "sanctions don't have much of an impact on an economy that has been essentially bankrupt for a generation".

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A law on sanctions for individuals violating fundamental human rights and freedoms of Russian citizens has been signed

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Kirikakha, Aleksandra; Felbermayr, Gabriel J.; Syropoulos, Constantinos; Yalcin, Erdal; Yotov, Yoto V. (2021-12-10).

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penalties applied by states or institutions against states, groups, or individuals. Economic sanctions are a form of

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programs in exchange for relief." (pp. 153–154.) " few years ago, American officials... were in a panic about

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closed to Italy, and the conquest proceeded. The sanctions were lifted in 1936 and Italy left the League in 1937.

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and reached its tightest point in 2010. In April 2019 the US threatened to sanction countries that continued to

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Felbermayr, Gabriel; Kirilakha, Aleksandra; Syropoulos, Constantinos; Yalcin, Erdal; Yotov, Yoto (2021-05-18).

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in response to major international events, receiving authority to do so under Article 41 of Chapter VII of the

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in 2012 to force the junta to return power to the civilian government and re-install the National constitution

1462:. Deprived of access to vital oil, iron-ore and steel supplies, Japan started planning for military action to 4122: 2248: 2056: 1898: 1737: 1632: 1555:

to and from Iran, restrictions on the supply of or traffic in technology and equipment to be used in certain

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out of the world financial system... Iran's economy stagnated... Eventually, Tehran agreed to cut back its

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G. Bruce Strang, "'The Worst of all Worlds:' Oil Sanctions and Italy's Invasion of Abyssinia, 1935–1936."

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infrastructure, it can be argued that the election process should have been included in the original order.

1257: 614: 486: 481: 167: 6353: 2509: 5544: 5353: 5022: 4150: 3875: 3724:"Office of Foreign Assets Control - Sanctions Programs and Information | U.S. Department of the Treasury" 1447: 1427: 1077: 373: 295: 197: 6375: 6303: 6259: 5070: 4560: 3947: 3930: 2067: 1463: 783:, became prominent after the end of World War I. Leaders saw sanctions as a viable alternative to war. 536: 368: 310: 300: 232: 5187: 5090: 844:

According to the Global Sanctions Data Base, there have been 1,325 sanctions in the period 1950–2022.

837:(UN) in 1945. Throughout the Cold War, the use of sanctions increased gradually. After the end of the 5419: 655: 584: 541: 333: 207: 6195:, "The American Way of Economic war: Is Washington Overusing Its Most Powerful Weapons?" (review of 5737: 5225: 5201: 5169: 874:

impact on GDP growth, restricting it by 0.5–0.9% per year, with an average duration of seven years.

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states. This quadrupled Ukraine's energy bill overnight. Russia subsequently cut off the supply of

870: 551: 546: 305: 227: 20: 6503:"The Global Sanctions Data Base (GSDB): an update that includes the years of the Trump presidency" 4270: 3795: 2082:

Libya by the UN in 2011 due to mass killings of Libyan protesters/rebels. Ended in 2012 after the

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A Strategic Understanding of UN Economic Sanctions: International Relations, Law, and Development

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The UN implemented sanctions against Somalia beginning in April 1992, after the overthrow of the

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The United States embargo against Cuba began on March 14, 1958, during the overthrow of dictator

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Caruso, Raul. "The impact of international economic sanctions on trade: An empirical analysis."

4792: 4764:"Biden administration freezes billions of dollars in Afghan reserves, depriving Taliban of cash" 4409:

Cite error: The named reference ":6" was defined multiple times with different content (see the

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was placed by the United States on steel to protect its industry from foreign producers such as

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after an initial six-month waiver announced in November 2018 had expired. According to the BBC,

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or restrictions on travel, and just 10% targeted national finances or included measures against

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Peksen, Dursen (2009). ""Better or Worse?": The Effect of Economic Sanctions on Human Rights".

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Ashford, Emma. “Not-So-Smart Sanctions: The Failure of Western Restrictions Against Russia.”

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List of people and organizations sanctioned in relation to human rights violations in Belarus

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Indonesia by Australia on live cattle due to the alleged cruel slaughter methods in Indonesia

1653: 1510: 1353: 1301: 1281: 1204: 919: 579: 574: 461: 391: 222: 5326: 4710:"Macroeconomic Implications of US Sanctions on Iran: A Sectoral Financial Balances Analysis" 1604: 6401: 5646: 4533: 2134: 747: 648: 599: 277: 272: 6478:"The 'Global Sanctions Data Base': Mapping international sanction policies from 1950-2019" 4477: 4318: 2525: 1873:. Sanctions imposed by Canada since 2017, and since 2018 by Mexico, Panama and Switzerland 8: 6049: 4899: 4617: 3550:"International isolation and regional inequality: Evidence from sanctions on North Korea" 2892:

Richard Pankhurst, "The Italo-Ethiopian War and League of Nations Sanctions, 1935–1936."

2695: 2175: 2077: 1830: 1514: 1240: 1073: 1051: 40: 5293: 5274: 3219: 3136: 2631: 779:. Debates about implementing sanctions through international organizations, such as the 6606: 6573: 6528: 6214: 6187: 6177: 6103: 5704: 4524: 4096: 3926: 3634: 3569: 3418: 3338: 3274: 3259:(3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE). 3200: 3101: 3093: 3049:

Hufbauer, Gary Clyde; Schott, Jeffrey J.; Elliott, Kimberly Ann; Oegg, Barbara (2007).

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Hufbauer, Gary Clyde; Schott, Jeffrey J.; Elliott, Kimberly Ann; Oegg, Barbara (2008).

