Disc brake - Knowledge

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materials that decompose unevenly at higher temperatures. This uneven decomposition results in the uneven deposition of material onto the brake disc. Another cause of uneven material transfer is the improper break-in of a pad/disc combination. For proper break-in, the disc surface should be refreshed (either by machining the contact surface or by replacing the disc) every time the pads are changed. Once this is done, the brakes are heavily applied multiple times in succession. This creates a smooth, even interface between the pad and the disc. When this is not done properly the brake pads will see an uneven distribution of stress and heat, resulting in an uneven, seemingly random, deposition of pad material. The third primary mechanism of uneven pad material transfer is "pad imprinting." This occurs when the brake pads are heated to the point that the material begins to break down and transfer to the disc. In a properly broken-in brake system (with properly selected pads), this transfer is natural and is a major contributor to the braking force generated by the brake pads. However, if the vehicle comes to a stop and the driver continues to apply the brakes, as is customary in cars with an

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of the disc, they are forced outwards. The foot of the driver applied to the brake pedal naturally resists this change, and thus more force is applied to the pads. The result is that the thicker sections see higher levels of stress. This causes uneven heating of the surface of the disc, which causes two major issues. As the brake disc heats unevenly it also expands unevenly. The thicker sections of the disc expand more than the thinner sections due to seeing more heat, and thus the difference in thickness is magnified. Also, the uneven distribution of heat results in the further uneven transfer of pad material. The result is that the thicker-hotter sections receive even more pad material than the thinner-cooler sections, contributing to a further increase in the variation in the disc's thickness. In extreme situations, this uneven heating can cause the crystal structure of the disc material to change. When the hotter sections of the discs reach extremely high temperatures (1,200–1,300 °F or 649–704 °C ), the metal can undergo a

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pad so the pressure is applied to both sides of the disc. Floating caliper (single piston) designs are subject to sticking failure, caused by dirt or corrosion entering at least one mounting mechanism and stopping its normal movement. This can lead to the caliper's pads rubbing on the disc when the brake is not engaged or engaging it at an angle. Sticking can result from infrequent vehicle use, failure of a seal or rubber protection boot allowing debris entry, dry-out of the grease in the mounting mechanism, and subsequent moisture incursion leading to corrosion, or some combination of these factors. Consequences may include reduced fuel efficiency, extreme heating of the disc, or excessive wear on the affected pad. A sticking front caliper may also cause steering vibration.

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of alloy wheels and brake arrangements will provide enough open space to view the pads without removing the wheel. When practical, pads that are near the wear-out point should be replaced immediately, as complete wear-out leads to scarring damage and unsafe braking. Many disc brake pads will include some sort of soft steel spring or drag tab as part of the pad assembly, which drags on the disc when the pad is nearly worn out. This produces a moderately loud squealing noise, alerting the driver that service is required. This will not normally scar the disc if the brakes are serviced promptly. A set of pads can be considered for replacement if the thickness of the pad material is the same or less than the thickness of the backing steel. In Pennsylvania, the standard is

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is preferred due to its anti-rust properties. Discs are thin, often about 2 mm. Some use a two-piece floating disc style, others use a one-piece solid metal disc. Bicycle disc brakes use either a two-piston caliper that clamps the disc from both sides or a single-piston caliper with one moving pad that contacts the disc first, and then pushes the disc against the non-moving pad. Because energy efficiency is so important in bicycles, an uncommon feature of bicycle brakes is that the pads retract to eliminate residual drag when the brake is released. In contrast, most other brakes drag the pads lightly when released to minimize initial operational travel.

461: 98: 1037:'s Composite Ceramic Brakes (PCCB) are siliconized carbon fiber, with high-temperature capability, a 50% weight reduction over iron discs (hence reducing the vehicle's unsprung weight), a significant reduction in dust generation, substantially extended maintenance intervals, and enhanced durability in corrosive environments. Found on some of their more expensive models, it is also an optional brake for all street Porsches at added expense. They can be recognized by the bright yellow paintwork on the aluminum six-piston calipers. The discs are internally vented much like cast-iron ones, and cross-drilled. 781:

air and rolling drag and engine braking are small parts of total braking force, so brakes are used harder than on lighter vehicles, and drum brake fade can occur in a single stop. For these reasons, a heavy truck with disc brakes can stop in about 120% of the distance of a passenger car, but with drums, stopping takes about 150% of the distance. In Europe, stopping distance regulations essentially require disc brakes for heavy vehicles. In the U.S., drums are allowed and are typically preferred for their lower purchase price, despite higher total lifetime cost and more frequent service intervals.

422:. Chrysler discs were "self-energizing," in that some of the braking energy itself contributed to the braking effort. This was accomplished by small balls set into oval holes leading to the braking surface. When the disc made initial contact with the friction surface, the balls would be forced up the holes forcing the discs further apart and augmenting the braking energy. This made for lighter braking pressure than with calipers, avoided brake fade, promoted cooler running, and provided one-third more friction surface than standard Chrysler twelve-inch drums. Today's owners consider the 825:, use inboard disc brakes. This reduces wear from debris and provides protection from rain and snow, which would make the discs slippery and unreliable. However, there is still plenty of cooling for reliable operation. Some airplanes have the brake mounted with very little cooling, and the brake gets hot when stopping. This is acceptable as there is sufficient time for cooling, where the maximum braking energy is very predictable. Should the braking energy exceed the maximum, for example during an emergency occurring during take-off, aircraft wheels can be fitted with a 1276:

upon the disc's wear surface, reducing braking power and making scratches on the disc. Generally, a moderately scarred or scored disc, which operated satisfactorily with existing brake pads, will be equally usable with new pads. If the scarring is deeper but not excessive, it can be repaired by machining off a layer of the disc's surface. This can only be done a limited number of times as the disc has a minimum rated safe thickness. The minimum thickness value is typically cast into the disc during manufacturing on the hub or the edge of the disc. In

790: 1754:, elastic deflection, wear and friction material transfers. Either type could potentially be fixed by ensuring a clean mounting surface on either side of the brake disc between the wheel hub and brake disc hub before usage and paying attention to imprinting after extended usage by leaving the brake pedal heavily depressed at the end of heavy usage. Sometimes a bed in procedure can clean and minimize DTV and lay a new even transfer layer between the pad and brake disc. However, it will not eliminate hot spots or excessive 741: 711:(high-speed oscillation of the front wheel) the brake pads in the calipers are forced away from the discs, so when the rider applies the brake lever, the caliper pistons push the pads towards the discs without actually making contact. The rider then brakes harder, forcing the pads onto the disc much more aggressively than standard braking. An example of this was the Michele Pirro incident at Mugello, Italy 1 June 2018. At least one manufacturer has developed a system to counter the pads being forced away. 855: 988: 1156:). Runout can be caused either by deformation of the disc itself or by runout in the underlying wheel hub face or by contamination between the disc surface and the underlying hub mounting surface. Determining the root cause of the indicator displacement (lateral runout) requires the disassembly of the disc from the hub. Disc face runout due to hub face runout or contamination will typically have a period of 1 minimum and 1 maximum per revolution of the brake disc. 5805: 4936: 4483: 1685:

allows the metal-to-metal parts to move independently of each other and thereby eliminate the buildup of energy that can create a frequency that is heard as brake squeal, groan, or growl. It is inherent that some pads are going to squeal more given the type of the pad and its usage case. Pads typically rated to withstand very high temperatures for extended periods tend to produce high amounts of friction leading to more noise during brake application.

216: 22: 5795: 4926: 4503: 1316:, but the loss of heat sink mass may be balanced by increased surface area to radiate away heat. Small hairline cracks may appear in any cross-drilled metal disc as a normal wear mechanism, but in severe cases, the disc will fail catastrophically. No repair is possible for the cracks, and if the cracking becomes severe, the disc must be replaced. These cracks occur due to the phenomenon of low cycle fatigue as a result of repeated hard braking. 1404: 638: 1565: 1469: 1343: 1215: 1066: 927: 627: 999: 148:. By contrast, a disc brake has no self-servo effect, and its braking force is always proportional to the pressure placed on the brake pad by the braking system via any brake servo, brake pedal, or lever. This tends to give the driver a better "feel" and helps to avoid impending lockup. Drums are also prone to "bell mouthing" and trap worn lining material within the assembly, causing various braking problems. 4493: 3857: 1127:

disc. Mechanically this is unnecessary unless the discs have reached the manufacturer's minimum recommended thickness, which would make it unsafe to use them, or vane rusting is severe (ventilated discs only). Most leading vehicle manufacturers recommend brake disc skimming (US: turning) as a solution for lateral run-out, vibration issues, and brake noises. The machining process is performed in a brake

730: 90: 5028: 234:. The design of the discs varies. Some are solid, but others are hollowed out with fins or vanes joining the disc's two contact surfaces (usually included in the casting process). The weight and power of the vehicle determine the need for ventilated discs. The "ventilated" disc design helps to dissipate the generated heat and is commonly used on the more heavily loaded front discs. 1329:

warping when brakes are re-activated after storage because of differential heating between unrusted areas left covered by pads and rust around the majority of the disc area surface. Over time, vented brake discs may develop severe rust corrosion inside the ventilation slots, compromising the strength of the structure and needing replacement.

