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educational qualifications and attainment rates (30% of
National Merit Scholarships are awarded to Asian Americans), high representation in professional occupations such as academia, financial services, high technology, law, management consulting, and medicine, coupled with a higher household income than other racial groups in the United States. East Asians are most often perceived to achieve a higher degree of socioeconomic success than the U.S. population average. As well, other socioeconomic indicators are used to support this argument, such as low poverty rates, low crime rates, low illegitimacy rates, low rates of welfare dependency, and lower divorce rates coupled with higher family stability. However, though East Asian Americans have a higher median income than most other ethno-racial in the United States, they also have a larger income gap than any other ethno-racial group. However, the indicators fail to reflect the diversity of the East Asian community as a whole. According to a report for the Ascend Foundation, whilst the probability of East Asians getting hired for high-tech employment opportunities is high, East Asian Americans as a collective racial group also have the lowest probability of earning a management promotion while climbing the ladders of corporate America. This is also reflected in the under representation of Asian American lawyers in leadership and management roles.
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issues and needs that are not properly addressed in
American society at large. Additionally, the stereotypical view that East Asians are generally socioeconomically successful obscures other disadvantages that East Asians generally face, especially in a comparative sense with regards to their fellow East Asian American counterparts who do not fit the standard model minority mold and are less socioeconomically successful. For example, the widespread notion that East Asian Americans are overrepresented at elite Ivy League and other prestigious American universities, have higher educational attainment rates, constitute a large presence in professional and managerial occupations and earn above average per capita incomes obscures workplace issues such as the "
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East Asian
American students who are erroneously perceived largely on part of their inherent racial attributes, rather than other factoring extraneous characteristics such as a strong work ethic, tenacity and discipline. The pressures to achieve and live up to the model minority image have taken a mental and psychological toll on some East Asian Americans as studies have noted a spike in prescription drug abuse by East Asian Americans, particularly students. The pressures to achieve and live up to the model minority image have taken a mental and psychological toll on East Asian Americans. Many have speculated that the use of illegal prescription drugs have been in response to East Asian Americans' pressure to succeed academically.
770:, Earl Derr Biggers describes Charlie Chan in the following manner: "He was very fat indeed, yet he walked with the light dainty step of a woman. His cheeks were chubby as a baby's, his skin ivory tinted, his black hair close-cropped, his amber eyes slanting." Charlie Chan speaks English with a heavy accent and flawed grammar, and is exaggeratedly polite and apologetic. After one particular racist affront by a Bostonian woman, Chan responds with exaggerated submission, "Humbly asking pardon to mention it, I detect in your eyes slight flame of hostility. Quench it, if you will be so kind. Friendly co-operation are essential between us." Bowing deeply, he added, "Wishing you good morning."
1272:. It is the story of a Japanese maiden (Cio-Cio San), who falls in love with and marries a white American navy lieutenant. After the officer leaves her to continue his naval service away from Japan, Cio-Cio San gives birth to their child. Cio-Cio San blissfully awaits the lieutenant's return, unaware that he had not considered himself bound by his Japanese marriage to a Japanese woman. When he arrives back in Japan with an American wife in tow and discovers that he has a child by Cio-Cio San, he proposes to take the child to be raised in America by himself and his American wife. The heartbroken Japanese girl bids farewell to her callous lover, then kills herself.
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hierarchy, it also can break solidarity between non-white
American peoples. When East Asian Americans internalize this stereotype, it can cause them to look down upon other racial groups and not want to see them as equals and join in with them. It might also cause other groups to not see any need for East Asian American empowerment and feel no need for solidarity. Therefore, this stereotype can warp the way some East Asian Americans perceive themselves, how East Asians are treated in mainstream and academic discussions, and how other people of color in American society generally perceive East Asians.
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278:, restricting immigration between 1901 and 1973, with some elements of the policies persisting up until the 1980s. On February 12, 2002, Helen Clark, then prime minister of New Zealand apologized "to those Chinese people who had paid the poll tax and suffered other discrimination, and to their descendants". She also stated that Cabinet had authorized her and the Minister for Ethnic Affairs to pursue with representatives of the families of the early settlers a form of reconciliation which would be appropriate to and of benefit to the Chinese community.
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and prevailing stereotypes. It unfolds the narrative that the complex health scenarios of Asian
Americans stem from the nation's history, migration patterns, and specific policies affecting this group. A critical issue highlighted is the aggregation of diverse Asian communities, such as Chinese, Vietnamese, and Bangladeshi, into a single category, obscuring the distinct health challenges each group faces. Furthermore, the persistence of stereotypes paints a misleading picture of Asian Americans as not facing health disparities, which is inaccurate.
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Chan has none of the daring, assertive, or romantic traits generally attributed to white fictional detectives of the time, allowing "white
America ... securely indifferent about us as men." Charlie Chan's good qualities are the product of what Frank Chin and Jeffery Chan call "racist love", arguing that Chan is a model minority and "kissass". Instead, Charlie Chan's successes as a detective are in the context of proving himself to his white superiors or white racists who underestimate him early on in the various plots.
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stereotype, "citing Asians' hard work ethic and material successes and implying deficiencies in the latter." Second, Asians are ostracized and deemed "immutably foreign and unassimilable with Whites." This second process is aided by the "perpetual foreigner" stereotype, which reinforces a belief that Asians are inherently alien and apolitical. However Kim also notes that many
Westerners do see Asians as easily integrated, with the caveat that their ability to be normalized is markedly
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that emerged in a study of commonly experienced Asian
American microaggressions. Many scholars, activists, and most major American news sources have started to oppose this stereotype, calling it a misconception that exaggerates the socioeconomic success of East Asian Americans. According to Kevin Nguyen Do, the portrayal of the model minority image in American media has created negative psychological impacts such as stress, depression and anxiety and can lead to increased levels of
578:, who was convicted of shooting an unarmed black man. Some viewed Officer Liang as being privileged by "adjacent whiteness", while Jenn Fang argues that his fate "proves that the benefits of 'model minority' status are in fact transient—and easily revoked." Another more recent high profile incident involved former Cornell University student Patrick Dai, who was sentenced to two years in federal prison for posting anti-semitic online threats targeting Jewish students at Cornell.
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586:. Believing that due to their archetypal socioeconomic success by fitting East Asian Americans in artificial model minority mold and that they possess so-called "positive" stereotypical attributes and traits, leading many ordinary Americans to assume that East Asian Americans face no absolute forms of racial discrimination or social issues in American society at large, and that their community is thriving, having "gained" their socioeconomic success through their own merits.
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relationship for East Asian men is more of a reflection of what is expected of them, than a desire. These stereotypes are attempts of an overall perception that East Asian men are less sexually desirable to women compared to men of other races, especially whites. These stereotypes may have an impact on the dating lives of Asian men; a 2018 study found that Asian teenaged males were less likely than their non-Asian peers to have a romantic relationship.
393:, found that Asian-American actors were underrepresented on network TV. While Asian-Americans make up 5 percent of the US population, the report found only 2.6 percent were primetime TV regulars. Shows set in cities with significant Asian populations, like New York and Los Angeles, had few East Asian roles. The lack of East Asian representation in American film and theater supports the argument that they are still perceived as foreigners.
246:, first peaking in the late 19th-century. Such perilism stems from a claim that whites would be "displaced" by a "massive influx of East Asians"; who would fill the nation with a "foreign culture" and "speech incomprehensible" to those already there and "steal jobs away from the European inhabitants" and that they would eventually "take over and destroy their civilization, ways of life, culture and values."
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935:'s Romeo. The original ending had Aaliyah kissing Chinese actor Li, which would have explained the title of Romeo, a scenario that did not test well with an urban audience. The studio changed the ending to Trish (Aaliyah) giving Han (Li) a tight hug. According to Cajayon, "Mainstream America, for the most part, gets uncomfortable with seeing an East Asian man portrayed in a sexual light."
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stereotype, which unjustly views Asian
Americans as eternal outsiders in the U.S. The findings reveal that these stereotypes, combined with the lack of detailed data, lead to Asian Americans often being overlooked in health resources and attention, which perpetuates stereotypes due to insufficient data to challenge them. This data shortage is, in part, a result of these stereotypes.
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struggle. This stereotype can prevent others from comprehending or acknowledging the real challenges some face, like feeling left out, stressed, or not getting enough help. On the other hand, East Asian students are also sometimes imagined as not having good thinking skills, copying others' work, and not helping the class environment. This is conflicts with the model minority stereotype.
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514:" phenomenon, where the advancement in corporate America where attaining the highest-level managerial and top-tiered executive positions at major American corporations reaches a limit, and the fact that East Asians must acquire more education, possess work experience, and have to work longer hours than their white American counterparts to earn the same amount of money.
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are polite and not too direct. But in
American culture, people are usually very straight to the point and treat everyone the same, no matter their age or position. This can make communication tricky between Asian American students and their mentors who might expect them to speak up more or brag about their achievements, which can feel uncomfortable or rude to them.
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whether this favorable reputation indeed correlates with increased wages for Asian-Americans in comparison to other racial groups. Utilizing data from the expansive Current Population Survey, Tashiro and Conrad aim to uncover whether Asian-Americans genuinely receive a financial premium for employing computer skills in their professional roles.
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conscientious, industrious, disciplined, persistent, driven, studious, and intelligent people who have elevated their socioeconomic status through merit, persistence, tenacity, self-discipline, drive, and diligence. The model minority construct is typically measured by their above average levels of educational attainment, representation in
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with straight overgrown bangs (girls). They are often homogenized as one indiscriminate monolithic conglomeration of cultures, languages, histories, and physiological and behavioral characteristics. Almost invariably it is assumed that a person of Asian descent has ancestral origins from an East Asian country.
1048:). Yen becomes infatuated with Davis, and knowing that she is believed to be dead, keeps her at his summer palace. That being said, it was also one of the first films to deal openly with interracial sexual attraction (despite the fact that the actor playing General Yen is played by a non-Asian actor).
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East Asians are often stereotyped as being inherently bad drivers. East Asians are also stereotyped as academic overachievers who are intelligent but socially inept, either lacking social skills or being asocial. A 2010 study found that East Asians in the United States are most likely to be perceived
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of the eyelid have the negative effect of caricature, whether describing the Asiatic eye positively as "almond-shaped" or negatively as "slanted", "slant-eyed", or "slanty". These "slanted" stereotypes have even led to the spread of a sexual rumor purporting that Asian women possess sideways vaginas.
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East Asian Americans also commit crimes at disproportionately lower rates than other racial and ethnic groups in the United States despite having a younger average age and higher family stability. Research findings have shown that Asian American offenders are sometimes given more lenient punishments.