2858: 2800: 2792: 2578: 2487: 2424: 2374: 2366: 1530: 1208: 1147: 751: 594: 122: 4980: 3374: 3357: 3300:"Carrots as Sticks: How Effective Are Foreign Aid Suspensions and Economic Sanctions?" 6577: 6563: 6532: 6518: 6325: 6307: 6200: 5712: 5708: 4731: 4593: 4500: 4084: 4074: 3573: 3496: 3466: 3379: 3342: 3260: 3235: 3204: 3056: 3020: 2969: 2862: 2850: 2804: 2784: 2743: 2716: 2623: 2582: 2570: 2529: 2479: 2475: 2416: 2378: 2358: 2315: 2285: 2243: 2063: 1935: 1934:

United Nations has since 1966 established 30 sanctions regimes to countries (such as

1236: 1220: 1212: 1188: 1171: 1167: 1100: 899: 797: 780: 695: 619: 431: 177: 150: 60: 3981:"Cuba trade embargo turns 50: Still no rum or cigars, though some freedom in travel" 3220:"Playing to the Home Crowd? Symbolic Use of Economic Sanctions in the United States" 3105: 6555: 6510: 6348: 5980: 5767:"Brazil slaps trade sanctions on U.S. to retaliate for subsidies to cotton farmers" 5696: 5305: 4721: 4538: 4342: 4221: 4159: 3598: 3561: 3410: 3369: 3330: 3231: 3192: 3085: 2992: 2965: 2961: 2840: 2776: 2673: 2615: 2560: 2521: 2471: 2445:," Economic Policy (Oxford University Press), April 2017, Vol. 32(90), pp. 319–355. 2408: 2350: 2218: 2213: 2195: 1506: 1323: 1108: 1065: 811: 755: 624: 589: 187: 77: 4073:(Washington, D.C.), Center for the Study of Democracy (Bulgaria). Washington, DC. 925:

Economic sanctions can be used for achieving domestic and international purposes.

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forbade members to sell, finance, or transfer any military equipment to Somalia.

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by the EU. Sanctions were imposed against Myanmar due to the worsening state of

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drastic macroeconomic downturns for the Iranian economy including volatility in

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On February 26, 2011, the UNSC issued an arms embargo against the Libya through

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threatened retaliatory tariffs on a range of US goods that would mainly affect

1986: 1820: 1537: 1494: 1431: 1344:

The UNSC passed Resolution 1718 in 2006 in response to a nuclear test that the

1293: 1200: 1151: 887: 853: 834: 743: 707: 703: 634: 526: 358: 343: 192: 182: 132: 97: 31: 6085: 5918:"International: United Nations Welcomes Loosening of Sanctions in Gulf Region" 5537:"Panama sanctions Venezuela, including Maduro & 1st Lady family companies" 4613: 4146:"Pipeline Politics: Russian Energy Sanctions and the 2010 Ukrainian Elections" 3602: 3565: 2354: 6590: 6413: 5354:"U.S. declares Venezuela a national security threat, sanctions top officials" 4735: 4504: 4088: 3613:

Kanji, Laura. "Moving Targets: The Evolution and Future of Smart Sanctions."

3500: 3334: 3196: 2973: 2854: 2788: 2627: 2574: 2533: 2483: 2420: 2362: 2289: 2223: 2107: 1947: 1684: 1526: 1443: 1260:. Russia also expelled nearly 2,300 Georgians who worked within its borders. 933: 882: 869:

According to a study by Neuenkirch and Neumeier, UN economic sanctions had a

521: 426: 416: 353: 348: 262: 257: 157: 117: 6283:

Nossal, Kim Richard. "International sanctions as international punishment."

6073:

Brzoska, Michael. "International sanctions before and beyond UN sanctions."

5310: 4542: 4210:"Georgia on my mind? Russian sanctions and the end of the 'Rose Revolution'" 4179: 3960: 2918:

Gaines Post, Jr, "The Machinery of British Policy in the Ethiopian Crisis."

2677: 6452: 6437: 6389: 6251: 6192: 5692: 4038: 3843: 3527:"Sanctions against Zimbabwe: A Comparison with Ancient Near Eastern Sieges" 3383: 3076:

Pape, Robert A. (Summer 1998). "Why Economic Sanctions Still Do Not Work".

2203: 2130: 2039: 1990: 1939: 1786: 1762: 1755: 1639: 1573: 1522: 1498: 1459: 1396: 1297: 1116: 1104: 1030:

An undersupplied US gasoline station, closed during the oil embargo in 1973

915: 904: 830: 715: 444: 363: 252: 172: 5447:"Canada sanctions 40 Venezuelans with links to political, economic crisis" 4874: 4726: 4709: 2312:

Targeted Sanctions: The Impacts and Effectiveness of United Nations Action

1889:

List of people and organizations sanctioned during the Russo-Ukrainian War

1489:

against the United States and other industrialized nations that supported

6226: 5700: 3089: 2619: 2565: 2548: 2169: 1802: 1564: 1518: 1486: 1471: 1451: 1345: 1289: 1248: 776: 764: 738:

One of the most comprehensive attempts at an embargo occurred during the

691: 411: 127: 6546:

Morgan, T. Clifton; Bapat, Navin A.; Kobayashi, Yoshiharu (2021-12-10).

6320:

Stevenson, Tom, "First Recourse for Rebels" (review of Nicholas Mulder,

5506:"México rechaza elecciones en Venezuela y sanciona a siete funcionarios" 3638: 3422: 2656:"Understanding United Nations targeted sanctions: an empirical analysis" 2491: 2459: 6255: 4012: 3097: 2845: 2828: 2796: 2428: 2396: 2370: 2338: 2024:

currently supervising talks between the states to remove the sanctions.