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most wheels if not washed off. Generally, a brake pad that aggressively abrades more disc material away, such as metallic pads, will create more brake dust. Some higher-performing pads for track use or towing use may wear away much quicker than a typical pad, thus causing more dust due to the increased brake disc and brake pad wear.

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usually stainless steel, drilled, slotted, or wavy to disperse rainwater. Modern motorcycle discs tend to have a floating design whereby the disc "floats" on bobbins and can move slightly, allowing better disc centering with a fixed caliper. A floating disc also avoids disc warping and reduces heat transfer to the wheel hub.

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the brakes, the brake piston pushes on the inside piston and rotates the whole caliper inward, when viewed from the top. Because the swinging caliper's piston angle changes relative to the disc, this design uses wedge-shaped pads that are narrower in the rear on the outside and narrower in the front on the inside.

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A floating caliper (also called a "sliding caliper") moves side to side to the disc, along a line parallel to the axis of rotation of the disc; a piston on one side of the disc pushes the inner brake pad until it makes contact with the braking surface, then pulls the caliper body with the outer brake

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Scarring (US: Scoring) can occur if brake pads are not changed promptly when they reach the end of their service life and are considered worn out. Once enough of the friction material has worn away, the pad's steel backing plate (for glued pads) or the pad retainer rivets (for riveted pads) will bear

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is very different from the cast iron the rest of the disc is composed of. It is extremely hard, brittle, and does not absorb heat well. After cementite is formed, the integrity of the disc is compromised. Even if the disc surface is machined, the cementite within the disc will not wear or absorb heat

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use of modern automotive disc brakes, in 1955. The car featured caliper-type front disc brakes among its many innovations. These discs were mounted inboard near the transmission and were powered by the vehicle's central hydraulic system. This model went on to sell 1.5 million units over 20 years with

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Hot Shot had four-wheel disc brakes in 1949 and 1950. However, these quickly proved troublesome and were removed. Crosley returned to drum brakes, and drum brake conversions for Hot Shots were popular. Lack of sufficient research caused reliability problems, such as sticking and corrosion, especially

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Slotted discs have shallow channels machined into the disc to aid in removing dust and gas. Slotting is preferred in most racing environments to remove gas and water and deglaze brake pads. Some discs are both drilled and slotted. Slotted discs are generally not used on standard vehicles because they

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is a phenomenon that decreases braking efficiency. It causes the braking power to reduce and you feel that the brakes are not being applied with the force they were being applied at the time of starting. This occurs due to the heating of brake pads. The heated brake pads emit some gaseous substances

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Some lining wear indicators, located either as a semi-metallic layer within the brake pad material or with an external "sensor", are also designed to squeal when the lining is due for replacement. The typical external sensor is fundamentally different from the noises described above (when the brakes

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Another type of floating caliper is a swinging caliper. Instead of a pair of horizontal bolts that allow the caliper to move straight in and out respective to the car body, a swinging caliper utilizes a single, vertical pivot bolt located somewhere behind the axle centerline. When the driver presses

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is normal. The disc contact area for the brake pads will be kept clean by regular use, but a vehicle that is stored for an extended period can develop significant rust in the contact area that may reduce braking power for a time until the rusted layer is worn off again. Rusting can also lead to disc

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Incorrect fitting can distort (warp) discs. The disc's retaining bolts (or the wheel/lug nuts, if the disc is sandwiched in place by the wheel) must be tightened progressively and evenly. The use of air tools to fasten lug nuts can be bad practice unless a torque wrench is used for final tightening.

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To prevent scarring, it is prudent to periodically inspect the brake pads for wear. A tire rotation is a logical time for inspection, since rotation must be performed regularly based on vehicle operation time and all wheels must be removed, allowing ready visual access to the brake pads. Some types

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Once the disc has some level of variation in thickness, uneven pad deposition can accelerate, sometimes resulting in changes to the crystal structure of the metal that composes the disc. As the brakes are applied, the pads slide over the varying disc surface. As the pads pass by the thicker section

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were nearly universal. One reason is that the disc's lack of self-assist makes brake force much more predictable, so peak brake force can be raised without more risk of braking-induced steering or jackknifing on articulated vehicles. Another is disc brakes fade less when hot, and in a heavy vehicle

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for all-weather cycling with predictable braking. By 2024, almost all road bikes are equipped with disc brakes, just like Mountain bikes. Drums are sometimes preferred as harder to damage in crowded parking, where discs are sometimes bent. Most bicycle brake discs are made of steel. Stainless steel

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Hot judder is usually produced as a result of longer, more moderate braking from high speed where the vehicle does not come to a complete stop. It commonly occurs when a motorist decelerates from speeds of around 120 km/h (74.6 mph) to about 60 km/h (37.3 mph), which results in

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Cold weather combined with high early-morning humidity (dew) often worsens brake squeal. However, the squeal generally stops when the lining reaches regular operating temperatures. This more strongly affects pads meant to be used at higher temperatures. Dust on the brakes may also cause squeal and

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Unlike cars, disc brakes that are located within the wheel, bike disc brakes are in the airstream and have optimum cooling. Although cast iron discs have a porous surface that provides superior braking performance, such discs rust in the rain and become unsightly. Accordingly, motorcycle discs are

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When braking force is applied, the act of abrasive friction between the brake pad and the disc wears both the disc and pad away. The brake dust that is seen deposited on wheels, calipers, and other braking system components consists mostly of the disc material. Brake dust can damage the finish of

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Often uneven pad transfer is confused for disc warping. The majority of brake discs diagnosed as "warped" are the result of uneven transfer of pad material. Uneven pad transfer can lead to thickness variation of the disc. When the thicker section of the disc passes between the pads, the pads will

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maintains a specification for the manufacture of grey iron for various applications. For normal car and light-truck applications, SAE specification J431 G3000 (superseded to G10) dictates the correct range of hardness, chemical composition, tensile strength, and other properties necessary for the

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designed brakes that looked and operated similarly to a modern disc-brake system even though the disc was thin and a cable activated the brake pad. Other designs were not practical or widely available in cars for another 60 years. Successful application began in airplanes before World War II. The

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Thickness variation has many causes, but three primary mechanisms contribute to the propagation of disc thickness variations. The first is the improper selection of brake pads. Pads that are effective at low temperatures, such as when braking for the first time in cold weather, often are made of

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Discs are usually damaged in one of four ways: scarring, cracking, warping, or excessive rusting. Service shops will sometimes respond to any disc problem by changing out the discs entirely, This is done mainly where the cost of a new disc may be lower than the cost of labor to resurface the old

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for particular applications. These materials originated from motorsport use and are available in high-performance vehicles and aftermarket upgrades. Two-piece discs can be supplied as a fixed assembly with regular nuts, bolts, and washers or a more complicated floating system where drive bobbins

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pads to the contact points between the caliper pistons and the pads, the bonding insulators (damping material) to the pad backplate, the brake shims between the brake pad and pistons, etc. All should be coated with an extremely high temperature, high solids lubricant to help reduce squeal. This

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developed a unique braking system, offered from 1949 until 1953. Instead of the disc with caliper squeezing on it, this system used twin expanding discs that rubbed against the inner surface of a cast-iron brake drum, which doubled as the brake housing. The discs spread apart to create friction

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The brake pads must usually be replaced regularly (depending on pad material and driving style), and some are equipped with a mechanism that alerts drivers that replacement is needed, such as a thin piece of soft metal that rubs against the disc when the pads are too thin causing the brakes to

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Cold judder, on the other hand, is the result of uneven disc wear patterns or disc thickness variation (DTV). These variations in the disc surface are usually the result of extensive vehicle road usage. DTV is usually attributed to the following causes: waviness and roughness of disc surface,

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As the piston moves in and out, the seal drags and stretches on the piston, causing the seal to twist. The seal distorts approximately 1/10 of a millimeter. The piston is allowed to move out freely, but the slight amount of drag caused by the seal stops the piston from fully retracting to its

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A modern development, particularly on inverted ("upside down", or "USD") forks is the radially mounted caliper. Although these are fashionable, there is no evidence that they improve braking performance or add to the fork's stiffness. (Lacking the option of a fork brace, USD forks may be best

696:) sited the calipers on top of the disc, ahead of the fork slider. Although this gave the brake pads better cooling, it is now almost universal practice to site the caliper behind the slider (to reduce the angular momentum of the fork assembly). Rear disc calipers may be mounted above (e.g. 1435:

Calipers are of two types, floating or fixed. A fixed caliper does not move relative to the disc and is thus less tolerant of disc imperfections. It uses one or more pairs of opposing pistons to clamp from each side of the disc and is more complex and expensive than a floating caliper.