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Contrary to common assumptions, their findings reveal that simply being Asian-American does not assure a wage boost for computer-centric tasks. Their investigation further addresses how stereotypes could potentially influence wage structures. The premise explored is whether employers are inclined to
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When Asian American scholars try to work with their teachers or find a mentor, they sometimes run into misunderstandings because their cultural background is different. For example, in many Asian cultures, it's important to respect those who are older or in charge, and people often talk in ways that
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child rearing techniques, which she describes as being typical for Chinese immigrant parents. Her book received a huge backlash and media attention and ignited global debate about different parenting techniques and cultural attitudes that foster such techniques. Furthermore, the book provoked uproar
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Sax Rohmer inextricably tied the evil character of Dr. Fu Manchu to all East Asians as a physical representation of the Yellow Peril, attributing the villain's evil behavior to his race. Rohmer also adds an element of mysticism and exoticism to his portrayal of Dr. Fu Manchu. Despite Dr. Fu Manchu's
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Another effect of the stereotype is that American society at large may tend to ignore the underlying racism and discrimination that many East Asian Americans still face despite possessing above-average socioeconomic indicators and exhibiting positive statistical profiles. Complaints are dismissed by
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Due to this image, East Asian Americans have been the target of harassment, bullying, and racism from other racial groups due to the racially divisive model minority stereotype. In that way, the model minority does not protect Asian Americans from racism. The myth also undermines the achievements of
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According to those critical of this belief, the model minority stereotype also alienates other Asian American subgroups, such as Southeast Asian Americans, where many of whom hail from far less affluent Asian countries than their East Asian American counterparts and covers up existing Asian American
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However, some East Asian Americans believe the model minority image to be damaging and inaccurate and are acting to dispel this stereotype. Some have said that the model minority myth may perpetuate and trigger a denial of Asian Americans' racial reality, which happens to also be one of eight themes
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Stella S. Yi, and Simona C. Kwon have examined the significant impact of poor data quality and prevalent stereotypes on the health of Asian Americans. The discussion delves into how Asian American health is significantly influenced by two primary factors: the inadequate quality of their health data
1306:. This musical has also been criticized for what some have perceived as racist or sexist overtones. Criticism has led to protests against the musical's portrayal of Asian men, Asian women, and women in general. It banked a record $ 25 million in advance ticket sales when it was opening on Broadway.
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According to author Sheridan Prasso, the "China doll" stereotype and its variations of feminine submissiveness recurs in American movies. These variations can be presented as an associational sequence such as: "Geisha Girl/Lotus Flower/Servant/China Doll: Submissive, docile, obedient, reverential;
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In 2019, 7% of all female characters and 6% of all male characters in the top 100 grossing movies in the United States were Asian. Additionally, a study conducted by AAPIsOnTV (Asian American and Pacific Islanders) indicated that 64% of shows lack a presence of main Asian actors. On the other hand,
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Thirteen novels, three short stories, and one novella have been written about Dr. Fu Manchu, the villainous Chinese mastermind. Millions of copies have been sold in the United States with publication in American periodicals and adaptations to film, comics, radio, and television. Due to his enormous
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Additionally, the stereotypical perception that East Asian Americans as being wealthy and having "better behavior" implicitly invites a comparison to be made between the artificially standardized "model minority" East Asians and the stereotypes of other racial groups. While this reinforces a racial
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The term has also referred to the belief and fear that East Asian societies would "invade and attack" Western societies, "wage war with them" and lead to their "eventual destruction, demise and eradication." During this time, numerous anti-Asian sentiments were expressed by politicians and writers,
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In the research conducted by Sanae Tashiro and Cecilia A. Conrad delves into the widely held perception that Asian-Americans, known for their proficiency in mathematics and technology, might enjoy higher earnings, especially in positions that necessitate computer skills. The study scrutinizes
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This colorist portrayal negatively contrasts "colored" Asian Americans with the European population of North America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. East Asians are also stereotyped (or orientalized) as having straight dark (or shiny "blue") hair usually styled in a "bowl cut" (boys) or
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suggest that portrayals of East Asian males have not significantly changed. According to Elizabeth Tunstall, East Asian men in the West are still largely denied the stereotypical masculinity ideal of Western societies; however, the hybrid "soft masculinity" of K-pop has improved the image of Asian
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which was compulsory in China) and sometimes wore long silk gowns. Because Chinese men were seen as an economic threat to the white workforce, laws were passed that barred the Chinese from many "male" labor-intensive industries, and the only jobs available to the Chinese at the time were jobs that
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Because of Charlie Chan's emasculated, unassertive, and apologetic physical appearance and demeanor he is considered a non-threatening East Asian man to mainstream audiences despite his considerable intellect and ability. Many modern critics, particularly Asian-American critics, claim that Charlie
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There is a widespread perception that East Asians are not considered genuine Americans but are instead "perpetual foreigners". Asian Americans often report being asked the question, "Where are you really from?" by other Americans, regardless of how long they or their ancestors have lived in United
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In addition, because of their perceived racial difference, rapid and continuous immigration from Asia, and on going detente with communist regimes in Asia, Asian Americans are construed as "perpetual foreigners" who cannot or will not adapt to the language, customs, religions, and politics of the
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In the context of East Asians in North America, it has been found that they are stereotypically viewed as more competent but less warm and less dominant compared to Whites. However, the prescriptive aspect of these stereotypes, particularly the belief that East Asians should be less dominant, has
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A psychological experiment conducted by two researchers found that East Asians who do not conform to common stereotypes and who possess qualities such as dominance in the workplace are often seen as "unwelcome and unwanted by their co-workers" and can even elicit negative reactions and harassment
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lawyer, who is fluent in both English and Mandarin and is well-versed in the arts of sexual pleasuring unknown to the American world. At the time, she provided the only major representation of East Asian women on television, apart from news anchors and reporters. Because there were no other major
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According to Christina Chong, if Asian actors in American movies are needed, it is usually for "international regional accuracy". These inaccurate representations shape public perceptions due to the large influence TV shows and films have on the understanding of people from different backgrounds.
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This attention has led to the idea that orientalist stereotyping is a specific form of racial microaggression against women of East Asian descent. For example, while the beauty of Asian American women has been exoticized, Asian American women have been stereotyped as submissive in the process of
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Chinese-born academic and author Yunte Huang acknowledges that "Asian American criticism of the Charlie Chan character . . . carries the weight of the Asian experience in contemporary America," but sees Chan as an "American folk hero" and an example of "a peculiar brand of trickster prevalent in
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Some scholars believe that modern stereotypes of Asian women's sexuality may trace their roots to European colonialism and overseas military intervention. Overseas soldiers saw East and Southeast Asian women as physically and sexually superior to white women. East Asian women were stereotyped as
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When New York Police Department officer Peter Liang was convicted and found guilty in 2016 of the shooting death of Akai Kareem Gurley in 2014. questions arose as to whether Officer Liang was a racialized scapegoat punished for simply "doing what he had to do," or a model minority privileged by
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stereotype is on both physical and mental aspects of the race. East Asians are believed to mature slower in appearance and body, while also thought of as less autonomous and therefore requiring guidance from the "mature" white race. Like children, the perception is that they have little power,
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in East Asia to the detriment of the child's social, physical, psychological and emotional well-being. According to Marie Moro, Amy Chua links the academic success of Chinese Americans to Tiger mothering. Paul Tullis suggests that this assumption is unfounded, and cites a study suggesting that
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Blatantly racist statements made by white protagonists such as: "the swamping of the white world by yellow hordes might well be the price of our failure" again add to East Asian stereotypes of exclusion. Dr. Fu Manchu's inventively sardonic methods of murder and white protagonist Denis Nayland
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Cultural studies literature has suggested that stereotypes of Asians portray both genders as being feminine. According to Fujino (1992) and Williams (1994), Asian women are portrayed in the media as "exotic, subservient, or simply nice" (Mok, 1999, p.107) – all feminine traits. Asian men, in
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In Western universities, students from East Asia and Asian American students often face unfair treatment and stereotypes. People sometimes think Asian American students don't have any problems because they're seen as the "model minority," meaning they're expected to do well in school without
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East Asian bodies are often stereotyped of as lacking the innate athletic ability to endure labor-intensive tasks which is required to play and excel in sports, especially in sporting disciplines that involve heavy amounts of physical contact. This stereotype has led to discrimination in the
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ethnic literature," one of several such characters "indeed rooted in the toxic soil of racism, but racism has made their tongues only sharper, their art more lethally potent . . . As much as well meaning Asian Americans try to banish the character," he writes, Charlie Chan "is here to stay."
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Generalized statistics and positive socioeconomic indicators of East Asian Americans are often cited to back up the model minority image include the high likelihoods and probabilities of East Asian Americans of getting into an elite American university in addition to possessing above average
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Three stereotypes are notably discussed: the "model minority" myth, suggesting Asian Americans are universally successful and self-sufficient; the "healthy immigrant" effect, falsely indicating that all Asian immigrants are healthier than U.S.-born individuals; and the "perpetual foreigner"
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One study has shown East Asians as being perceived as being "less masculine" than their white and black American counterparts. East Asian men are also emasculated, being stereotyped and portrayed as having small penises. Such an idea fueled the phenomenon that being a bottom in a homosexual
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relative to and through interaction with Whites and Blacks." The theory states that racial triangulation occurs through two processes, both of which ultimately reinforce existing racial power structures. First, Asians are "valorized" relative to Blacks. This is aided by the "model minority"
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East Asians in the United States have been stereotyped as a "model minority"; where as a collective group have achieved an above average socioeconomic performance and standing compared to other ethno-racial groups in United States while possessing positive traits such as being seen as being
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by the U.S. military, American soldiers came to view Japanese women as superior to American women. Among U.S. soldiers, it was said that the heart of a Japanese woman was "twice as big" as an American woman's; reflecting the stereotype that Asian women are more feminine than Western women.
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The "model minority" image is also seen as being damaging to East Asian American students because their generalized socioeconomic success makes it easy for American educators to overlook other East Asian American students who are less socioeconomically successful, less achieving, struggle
1324:, a study found that young East Asian women are overrepresented. It had been suggested that the hypersexualized yet compliant representations of East Asian women being a frequent theme in American media is the cause of this. In addition, East Asian women being often stereotyped as having
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East Asian American men are often stereotyped as physically unattractive and lacking social skills. This contrasts with the common view of East Asian women being perceived as highly desirable relative to their white female counterparts, which often manifests itself in the form of the
5811:"I've heard it at most of the Ivies if not all of them," he says. Lin is reluctant to mention the specific nature of such insults, but according to Harvard teammate Oliver McNally, another Ivy League player called him a C word that rhymes with ink during a game last season.
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offer higher wages to individuals from groups perceived positively. However, Tashiro and Conrad's research findings contradict this assumption, demonstrating that such positive stereotypes do not afford Asian-Americans any wage advantage in technology-oriented employment.