1943: 1744: 1676: 1560: 1319: 994: 815: 711: 421: 267: 92: 48: 4963:"U.S. to end all waivers on imports of Iranian oil, crude price jumps" 3748:"Perform Sanction, PEPs and Watchlist Verification w/ Lexis Diligence" 3700:"US Trade Sanctions Are a Trap for the Unwary | Norton Rose Fulbright" 3299: 2460:"Sanctions Sometimes Smart: Targeted Sanctions in Theory and Practice" 2145:

due to Qatar's alleged support for terrorist organizations (2017–2021)

2047:

by Russia on agricultural products, wine and mineral water (2006–2013)

1667:. It covers arms, consumer goods and financial assets, enacted in 1958 1150:. The Kremlin's aim is particularly on states that aspire to join the 6169:(Washington DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 1990) 3414: 3019:(3 ed.). Washington, DC: Columbia University Press. p. 67. 2827:

Morgan, T. Clifton; Syropoulos, Constantinos; Yotov, Yoto V. (2023).

2253: 2152: 2073: 1725: 1577: 1400: 990: 454: 396: 4924: 4271:"New UN project uses financial incentives to try to save the dugong" 3526: 3398: 2780: 2712:

Recentering the World: China and Transformation of International Law

2412: 1628:

List of sanctioned countries (the below is not an exhaustive list):

6500: 6475: 6115:

Doxey, Margaret. "International sanctions in theory and practice."

5693:"Countering Malicious Cyber Activity: Targeted Financial Sanctions" 3254: 1951: 1906: 1812: 838: 679: 6322:

The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War

6271:

The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War

4119: 2739:

The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War

806:

When a non-member goes to war against a League member (Article 17)

786:

The League Covenant permitted the use of sanctions in five cases:

6358: 6165:

Hufbauer, Gary C., Jeffrey J. Schott, and Kimberley Ann Elliott.

4478:"Oil Embargo against Apartheid South Africa on richardknight.com" 2208: 2138: 2111: 2076:) by the US, UK, China and the Netherlands in 1940 to discourage 1993:. The US government then removed the steel tariffs in early 2004. 1955: 1910: 1819:—due to ongoing government sponsored and backed violence against 1808: 1680: 1672: 1552: 1252: 1163: 1159: 683: 202: 5977:

Nuyorican Feminist Performance: From the Café to Hip Hop Theater

4425:"Evaluating the Impacts and Effectiveness of Targeted Sanctions" 4013:

Daniel Hanson; Dayne Batten; Harrison Ealey (January 16, 2013).

6238: 5111:. Department for Business Innovation and Skills. Archived from 4246:"UN sanctions: what they are, how they work, and who uses them" 2189: 2095: 1978: 1816: 1794: 1533:

sources. Israel continued to receive Western support, however.

1490: 1143: 162: 72: 67: 5251:"Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Asset Control (OFAC)" 4981:"Iran oil: US to end sanctions exemptions for major importers" 6174:

International economic sanctions: a public choice perspective

6038: 5806:"Resolution 1483 - UN Security Council - Global Policy Forum" 5567:"Swiss impose sanctions on seven senior Venezuelan officials" 5003:

Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade

4015:"It's Time For The U.S. To End Its Senseless Embargo Of Cuba" 2989:"Going Alone on Economic Sanctions Hurts U.S. More than Foes" 2829:"Economic Sanctions: Evolution, Consequences, and Challenges" 2692:"Continental System Napoleon British Embargo Napoleon's 1812" 2142: 1974: 1649:

European Union arms embargo on the People's Republic of China

1478: 1408: 951: 6349:

Business and Sanctions Consulting Network: List of Countries

6300:

Economic Sanctions as Instruments of American Foreign Policy

6205:

Underground Empire: How America Weaponized the World Economy

3913: 1811:

reported that the EU has placed immediate sanctions on both

1768:

by the UN, US and EU on luxury goods (and arms) enacted 2006

1418:

All United Nations sanctions on South Africa ended over the

6262: 6230: 6184:

The United Nations sanctions policy & international law

6167:

Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: History and Current Policy

5023:"Are EU Trade Oh hell no on Burma Compatible with WTO Law?" 2162:

Serbia by Kosovo's unilaterally declared government in 2011

1884:

List of individuals sanctioned during the Venezuelan crisis

1798: 1544: 1502: 1375: 1244: 1196: 1155: 891:

under debate. In other words, it is difficult to determine

6359:

Threat and Imposition of Economic Sanctions (TIES) Dataset

6093:

The sanctions decade: Assessing UN strategies in the 1990s

5680:. PwC Financial Services Regulatory Practice, April, 2015. 5402:"EU readies sanctions on Venezuela, approves arms embargo" 5294:"The Cyprus Question before the European Court of Justice" 5135:

Senate overwhelmingly passes new Russia and Iran sanctions

4827:"Russia announces 'full embargo' on most food from US, EU" 4493:"To Cope With Embargoes, S. Africa Converts Coal Into Oil" 2947:"The impact of UN and US economic sanctions on GDP growth" 5877:"Post-coup Mali hit with sanctions by African neighbours" 5854:"Mali Coup Leaders Suffer Sanctions and Loss of Timbuktu" 5480:"Canada to impose sanctions on more Venezuelan officials" 5385: 5226:"U.S. Imposes New Sanctions on Sudan - Sudan | ReliefWeb" 4837: 4749: 3048: 3012: 2117:

Pakistan by the UK in 2002 on nuclear export restrictions

1917: 1774:(2006) – a reaction to the DPRK's claim of a nuclear test 1743:

international sanctions imposed on North Korea since the

1556: 1009:

There are many steps that must be taken to ensure that a

929: 775:

Sanctions in the form of blockades were prominent during

137: 5788:"Georgia Doubles Wine Exports as Russian Market Reopens" 4449:"Literature Review on the Effects of Targeted Sanctions" 2765:"Sanctions and Guaranties in International Organization" 2308:"The effectiveness of United Nations targeted sanctions" 2305: 1195:. Soon after Yushchenko entered office, Russia demanded 6242: 3162:"United Nations: US Riled by Economic Sanctions Report" 5420:"Canada imposes sanctions on key Venezuelan officials" 5170:"EU sanctions Russians over rights abuses in Chechnya" 4845:"Russia expands food imports embargo to non-EU states" 4000:"Officially Sanctioned: A Guide to the U.S. Blacklist" 2945:

Neuenkirch, Matthias; Neumeier, Florian (2015-12-01).

1931:

United Kingdom currently has sanctions on 27 countries

1791:

Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act

1384: 1268:

The United Nations issues sanctions by consent of the

864: 770: 6373: 6364:

The International Sanctions Termination (IST) dataset

5381:"President Trump Approves New Sanctions On Venezuela" 5109:"Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea)" 4930:"What You Need To Know About U.S. Economic Sanctions" 4900:"Australia bans all live cattle exports to Indonesia" 4069:. Mina, James, Stefanov, Ruslan, Vladimirov, Martin, 3895: 3820:"Export Control and Sanctions Compliance | About SAP" 3465:. Vienna: International Progress Organization, 1997. 2907:

Test Case: Italy, Ethiopia, and the League of Nations

2826: 6545: 5327:"White House sanctions seven officials in Venezuela" 4708:

Sashi, Sivramkrishna; Bhavish, Sharma (2019-12-01).

3966:"Proclamation 3447 – Embargo on all trade with Cuba" 3914:

Aaron Snyder; Jeffrey Herbener (December 15, 2004).

2443:

Sanctions and Exports Deflection: Evidence from Iran

2185: 1368:

in response to humanitarian abuses occurring in the

841:, there was a major increase in economic sanctions. 698:(an attempt to stop an actor from certain actions). 6100:

International sanctions in contemporary perspective

5559: 4269:Section, United Nations News Service (2011-03-14). 4244:Section, United Nations News Service (2016-05-04). 2091:

Macedonia total trade embargo by Greece (1994–1995)

1134:

Humanitarian impacts of U.S. sanctions against Iran

5852: 4523: 2944: 2435: 2088:India by the UK due to nuclear exports restriction 790:When Article 10 of the League Covenant is violated 6117:Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 5979:. University of Michigan Press Ebook Collection. 4180:"Russia-Ukraine 'Gas War' Damages Both Economies" 4113: 3358:"Economic sanction: a weapon of mass destruction" 1333: 6588: 6082:Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 6003: 5528: 4635:"European Union: Renewed Sanctions Against Iran" 4592:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 112–116. 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2314:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 220–247, 1064:(1806–1808) during the second term of President 833:, the League was replaced by the more expansive 5534: 5444: 4783:"Should Europe Lift Its Arms Embargo on China?" 4239: 4237: 3978: 3796:"World-Check KYC Screening & Due Diligence" 3617:37.4 (2016): 39–42. ProQuest. Web. 30 Nov. 2023 1862:by the UN on consumer goods, enacted since 1994 1856:by the EU and the US on arms and imports of oil 1772:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718 1437: 1226: 881:Hufbauer, Schott, and Elliot (2008) argue that 6045:European Union: Renewed Sanctions Against Iran 5850: 5472: 5412: 4807:"United States embargo against Cuba - History" 4780: 4529:"Nelson Mandela, A True Believer in Sanctions" 4071:Center for Strategic and International Studies 3435: 3396: 1638:China by the EU and the US. Sanctions made on 1177: 1018:sanctions and other complications with trade. 1000: 694:(an attempt to change an actor's behavior) or 19:"Embargo" redirects here. For other uses, see 5824: 5822: 5647:"Sanctions | United Nations Security Council" 5021:Howse, Robert L. and Genser, Jared M. (2008) 4367:"Why Did Sanctions Fail Against North Korea?" 2638: 2546: 2123:by Israel, US and other countries (2006–2007) 1307: 656: 6254:(... the founder's daughter), had committed 6146:United Nations sanctions and the rule of law 6004:Sukovic, Danilo; Jovanovic, Predrag (2001). 5324: 4707: 4234: 4031: 3962:National Archives and Records Administration 3255:Hufbauer, Schott, Elliott, and Oegg (2007). 3164:. Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy 1346:Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) 824: 793:In case of war or threat of war (Article 11) 5498: 5438: 4105:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4034:"Obama Quietly Renews U.S. Embargo on Cuba" 3997: 3531:Journal of Gleanings from Academic Outliers 3283:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3182: 2547:Farrell, Henry; Newman, Abraham L. (2019). 2014: 1860:Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus embargo 1839:during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 1263: 6290:Royal Institute of International Affairs. 5819: 4629: 4627: 4101:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3593:Gordon, Joy. “Smart Sanctions Revisited.” 3438:"Video: Why Economic Sanctions Don't Work" 3355: 3128: 1877: 1034: 663: 649: 6156:Economic sanctions and American diplomacy 5309: 4960: 4945: 4725: 4225: 4163: 3373: 3159: 2844: 2564: 1985:ruled that the tariffs were illegal. The 1923:Australia currently sanctions 9 countries 1829:were also implemented in response to the 1470:, triggering the American entry into the 1464:seize the resource-rich Dutch East Indies 1207:in 2006, causing significant harm to the 1045: 852:Economic sanctions are used as a tool of 5892: 5690: 4926:United States Department of the Treasury 2986: 2708: 2653: 2121:Palestinian National Authority sanctions 1946:and more) and to organizations (such as 1793:that grouped together sanctions against 1517:efforts, and long-lasting shifts toward 1391:International sanctions during apartheid 1376:Sanction on the Central African Republic 1060:involved a series of laws passed by the 1025: 847: 6552:Research Handbook on Economic Sanctions 6507:Research Handbook on Economic Sanctions 5970: 5750: 5671:"Sanctions: U.S. action on cyber crime" 5285: 4624: 4585: 4268: 4243: 4207: 4143: 3524: 3297: 3137:"Analysis: Do economic sanctions work?" 2598: 2507: 2457: 2336: 2275: 1999: 1785:by the US. On 2 August 2017, President 1497:. The results included a sharp rise in 1288:raises novel legal questions regarding 733: 6589: 6297: 5915: 5893:Cockburn, Patrick (February 4, 1994). 5830:"India and Pakistan (Nuclear Exports)" 5399: 5378: 5291: 5180: 5071:"Clinton Ends Most N. Korea Sanctions" 4685:"A Brief History of Sanctions on Iran" 4660:"A Brief History of Sanctions on Iran" 4490: 3633:, vol. 95, no. 1, 2016, pp. 114–123. 3625: 3623: 3597:, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 315–335., 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3482: 3356:Habibzadeh, Farrokh (September 2018). 3320: 3134: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2762: 2735: 2339:"The Hidden Hand of Economic Coercion" 2151:by the international community during 1918:By sanctioning country or organization 1871:2018 Venezuelan presidential elections 1623: 1314:United Nations arms embargo on Somalia 16:Financial penalties applied by nations 6354:The Global Sanctions Data Base (GSDB) 6241:... which... seemed poised to supply 6158:(Council on Foreign Relations, 1998) 5753:"Obama extends cyber sanctions power" 5445:Zilio, Michelle (22 September 2017). 5318: 5298:European Journal of International Law 5033:Michigan Journal of International Law 4948:"A summary of sanctions against Iran" 4388: 4386: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4139: 4137: 4135: 3397:Mueller, John; Mueller, Karl (1999). 3217: 3160:Capdevila, Gustavo (18 August 2000). 2954:European Journal of Political Economy 2875: 2654:Giumelli, Francesco (November 2015). 2594: 2592: 2526:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041322-032240 2503: 2501: 2114:) trade embargo by the US (1964–1994) 1359: 1088: 796:When a League member does not pay an 6148:(Cambridge University Press, 2007). 6131:. (Cambridge University Press, 1999) 5426:. Thomson Reuters. 22 September 2017 4781:Leo Cendrowicz (February 10, 2010). 4639:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C 4557:"Pearl Harbor Raid, 7 December 1941" 3979:Elizabeth Flock (February 7, 2012). 