1280:, which has one of the most rigorous auto safety inspection programs in North America, an automotive disc cannot pass a safety inspection if any scoring is deeper than .015 inches (0.38 mm), and must be replaced if machining will reduce the disc below its minimum safe thickness. 908:, giving better frictional performance and improved structural properties at high temperatures, compared to cast iron. Carbon brakes have occasionally been applied to road cars, by the French Venturi sports car manufacturer in the mid-1990s for example, but need to reach a very high 1152: in (12.7 mm) from the outside diameter of the disc. The disc is spun. The difference between the minimum and maximum value on the dial is called lateral run-out. Typical hub/disc assembly run-out specifications for passenger vehicles are around 0.002 in (0.0508 535:

with disc brakes to the public, but the first production cars with Girling front-disc brakes were made in September 1956. Jaguar began to offer disc brakes in February 1957 on the XK150 model, soon to follow with the Mark 1 sports saloon and in 1959 with the Mark IX large saloon.

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motorcycle company introduced a form of disc brake on the front wheel of their overhead-valve sports models. Patented by the British Motorcycle & Cycle-Car Research Association, Douglas described the device as a "novel wedge brake" working on a "beveled hub flange". A

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Discs can be machined to eliminate thickness variation and lateral run-out. Machining can be done in situ (on-car) or off-car (bench lathe). Both methods will eliminate the thickness variation. Machining on-car with the proper equipment can also eliminate lateral

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Two-piece discs are when the center mounting part of the disc is manufactured separately from the outer friction ring. The central section used for fitment is often called the bell or hat because of its shape. It is commonly manufactured from an alloy such as a

305:. However, the limited choice of metals in this period meant he used copper as the braking medium acting on the disc. The poor state of the roads at this time, no more than dusty, rough tracks, meant that the copper wore quickly, making the system impractical. 283:

of heat from the disc surface through the alloy bell (hat). Both fixed and floating options have their drawbacks and advantages. Floating discs are prone to rattle and collection of debris and are best suited to motorsport, whereas fixed are best for road use.

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Depending on the properties of the material of both the pad and the disc and the configuration and the usage, pad and disc wear rates will vary considerably. The properties that determine material wear involve trade-offs between performance and longevity.

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The vehicle manual will indicate the proper pattern for tightening as well as a torque rating for the bolts. Lug nuts should never be tightened in a circle. Some vehicles are sensitive to the force the bolts apply and tightening should be done with a

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Cracking is limited mostly to drilled discs, which may develop small cracks around the edges of holes drilled near the edge of the disc due to the disc's uneven rate of expansion in severe-duty environments. Manufacturers that use drilled discs as

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waviness around its edges. Once the brake pads (friction material/brake lining) come in contact with the sinusoidal surface during braking, severe vibrations are induced, and can produce hazardous conditions for the person driving the vehicle.

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before becoming truly effective and so are not well suited to road use. The extreme heat generated in these systems is visible during night racing, especially on shorter tracks. It is not uncommon to see the brake discs glowing red during use.

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where the cost is not prohibitive. They are also found in industrial applications where the ceramic disc's lightweight and low-maintenance properties justify the cost. Composite brakes can withstand temperatures that would damage steel discs.

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are applied) because the wear sensor noise typically occurs when the brakes are not used. The wear sensor may only create a squeal under braking when it first begins to indicate wear but is still a fundamentally different sound and pitch.

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in 1950. They were optional, however, on other Chryslers, priced around $ 400, at a time when an entire Crosley Hot Shot retailed for $ 935. This four-wheel disc brake system was built by Auto Specialties Manufacturing Company (Ausco) of

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commercial brake cleaning products are designed to remove dirt and other contaminants. Pads without a proper amount of transfer material could also squeal, this can be remedied by bedding or re-bedding the brake pads to brake discs.

1537:. The hydraulic design also helps multiply braking force. The number of pistons in a caliper is often referred to as the number of 'pots', so if a vehicle has 'six pot' calipers it means that each caliper houses six pistons. 1540:

Brake failure can result from the failure of the piston to retract, which is usually a consequence of not operating the vehicle during prolonged storage outdoors in adverse conditions. On high-mileage vehicles, the piston

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move apart and the brake pedal will raise slightly; this is pedal pulsation. The thickness variation can be felt by the driver when it is approximately 0.17 mm (0.0067 in) or greater (on automobile discs).

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introduced the first high-volume production use of a single, floating, front disc brake, enclosed in a ventilated cast alloy hub and actuated by cable, on the 1962 TV175. This was followed by the GT200 in 1964.

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when they were first introduced since these vehicles are more demanding about brake performance. Discs have now become the more common form in most passenger vehicles. However, many (lightweight vehicles) use

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allow the two parts of the brake disc to expand and contract at different rates, therefore, reducing the chance a disc will warp from overheating. Key advantages of a two-piece disc are a saving in critical

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intended use. Some racing cars and airplanes use brakes with carbon fiber discs and carbon fiber pads to reduce weight. Wear rates tend to be high, and braking may be poor or grabby until the brake is hot.

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of their surfaces. On the road, drilled or slotted discs still have a positive effect in wet conditions because the holes or slots prevent a film of water from building up between the disc and the pads.

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typically do so for two reasons: appearance, if they determine that the average owner of the vehicle model will prefer the look while not overly stressing the hardware; or as a function of reducing the

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Generally, road-going vehicles have two brake pads per caliper, while up to six are installed on each racing caliper, with varying frictional properties in a staggered pattern for optimum performance.

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in regions using salt on winter roads. Crosley four-wheel disc brakes made the cars, and Crosley-based specials, popular in SCCA H-Production and H-modified racing in the 1950s. The Crosley disc was a

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Jacobsson, H. (1996), "High speed disc brake judder – the influence of passing through critical speed", In EuroMech – 2nd European Nonlinear Oscillations Conference, Prague, no. 2, pp. 75–78.

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and those who were produced or acquired some time ago. Most brake squeal is produced by vibration (resonance instability) of the brake components, especially the pads and discs (known as

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Historically, brake discs were manufactured worldwide with a concentration in Europe and America. Between 1989 and 2005, the manufacturing of brake discs migrated predominantly to China.

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Before this, in 1950, a Crosley HotShot with stock four-wheel disc brakes won the Index of Performance in the first race at Sebring (six hours rather than 12) on New Year's Eve in 1950.

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disc brakes are the most commonly used mechanical device for slowing motor vehicles. The principles of a disc brake apply to almost any rotating shaft. The components include the disc,

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applications in 1988. The objective was to reduce weight, and the number of brakes per axle, as well as provide stable friction from high speeds and all temperatures. The result was a

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The most common caliper design uses a single hydraulically actuated piston within a cylinder, although high-performance brakes use as many as twelve. Modern cars use different

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Kim, M.-G. et al. (1996), "Sensitivity analysis of chassis system to improve shimmy and brake judder vibration on the steering wheel", SAE Technical Paper Series, no. 960734.

3327: 704:) the swinging arm: a low mount provides for a marginally lower center of gravity, while an upper siting keeps the caliper cleaner and better-protected from road obstacles. 1779:

which cover the area between the disc and the brake pads. These gases disturb the contact between the brake pads and the disc and hence decrease the braking effectiveness.

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Common Brake Facts to calculate Pedal Ratio, Disc/Drum or Disc/Disc configurations, and calculations to determine if you need residual valves in your Disc Brake system

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with brake pad material embedded in the disc in the process of bedding while wearing evenly. Friction can be divided into two parts. They are: adhesive and abrasive.