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as a whole. While people of Chinese descent make up roughly 5 million of the roughly 18 million Asians in America, a plurality, other Asian American ethnic groups such as the Filipinos, Indonesian, Japanese, Koreans and Vietnamese make up a larger portion of the total.
827:, the portrayal of stereotypes is still a present issue. Asian actors are cast for movies usually represent stereotypes of East Asians. In most instances, they also play the roles of sex workers, nerds, foreigners, and doctors. In the episode "A Benihana Christmas" of
325:. Wang asserts that mainstream media coverage of Asian communities in the United States has always been "miserable". He states, "In mainstream media's and policymakers' eyes, Asian Americans don't exist. They are not on their radar... and it's the same for politics."
3390:: Additional information about the document that does not fit in any of the other fields; not used after 2004. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Mid-South Educational Research Association (30th, Little Rock, AR, November 14–16, 2001): Full text available.
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humanized Chinese men, while portraying Japanese men as a military and security threat to the country, and therefore a sexual danger to white women due to the perception of a woman's body traditionally symbolizing her "tribe's" house or country. In the 1916 film
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American politicians and other government legislators with the claim that the racism that many East Asian Americans still face is less important than or not as bad as the racism faced by other minority racial groups, thus establishing a systematically deceptive
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who was captured after being a fugitive for sixteen years for failing to appear at a sentencing for a felony fraud conviction. Other examples of criminal and unethical behavior are in contrast to the artificially standardized model minority construct.
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sometimes stereotyped powerful Asian women as "Dragon Ladies" and subservient Asian women as "Lotus Blossoms". These memes persists in to the present time, and other stereotypes related to the Lotus Blossom include the hyper-feminine "China dolls",
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Media portrayals of Asian Americans continue to present these memes: Dragon Lady, Lotus Blossom and the male as a sexless nerd. The Dragon Lady has too much power, whereas the Lotus Blossom and the male loser have too little power (Ono & Pham,
614:" stereotype contribute to the theory of "racial triangulation" proposed by political scientist Claire Jean Kim. With many previous discussions of race focusing solely on a "Black vs. white" dichotomy, Kim proposes that Asian Americans "have been
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There is also a common assumption that people of East Asian descent are always Chinese or are supposed to be proficient in a Chinese language. This often results in racist remarks and ethnic slurs against Asian Americans such as telling them to
1424:. It refers primarily to millennial or younger women who are highly outgoing and have adopted a gangster aesthetic or personality without necessarily being involved with actual organized crime. Other associated traits include an interest in
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Largely and collectively, these stereotypes have been internalized by society and in daily interactions, current events, and government legislation, their repercussions for Americans or immigrants of East Asian ancestry are mainly negative.
1212:, about a Hong Kong woman. The titular character is represented through a frame of white masculine heterosexual desire: Suzie is portrayed as a submissive prostitute that is sexually aroused at the idea of being beaten by a white man.
570:, which led to the deaths of 33 individuals, including the eventual suicide of Cho himself. The shooting spree, along with Cho's Korean ancestry, stunned American society. Other notable cases include the downfall of politician
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East Asian men have been portrayed as threats to white women by white men in many aspects of American media. Depictions of East Asian men as "lascivious and predatory" were common at the turn of the 20th century. Fears of
1969:(Chua, 2011), depicts a strict, rigid form of Chinese mothering, in contrast to permissive Western parenting, as essential to the academic and professional success of Chinese Americans (Cheah et al., 2013; Guo, 2013).
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Occasionally however, such extraordinarily rare exceptions involving individual East Asian American criminals do receive widespread media coverage. Such vanishingly rare exceptional occurrences include the infamous
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the Vixen/Sex Nymph: Sexy, coquettish, manipulative; tendency toward disloyalty or opportunism; the Prostitute/Victim of Sex Trade/War/Oppression: Helpless, in need of assistance or rescue; good-natured at heart."
785:, once said: 'He who squanders to-day talking of yesterday's triumph, will have nothing to boast of tomorrow.'" Fletcher Chan, however, argues that the Chan of Biggers's novels is not subservient to whites, citing
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academically, and assimilate more slowly in the American school system. Some American educators hold East Asian American students to a higher academic standard and ignore other students of East Asian ancestry with
1317:, Asian women in golden era Hollywood film were represented as sexually passive and compliant. According to Hagedorn, "good" Asian women are portrayed as being "childlike, submissive, silent, and eager for sex".
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while relaxing on the sofa." Hamamoto does maintain, however, that Ling "sends a powerful message to white America that East Asian American women are not to be trifled with. She runs circles around that tower of
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fantasy figure concocted by a white man whose job it is to satisfy the blocked needs of other white men who seek temporary escape from their banal and deadening lives by indulging themselves in a bit of visual
6014:"The Mutually Reinforcing Cycle Of Poor Data Quality And Racialized Stereotypes That Shapes Asian American Health: Study examines poor data quality and racialized stereotypes that shape Asian American health"
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646:, respectively, in the early part of the 20th century, Dr. Fu Manchu is the embodiment of America's imagination of a threatening, mysterious East Asian while Charlie Chan is an apologetic, submissive Chinese-
100:, internet, as well as in other forms of creative expression in American culture and society. Many of these commonly generalized stereotypes are largely correlative to those that are also found in other
1472:" even if the Asian-American person does not happen to be of Chinese descent. In reality, the term "Asian American" broadly refers to all people who descend from the Continental Asian sub-regions of
1388:"Asian baby girl", commonly abbreviated "ABG" and sometimes referred to as "Asian bad girl" or "Asian baby gangster", is a term that arose in the 1990s New York City area, originally used to describe
199:, who are excessively concerned with their child's academic performance. This is stereotypically associated with high academic achievement and above-average socioeconomic success in American society.
506:. This is because the model minority image in film is usually coupled with negative characteristics of a personality such as being obedient, nerdy and unable to express a sexual or romantic longing.
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list of the 20 most-performed operas in North America. This popularity only helps to perpetuate the stereotype of Japanese women being self-sacrificing victims to "cruel and powerful" Western men.
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Ng, Jennifer C., Sharon S. Lee, and Yoon K. Pak. "Chapter 4 contesting the model minority and perpetual foreigner stereotypes: A critical review of literature on Asian Americans in education."
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Huang, Yunte; Charlie Chan: The Untold Story of the Honorable Detective and His Rendezvous with American History, pp. 282-287; W. W. Norton & Company, 15 August 2011 ISBN 978-0-87722-955-1.
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A study of top grossing films in the 2010s found that films encouraged audiences to laugh at 43.4% of Asian and Pacific Islander characters, meaning that they may be serving as a "punchline".
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discourse exists throughout American society, especially as it is reproduced by network television and cinema. Critics argue that portrayals of East Asians in American media fixating on the
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East Asian Americans have been perceived, treated, and portrayed by many in American society as "perpetual" foreigners who are unable to be assimilated and inherently foreign regardless of
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Even worse, these critics contend, is the common portrayal of the East Asian population as having yellow, sometimes orange or even lemon colored skin tones (which the critics reference as
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from being given attention that they need. This may deprive those students being encumbered with negative connotations of being a model minority and labeled with the unpopular Hollywood "
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East Asian women have long been fetishized as highly desirable by white men, and studies have shown that they are the most desired women in the Western world, and are considered the most
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on Chinese immigrants to Canada in the early 20th century; a formal government apology was given in 2007 (with compensation to the surviving head tax payers and their descendants).
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Drummond, Murray JN, and Shaun M. Filiault. "The long and the short of it: Gay men's perceptions of penis size." Gay and lesbian issues and psychology review 3.2 (2007): 121–129.
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where several prominent Chinese American businessmen were convicted of violating various campaign finance laws. Other incidents include the shooting rampage by physics student
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There has been much controversy about the opera, especially its treatment of sex and race. It is the most-performed opera in the United States, where its rank as Number 1 in
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Park, Hijin. "Interracial Violence, Western Racialized Masculinities, and the Geopolitics of Violence Against Women." Social & Legal Studies 21.4 (2012): 491–509. Web.
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was passed, banning Chinese women from entering the United States, to prevent married white men from falling to the temptation to cheat on their wives with Asian women.
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759:", where white actors play the characters of non-white roles. White actors who have played the role of Charlie Chan were covered in "yellowface" makeup and spoke in
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Asian American celebrity women whose television presence could counteract the Dragon Lady stereotype, the portrayal of Ling Woo attracted much scholarly attention.
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In stark contrast to the Chinese villain Dr. Fu Manchu, East Asian-American protagonist Charlie Chan represents the American archetype of the "good" East Asian. In
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extremely seductive and sinister. and this stereotype was so alarming that nationalist politicians sought to ban Asian women from entering the United States. The
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Li, Yao, and Harvey L. Nicholson Jr. "When "model minorities" become "yellow peril"—Othering and the racialization of Asian Americans in the COVID‐19 pandemic."
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Johnson, Brian D.; Betsinger, Sara (November 9, 2009). "Punishing the "Model Minority": Asian-American Criminal Sentencing Outcomes in Federal District Courts".
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as an example; in this novel, Chan's eyes blaze with anger at racist remarks and in the end, after exposing the murderer, Chan remarks "Perhaps listening to a '
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The Chan character also perpetuates stereotypes as well, oft quoting supposed ancient Chinese wisdom at the end of each novel, saying things like: "The Emperor
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criticized Rooney's portrayal as "an irascible bucktoothed nerd and an offensive ethnic caricature". Critics note that the character of Mr. Yunioshi reinforced
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731:(1871–1933), a real-life Chinese-Hawaiian police officer, has been the subject of 11 novels (spanning from 1925 to as late as 2023), over 40 American films, a
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Professor of Asian American Studies Elaine Kim argued in the 1980s that the stereotype of East Asian women as submissive has impeded their economic mobility.
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Sumi K. Cho. "Converging Stereotypes in Racialized Sexual Harassment: Where the Model Minority Meets Suzie Wong". In Richard Delgado; Jean Stefancic (eds.).
1371:) refers to a strict or demanding mother who pushes her children to high levels of scholastic and academic achievement, using methods regarded as typical of
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3124:"Positive Portrayal versus Positive Stereotype: The Effect of Media Exposure to the Model Minority Stereotype on Asian Americans' Self-Concept and Emotions"
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believed that his race played a role in him going undrafted in NBA initially. This belief has been echoed and reiterated by sports writer Sean Gregory of
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More insidious perhaps is the opera's enduring fantasy of Japanese women as self-sacrificing and, the helpless victims of cruel and powerful Western men.