3872:Uniserv GmbH - Customer Data Experts 3075: 2453: 2451: 2397:"Why Economic Sanctions Do Not Work" 2394: 2390: 2388: 2332: 2330: 2301: 2299: 2271: 2269: 1587: 1583: 1138: 1130:United States sanctions against Iran 742:of 1803–1815. Aiming to cripple the 5875:Callimachi, Rukmini (3 April 2012) 4961:Wroughton, Lesley (22 April 2019). 4682: 4657: 4408: 4032:Uri Friedman (September 13, 2011). 3620: 3580: 3547: 3125:, Golnoosh Hakimdavar, p. 105. 3055:. Peterson Institute. p. 158. 2811: 2028: 1903:UN Security Council Resolution 1267 1385:Sanctions on apartheid South Africa 865:Effectiveness of economic sanctions 771:World War I and the Interwar period 13: 6453:"Global Sanctions Database - GSDB" 6062: 5942:"Kosovo imposes embargo on Serbia" 5916:Boomer, Elizabeth (Feb 17, 2021). 5905:from the original on Feb 24, 2024. 5769:. Content.usatoday.com. 2010-03-09 5400:Emmott, Robin (13 November 2017). 5202:"UK sanctions relating to Somalia" 4383: 4196: 4132: 4064: 4058: 3595:Ethics & International Affairs 3463:Economic Sanctions and Development 3230:(3). Ingentaconnect.com: 787–801. 2938: 2589: 2514:Annual Review of Political Science 2498: 2084:overthrow and execution of Gaddafi 1559:and gas fields and prohibition of 1547:due to their involvement in their 1199:pay the same rate that it charged 1123: 1095:United States embargo against Cuba 972: 761:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 47: 14: 6623: 6342: 6095:(Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000). 5895:"US finally ends Vietnam embargo" 5865:from the original on Feb 1, 2024. 5535:Camacho, Carlos (27 March 2018). 4714:Studies in Business and Economics 3135:Marcus, Jonathan (26 July 2010). 2909:(Hoover Institution Press, 1976). 2894:Genève-Afrique/Geneva-Africa 13.2 2769:American Political Science Review 2448: 2385: 2327: 2296: 2266: 1847:by the UN and sanctions by the UK 1644:Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 1505:revenues, an emergency period of 1184:Russian sanctions against Ukraine 316:International Chamber of Commerce 6539: 6494: 6469: 6445: 6431: 6419: 6407: 6395: 6383: 6037: This article incorporates 6032: 5997: 5964: 5934: 5909: 5886: 5869: 5851:Lydia Polgreen (April 2, 2012). 5844: 5798: 5780: 5759: 5744: 5691:Thompson, Natalie (2020-10-01). 5684: 5663: 5639: 5614: 5589: 5393: 5372: 5346: 5267: 5243: 5218: 5194: 5162: 5144: 5127: 5101: 5084: 5063: 5046:"Financial sanctions, Nicaragua" 5038: 4875:"Russia expands food import ban" 4851:. 13 August 2015. Archived from 4129:// Kremlin.ru, 28 December 2012. 3998:Eric Weiner (October 15, 2007). 3950:. monticello.org. April 8, 2013. 3298:Mertens, Claas (28 March 2024). 3236:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00668.x 2833:Journal of Economic Perspectives 2709:Mitchell, Ryan Martinez (2022). 2476:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2010.01001.x 2278:"The United States of Sanctions" 2188: 2045:Georgian and Moldovan import ban 1591: 1458:in 1940–1941 in response to its 1366:Security Council Resolution 1970 1170:. Russia has enacted a law, the 6258:by falsely telling the British 6225:, which then uses high-powered 6136:International studies quarterly 5751:Bennett, Cory (29 March 2016). 5015: 4991: 4973: 4954: 4939: 4918: 4892: 4867: 4819: 4799: 4774: 4756: 4742: 4701: 4676: 4651: 4606: 4579: 4549: 4517: 4484: 4470: 4441: 4417: 4359: 4335: 4311: 4287: 4262: 4172: 4025: 4006: 3991: 3972: 3954: 3940: 3907: 3889: 3860: 3836: 3812: 3788: 3764: 3740: 3716: 3692: 3668: 3644: 3607: 3541: 3518: 3476: 3452: 3429: 3399:"Sanctions of Mass Destruction" 3390: 3349: 3314: 3304:International Studies Quarterly 3291: 3257:Economic Sanctions Reconsidered 3248: 3224:International Studies Quarterly 3211: 3176: 3153: 3116: 3069: 3052:Economic Sanctions Reconsidered 3042: 3016:Economic Sanctions Reconsidered 3006: 2987:Griswold, Daniel (2000-11-27). 2980: 2925: 2912: 2899: 2886: 2869: 2756: 2729: 2702: 2684: 2229:International political economy 2157:disinvestment from South Africa 1971:2002 United States steel tariff 1405:United Nations General Assembly 1270:United Nations Security Council 956:United Nations Security Council 728:United Nations Security Council 6207:, Henry Holt, 2023, 288 pp.), 5971:Esteves, Sandra María (2005). 5948:. 21 July 2011. Archived from 5073:. Globalpolicy.org. 1999-09-18 4946:Josh Levs (January 23, 2012). 4144:Newnham, Randall (July 2013). 3652:"Do I need an export licence?" 3185:Journal of Conflict Resolution 2966:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.09.001 2876:Buell, Raymond Leslie (1925). 2715:. Cambridge University Press. 2540: 1466:, which required a preemptive 1334:Sanctions on North Korea, 2006 1: 5541:Latin American Herald Tribune 5379:Neuman, Scott (22 May 2018). 5325:Rhodan, Maya (9 March 2015). 4750:"Sanctions risk by countries" 4491:Murphy, Caryle (1979-04-27). 3375:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31944-5 3279:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 2259: 2249:Specially Designated National 2168:by the UN in response to the 2068:Italian invasion of Abyssinia 1765:. but tightened again in 2010 1747:of 1950–1953 eased under the 1656:, enacted in response to the 1642:, enacted in response to the 1420:Negotiations to end Apartheid 1340:Sanctions against North Korea 6602:Non-tariff barriers to trade 5188:"UN arms embargo on Somalia" 4208:Newnham, Randall E. (2015). 4065:A., Conley, Heather (2016). 3874:. 2021-01-22. Archived from 3615:Harvard International Review 3485:"Sanctions as siege warfare" 3218:Whang, Taehee (2011-09-01). 2920:International History Review 2882:. H. Holt. pp. 564–565. 2464:International Studies Review 1438:Other multilateral sanctions 1428:1994 South African elections 1227:Russian sanctions on Georgia 940: 392:Intellectual property rights 7: 6560:10.4337/9781839102721.00009 6515:10.4337/9781839102721.00010 6457:globalsanctionsdatabase.com 5985:10.3998/mpub.6710954.cmp.21 4453:www.unicefinemergencies.com 4227:10.1016/j.euras.2015.03.008 4214:Journal of Eurasian Studies 4165:10.1016/j.euras.2013.03.001 4151:Journal of Eurasian Studies 3848:AnaSys a Bottomline Company 2599:Drezner, Daniel W. (2022). 2510:"Global Economic Sanctions" 2508:Drezner, Daniel W. (2024). 2458:Drezner, Daniel W. (2011). 