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squeal, a soft metal tab embedded in the pad material that closes an electric circuit and lights a warning light when the brake pad gets thin, or an electronic

2629: 53:. There are two basic types of brake pad friction mechanisms: abrasive friction and adherent friction. This action slows the rotation of a shaft, such as a 3648:

Stringham, W. et al. (1993), "Brake roughness – disc brake torque variation", disc distortion and vehicle response, SAE Technical Paper Series, no. 930803.

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of the brake assembly, with the engineering assumption that enough brake disc mass remains to absorb racing temperatures and stresses. A brake disc is a

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previous position when the brakes are released, and so takes up the slack caused by the wear of the brake pads, eliminating the need for return springs.

2942: 1793: 1184:, the pads will deposit a layer of material in the shape of the brake pad. This small thickness variation can begin the cycle of uneven pad transfer. 5381: 2133: 2116: 2099: 2082: 2065: 2048: 2031: 2014: 1997: 1980: 1963: 1929: 1912: 1895: 1878: 1861: 1810: 1741:. Hot spots are classified as concentrated thermal regions that alternate between both sides of a disc that distort it in such a way that produces a 1946: 1844: 1827: 126:

racing team won, using disc brake-equipped cars, with much of the credit being given to the brakes' superior performance over rivals equipped with

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when braking. Front brakes absorb most of the braking forces, while the rear brake serves mainly to balance the motorcycle during braking. Modern

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Disc brakes offer better stopping performance than drum brakes because the disc is more readily cooled. Consequently, discs are less prone to the

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disc brakes may range from simple, mechanical (cable) systems, to expensive and powerful, multi-piston hydraulic disc systems, commonly used on

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is measured using a dial indicator on a fixed rigid base, with the tip perpendicular to the brake disc's face. It is typically measured about

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typically have twin large front discs, with a much smaller single rear disc. Bikes that are particularly fast or heavy may have vented discs.

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system licensed from Dunlop was also optional on some of the other Studebaker models. Front disc brakes became standard equipment on the 1965

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Calipers have evolved from simple single-piston units to two-, four- and even six-piston items. Compared to cars, motorcycles have a higher

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caused when brake components overheat. Disc brakes also recover more quickly from immersion (wet brakes are less effective than dry ones).

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often use disc brakes outboard of the wheels, which helps ensure a free flow of cooling air. Some modern passenger rail cars, such as the

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The brake disc is the rotating part of a wheel's disc brake assembly, against which the brake pads are applied. The material is typically

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tank was fitted with discs in 1942. After the war, technological progress began in 1949, with caliper-type four-wheel disc brakes on the

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Jacobsson, H. (1998), "Frequency Sweep Approach to Brake Judder, Licentiate of engineering", Chalmers University of Technology Sweden.

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models, built primarily for racing, were the first European cars sold to the public to have disc brakes, fitted to all four wheels.

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quickly wear down brake pads; however, removing of material is beneficial to race vehicles since it keeps the pads soft and avoids

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at the same rate as the cast iron surrounding it, causing the uneven thickness and heating characteristics of the disc to return.

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In some rear disc calipers, the parking brake activates a mechanism inside the caliper that performs some of the same functions.

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Inoue, H. (1986), Analysis of brake judder caused by thermal deformation of brake discs, SAE Technical Paper Series, no. 865131.

130:. Mass production began with the 1949–1950 inclusion in all Crosley production, with sustained mass production starting in 1955 3277: 1701:

A brake judder is usually perceived by the driver as minor to severe vibrations transferred through the chassis during braking.

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was the second manufacturer to offer a front disc brake motorcycle to the public on a small scale in 1965, on their expensive

6128: 5977: 5374: 3839: 3535: 3431: 3406: 3350: 3212: 2972: 2919: 2659: 2428: 3813: 4539: 607: 297:

The development of disc brakes began in England in the 1890s. The first caliper-type automobile disc brake was patented by

2236: 4965: 4361: 1708: 378:, Hermann Klaue (1912-2001) had patented disc brakes in 1940. Argus supplied wheels fitted with disc brakes e.g. for the 3603:

Gassmann, S. et al. (1993), "Excitation and transfer mechanism of brake judder", SAE Technical Paper Series, no. 931880.

5676: 5203: 4655: 1737:

severe vibrations being transmitted to the driver. These vibrations are the result of uneven thermal distributions, or

237:

Discs for motorcycles, bicycles, and many cars often have holes or slots cut through the disc. This is done for better

203: 2723: 666:, which had a single hydraulically actuated front disc brake (and a rear drum brake), and which sold in huge numbers. 5213: 5148: 3125: 2607: 1612: 1516: 1390: 1262: 1113: 974: 1594: 1498: 1372: 1244: 1095: 956: 5367: 4665: 398:-Hawley design, a modern caliper "spot" type with a modern disc, derived from a design from aircraft applications. 395: 1304: 1192:

and the carbon which is dissolved in the steel can precipitate out to form carbon-heavy carbide regions known as

872: 842: 618:

Stingray. Most U.S. cars switched from front drum brakes to front disk brakes in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

341: 2188: 344:

in 1938. By the early 1950s, disc brakes were regularly applied to new passenger rolling stock. In Britain, the

5972: 5187: 4958: 4612: 4386: 1590: 1494: 1368: 1240: 1091: 952: 3721:

J. Slavič, M.D. Bryant and M. Boltežar (2007), "A new approach to roughness-induced vibrations on a slider.",

3193: 6089: 4690: 4464: 4381: 4298: 3555:

Hawk Performance. "HP Plus - Autocross & Track Brake Compound." Hawk Performance. n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2017.

5158: 2950: 2698:"Drive: 1960 Citroen DS Future Shock: Nothing as otherworldly radical had ever touched down on Planet Earth" 5834: 5681: 4496: 3861: 901: 881: 858: 298: 156: 2675: 1680:). This type of squeal should not negatively affect brake-stopping performance. Techniques include adding 1672:

Sometimes a loud noise or high-pitched squeal occurs when the brakes are applied. It mostly occurs on old

1417:

The brake caliper is the assembly that houses the brake pads and pistons. The pistons are usually made of

1026:

Due to the high heat tolerance and mechanical strength of ceramic composite discs, they are often used on

446: 6118: 5568: 5117: 4765: 4245: 3882: 3573:

Abdelahamid, M.K. (1997), "Brake judder analysis: Case studies", SAE, Technical Paper Series, no. 972027.

1586: 1490: 1364: 1236: 1087: 1045:

In automotive applications, the piston seal has a square cross-section, also known as a square-cut seal.

948: 60:, either to reduce its rotational speed or to hold it stationary. The energy of motion is converted into 3621:

Jacobsson, H. (1997), "Wheel suspension related disc brake judder", ASME, no. DETC97/VIB-4165, pp. 1–10.

1789: 524:, the costly, trouble-prone technology was not ready for mass production. Attempts were soon withdrawn. 5631: 5621: 5460: 4602: 4447: 3003: 2748:. The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders 71 Great Peter Street London SW1P 2BN. 3 February 2015 3683:

Barber, R., J. et al. (1985), "Implications of thermoelastic instabilities for the design of brakes",

2697: 2129: 2112: 2095: 2078: 2061: 2044: 2027: 2010: 1993: 1976: 1959: 1925: 1908: 1891: 1874: 1857: 1806: 6003: 5578: 5475: 4901: 4790: 4730: 4695: 3748: 3594:

Engel, G.H. et al. (1994), "System approach to brake judder", SAE Technical Paper Series, no. 945041.

1942: 1840: 1823: 3783: 1834:

Improvements in control gear for hydraulically operated devices and particularly brakes for vehicles

118:

line and a Chrysler non-caliper type. In the 1950s, there was a demonstration of superiority at the

6044: 5626: 5603: 5583: 5335: 5208: 4680: 4532: 2882: 1575: 1479: 1353: 1225: 1076: 937: 752: 564: 552:. This can be a reasonable compromise because the front brakes perform most of the braking effort. 513: 478: 423: 302: 271: 160: 119: 106: 3582:

de Vries, A. et al. (1992), "The brake judder phenomenon", SAE Technical Paper Series, no. 920554.

2395: 97: 6123: 6018: 5827: 5656: 5330: 5172: 5002: 4650: 4622: 4202: 3254: 2481:"The Daimler Fighting Vehicles Project – Part Af: Daimler Armoured Car– Design & Development" 1579: 1483: 1357: 1229: 1080: 941: 615: 337: 5127: 3484:

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology

2856: 776:

Disc brakes are increasingly used on very large and heavy road vehicles, where previously large

5864: 5525: 5480: 5271: 5051: 4640: 4630: 4419: 4065: 3875: 3808: 1659:, and other plastics, inhalation of brake dust should still be avoided regardless of material. 1181: 241:, to aid surface-water dispersal, to reduce noise, to reduce mass, or for marketing cosmetics. 3824: 3525: 3479: 6079: 5884: 5500: 5122: 5071: 4981: 3940: 3168: 1023:

which is now used in various forms for automotive, railway, and aircraft brake applications.