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caused many of them to become defunct. The term was then adopted by other Asian Americans from outside the Chinese American gangster subculture of the
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2003:
1404:. The looks, fashion, and aesthetics associated with ABGs gained popularity in the 2010s, and was regarded as a negative stereotype similar to the "
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who serves as her white boyfriend. She's competitive in a profession that thrives on verbal aggression and analytical skill." Contemporary actress
160:, which respectively represents a threatening, mysterious East Asian character as well as an apologetic, submissive, "good" East Asian character.
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perception rather than authentic depictions of East Asian cultures, customs, traditions, and behaviors. East Asian Americans have experienced
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often receive heightened attention in Western media. Asians are also stereotyped as eating animals unusual for consumption in the US such as
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Food from Chinese restaurants in the United States is often claimed to be unsafe due to contamination of Chinese-imported food or the use of
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East Asians have been stereotyped as immature, childlike, small, infantile looking, needing guidance and not to be taken seriously. The
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Lin, Monica H., et al. "Stereotype content model explains prejudice for an envied outgroup: Scale of Anti-Asian American stereotypes."
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1985:
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Smith's grudging respect for his intellect reinforce stereotypes of East Asian intelligence, exoticism/mysticism, and extreme cruelty.
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Yi, Stella S.; Kwon, Simona C.; Suss, Rachel; Ðoàn, Lan N.; John, Iyanrick; Islam, Nadia S.; Trinh-Shevrin, Chau (February 1, 2022).
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650:-American detective who represents America's archetypal "good" East Asian. Both characters found widespread popularity in numerous
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4174:"Where Are the Asians in Hollywood? Can §1981, Title VII, Colorblind Pitches, and Understanding Biases Break the Bamboo Ceiling?"
743:, and a 1970s animated television series. In the films, the role of Charlie Chan has usually been played by white actors (namely
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and their American-born descendants and citizenry with East Asian ancestry or whose family members who recently emigrated to the
5706:"Studying Antecedent and Consequence of Self Efficacy of Asian American Sport Consumers: Development of a Theoretical Framework"
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1549:. Although Asian Americans comprised 6% of the nation's population in 2012, Asian American athletes represented only 2% of the
17:
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5133:"S.A.D. Defines the "popular" Asian, but it's what we expect.: Networks Course blog for INFO 2040/CS 2850/Econ 2040/SOC 2090"
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a shooting spree was committed by a naturalized citizen, when Jiverly Wang gunned down 14 people, and injured 3 at the local
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Lotus Blossoms Don't Bleed: Images of Asian Women in Making Waves: An Anthology of Writing By And About Asian American Women
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contrast, are presented as lacking in the physical appearance and social skills needed to attract women (Mok, 1999, p. 107).
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popularity, the "image of Fu Manchu has been absorbed into American consciousness as the archetypal East Asian villain." In
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1044:) and help in his work. They become separated at a railway station, and Davis is rescued/kidnapped by warlord General Yen (
4958:
4455:
3639:
2132:
2029:
4597:
Patton, Tracey Owens (November 2001). ""Ally McBeal" and Her Homies: The Reification of White Stereotypes of the Other".
3079:
Greg Toppo, "'Model' Asian student called a myth ; Middle-class status may be a better gauge of classroom success,"
2772:"GOP senator says China 'to blame' for coronavirus spread because of 'culture where people eat bats and snakes and dogs'"
859:), are depicted as overly sexual students who have an affair with the PE teacher and possess limited English skills. The
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characterizing the country in March 2020 as "a culture where people eat bats and snakes and dogs and things like that".
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recruitment process for professional American sports teams where Asian American athletes are highly underrepresented.
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after the release where Chua received death threats, racial slurs, and calls for her arrest on child-abuse charges.
85:, analogous to other ethnic and racial stereotypes, are often erroneously misunderstood and negatively portrayed in
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358:
342:
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4901:
4003:
Chin, Christina; Deo, Meera; DuCros, Faustina; Jong-Hwa Lee, Jenny; Milman, Noriko; Yuen, Nancy (September 2017).
1842:"Racial Stereotypes and Interracial Attraction: Phenotypic Prototypicality and Perceived Attractiveness of Asians"
1416:
Facebook group. In the 2020s, the ABG stereotype was adopted as a fashion trend on social media platforms such as
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1401:
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American anti-Japanese propaganda poster from World War II depicting a Japanese soldier threatening a white woman
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In the mid-1800s, early Chinese immigrant workers were derided as emasculated men due to cultural practices of
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184:. In media, East Asian women may be stereotyped as exceptionally feminine and delicate "Lotus Blossums", or as
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and managerial occupations, and household incomes relative to other ethno-racial groups in the United States.
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3975:"Distribution of male and female characters in top grossing films in the United States in 2019, by ethnicity"
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982:
5021:
Mayall, Alice, and Diana EH Russell. "Racism in pornography." Feminism & Psychology 3.2 (1993): 275–281.
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as nerds. This stereotype is socially damaging and contributes to a long history of Asian exclusion in USA.
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Even literature written by Asian American authors is not free of the pervasive popular cliche of Asian men.
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to further exclude Japanese Americans from being treated as normal citizens, rather than hated caricatures.
4147:
Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media; Coalition of Asian Pacifics in Entertainment; Gold House (2023).
3148:
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Asian-American Scientists: Silent No Longer: 'Model Minority' Mobilizes – Lawler 290 (5494): 1072 – Science
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1509:, who are perceived as more demure, submissive, more eager to please and easily yielding to powerful men.
1016:, a group of fanatical Japanese individuals invade the United States in an attempt to rape a white woman.
4257:
Hoppe, Trevor. "Circuits of Power, Circuits of Pleasure: Sexual Scripting in Gay Men's Bottom Narratives.
4100:"What Are Some Problematic And Racist Depictions Of East Asian People In TV And Movies That You've Seen?"
3521:
2411:
Inequality in 700 Popular Films: Examining Portrayals of Gender, Race & LGBT Status from 2007 to 2014
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Vanishing Son: The Appearance, Disappearance, and Assimilation of the Asian-US Man in US Mainstream Media
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Tokens on the Small Screen: Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in Prime Time and Streaming Television
4004:
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3428:, Journal of experimental social psychology vol. 35, no1, pp. 29–46 (1 p.3/4): Elsevier, San Diego 1999.
3063:
2857:"Why East Asians but not South Asians are underrepresented in leadership positions in the United States"
1447:, an American Orientialist and professor of Asian American studies at UC Irvine argued that a pervasive
6303:
6083:
Kawai, Yuko. "Stereotyping Asian Americans: The dialectic of the model minority and the yellow peril."
5971:
5850:"The myth of academic tolerance: the stigmatisation of East Asian students in Western higher education"
5397:
Zhang, Qin (2010). "Asian Americans Beyond the Model Minority Stereotype: The Nerdy and the Left Out".
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62:
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Rich, Adrienne. 1994 Blood, Bread and Poetry: Selected Prose 1979–1985. New York: Norton 1986: p. 212.
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Warner Oland, a Swedish-American actor, portraying Charlie Chan, a Chinese-Hawaiian-American detective
5849:
4149:
I Am Not a Fetish or Model Minority: Redefining What it Means to Be API in the Entertainment Industry
4026:"Asian Americans on TV: Study finds continued Underrepresentation despite new wave of AAPI-led shows"
2946:"Trends in Racial and Ethnic Minority Applicants and Matriculants to U.S. Medical Schools, 1980–2016"
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women involved in gangster subcultures. These women were a part of, or admired the lifestyles of the
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1078:, in which Japanese businessmen mistreat and denigrate their white mistresses. Popular films such as
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Benjamin Pimentel, "Model minority image is a hurdle, Asian Americans feel left out of mainstream,"
2359:"'Breakfast at Tiffany's' protest is misguided: Let's deal openly with the film's Asian stereotypes"
2251:
Racial Hierarchy, Asian Americans and Latinos as Foreigners, and Social Change: Is Law the Way to Go
1425:
6202:
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Smith, Stacy; Choueiti, Marc; Pieper, Katherine; Gillig, Traci; Lee, Carmen; DeLuca, Dylan (2015).
2004:"Conference Indorses Chinese Exclusion; Editor Poon Chu Says China Will... – Article Preview – The"
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has been accused of popularizing this stereotype by characters she has played in mainstream media.
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While there has been progress in the representation of Asian actors in TV shows and films through
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6160:, a 2006 documentary film addressing the portrayals of Asian men in American television and film.
6151:, a 2007 documentary film about the portrayals of Chinese men and women in Hollywood productions.
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4415:
4397:
Espiritu, Y. E. (1997). Ideological Racism and Cultural Resistance: Constructing Our Own Images,
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An iconic source of images of East Asian women in the 20th century in the West is the 1957 novel
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5972:"Stereotypes, Asian Americans, and Wages: An Empirical Strategy Applied to Computer Use at Work"
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from serving in the California State Senate to serving time in federal prison, and NYPD Officer
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attitudes than the American average. East Asian men are commonly portrayed in Western media as
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5174:"Everything You Need To Know About The Asian Baby Girl Trend That's Taking Over The Internet"
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portray Japanese patriarchs as domineering, controlling and abusive towards their daughters.
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portrays the way in which an "Oriental" beguiles white women. The film portrays Megan Davis (
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are two well-known fictional East Asian characters in America's cultural history. Created by
519:
137:
1355:, published in January 2011. The book was a memoir about her parenting journey using strict
845:). The portrayal of Asian Americans is based on the stereotype that they look identical. In
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Pg. 130, 142 "Being an Asian American Male is Really Hard Actually": Cultural Psychology...
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is one such example which had been broadly criticized by mainstream publications. In 1961,
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Harpalani, Vinay. "Asian Americans, Racial Stereotypes, and Elite University Admissions."
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8:
6240:
5251:
Body Politics of the Asian American Woman: From Orientalist Stereotype to the Hybrid Body
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The Asian Mystique: dragon ladies, geisha girls, & our fantasies of the exotic orient
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611:
483:
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Language, identity, and stereotype among Southeast Asian American youth: The other Asian
6105:
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Lee, Jennifer. "Asian Americans, affirmative action & the rise in anti-Asian hate."
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2872:
2595:
Scars of War: The Politics of Paternity and Responsibility for the Amerasians of Vietnam
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5437:
5414:
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The Asian Mystique: Dragon Ladies, Geisha Girls, and Our Fantasies of the Exotic Orient
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869:) as someone who is unable to form romantic relationships and communicate with women.
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5930:"Prescriptive stereotypes and workplace consequences for East Asians in North America"
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3671:"A system that doesn't value black lives can never truly value Asian American lives"
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established a presence in Hollywood, he was one of the few Asians who had achieved "
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6025:
5983:
5941:
5902:
5861:
5406:
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5002:
Hagedorn, Jessica (January–February 1994). "Asian Women in Film: No Joy, No Luck".
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4314:
4052:"'We're the geeks, the prostitutes': Asian American actors on Hollywood's barriers"
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3657:"adjacent whiteness" whose actions betrayed a fundamental disregard for human life.