2337:Drezner, Daniel W. (2003). 2276:Drezner, Daniel W. (2021). 2181: 1178:Russia sanctions on Ukraine 1078:War of the Fourth Coalition 1021: 1001:Implications for businesses 374:Economic and monetary union 296:International Monetary Fund 233:Voluntary export restraints 10: 6628: 6304:Greenwood Publishing Group 6285:International Organization 6260:financial services company 6110:International organization 6006:"A Decade Under Sanctions" 5190:. SIPRI. 20 December 2019. 4683:Sen, Ashish (2018-05-08). 4658:Sen, Ashish (2018-05-08). 4586:Maugeri, Leonardo (2006). 4394:"UN Arms embargo on Libya" 3554:Journal of Urban Economics 3483:Gordon, Joy (1999-04-04). 3207:– via Sage Journals. 2991:. Cato.org. Archived from 2763:Potter, Pitman B. (1922). 2343:International Organization 1807:by the EU. In March 2021, 1730:human rights infringements 1388: 1337: 1322:regime in 1991 during the 1311: 1308:Sanctions on Somalia, 1992 1181: 1148:former Soviet Union states 1127: 1092: 1080:; the US wanted to remain 1049: 1038: 369:Customs and monetary union 311:World Customs Organization 301:International Trade Centre 18: 6091:Cortright, David, et al. 4319:"North Korea | Countries" 3603:10.1017/S0892679411000323 3566:10.1016/j.jue.2017.11.002 3525:Vengeyi, Obvious (2015). 3323:Journal of Peace Research 2742:. Yale University Press. 2736:Mulder, Nicholas (2022). 2355:10.1017/S0020818303573052 1705:US sanctions against Iran 1665:Cuban embargoes by the US 1511:global economic recession 871:statistically significant 825:From World War II onwards 334:Preferential trading area 6298:Selden, Zachary (1999). 6223:National Security Agency 3903:. digitalhistory.uh.edu. 3335:10.1177/0022343308098404 3197:10.1177/0022002717728105 2933:Diplomacy and Statecraft 2395:Pape, Robert A. (1997). 2038:export controls) by the 2015:Bilateral trade disputes 1983:World Trade Organization 1264:United Nations sanctions 750:in 1806 promulgated the 615:Balassa–Samuelson effect 610:Ricardian trade theories 497:Largest consumer markets 306:World Trade Organization 21:Embargo (disambiguation) 6597:International sanctions 6292:International Sanctions 6248:chief financial officer 6144:Farrall, Jeremy Matam. 6077:91.6 (2015): 1339–1349. 5883:. Retrieved 4 May 2012. 5292:Talmon, Stefan (2001). 4999:"Mali sanctions regime" 4614:"Energy Crisis (1970s)" 4275:UN News Service Section 4250:UN News Service Section 3641:. Accessed 6 Dec. 2023. 3436:Emile Yusupoff (2013). 2879:International Relations 2678:10.1111/1468-2346.12448 2670:Oxford University Press 2234:International sanctions 2149:South African sanctions 1966:United States embargoes 1962:United States sanctions 1899:United Nations sanction 1878:By targeted individuals 1850:Sudan by the US in 1997 1837:international sanctions 1827:international sanctions 1456:sanctions against Japan 1041:United States sanctions 1035:United States sanctions 967:unintended consequences 630:Lerner symmetry theorem 6335:London Review of Books 6138:54.2 (2010): 335–359. 6039:public domain material 6010:transparentnost.org.rs 5732:Cite journal requires 5622:"UK sanctions regimes" 5486:. Reuters. 30 May 2018 5095:July 23, 2010, at the 3704:www.projectfinance.law 3548:Lee, Yong Suk (2018). 3078:International Security 2553:International Security 2401:International Security 2094:Mali total embargo by 1753:South Korean President 1738:North Korean sanctions 1468:attack on Pearl Harbor 1370:First Libyan Civil War 1302:sovereign wealth funds 1278:United Nations Charter 1046:US Embargo Act of 1807 1031: 960:sanctions against Iraq 920:sovereign wealth funds 746:economically, Emperor 720:financial transactions 718:, and restrictions on 605:Gravity model of trade 502:Leading trade partners 407:Government procurement 208:Exchange rate controls 52: 6287:43.2 (1989): 301–322. 6172:Kaempfer, William H. 6129:The Sanctions Paradox 6112:26.3 (1972): 527–550. 6075:International Affairs 5311:10.1093/ejil/12.4.727 5028:June 7, 2010, at the 4795:on February 13, 2010. 4727:10.2478/sbe-2019-0053 3916:"The Embargo of 1807" 3901:"The Embargo of 1807" 3897:University of Houston 3448:on February 27, 2014. 2935:19.2 (2008): 210–235. 2661:International Affairs 2608:International Affairs 2601:"How not to sanction" 2239:Magnitsky legislation 2166:Yugoslavian sanctions 2053:by the US (1990–2003) 1709:humanitarian concerns 1658:National Security Law 1633:Afghanistan sanctions 1540:made the decision to 1354:Georgetown University 1282:nuclear proliferation 1029: 848:Politics of sanctions 585:Heckscher–Ohlin model 580:Competitive advantage 575:Comparative advantage 462:Trade and development 223:Countervailing duties 51: 5701:10.2139/ssrn.3770816 4534:History News Network 4527:(13 December 2013). 4429:graduateinstitute.ch 4046:on November 13, 2013 3090:10.1162/isec.23.1.66 2922:1#4 (1979): 522–541. 2566:10.1162/isec_a_00351 2441:Haidar, J.I., 2017." 2135:United Arab Emirates 2000:By targeted activity 1905:in 1999 against all 1866:Venezuelan sanctions 1833:that started in 2014 1789:signed into law the 1605:adding missing items 1399:for its policies of 1395:In effort to punish 1076:were engaged in the 987:annexation of Crimea 748:Napoleon I of France 734:History of sanctions 600:Intra-industry trade 328:Economic integration 278:Economic integration 273:Economic nationalism 6612:Human rights abuses 6127:Drezner, Daniel W. 6098:Doxey, Margaret P. 6050:Library of Congress 6016:on 27 December 2022 5973:"Mandala de Elegua" 5922:Library of Congress 5794:. 16 December 2013. 5597:"Sanctions Regimes" 5585:Diario Las Americas 5547:on 24 February 2021 5281:. 27 November 2011. 5139:The Washington Post 4855:on 28 February 2021 4768:The Washington Post 4618:The History Channel 2176:Embargo Act of 1807 1845:Somali arms embargo 1831:Russo-Ukrainian War 1624:By targeted country 1442:The United States, 1241:Mikheil Saakashvili 1052:Embargo Act of 1807 965:Sanctions can have 888:Robert A. Pape 228:Anti-dumping duties 168:Non-tariff barriers 113:Import substitution 6269:Mulder, Nicholas. 6215:fiber-optic cables 6154:Hufbauer, Gary C. 5881:The Globe and Mail 5859:The New York Times 5808:. Globalpolicy.org 5628:. 31 December 2020 5451:The Globe and Mail 5255:William & Mary 5052:. 