1002: 909: 662:

featuring cable-operated mechanical actuation. In 1969, Honda introduced the more affordable

548:

on the rear wheels to keep costs and weight down as well as to simplify the provisions for a

460: 419: 309: 1448: 6059: 5926: 5412: 5056: 4735: 4670: 4366: 2745: 2630:"1950 Chrysler Crown Imperial: Four Wheel Disc Brakes Standard – But Not Like Modern Discs" 814: 642: 415: 386:

heavy tank, was introduced in 1942 with a 55 cm Argus-Werke disc on each drive shaft.

353: 349: 317:

operated the brake. Front and rear brakes of this type were fitted to the machine on which

255: 3819: 2210: 1655:, producing dust that should not be inhaled. Although newer pads can be made of ceramics, 430: 8: 6023: 5899: 5671: 5445: 5091: 4760: 4740: 4525: 4459: 4353: 4328: 4308: 4260: 4028: 2509:"US2323052A - Disk brake for use in motor cars, airplanes, and the like - Google Patents" 724: 611: 567:, while most brakes today are located inside the wheels. An inboard location reduces the 1452: 5966: 5957: 5879: 5869: 5711: 5294: 5279: 5076: 4906: 4811: 4265: 4139: 3499: 818: 587: 280: 2523: 789: 409:. Because of the expense, the brakes were only standard on the Chrysler Crown and the 332:

passenger trains, airplanes, and tanks before and during World War II. In the US, the

5909: 5904: 5794: 5540: 5320: 5284: 5143: 5036: 4925: 4700: 4635: 4587: 4569: 4502: 4167: 3898: 3531: 3427: 3402: 3346: 3121: 2915: 2655: 2603: 2152: 1542: 1020: 865: 583: 361: 3288: 1015:

The first development of the modern ceramic brake was made by British engineers for

5760: 5520: 5495: 5086: 5066: 5017: 4997: 4775: 4582: 4431: 4414: 4207: 4172: 3982: 3972: 3935: 3503: 3491: 1189: 880:

In racing and high-performance road cars, other disc materials have been employed.

357: 276: 246: 238: 67: 5469: 3836: 3313: 3221: 3028: 2980: 1410:

disc brake caliper (twin-piston, floating) removed from its mounting for changing

6113: 6074: 6028: 5894: 5874: 5770: 5696: 5691: 5598: 5593: 5545: 5390: 5325: 5096: 5007: 4795: 4725: 4376: 4303: 4119: 4048: 3843: 3831: 3708:

Rhee, K.S. et al. (1989), "Friction–induced noise and vibration of disc brakes",

2341: 1309: 905: 693: 682: 599: 595: 568: 505: 345: 180: 74: 3328:"A350 XWB MSN001 successfully conducted 'Maximum Energy Rejected Take-Off' test" 2815:

Jaguar MkI & MkII The Complete Companion by Nigel Thorley ISBN 1 870979 08 7

829:

to prevent the tire bursting. This is a milestone test in aircraft development.

740: 707:

One problem with motorcycle disc brakes is that when a bike gets into a violent

105:

The development of disc-type brakes began in England in the 1890s. In 1902, the

6069: 5775: 5686: 5636: 5588: 5510: 5231: 4896: 4710: 4705: 4596: 4592: 4323: 4225: 4129: 4124: 3825:

Evaluation/explanation of the disc brake system, pad selection, and disc "warp"

3480:"Sequential simulation of thermal stresses in disc brakes for repeated braking" 2157: 1426: 854: 674: 603: 591: 482: 406: 145: 2834: 2548: 367:

was in the wheel hubs and therefore left no room for conventional hub-mounted

6107: 6049: 5889: 5850: 5808: 5765: 5706: 5701: 5535: 5420: 5153: 5061: 4939: 4878: 4863: 4843: 4770: 4607: 4577: 4486: 4275: 4240: 4235: 4187: 4159: 4134: 4060: 4043: 3992: 3955: 3945: 3927: 3639:

Jacobsson, H. (1999), SAE Technical Paper Series, no. 1999-01-1779, pp. 1–14.

3495: 1704: 1407: 1169: 897: 756: 733: 701: 659: 631: 556: 549: 486: 474: 375: 188: 176: 3670:

Anderson, E., et al. (1990), "Hot spotting in automotive friction systems",

987: 501: 211:

with the rectangular open slots visible between the disc's friction surfaces

131: 5998: 5962: 5941: 5745: 5716: 5651: 5573: 5530: 5455: 5440: 5223: 4848: 4785: 4755: 4750: 4452: 4409: 4391: 4182: 4177: 4144: 4038: 4033: 4014: 3999: 3987: 3977: 3962: 3950: 3918: 1648: 1277: 1197: 991: 862: 826: 802: 764: 708: 333: 314: 3220:(7th ed.). Sutherland's Bicycle Shop Aids. p. 13. Archived from 2508: 884:

discs and pads inspired by aircraft braking systems such as those used on

531:, with four-wheel disc brakes, followed in 1956. Triumph exhibited a 1956 5936: 5931: 5798: 5750: 5740: 5646: 5505: 5485: 5465: 5450: 5359: 5257: 5252: 5247: 4929: 4853: 4826: 4821: 4685: 4675: 4506: 4318: 4313: 4250: 4230: 4101: 2162: 889: 663: 532: 418:, under patents of inventor H.L. Lambert, and was first tested on a 1939 379: 364: 329: 220: 123: 122:

race, which required braking from high speeds several times per lap. The

4950: 586:

was factory-equipped with front disc brakes as standard equipment. This

6084: 6064: 5780: 5666: 5641: 5515: 5430: 5315: 4911: 4873: 4715: 4548: 4280: 4197: 4149: 4096: 4009: 4004: 1775: 1534: 1153: 777: 760: 755:. Improved technology has seen the creation of vented discs for use on 697: 686: 560: 545: 540: 528: 368: 318: 262:

for a lasting finish. The outer disc ring is usually manufactured from

184: 138: 127: 2513:

Disk brake for use in motor cars, airplanes, and the like US 2323052 A

426:

very reliable and powerful, but admit its grabbiness and sensitivity.

215: 144:

Most drum brake designs have at least one leading shoe, which gives a

21: 5993: 5550: 5490: 5435: 5101: 5081: 4868: 4858: 4780: 4745: 4426: 4080: 4053: 4023: 3368:"Cars With Carbon Ceramic Brakes Are Going to Be the Used Car Plague" 2167: 1742: 1721:

The judder phenomenon can be classified into two distinct subgroups:

1554: 1530: 1422: 1411: 1403: 1313: 1193: 904:

braking is now used in most top-level motorsport worldwide, reducing

838: 678: 655: 648: 555:

Many early implementations for automobiles located the brakes on the

322: 263: 231: 227: 208: 172: 152: 78: 3867: 1800:

Improvements in the Brake Mechanism of Power-propelled Road Vehicles

1564: 1468: 1342: 1214: 1065: 926: 637: 614:. A four-wheel disc brake system was also introduced in 1965 on the 481:, the only vehicle in the race to use disc brakes, developed in the 5560: 5012: 4660: 4371: 4255: 4111: 4070: 1652: 1626: 1324:

The discs are commonly made from cast iron and a certain amount of

1027: 885: 810: 517: 401: 259: 192: 70: 50: 626: 5819: 5289: 4989: 4192: 4075: 3967: 1755: 1751: 1681: 1418: 1161: 1139: 1034: 1012:

discs are used in some high-performance cars and heavy vehicles.

1009: 998: 893: 822: 748: 521: 390: 383: 115: 111: 54: 26: 1294:

inch (0.79 mm) for riveted pads and 2/32" for bonded pads.