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When white men can't do math: Necessary and sufficient factors in stereotype threat
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2810:
2802:
2791:"Seven Reasons to Care About Racism and COVID-19 and Seven Things to Do to Stop It"
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679:, Sax Rohmer introduces Dr. Fu Manchu as a cruel and cunning man, with a face like
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or duration of residence in the United States. A similar view has been advanced by
89:
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42:
5866:
4789:"Portrayals of Gender and Generation,East and West: Suzie Wong in the Noble House"
3285:
3201:
Yang, KaYing (2004). "Southeast Asian American Children: Not the Model Minority".
2830:
1056:
Another stereotype of East Asian men, especially of Chinese men, is that they are
4962:
4456:"Negotiating New Asian American Masculinities: Attitudes and Gender Expectations"
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limited the number of Asians because they were considered an "undesirable" race.
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841:) with a Sharpie, because he is unable to differentiate her from Amy (played by
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6029:
4951:
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3621:
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2530:
Asian American Sexual Politics: The Construction of Race, Gender, and Sexuality
2514:"'Yellow fever' fetish: Why do so many white men want to date a Chinese woman?"
2298:
2294:"The Screen: Breakfast at Tiffany's: Audrey Hepburn Stars in Music Hall Comedy"
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Unraveling the "Model Minority" Stereotypes: Listening to Asian American Youth
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Neil Gotanda, "Exclusion and Inclusion: Immigration and American orientalism".
1749:
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6037:
5995:
5953:
5914:
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4567:
Prasso, Sheridan (2006). "Hollywood, Burbank, and the Resulting Imaginings".
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1950:
Parenthood and Immigration in Psychoanalysis: Shaping the Therapeutic Setting
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men as potentially desirable partners among K-pop fans in Western countries.
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for consumption, despite the declining consumption in China. This notion was
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3123:
3064:"'Model Minority' Resentments Spawn Anti-Asian-American Insults and Violence
2881:
6055:
5929:
5768:"Lin tells "60 Minutes" his ethnicity played a role in him going undrafted"
5004:
2945:
2944:
Acosta, David; Poll-Hunter, Norma Iris; Eliason, Jennifer (November 2017).
2900:
2674:"Eddie Huang on racial insensitivities behind MSG, Chinese food criticisms"
1506:
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access, and control over themselves. The stereotype goes hand in hand with
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From "Yellow Peril" to "Model Minority": The Transition of Asian Americans
1836:
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3280:"The Glass Ceiling for African, Hispanic (Latino), and Asian Americans,"
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328:
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235:
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113:
101:
4924:"Puccini's masterpiece transcends its age | The Japan Times Online"
4812:
Kim, Elaine (1984). "Asian American writers: A bibliographical review".
4635:
Dow, Bonnie J. (2006). "Gender and Communication in Mediated Contexts".
4436:
Quinsaat, J. (1976). Asians in the media, The shadows in the spotlight.
3745:
Kim, Claire Jean (1999). "The Racial Triangulation of Asian Americans".
2445:
666:
6276:
5906:
5824:"The Lack of Asians and Asian-American Athletes in Professional Sports"
5742:"The Lack of Asians and Asian-American Athletes in Professional Sports"
5223:"After 170 Years, the 'Sideways Asian Vagina' Myth Still Won't Go Away"
5042:"Amy Chua: 'I'm going to take all your stuffed animals and burn them!'"
4539:
Shimizu, Celine Parreñas (2007). "The Sexual Bonds of Racial Stardom".
3424:
Aronson J.; Lustina M. J.; Good C.; Keough K.; Steele C. M.; Brown J.;
3222:
2917:
Chung, Eric; Dong, Samuel; Hu, Xiaonan; Kwon, Christine; Liu, Goodwin.
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1536:
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639:
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5202:
Monitored peril: Asian Americans and the politics of TV representation
4358:
Asian Stereotypes lost or found in the first season of TV series Lost?
4081:"The Office Actor Kat Ahn calls out show for portrayal of Asian women"
3167:
2109:
898:
whites deemed "women's work" (i.e., laundry, cooking, and childcare).
148:
related to their ethnic stereotypes, as it has been used to reinforce
5945:
4301:
Kao, Grace; Balistreri, Kelly Stamper; Joyner, Kara (November 2018).
3616:
1489:
1477:
1421:
943:
740:
631:
456:
227:
181:
153:
105:
70:
5891:"Mentoring Asian American scholars: Stereotypes and cultural values"
3690:
Yellow Face: The documentary part 4 – Asian Americans do face racism
3214:
2789:
Gee, Gilbert C.; Ro, Marguerite J.; Rimoin, Anne W. (July 1, 2020).
2560:"White Sexual Imperialism: A Theory of Asian Feminist Jurisprudence"
2157:
1219:
41:, but certain parts of it are applicable to other groups. For other
3175:
2426:"Why Yellow Fever Isn't Flattering: A Case against Racial Fetishes"
2267:"Loss of AsianWeek Increases Hole in Asian-American Coverage – NAM"
1457:
1376:
children of purported "tiger parents" actually have slightly worse
1346:
1223:
1191:
1153:
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were promulgated in both dime store novels and melodramatic films.
699:
attributes, again reinforcing Dr. Fu Manchu as representational of
452:
448:
168:, which has been influenced by their portrayals as hyper-feminine "
141:
4952:
Steinberg, Avi. "Group targets Asian stereotypes in hit musical,"
1826:
The Yellow Peril: Chinese Americans in American Fiction, 1850–1940
6291:
5377:"Perceptions of Asian American Students: Stereotypes and Effects"
4872:"Puccini opera is 'racist': News24: Entertainment: International"
2993:
Gee, Buck; Peck, Denise (2015). "The Illusion of Asian Success".
1429:
1150:
1088:
928:
760:
543:
6154:
4412:
White women, race matters: The social construction of whiteness.
2855:
Lu, Jackson; Nisbett, Richard; Morris, Michael (March 3, 2020).
2462:"The uncomfortable racial preferences revealed by online dating"
6286:
6271:
5103:"It was a cultural reset: a short history of the ABG aesthetic"
3826:
Asian American Panethnicity: Bridging Institutions and Identity
3152:
2331:
1417:
1328:
1187:
1130:
932:
715:
692:
651:
620:
231:
177:
109:
2068:
Office of Ethnic Affairs – Formal Apology To Chinese Community
1916:
Women's Issues for a New Generation: A Social Work Perspective
4786:
2564:
Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice
1767:
Felicia R. Lee, "'Model Minority' Label Taxes Asian Youths,"
1257:
680:
655:
439:, the latter of which putatively causes a condition known as
372:'s bucktoothed, myopic Japanese is broadly exotic." In 1990,
5558:"Dominant East Asians face workplace harassment, says study"
3847:"Internet Movie Database — list of Charlie Chan movies"
3444:. National Asian Women's Health Organization. Archived from
3286:
The Glass Ceiling for African, Hispanic, and Asian Americans
800:
4512:
Come All Ye Asian American Writers of the Real and the Fake
4381:"Un-designing masculinities: K-pop and the new global man?"
3026:"Racial Microaggressions and the Asian American Experience"
1698:
523:
262:, 1905) and the later Japanese Exclusion Act. The American
189:
188:, while East Asian men are often stereotyped as sexless or
3473:
3304:
Constable, Pamela, "A 'Glass Ceiling' of Misperceptions,"
1136:
More recently, the Dragon Lady stereotype was embodied by
389:
researchers for the Asian American Justice Center (AAJC),
5681:"Asian Americans remain rare in men's college basketball"
5469:""Little Rocket Man": The Anti-Asian Racism of US Empire"
5430:
5428:
4002:
3467:"Push to achieve tied to suicide in Asian-American women"
2408:
2065:
Neumann, Klaus; Tavan, Gwenda, eds. (February 12, 2002).
1562:
1554:
1550:
1513:
from their fellow employees of other racial backgrounds.
915:
talks about the revised ending for the 2000 action movie
5533:
Korean American Women: From Tradition to Modern Feminism
5513:"Yellow Fever: The Problem with Fetishizing Asian Women"
5399:
Journal of International and Intercultural Communication
4770:"Asian American Cinema: Representations and Stereotypes"
2943:
2165:
The politics of Asian Americans: diversity and community
1875:
1873:
5506:
5504:
4926:. Search.japantimes.co.jp. July 3, 2005. Archived from
4689:"Five Common Asian-American Stereotypes in TV and Film"
4571:(Illustrated ed.). PublicAffairs. pp. 72–73.
4218:
4216:
3918:
Frank Chin and Jeffery Chan, quoted in Kim (1982), 179.
3451:
on September 10, 2006 – via University of Hawaii.
3322:
Chen, Edith Wen-Chu; Grace J. Yoo (December 23, 2009).
1979:
1977:
1412:" stereotype. It appeared in online forums such as the
812:
96% of shows have a 96% presence of White main actors.
5791:"Harvard's Hoops Star Is Asian. Why's That a Problem?"
5425:
5342:
Tewari, Nita; Alvarez, Alvin N. (September 17, 2008).
3310:
Washingtonpost.com: A GLASS CEILING' OF MISPERCEPTIONS
2133:"Asian Americans and the Perpetual Foreigner Syndrome"
1724:
Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic
1535:
The Taiwanese-American professional basketball player
1345:
In early 2011, the Chinese-American lawyer and writer
1097:
has been criticized by Asian American figures such as
723:
Charlie Chan, a fictional character created by author
269:
5619:"Asian population critically underrepresented in NFL"
5439:
America's Geisha Ally: Reimagining the Japanese Enemy
5060:'Tiger Mother': Are Chinese Moms Really So Different?
4751:. The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Archived from
3815:(1917; reprint ed., New York: Pyramid, 1962), p. 111.
3566:"Our big cultural heritage, our awful little secrets"
3502:(Report). FBI. 2003. pp. 267–336. Archived from
3324:
Encyclopedia of Asian American Issues Today, Volume 1
2912:
2910:
2625:. Macmillan Reference USA/Thomson Gale. p. 213.
2479:
2261:
2259:
1870:
807:
Portrayal of East Asians in American film and theater
258:, 1886) and "Conference Endorses Chinese Exclusion" (
6193:
5564:. University of Toronto, Rotman School of Management
5501:
4213:
3940:(1930; reprint ed., New York: Bantam, 1975), p. 233.
3802:(1913; reprint ed., New York: Pyramid, 1961), p. 17.
3315:
1974:
1947:
Moro, Marie Rose; Welsh, Geneviève (March 7, 2022).
1620:
1396:
gangs, before the crime crackdowns ordered by Mayor
1363:
The archetypal Chinese tiger mom is (similar to the
1197:
5650:"Hey American Sports! Where are all the Asians at?"