15 November 2021 4563:on 6 December 2000 4525:Jonathan Zimmerman 4184:www.worldpress.org 4125:2013-01-02 at the 3985:washingtonpost.com 3964:(15 August 2016). 3927:Grove City College 3752:www.lexisnexis.com 3368:(10150): 816–817. 2846:10.1257/jep.37.1.3 2620:10.1093/ia/iiac065 2110:(and then unified 2102:Nicaraguan embargo 2066:in 1935 after the 1603:; you can help by 1576:, and increase in 1531:alternative energy 1360:Sanctions on Libya 1089:US embargo of Cuba 1056:The United States 1032: 752:Continental System 676:Economic sanctions 595:Economic geography 402:Competition policy 198:Technical barriers 178:Tariff-rate quotas 123:Trade facilitation 108:Export orientation 53: 6330:978 0 300 25936 0 6313:978-0-275-96387-3 6246:data to that 's 6119:15 (1983): 273+. 5275:"Syria sanctions" 5232:. 4 November 1997 5035:29(2): pp. 165–96 3948:"Embargo of 1807" 3800:www.refinitiv.com 3772:"SAP Help Portal" 3728:home.treasury.gov 3676:"SAP Help Portal" 3266:978-0-88132-408-2 3062:978-0-88132-536-2 2749:978-0-300-26252-0 2722:978-1-108-49896-8 2321:978-1-107-13421-8 2244:Political economy 2064:League of Nations 2034:Comecon nations ( 1936:Southern Rhodesia 1780:Russian sanctions 1722:Myanmar sanctions 1701:buy oil from Iran 1621: 1620: 1584:Current sanctions 1448:Republic of China 1221:Viktor Yanukovych 1213:Russian economies 1189:Viktor Yushchenko 1172:Dima Yakovlev Law 1139:Russian sanctions 1101:Fulgencio Batista 900:Jeremy Greenstock 798:arbitration award 781:League of Nations 673: 672: 620:Linder hypothesis 432:Emissions trading 6619: 6582: 6581: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6498: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6488: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6463: 6449: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6379: 6317: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6036: 6035: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6012:. 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Archived from 5532: 5526: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5476: 5470: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5261: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5176:. 22 March 2021. 5166: 5160: 5159: 5158:. 2 August 2017. 5148: 5142: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5105: 5099: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5042: 5036: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4987:. 22 April 2019. 4977: 4971: 4970: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4833:. 7 August 2014. 4823: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4813: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4791:. Archived from 4778: 4772: 4771: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4729: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4695: 4689:Atlantic Council 4680: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4664:Atlantic Council 4655: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4645: 4631: 4622: 4621: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4570: 4568: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4455:. Archived from 4445: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4407: 4405: 4404: 4390: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4377: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4329: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4281: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4256: 4241: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4205: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4190: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4141: 4130: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4100: 4092: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4042:. Archived from 4029: 4023: 4022: 4010: 4004: 4003: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3929:. Archived from 3925:. Pennsylvania: 3920: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3883: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3806: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3782: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3734: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3710: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3686: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3662: 3648: 3642: 3627: 3618: 3611: 3605: 3591: 3578: 3577: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3512: 3503:. Archived from 3480: 3474: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3444:. Archived from 3433: 3427: 3426: 3415:10.2307/20049279 3394: 3388: 3387: 3377: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3278: 3270: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3147: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3034: 3033: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3001: 3000: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2951: 2942: 2936: 2929: 2923: 2916: 2910: 2905:George W. Baer, 2903: 2897: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2848: 2824: 2809: 2808: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2694:. Archived from 2688: 2682: 2681: 2651: 2636: 2635: 2630:. Archived from 2614:(5): 1533–1552. 2605: 2596: 2587: 2586: 2568: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2505: 2496: 2495: 2455: 2446: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2392: 2383: 2382: 2334: 2325: 2324: 2303: 2294: 2293: 2273: 2219:Economic warfare 2214:Economic freedom 2198: 2196:Economics portal 2193: 2192: 2029:Former sanctions 1854:Syrian sanctions 1616: 1613: 1595: 1594: 1588: 1507:energy rationing 1381:August 1, 2024. 1324:Somali Civil War 1274:General Assembly 1258:Georgian economy 1201:Western European 1109:Cuban Revolution 1066:Thomas Jefferson 812:Abyssinia Crisis 756:European nations 665: 658: 651: 625:Leontief paradox 590:New trade theory 193:Export subsidies 78:Balance of trade 26: 25: 6627: 6626: 6622: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6570: 6544: 6540: 6525: 6499: 6495: 6486: 6484: 6474: 6470: 6461: 6459: 6451: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6432: 6430: 6420: 6418: 6408: 6406: 6396: 6394: 6384: 6382: 6374: 6345: 6314: 6210:Foreign Affairs 6182:Köchler, Hans. 6065: 6063:Further reading 6054: 6052: 6042: 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