5755: 4831: 4645: 3856: 3214:

Sutherland's Handbook for Bicycle Mechanics Chapter 11 - Brakes

1656: 1638: 16:

Mechanism using friction to resist rotation of a circular plate

3285:

NDIA Tactical Wheeled Vehicles Conference, Monterey California

2106:

Device for adjusting the return travel of fluid actuated means

729: 405:

against the inner drum surface through the action of standard

93:

On automobiles, disc brakes are often located within the wheel

6054: 5727: 5613: 4816: 4720: 4517: 1429: 1128: 794: 267: 219:

Example of two piece disc in an aftermarket application to a

89: 38: 5027: 692:

Early disc brakes (such as on the early Honda Fours and the

452:

Jaguar C TYPE similar to the 1953 "24 Heures du Mans" winner

5731: 5425: 4838: 4270: 1325: 806: 301:

in his Birmingham factory in 1902 and used successfully on

171:. To slow down the wheel, friction material in the form of 77:, and caliper, which contain at least one cylinder and two 61: 57: 3820:

A new approach to roughness-induced vibrations on a slider

1533:

circuits to actuate the brakes on each set of wheels as a

837:

For automotive use, disc brake discs are commonly made of

5402: 4559: 3909: 2376:. Vol. 185, no. 4. October 1964. pp. 90–91 2313:"Le Mans 1953: Jaguar's gigantic leap - History, Le Mans" 2036: Johnson Wade C, Trishman Harry A, Stratton Edgar H. 1673: 1016: 6014:

Electro-pneumatic brake system on British railway trains

2549:"Tiger I Information Center - Transmission and Steering" 3314:"Fusible plug safety device for venting aircraft tires" 2824:

Jaguar Saloon Cars by Paul Skilleter ISBN 0 85429 596 8

2454:. London: Temple Press. 26 September 1957. p. 669. 2396:"AP Racing - Race Car - Brake Discs - Ventilated Discs" 2342:"Introduction to Gray Cast Iron Brake Rotor Metallurgy" 571:

and eliminates a source of heat transfer to the tires.

3471: 2806:

Original Jaguar XK by Philip Porter ISBN 1 901432 02 5

155:. In some cases, it may be made of composites such as 2450:"The Editor's Correspondence - Vintage Disc Brakes". 759:, similar to those on cars, introduced to help avoid 3769:"Brake dust". EBC Brakes. Retrieved 18 January 2014. 3725:, Vol. 306, Issues 3–5, 9 October 2007, pp. 732–750. 3657:

Thoms, E. (1988), "Disc brakes for heavy vehicles",

3068:"Lambretta servicing hints: Disc Brake Adjustment". 1851:

Improvements in wheel cylinders for hydraulic brakes

195:

causes the disc and attached wheel to slow or stop.

3098:Robinson, John (October 1969). "Slowdown Lowdown". 744:

Rear disc brake caliper and disc on a mountain bike

3809:Using Ceramics, Brakes Are Light but Cost Is Heavy 3278:"Air Disc Brake Production, Use & Performance" 2593: 2591: 2589: 1953:Antriebsvorrichtung mit hydraulischem Gestaenge... 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 6105: 3399:Brake Systems: OEM & Racing Brake Technology 3083:"UK Lambretta Concessionaires (advertisement)". 2783:"The first car with disc brakes really was . . " 2465:Morgan, D.P. (March 1953). "All About the RDC". 2280:"The first car with disc brakes really was . . " 763:on fast alpine descents. Discs are also used on 512:Despite early experiments in 1902, from British 5044: 3477: 3396: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2689: 2566: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 5835: 5375: 4966: 4533: 3883: 2364: 2362: 3111: 3109: 2616: 2418: 2416: 2273: 1545:may leak, which must be promptly corrected. 3478:Rashid, Asim; Strömberg (17 October 2015). 2627: 2425:"A brief history of the bicycle disc brake" 2335: 2333: 2297: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 1593:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1497:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1371:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1243:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1094:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 955:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 621: 6009:Electronically controlled pneumatic brakes 6004:Diesel electric locomotive dynamic braking 5842: 5828: 5389: 5382: 5368: 4973: 4959: 4540: 4526: 3890: 3876: 3210: 3053:"Lambretta (centerspread advertisement)". 2911:The Book of the Ford Thunderbird from 1954 2883:"Introduction to the 1965–1967 AMC Marlin" 2780: 2359: 2277: 4980: 3166: 3106: 2597: 2413: 2237:"Abrasive friction and adherent friction" 1917: Poage Robert A. and Poage Marlin Z. 1613:Learn how and when to remove this message 1517:Learn how and when to remove this message 1391:Learn how and when to remove this message 1263:Learn how and when to remove this message 1114:Learn how and when to remove this message 975:Learn how and when to remove this message 436: 328:Successful application began on railroad 3590: 3588: 3097: 2649: 2600:Chrysler and Imperial: The Postwar Years 2330: 2310: 2250: 1458: 1402: 997: 986: 871: 853: 788: 739: 728: 636: 625: 594:. The Bendix units were optional on all 356:company, were necessary because in that 214: 202: 96: 88: 20: 5349:Outline of motorcycles and motorcycling 3816:, free video content from CDX eTextbook 3704: 3702: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3523: 3397:Mavrigian, Mike; Carley, Larry (1998). 3275: 3269: 3140: 2721: 2695: 2628:Niedermeyer, Paul (24 September 2015). 2187:Deaton, Jamie Page (11 November 2008). 2123:Disc brakes for road and other vehicles 1040: 1021:carbon-fiber-reinforced ceramic process 876:Front disk brakes glowing during a race 715:stiffened by an oversized front axle). 6106: 5919: 3365: 3167:Kresnicka, Michael (30 October 2000). 3001: 2464: 2186: 1164:due to hub-face non-perpendicularity. 352:of 1939. The disc brakes, made by the 5978:Westinghouse Brake and Signal Company 5823: 5363: 4954: 4521: 3897: 3871: 3585: 3340: 3115: 3072:. 25 November 1965. pp. 748–751. 916: 207:Front suspension and brake system on 4492: 3699: 3544: 3449:"Warped- Brake Disc and Other Myths" 3421: 3247:"Mechanical Road Disc Brake Roundup" 2907: 2738: 2724:"Automotive Heroes – the Citroën DS" 2422: 1951: Borgwar Carl Friedrich Wilhelm 1591:adding citations to reliable sources 1558: 1495:adding citations to reliable sources 1462: 1369:adding citations to reliable sources 1336: 1241:adding citations to reliable sources 1208: 1092:adding citations to reliable sources 1059: 1055: 953:adding citations to reliable sources 920: 784: 641:Radially-mounted brake caliper on a 292: 81:on both sides of the rotating disc. 49:against a disc or a rotor to create 5310: 4465:Vehicle identification number (VIN) 3849: 3253:. 10 September 2016. Archived from 2835:"The Avanti — Born in Palm Springs" 1696: 13: 5849: 5677:Electronic brakeforce distribution 5204:Continuously variable transmission 4656:Continuously variable transmission 3194:"Latest MotoGP News • 2021 Season" 2979:. 14 December 2015. Archived from 2949:. 27 November 2007. Archived from 2914:. Veloce Publishing. p. 104. 2827: 2781:Lentinello, Richard (April 2011). 2278:Lentinello, Richard (April 2011). 2089:Hydraulic brake automatic adjuster 2072:Fluid Pressure Operated Disk Brake 1798: Lanchester Frederick William 1662: 495: 14: 6140: 3802: 3446: 3366:Demuro, Doug (7 September 2017). 3276:Ganaway, Gary (28 January 2002). 1625:Brake pads are designed for high 832: 771: 539:Disc brakes were most popular on 5804: 5803: 5793: 5026: 4935: 4934: 4924: 4501: 4491: 4482: 4481: 3908:Part of a series of articles on 3855: 2787:Hemmings Sports & Exotic Car 2696:Bramley, Mark (11 August 2006). 2284:Hemmings Sports & Exotic Car 2021:Fluid pressure control mechanism 1563: 1467: 1341: 1213: 1064: 925: 801:Still-larger discs are used for 725:Bicycle brake § Disc brakes 459: 445: 191:against both sides of the disc. 3772: 3763: 3737: 3728: 3715: 3690: 3677: 3664: 3651: 3642: 3633: 3624: 3615: 3606: 3597: 3576: 3567: 3558: 3517: 3440: 3415: 3390: 3359: 3334: 3320: 3306: 3239: 3204: 3186: 3160: 3134: 3091: 3076: 3061: 3057:. 10 September 1964. p. 7. 3046: 3021: 3002:Watson, Tim (7 December 2013). 2995: 2965: 2943:"1964–1965 Lincoln Continental" 2935: 2901: 2875: 2849: 2818: 2809: 2800: 2774: 2760: 2722:Skelton, Sam (21 August 2019). 2715: 2676:"Why Le Mans Matters to Jaguar" 2668: 2652:A to Z of Sports Cars 1945–1990 2643: 2541: 2524:"Lexikon der Wehrmacht - Ar 96" 2516: 2501: 2488:daimler-fighting-vehicles.co.uk 2473: 2458: 2443: 2370:"What's new at American Motors" 2339: 2311:Fearnley, Paul (13 June 2013). 1919:V-type brake for motor vehicles 1883: Buus Niels Peter Valdemar 681:ratio, so they experience more 101:A drilled motorcycle brake disc 46: 6090:Railroad Safety Appliance Act 5973:Westinghouse Air Brake Company 5188:Sequential manual transmission 4547: 3120:. MotorBooks/MBI. p. 80. 2746:"Car safety – a brief history" 2598:Langworth, Richard M. (1994). 2388: 2229: 2203: 2180: 2140:Freno de disco para motociclos 577: 336:introduced disc brakes on the 25:Close-up of a disc brake on a 1: 4691:Automated manual transmission 4299:Approach and departure angles 3782:. Autocurious. Archived from 2857:"1963–1964 Studebaker Avanti" 2173: 1900: Avery William Leicester 1770: 1548: 516:, and in 1949 from Americans 42: 6129:Vehicle braking technologies 5682:Electronic stability control 3747:. EBC Brakes. Archived from 3343:Brabham, the Grand Prix Cars 3004:"Motorcycle History: Brakes" 2602:. Motorbooks International. 1815: Boughton Edward Bishop 431:Austin-Healey 100S (Sebring) 429:In 1953, 50 aluminum-bodied 321:rode to victory in the 1923 299:Frederick William Lanchester 198: 151:The disc is usually made of 7: 5569:Ackermann steering geometry 4766:Semi-automatic transmission 4362:Automotive light bulb types 3211:Sutherland, Howard (2004). 2146: 1849: Hall Frederick Harold 1332: 1297: 1204: 718: 163:. This is connected to the 64:, which must be dispersed. 10: 6145: 5632:Active rollover protection 4603:Internal combustion engine 3780:"Discover the disc brakes" 3564:Centric Parts, FAQ's 2010. 2726:. Classic & Sports Car 2215:Merriam-Webster Dictionary 1832: Rubury John Meredith 1782: 1709:Excessive citations inline 1552: 1319: 1134: 722: 287: 179:, is forced mechanically, 6037: 5986: 5950: 5857: 5789: 5725: 5612: 5559: 5411: 5398: 5344: 5303: 5270: 5240: 5222: 5196: 5180: 5171: 5136: 5110: 5035: 5024: 4988: 4920: 4902:Hybrid vehicle drivetrain 4889: 4804: 4791:Transmission control unit 4731:Limited-slip differential 4696:Electrorheological clutch 4621: 4568: 4555: 4477: 4440: 4402: 4352: 4341: 4291: 4218: 4158: 4110: 4089: 3926: 3917: 3905: 3087:. April 1969. p. 19. 2837:. Point Happy Interactive 1817:Brake for use on vehicles 1667: 849: 606:models as well as on the 161:ceramic matrix composites 84: 5627:Anti-lock braking system 5421:Anti-roll bar (sway bar) 5336:Anti-lock braking system 5209:Dual-clutch transmission 4681:Dual-clutch transmission 4382:high-intensity discharge 3496:10.1177/1350650113481701 3426:. HP Trade. p. 31. 3401:. HP Books. p. 81. 2528:lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de 1678:force-coupled excitation 622:Motorcycles and scooters 514:Lanchester Motor Company 504:was the first sustained 479:1953 24 Hours of Le Mans 411:Town and Country Newport 348:used disc brakes on its 266:. They can also be from 157:reinforced carbon–carbon 120:1953 24 Hours of Le Mans 107:Lanchester Motor Company 6019:Emergency brake (train) 5657:Combined braking system 5331:Traction control system 4651:Constant-velocity joint 3830:25 October 2011 at the 3345:. Osprey. p. 163. 2650:Lawrence, Mike (1991). 2423:Bell, Andy (May 2020). 2189:"How Brake Rotors Work" 1866: Norton Raymond J. 1761: 1714:considered for deletion 1005:composite ceramic brake 630:Floating disc brake on 338:General Pershing Zephyr 5865:Counter-pressure brake 5481:Independent suspension 4631:Automatic transmission 4066:Stressed member engine 3723:J. Sound and Vibration 3687:, v. 107, pp. 206–210. 3674:, v. 135, pp. 319–337. 3524:Erjavec, Jack (2003). 2002: Lambert Homer T. 1985: Lambert Homer T. 1968: Forbes Joseph A. 1647:Early brake pads (and 1414: 1182:automatic transmission 1006: 995: 877: 869: 798: 745: 737: 660:600 touring motorcycle 645: 634: 509:the same brake setup. 437:First impact in racing 223: 212: 102: 94: 30: 5885:Electromagnetic brake 5501:Multi-link suspension 4982:Motorcycle components 4198:Windshield/windscreen 3116:Frank, Aaron (2003). 1750:misalignment of axis 1459:Pistons and cylinders 1406: 1003:Porsche 911 Carrera S 1001: 990: 910:operating temperature 875: 857: 792: 753:downhill racing bikes 743: 732: 640: 629: 218: 206: 100: 92: 24: 4736:Locking differential 4671:Direct-shift gearbox 4367:Daytime running lamp 3864:at Wikimedia Commons 3842:15 June 2020 at the 3712:, v. 133, pp. 39–45. 3530:. Cengage Learning. 3341:Henry, Alan (1985). 3100:Motorcycle Mechanics 3085:Motorcycle Mechanics 2908:Long, Brian (2007). 2317:Motor Sport Magazine 1587:improve this section 1491:improve this section 1365:improve this section 1237:improve this section 1190:phase transformation 1088:improve this section 1041:Adjustment mechanism 994:carbon ceramic brake 949:improve this section 896:in conjunction with 643:Triumph Speed Triple 416:St. Joseph, Michigan 350:Daimler Armoured Car 45:to squeeze pairs of 5999:Diesel brake tender 5672:Electric park brake 4761:Preselector gearbox 4741:Manual transmission 4329:Weight distribution 4261:Omniview technology 3422:Puhn, Fred (1987). 3200:. 21 February 2024. 3198:MotorSport Magazine 3141:Glimmerveen, John. 2467:Trains & Travel 1987:Multiple disk brake 888:were introduced in 819:light rail vehicles 815:Passenger rail cars 612:Lincoln Continental 477:racing car won the 342:Burlington Railroad 189:electromagnetically 6119:English inventions 6080:Pearson's Coupling 5967:New York Air Brake 5958:Faiveley Transport 5927:Regenerative brake 5920:Railway disc brake 5880:Eddy current brake 5870:Countersteam brake 5712:Regenerative brake 5159:Hydrogen fuel cell 4907:Electric generator 4812:Wheel hub assembly 4448:Registration plate 3786:on 3 December 2021 3751:on 14 January 2013 3459:on 11 January 2014 3378:on 24 January 2022 3227:on 14 October 2013 2863:. 17 December 2007 2770:. The Motor. 1956. 2654:. Bay View Books. 2246:. 2023. p. 1. 2217:. 