5484:
5482:
5285:
Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics
4300:
4260:
4222:
3998:
3996:
3117:
3115:
623:, with Asian women being seen as ideal immigrants.
554:graduate, businessman and former campaign donor to
5436:
5345:Asian American Psychology:Asians Bad Drivers False
5125:
3780:
3585:"Some Korean Americans fearful of racial backlash"
3519:
2907:
2612:
2256:
1156:portrayed. Ling is a cold and ferocious bilingual
1101:for perpetuating racist stereotypes of Asian men.
1068:. This can be seen in best-selling novels such as
626:
5970:Tashiro, Sanae; Conrad, Cecilia A. (April 2009).
5934:Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology
5583:Azzarito, Laura; Kirk, David (October 10, 2014).
4126:"5 Most Offensive Asian Characters in TV History"
4074:
4072:
3774:"The Black, Asian and White Racial Triangulation"
3638:Kim, Nami; Joh, Wonhee Anne (December 15, 2019).
3628:.January 1, 2008. Retrieved on December 21, 2009.
3439:"Mental Health and Depression in Asian Americans"
2980:Center of the legal profession Harvard law School
2923:Center of the legal profession Harvard law School
2433:Journal of the American Philosophical Association
2124:
1439:
6331:
5479:
3993:
3900:(New York: P.F. Collier & Son, 1925), p. 76.
3538:
3372:Chou, Rosalind; Feagin, Joe (November 5, 2008).
3321:
3112:
1568:
1024:in the lead up to the United States' entry into
566:committed by the Korean-American mass murderer,
5976:The American Journal of Economics and Sociology
5782:
5586:Pedagogies, Physical Culture, and VisualMethods
5247:
5017:
5015:
4974:
4686:
4303:"Asian American Men in Romantic Dating Markets"
4019:
4017:
3464:
3349:Race, Rights, and the Asian American Experience
2854:
2727:"Please Stop Writing Racist Restaurant Reviews"
953:Study findings from an analysis of the TV show
893:. The Chinese workers sported long braids (the
540:1996 United States campaign finance controversy
55:Stereotypes of East Asians in the United States
6345:Anti–East Asian sentiment in the United States
6011:
5466:
5462:
5460:
5096:
5094:
5065:
4069:
2649:Identity, Gender and Teaching English in Japan
2206:Yellow: race in America beyond black and white
2071:. Archives of Australian National University.
1889:(1 ed.). Beacon Press. pp. 308–309.
1719:Stereotypes of groups within the United States
1331:than other races is another suggested factor.
593:
6179:
5969:
5816:
5530:Song, Young In; Moon, Ailee (July 27, 1998).
5341:
5071:
4637:The SAGE handbook of gender and communication
3399:
3340:
3246:
1172:, Professor of Asian American Studies at the
274:Australia had similar fears and introduced a
5582:
5012:
4731:
4404:
4014:
2587:
2585:
2064:
2032:. Archived from the original on May 27, 2011
1658:Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States
1288:received a modern adaptation in the form of
884:
254:, with headlines like "The 'Yellow Peril'" (
124:are often closely interlinked between them.
5888:
5457:
5194:
5091:
5074:"The truth about the Tiger Mother's family"
4874:. News24. February 15, 2007. Archived from
4523:
4438:Counterpoint: Perspectives on Asian America
3400:Bhattacharyya, Srilata (October 31, 2001).
2916:
2788:
1942:
1940:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1653:Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States
963:
195:East Asian mothers are also stereotyped as
6186:
6172:
6112:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
5927:
5467:Petersen-Smith, Khury (January 19, 2018).
5165:
4659:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4562:
4560:
4495:"Big American Misconceptions about Asians"
4453:
4333:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4140:
3418:
3371:
3035:
2956:. Association of American Medical Colleges
2919:"A Portrait of Asian Americans in the Law"
2746:"The History of the Dog-Eating Stereotype"
2639:
1784:Matthew Yi; et al. (April 27, 2001).
1783:
6045:
5889:Chin, Dorothy; Kameoka, Velma A. (2019).
5865:
5678:
5647:
5434:
5281:
5171:
5139:
4794:. University of Hong Kong. Archived from
4720:...Hong Kong hooker with a heart of gold.
4639:. Julia T. Wood. SAGE. pp. 302–303.
4430:
4391:
3927:Chin and Chan, quoted in Kim (1982), 179.
3883:(Thesis). Chukyo University. p. 145.
3792:
3717:Asians, Blacks, Stereotypes and the Media
3605:Sadly, Cho is Most Newsworthy APA of 2007
3484:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 190.
3242:
3240:
3121:
3045:, Teachers College Press, New York: 1996
2890:
2880:
2814:
2582:
2444:
2076:
1946:
1908:
1906:
1763:
1761:
1577:
1516:
1040:) coming to China to marry a missionary (
1020:was an independent film serial funded by
801:Stereotypes in American film and TV shows
202:
6350:East Asian diaspora in the United States
5928:Berdahl, Jennifer L.; Min, Ji-A (2012).
5529:
5001:
4852:. AustinChronicle.com. November 29, 1996
4630:
4628:
4532:
4123:
3874:
3872:
3644:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 74.
3176:"Stereotypes of Asian American Students"
2646:Nagatomo, Diane Hawley (April 7, 2016).
2645:
2413:. The Harnish Foundation. pp. 1–31.
1937:
1919:. Oxford University Press. p. 356.
1779:
1777:
1736:
1592:notable implications in the workplace.
1380:than those raised by non-tiger parents.
1218:
975:
967:
950:" status on screen in the 20th century.
865:portrays Rajesh Koothrapalli (played by
714:
665:
597:
496:
327:
152:. Notable fictional stereotypes include
5847:
5788:
5759:
5616:
4995:
4713:
4605:(2). Sage Publications, Inc.: 229–260.
4585:
4557:
4538:
4442:University of California at Los Angeles
4195:
4124:Sreedhar, Anjana (September 20, 2013).
3930:
3641:Feminist Praxis against U.S. Militarism
3479:
3460:
3458:
3346:
3268:"The Glass Ceiling and Asian Americans"
3249:"The Harmful Myth of Asian Superiority"
2992:
2130:
1912:
1747:
1176:, describes Ling as "a neo-Orientalist
306:States and been a part of its society.
14:
6332:
6007:
6005:
5965:
5963:
5765:
5390:
5039:
4716:Critical Race Theory: the Cutting Edge
4596:
4566:
4492:
4401:, Rowman & Littlefield Publishing.
4387:from the original on January 27, 2014.
4383:. The Conversation. January 23, 2014.
4078:
4024:Ramos, Dino-Ray (September 12, 2017).
3892:
3890:
3805:
3772:RHEE, kate-hers (September 24, 2018).
3724:from the original on December 21, 2021
3697:from the original on December 21, 2021
3637:
3237:
3174:Kim, Angela; Yeh, Christine J (2002).
3173:
3105:"What 'Model Minority' Doesn't Tell,"
2591:
2417:
2291:
1983:
1903:
1879:
1758:
546:at the University of Iowa in 1991 and
461:amplified during the COVID-19 pandemic
288:
6215:Asian and Pacific Islander Americans
6167:
5396:
5204:University of Minnesota Press, 1994,
5172:Shamsudin, Shazrina (March 5, 2020).
4977:"Theater: Will Broadway Miss Saigon?"
4787:Staci Ford; Geetanjali Singh Chanda.
4625:
4543:. Duke University Press. p. 87.
4421:
4339:
4097:
4049:
4023:
3869:
3740:
3738:
3020:
3018:
3016:
2618:
2527:Chou, Rosalind S. (January 5, 2015).
2423:
1774:
602:Visualization of racial triangulation
391:Asian Pacific Americans in Prime Time
6246:Native Americans and Alaskan Natives
5100:
5040:Hodson, Heather (January 15, 2011).
4662:"The Ling Thing – – News – New York"
4223:Jose Antonio Vargas (May 25, 2007).
3839:
3771:
3668:
3520:Walter E. Williams (March 9, 2003).
3455:
3200:
2744:Bahk, Jean Rachel (April 30, 2021).
2743:
2737:
2700:"China Food Scare: A Dash of Racism"
2652:. Multilingual Matters. p. 69.
2557:
2526:
2459:
2356:
2350:
2319:
2269:. News.ncmonline.com. Archived from
2253:, Oregon Law Rev., 76, pages 347–356
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1771:, March 20, 1990, pages B1 & B4.
1754:, UC Berkeley Media Resources Center
1586:
1349:generated controversy with her book
1315:Asian Women in Film: No Joy, No Luck
695:ethnicity, his evil and cunning are
77:whose family members emigrated from
6002:
5960:
5895:American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
5882:
5789:Gregory, Sean (December 31, 2009).
5778:from the original on April 8, 2013.
5488:
4975:Richard Corliss (August 20, 1990).
4811:
4634:
4454:Chua, Peter; Fujino, Diane (1999).
4266:
3887:
3881:Asian Stereotypes in American Films
3786:
3744:
3265:
3128:Thesis for University of California
2724:
2598:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 41.
2511:
2460:King, Ritchie (November 20, 2013).
396:
270:Laws in other Anglosphere countries
24:
6066:
5510:
5248:Jung Heum Whang (September 2007).
5145:
5072:Kira Cochrane (February 7, 2014).
4354:
4181:Asian Pacific American Law Journal
3735:
3122:Nguyen Do, Kevin (December 2020).
3013:
2199:
1383:
1140:, a fictional character in the US
323:University of California, Berkeley
218:The term "Yellow Peril" refers to
96:, music, television, literature,
29:This article primarily focuses on
25:
6371:
6139:
4361:(Thesis). University of Tennessee
4171:
4098:Jokic, Natasha (March 19, 2021).
3972:
3878:
2795:American Journal of Public Health
2592:Thomas, Sabrina (December 2021).
2110:"Chinese Immigration Act 1885, c"
1803:
1786:"Asian Americans seen negatively"
1198:Hypersexuality and submissiveness
470:
281:Similarly, Canada had in place a
6360:Stereotypes of East Asian people
6195:Stereotypes in the United States
6085:Howard Journal of Communications
5988:10.1111/j.1536-7150.2009.00630.x
5921:
5841:
5734:
5698:
5672:
5641:
5610:
5576:
5550:
5523:
5369:
5335:
5309:
5275:
5241:
5215:
5058:Emily Rauhala (August 14, 2014)
5052:
5033:
5024:
4968:
4965:Retrieved on 2007 – December 15.
4945:
4916:
4890:
4864:
4842:
4824:
4805:
4780:
4762:
4734:"Hong Kong as City/Imaginary in
4725:
4707:
4680:
4660:Chisun Lee (November 30, 1999).
4653:
4517:
4505:
4447:
4444:, Asian American Studies Center.
4373:
4348:
4294:
4251:
4242:
4165:
4117:
4091:
4079:Murphy, Chris (March 26, 2021).
3669:Fang, Jenn (February 23, 2016).
3553:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00169.x
3495:"Section IV: Persons Arrested".
3465:Elizabeth Cohen (May 16, 2007).
3270:. Cornell University ILR School.
2382:
2292:Weiler, A.H. (October 6, 1961).
2030:"History World: Asian Americans"
1847:. Washington.edu. Archived from
1637:
1623:
1120:In the 19th and 20th centuries,
661:
380:anti-Japanese wartime propaganda
356:' 1961 American romantic-comedy
61:found in American society about
6122:Review of research in education
5766:Barron, David (April 5, 2013).
5679:Bryan Chu (December 16, 2008).
5489:Lim, Audrea (January 6, 2018).
4740:Love is a Many Splendored Thing
4664:. Village Voice. Archived from
4043:
3966:
3955:
3943:
3921:
3912:
3903:
3828:Temple University Press, 1992,
3818:
3765:
3708:
3681:
3662:
3631:
3597:
3578:
3559:
3532:
3513:
3488:
3431:
3393:
3380:
3365:
3298:
3274:
3259:
3247:Ronald Takaki (June 16, 1990).
3141:
3099:
3086:
3073:
3056:
3001:
2986:
2968:
2937:
2848:
2823:
2782:
2763:
2718:
2692:
2666:
2622:Encyclopedia of Race and Racism
2551:
2520:
2505:
2453:
2402:
2376:
2313:
2285:
2243:
2234:
2193:
2168:. Psychology Press. p. 7.
2151:
2102:
2058:
2022:
1996:
1967:Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother
1352:Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother
1334:
1309:According to artist and writer
1174:University of California, Davis
1149:(1997–2002), whom the American
997:Between 1850 and 1940, both US
837:) has to mark Nikki (played by
710:
670:A modern twist on Dr. Fu Manchu
627:Stereotypes in American fiction
207:
130:Media portrayals of East Asians
6355:Stereotypes of Asian Americans
6236:Hispanics and Latino Americans
5848:Moosavi, Leon (July 3, 2022).
5536:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
5491:"The Alt-Right's Asian Fetish"
4814:American Studies International
4340:Blake, John (August 2, 2016).
3800:The Insidious Doctor Fu-Manchu
3522:"Affirmative Action Bake Sale"
2769:
2725:Dai, Serena (March 23, 2016).
1913:Ukockis, Gail (May 13, 2016).
1440:Physical attributes and traits
1109:
1051:
855:) and Sun Jin Dinh (played by
677:The Insidious Doctor Fu-Manchu
562:One notable case was the 2007
340:in the theatrical trailer for
13:
1:
5867:10.1080/14631369.2021.1882289
5511:Hu, Nian (February 4, 2016).
5317:"The Rise of Asian Americans"
5101:Tran, Mai (October 7, 2020).
5062:Time. Retrieved March 8, 2014
4832:"Controversy About the Opera"
4342:"Enter the mind of Bruce Lee"
4050:Levin, Sam (April 11, 2017).
3308:, October 10, 1995, Page A01
3266:Woo, Deborah (July 1, 1994).
1729:
1569:Stereotypes of Asian students
1557:and less than 1% in both the
1033:The Bitter Tea of General Yen
983:The Bitter Tea of General Yen
6074:Boston University Law Review
5443:. Harvard University Press.
4691:. About News. Archived from
4399:Asian American Women and Men
4267:Yim, Jennifer Young (2009).
3351:. Rutgers University Press.
3182:. ERIC Educational Reports.
2357:Yang, Jeff (July 17, 2011).
2322:"Quick Cuts and Stereotypes"
2320:Koch, John (April 1, 1990).
1984:Tullis, Paul (May 8, 2013).
73:, as well as members of the
7:
6211:African and Black Americans
5146:Li, Vicki (March 7, 2020).
4526:"Review: The Joy Luck Club"
4225:"Asian Men: Slanted Screen"
4172:Chong, Christina Shu Jien.
3759:10.1177/0032329299027001005
3480:Flowers, Ronald B. (1990).
3347:Ancheta, Angelo N. (2006).
3291:September 12, 2007, at the
2831:"Model Minority Stereotype"
1790:The San Francisco Chronicle
1714:Racism in the United States
1688:Elderly martial arts master
1616:
594:Racial triangulation theory
536:Han Twins Murder Conspiracy
441:Chinese restaurant syndrome
63:first-generation immigrants
47:Stereotypes of South Asians
10:
6376:
6030:10.1377/hlthaff.2021.01417
4611:10.1177/002193470103200205
4541:The hypersexuality of race
4528:– via Google Groups.
3626:American Civic Association
3497:Crime in the United States
3482:Minorities and criminality
3376:(1st ed.). Routledge.
3374:Myth of the Model Minority
2558:Woan, Sunny (March 2008).
2385:"Stereotypes in the Media"
1953:. Routledge. p. 113.
1520:
1507:fetish against Asian women
1338:
1113:
804:
755:). This is an example of "
683:, who is essentially the "
474:
400:
298:
292:
211:
81:countries. Stereotypes of
28:
6259:
6201:
5546:– via Google Books.
5435:Shibusawa, Naoko (2010).
5411:10.1080/17513050903428109
5288:. Duke University Press.
3326:. ABC-CLIO. p. 223.
3109:, January 3, 1998, p. 18.
3083:December 10, 2002, p. 11.
3070:February 13, 1989, p. 12.
2976:"The Model Minority Myth"
2050:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1603:
1527:Asian Americans in sports
885:Emasculation and celibacy
222:apprehension in the core
140:and have been victims of
5348:. Taylor & Francis.
4599:Journal of Black Studies
4460:Journal of Men's Studies
4410:Frankenberg, R. (1993).
4319:10.1177/1536504218812869
4273:University of Michigan.
4154:(Report). Archived from
4010:(Report). pp. 2–13.
3952:, quoted in Chan (2007).
3610:January 3, 2008, at the
3590:January 9, 2009, at the
3571:August 20, 2007, at the
3386:Bhattacharyya, Srilata:
3094:San Francisco Chronicle,
2807:10.2105/AJPH.2020.305712
2535:Rowman & Littlefield
1365:Jewish mother stereotype
1165:sexual objectification.
1104:
964:Predators of white women
901:In the 2006 documentary
317:, professor emeritus of
6094:150.2 (2021): 180–198.
4961:April 30, 2012, at the
4736:The World of Suzie Wong
4416:University of Minnesota
3938:Charlie Chan Carries On
3898:The House Without a Key
3526:George Mason University
2882:10.1073/pnas.1918896117
2619:Moore, John H. (2008).
2512:Ren, Yuan (July 2014).
2249:Johnson, Kevin (1997),
2162:; Janelle Wong (2004).
1986:"Poor Little Tiger Cub"
1300:Claude-Michel Schönberg
1205:The World of Suzie Wong
1022:William Randolph Hearst
768:The House Without a Key
430:
264:Immigration Act of 1924
120:, as entertainment and
4979:. TIME. Archived from
4210:, PublicAffairs, 2005.
3747:Politics & Society
3203:The Future of Children
3096:August 5, 2001, p. 25.
1880:Tajima, Renee (1985).
1578:Deference to authority
1517:Physicality and sports
1239:
1208:that was adapted into
986:
973:
879:
851:, Trag Pak (played by
720:
671:
610:" stereotype and the "
603:
564:Virginia Tech massacre
359:Breakfast at Tiffany's
346:
343:Breakfast at Tiffany's
319:Asian American studies
276:White Australia policy
203:Exclusion or hostility
104:countries, such as in
45:subgroups, please see
18:East Asian stereotypes
6340:Asian-American issues
6260:Regional & social
6203:Ethnic & national
6104:15.2 (2021): e12849.
6087:16.2 (2005): 109–130.
5660:on September 15, 2013
5589:. Sports. Routledge.
5323:. Pew Research Center
5200:Darrell Y. Hamamoto,
5148:"The Rise of the ABG"
4687:Nadra Kareem Nittle.
3857:on September 19, 2017
3813:The Hand of Fu-Manchu
2982:. Harvard Law School.
2424:Zheng, Robin (2016).
2139:on September 28, 2007
1965:"...Amy Chua's book,
1828:, Archon Press, 1982.
1673:Chinese Exclusion Act
1663:Anti-Korean sentiment
1545:and NBA commissioner
1222:
1167:University of Wyoming
979:
971:
718:
669:
601:
520:learning disabilities
497:Issues with the label
409:physically attractive
331:
150:xenophobic sentiments
6124:31.1 (2007): 95–130.
6114:31.1 (2005): 34–47.
4878:on September 3, 2012
4472:10.3149/jms.0703.391
4161:on November 5, 2023.
3936:Biggers, Earl Derr,
3620:. Another incident
3509:on October 27, 2004.
2925:. Harvard Law School
2188:American mainstream.
2160:Mary Margaret Conway
2078:10.22459/DHM.09.2009
1645:United States portal
833:, Michael Scott (as
445:food scares in China
437:monosodium glutamate
332:The introduction of
5629:on November 3, 2016
5517:The Harvard Crimson
5321:pewsocialtrends.org
5152:The F-Word Magazine
5113:on November 1, 2020
4983:on October 16, 2007
3896:Earl Derr Biggers,
3155:on October 22, 2016
2873:2020PNAS..117.4590L
2706:. February 11, 2009
2446:10.1017/apa.2016.25
2338:on November 8, 2012
1690:, a stock character
1445:Darrell Y. Hamamoto
1414:Subtle Asian Traits
1322:rape in pornography
793:' is no disgrace."
783:Great Wall of China
703:East Asian people.
612:perpetual foreigner
526:" or "geek" image.
424:occupation of Japan
295:Perpetual foreigner
289:Perpetual foreigner
6231:European Americans
6158:The Slanted Screen
6155:The Slanted Screen
6131:(Routledge, 2017)
5907:10.1037/ort0000411
5722:on October 4, 2013
5282:Lisa Lowe (1996).
5229:. January 16, 2020
4904:on August 22, 2008
4836:The New York Times
4758:on April 10, 2011.
4732:Thomas Y. T. Luk.
3950:The Chinese Parrot
3253:The New York Times
2680:. January 14, 2020
2010:. December 9, 1905
1748:Kashiwabara, Amy,
1694:Fresh off the boat
1394:New York Chinatown
1240:
1133:" and war brides.
1126:Western literature
1062:gender egalitarian
1005:before and during
987:
974:
904:The Slanted Screen
824:Fresh Off The Boat
787:The Chinese Parrot
721:
672:
604:
463:, with US Senator
368:review said that "
365:The New York Times
347:
336:'s performance of
260:The New York Times
250:especially on the
226:countries such as
59:ethnic stereotypes
6327:
6326:
6314:White Southerners
6251:Arabs and Muslims
6149:Hollywood Chinese
6146:Hollywood Chinese
6102:Sociology compass
6076:102 (2022): 233+
5772:Houston Chronicle
5210:978-0-8166-2368-6
4801:on March 6, 2009.
4695:on April 12, 2014
4668:on April 12, 2011
4524:Tanaka Tomoyuki.
4206:Sheridan Prasso,
3834:978-0-87722-955-1
3651:978-1-4985-7922-3
3403:ERIC PDF Download
3333:978-0-313-34749-8
3068:Los Angeles Times
3051:978-0-8077-3509-1
2950:Analysis in Brief
2659:978-1-78309-522-3
2632:978-0-02-866021-9
2605:978-1-4962-2935-9
1960:978-1-000-54479-4
1926:978-0-19-023941-1
1668:Anti-Mongolianism
1587:Impact on earning
1434:sexual activeness
1367:and the Japanese
1094:The Joy Luck Club
921:, a retelling of
909:Filipino American
895:"queue hairstyle"
818:Crazy Rich Asians
727:loosely based on
725:Earl Derr Biggers
644:Earl Derr Biggers
538:in 1996, and the
504:depersonalization
256:Los Angeles Times
132:often reflect an
43:Continental Asian
16:(Redirected from
6367:
6188:
6181:
6174:
6165:
6164:
6060:
6059:
6049:
6009:
6000:
5999:
5967:
5958:
5957:
5946:10.1037/a0027692
5925:
5919:
5918:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5869:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5820:
5814:
5813:
5808:
5806:
5797:. Archived from
5786:
5780:
5779:
5763:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5738:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5721:
5715:. Archived from
5710:
5702:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5656:. Archived from
5645:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5625:. Archived from
5614:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5603:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5569:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5508:
5499:
5498:
5486:
5477:
5476:
5464:
5455:
5454:
5442:
5432:
5423:
5422:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5339:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5219:
5213:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5129:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5109:. Archived from
5098:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5069:
5063:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5037:
5031:
5028:
5022:
5019:
5010:
5009:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4972:
4966:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4935:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4900:. Archived from
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4793:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4750:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4632:
4623:
4622:
4594:
4583:
4582:
4564:
4555:
4554:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4521:
4515:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4451:
4445:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4419:
4408:
4402:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4355:Biswas, Tulika.
4352:
4346:
4345:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4264:
4258:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4220:
4211:
4204:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4178:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4153:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4076:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4021:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4000:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3979:www.statista.com
3970:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3941:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3910:
3909:Kim (1982), 179.
3907:
3901:
3894:
3885:
3884:
3876:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3853:. Archived from
3843:
3837:
3824:Yen Le Espiritu
3822:
3816:
3809:
3803:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3742:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3720:, July 5, 2010,
3712:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3693:, July 5, 2010,
3685:
3679:
3678:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3635:
3629:
3601:
3595:
3582:
3576:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3501:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3462:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3443:
3435:
3429:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3397:
3391:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3319:
3313:
3302:
3296:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3244:
3235:
3234:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3151:. Archived from
3149:"Model Minority"
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3119:
3110:
3103:
3097:
3090:
3084:
3077:
3071:
3060:
3054:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3022:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2914:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2884:
2867:(9): 4590–4600.
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2430:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2334:. Archived from
2327:The Boston Globe
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2273:on July 14, 2011
2263:
2254:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2135:. Archived from
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2080:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1888:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1854:on July 17, 2018
1853:
1846:
1838:
1829:
1822:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1781:
1772:
1765:
1756:
1755:
1745:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1470:Go back to China
1390:Chinese American
1320:In instances of
1311:Jessica Hagedorn
1270:Giuseppe Giacosa
1254:Madame Butterfly
1249:Madama Butterfly
1236:Madama Butterfly
1230:as Butterfly in
1170:Darrell Hamamoto
1158:Chinese American
1076:Michael Crichton
1066:male chauvinists
1038:Barbara Stanwyck
931:plays Juliet to
924:Romeo and Juliet
781:, who built the
584:racial hierarchy
397:East Asian women
375:The Boston Globe
90:mainstream media
75:Chinese diaspora
21:
6375:
6374:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6365:
6364:
6330:
6329:
6328:
6323:
6297:Mountain Whites
6255:
6197:
6192:
6142:
6127:Reyes, Angela.
6069:
6067:Further reading
6064:
6063:
6010:
6003:
5968:
5961:
5926:
5922:
5887:
5883:
5854:Asian Ethnicity
5846:
5842:
5832:
5830:
5822:
5821:
5817:
5804:
5802:
5801:on June 4, 2011
5787:
5783:
5764:
5760:
5750:
5748:
5740:
5739:
5735:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5708:
5704:
5703:
5699:
5689:
5687:
5677:
5673:
5663:
5661:
5648:Michelle Banh.
5646:
5642:
5632:
5630:
5615:
5611:
5601:
5599:
5597:
5581:
5577:
5567:
5565:
5556:
5555:
5551:
5544:
5528:
5524:
5509:
5502:
5487:
5480:
5465:
5458:
5451:
5433:
5426:
5395:
5391:
5381:
5379:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5340:
5336:
5326:
5324:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5280:
5276:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5246:
5242:
5232:
5230:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5199:
5195:
5185:
5183:
5170:
5166:
5156:
5154:
5144:
5140:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5116:
5114:
5099:
5092:
5082:
5080:
5070:
5066:
5057:
5053:
5038:
5034:
5029:
5025:
5020:
5013:
5000:
4996:
4986:
4984:
4973:
4969:
4963:Wayback Machine
4956:, January 2005.
4950:
4946:
4933:
4931:
4930:on June 5, 2011
4922:
4921:
4917:
4907:
4905:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4881:
4879:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4855:
4853:
4850:"Film Listings"
4848:
4847:
4843:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4810:
4806:
4798:
4791:
4785:
4781:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4755:
4748:
4730:
4726:
4718:. p. 535.
4712:
4708:
4698:
4696:
4685:
4681:
4671:
4669:
4658:
4654:
4647:
4633:
4626:
4595:
4586:
4579:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4537:
4533:
4522:
4518:
4510:
4506:
4491:
4487:
4452:
4448:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4409:
4405:
4396:
4392:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4364:
4362:
4353:
4349:
4338:
4334:
4299:
4295:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4233:
4231:
4229:Washington Post
4221:
4214:
4205:
4196:
4186:
4184:
4176:
4170:
4166:
4158:
4151:
4145:
4141:
4131:
4129:
4122:
4118:
4108:
4106:
4096:
4092:
4077:
4070:
4060:
4058:
4048:
4044:
4034:
4032:
4022:
4015:
4007:
4001:
3994:
3984:
3982:
3971:
3967:
3960:
3956:
3948:
3944:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3895:
3888:
3879:Umeda, Mihori.
3877:
3870:
3860:
3858:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3823:
3819:
3810:
3806:
3797:
3793:
3785:
3781:
3770:
3766:
3743:
3736:
3727:
3725:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3700:
3698:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3667:
3663:
3652:
3636:
3632:
3612:Wayback Machine
3602:
3598:
3592:Wayback Machine
3583:
3579:
3573:Wayback Machine
3564:
3560:
3537:
3533:
3518:
3514:
3506:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3478:
3474:
3463:
3456:
3448:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3423:
3419:
3409:
3407:
3398:
3394:
3385:
3381:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3320:
3316:
3303:
3299:
3293:Wayback Machine
3282:Ethnic Majority
3279:
3275:
3264:
3260:
3245:
3238:
3215:10.2307/1602799
3199:
3195:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3156:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3132:
3130:
3120:
3113:
3107:Chicago Tribune
3104:
3100:
3091:
3087:
3078:
3074:
3061:
3057:
3041:Stacey J. Lee,
3040:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2991:
2987:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2915:
2908:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2835:cmhc.utexas.edu
2829:
2828:
2824:
2787:
2783:
2768:
2764:
2754:
2752:
2742:
2738:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2590:
2583:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2525:
2521:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2458:
2454:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2391:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2198:
2194:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2063:
2059:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1982:
1975:
1961:
1945:
1938:
1927:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1886:
1878:
1871:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1824:William F. Wu,
1823:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1782:
1775:
1766:
1759:
1746:
1737:
1732:
1704:Microaggression
1643:
1638:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1606:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1529:
1523:Race and sports
1519:
1453:epicanthic fold
1442:
1386:
1384:Asian baby girl
1343:
1337:
1262:Giacomo Puccini
1210:a movie in 1960
1200:
1118:
1112:
1107:
1054:
992:"white slavery"
966:
887:
882:
862:Big Bang Theory
857:Danielle Nguyen
839:Kulap Vilaysack
809:
803:
713:
664:
629:
596:
556:Hillary Clinton
499:
479:
473:
433:
405:
399:
303:
301:Microaggression
297:
291:
272:
216:
210:
205:
79:Southeast Asian
50:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6373:
6363:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6325:
6324:
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6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6304:Ugly Americans
6301:
6300:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6274:
6269:
6263:
6261:
6257:
6256:
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6141:
6140:External links
6138:
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6125:
6118:
6108:
6098:
6088:
6081:
6068:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6024:(2): 296–303.
6018:Health Affairs
6001:
5982:(2): 427–443.
5959:
5940:(2): 141–152.
5920:
5901:(3): 337–342.
5881:
5860:(3): 484–503.
5840:
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5713:Socioeconomics
5697:
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5522:
5500:
5495:New York Times
5478:
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4898:"Cornerstones"
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4466:(3): 391–413.
4446:
4440:(pp 264–269).
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3791:
3789:, p. 122.
3779:
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3753:(1): 105–138.
3734:
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3622:Binghamton, NY
3596:
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3209:(2): 127–133.
3193:
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3000:
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2847:
2822:
2801:(7): 954–955.
2781:
2770:Wu, Nicholas.
2762:
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2665:
2658:
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2611:
2604:
2581:
2550:
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2537:. p. 65.
2519:
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2493:. June 1, 1999
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2299:New York Times
2284:
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2213:. p. 79.
2192:
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2158:Lien, Pei-te;
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2008:New York Times
1995:
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1553:, 1.9% of the
1518:
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1441:
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1385:
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1339:Main article:
1336:
1333:
1228:Licia Albanese
1199:
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1108:
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1053:
1050:
965:
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918:Romeo Must Die
886:
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805:Main article:
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761:broken English
753:Roland Winters
712:
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663:
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608:model minority
595:
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552:Wharton School
512:bamboo ceiling
498:
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477:Model minority
475:Main article:
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338:I. Y. Yunioshi
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2487:"APA PsycNet"
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2379:
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