16 November 2017 2070: Tucker Corp. 1453:bicycle rim brakes 1415: 1007: 996: 917:Ceramic composites 878: 870: 799: 746: 738: 646: 635: 616:Chevrolet Corvette 360:(4×4) vehicle the 224: 213: 103: 95: 31: 6101: 6100: 6060:Dead man's switch 5910:Railway air brake 5905:Kunze-Knorr brake 5817: 5816: 5622:Automatic braking 5357: 5356: 5266: 5265: 5167: 5166: 5154:Gasoline (petrol) 5067:Flat twin (boxer) 4948: 4947: 4701:Epicyclic gearing 4570:Automotive engine 4515: 4514: 4473: 4472: 4337: 4336: 4168:Glass run channel 4102:Trunk/boot/dickie 3899:Automotive design 3860:Media related to 3537:978-1-4018-3526-2 3527:Automotive Brakes 3433:978-0-89586-232-7 3408:978-1-55788-281-3 3352:978-0-905138-36-7 3169:"Disc Brake Tech" 3118:Honda Motorcycles 3102:. pp. 45–47. 2921:978-1-904788-47-8 2889:. 26 October 2007 2661:978-1-870979-81-8 2431:on 21 August 2021 2153:Balancing machine 2038:Single disk brake 1623: 1622: 1615: 1527: 1526: 1519: 1451:are also used on 1447:Various types of 1401: 1400: 1393: 1273: 1272: 1265: 1124: 1123: 1116: 1056:Disc damage modes 985: 984: 977: 882:Reinforced carbon 859:Reinforced carbon 785:Rail and aircraft 700:) or below (e.g. 584:Studebaker Avanti 293:Early experiments 175:, mounted on the 6136: 6093: 5844: 5837: 5830: 5821: 5820: 5807: 5806: 5797: 5761:Outline of tires 5496:MacPherson strut 5384: 5377: 5370: 5361: 5360: 5178: 5177: 5045:Layouts (common) 5042: 5041: 5030: 4975: 4968: 4961: 4952: 4951: 4938: 4937: 4928: 4805:Wheels and tires 4776:Torque converter 4542: 4535: 4528: 4519: 4518: 4505: 4495: 4494: 4485: 4484: 4432:Window deflector 4415:Side-view mirror 4350: 4349: 3973:Continental tire 3936:Backbone chassis 3924: 3923: 3892: 3885: 3878: 3869: 3868: 3859: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3719: 3713: 3706: 3697: 3694: 3688: 3681: 3675: 3668: 3662: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3604: 3601: 3595: 3592: 3583: 3580: 3574: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3556: 3553: 3542: 3541: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3455:. Archived from 3447:Smith, Carroll. 3444: 3438: 3437: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3374:. Archived from 3363: 3357: 3356: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3293: 3287:. Archived from 3282: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3226: 3219: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3113: 3104: 3103: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3014: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2831: 2825: 2822: 2816: 2813: 2807: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2625: 2614: 2613: 2595: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2520: 2514: 2512: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2485: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2427:. Archived from 2420: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2366: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2346: 2337: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2308: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2275: 2248: 2247: 2241: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2184: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2035: 2034: 2030: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1899: 1898: 1894: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1814: 1813: 1809: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1717: 1697:Judder or shimmy 1618: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1598: 1567: 1559: 1522: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1502: 1471: 1463: 1396: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1376: 1345: 1337: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1268: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1248: 1217: 1209: 1151: 1150: 1146: 1119: 1112: 1108: 1105: 1099: 1068: 1060: 980: 973: 969: 966: 960: 929: 921: 861:brake disc on a 736:front disc brake 608:Ford Thunderbird 463: 449: 358:four-wheel drive 277:un-sprung weight 239:heat dissipation 6144: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6097: 6092:(United States) 6091: 6075:Hydraulic brake 6033: 6029:Dowty retarders 5982: 5946: 5895:Heberlein brake 5853: 5848: 5818: 5813: 5785: 5734: 5730: 5721: 5697:Hydraulic fluid 5692:Hydraulic brake 5608: 5599:Torque steering 5594:Rack and pinion 5555: 5546:Wheel alignment 5461:Double wishbone 5407: 5394: 5388: 5358: 5353: 5352: 5340: 5299: 5262: 5236: 5218: 5192: 5163: 5132: 5128:Wankel (rotary) 5111:Layouts (other) 5106: 5031: 5022: 4984: 4979: 4949: 4944: 4916: 4885: 4800: 4796:Universal joint 4726:Hotchkiss drive 4617: 4564: 4551: 4546: 4516: 4511: 4469: 4436: 4398: 4346: 4344: 4333: 4304:Breakover angle 4287: 4214: 4154: 4106: 4085: 3913: 3901: 3896: 3852: 3844:Wayback Machine 3832:Wayback Machine 3814:Disc brake pads 3805: 3800: 3799: 3789: 3787: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3754: 3752: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3720: 3716: 3707: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3682: 3678: 3669: 3665: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3545: 3538: 3522: 3518: 3508: 3506: 3476: 3472: 3462: 3460: 3445: 3441: 3434: 3420: 3416: 3409: 3395: 3391: 3381: 3379: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3339: 3335: 3330:. 14 June 2021. 3326: 3325: 3321: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3280: 3274: 3270: 3260: 3258: 3257:on 1 March 2021 3245: 3244: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3177: 3175: 3165: 3161: 3151: 3149: 3147:About.com Autos 3139: 3135: 3128: 3114: 3107: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3070:The Motor Cycle 3067: 3066: 3062: 3055:The Motor Cycle 3052: 3051: 3047: 3037: 3035: 3029:"Series 3 (TV)" 3027: 3026: 3022: 3012: 3010: 3000: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2983:on 12 June 2011 2977:How Stuff Works 2973:"1965 Corvette" 2971: 2970: 2966: 2956: 2954: 2953:on 12 June 2011 2947:How Stuff Works 2941: 2940: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2906: 2902: 2892: 2890: 2887:How Stuff Works 2881: 2880: 2876: 2866: 2864: 2861:How Stuff Works 2855: 2854: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2791: 2789: 2779: 2775: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2751: 2749: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2720: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2694: 2690: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2662: 2648: 2644: 2634: 2632: 2626: 2617: 2610: 2596: 2567: 2557: 2555: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2532: 2530: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2492: 2490: 2483: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2463: 2459: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2434: 2432: 2421: 2414: 2404: 2402: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2379: 2377: 2374:Popular Science 2368: 2367: 2360: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2331: 2321: 2319: 2309: 2298: 2288: 2286: 2276: 2251: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2220: 2218: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2194: 2192: 2191:. HowStuffWorks 2185: 2181: 2176: 2149: 2134: 2128: 2117: 2111: 2100: 2094: 2083: 2077: 2066: 2060: 2055:Brake apparatus 2049: 2043: 2032: 2026: 2015: 2009: 1998: 1992: 1981: 1975: 1964: 1958: 1947: 1941: 1930: 1924: 1913: 1907: 1896: 1890: 1879: 1873: 1862: 1856: 1845: 1839: 1828: 1822: 1811: 1805: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1773: 1764: 1702: 1699: 1670: 1665: 1663:Common problems 1619: 1608: 1602: 1599: 1584: 1568: 1557: 1551: 1523: 1512: 1506: 1503: 1488: 1472: 1461: 1397: 1386: 1380: 1377: 1362: 1346: 1335: 1322: 1310:unsprung weight 1300: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1269: 1258: 1252: 1249: 1234: 1218: 1207: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1137: 1120: 1109: 1103: 1100: 1085: 1069: 1058: 1043: 1028:exotic vehicles 981: 970: 964: 961: 946: 930: 919: 906:unsprung weight 852: 835: 823:Amfleet II cars 797:and disc brakes 787: 774: 727: 721: 694:Norton Commando 683:weight transfer 624: 600:Rambler Classic 596:American Motors 580: 569:unsprung weight 506:mass production 498: 496:Mass production 471: 470: 469: 468: 467: 464: 455: 454: 453: 450: 439: 407:wheel cylinders 346:Daimler Company 303:Lanchester cars 295: 290: 201: 87: 75:master cylinder 17: 12: 11: 5: 6142: 6132: 6131: 6126: 6124:Railway brakes 6121: 6116: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6070:Engine braking 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6041: 6039: 6038:Related topics 6035: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5960: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5923: 5922: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5854: 5851:Railway brakes 5847: 5846: 5839: 5832: 5824: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5811: 5801: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5783: 5778: 5776:Whitewall tire 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5737: 5735: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5687:Engine braking 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5637:Brake bleeding 5634: 5629: 5624: 5618: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5589:Power steering 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5565: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5541:Watt's linkage 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5511:Shock absorber 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5476:Hydropneumatic 5473: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5417: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5393:control system 5387: 5386: 5379: 5372: 5364: 5355: 5354: 5346: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5276: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5234: 5228: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5214:Semi-automatic 5211: 5206: 5200: 5198: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5190: 5184: 5182: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5048: 5046: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4994: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4978: 4977: 4970: 4963: 4955: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4932: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4897:Electric motor 4893: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4882: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4836: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4814: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4711:Friction drive 4708: 4706:Fluid coupling 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4627: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4597:Plug-in hybrid 4590: 4585: 4580: 4574: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4545: 4544: 4537: 4530: 4522: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4499: 4489: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4456: 4455: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4423: 4422: 4412: 4406: 4404: 4403:Other elements 4400: 4399: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4369: 4364: 4358: 4356: 4347: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4324:Turning radius 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4295: 4293: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4278: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4226:Bumper sticker 4222: 4220: 4219:Other elements 4216: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4164: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4116: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4057: 4056: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4020: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4002: 3997: 3996: 3995: 3990: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3959: 3958: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3932: 3930: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3895: 3894: 3887: 3880: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3851: 3850:External links 3848: 3847: 3846: 3834: 3822: 3817: 3811: 3804: 3803:External links 3801: 3798: 3797: 3771: 3762: 3736: 3727: 3714: 3698: 3689: 3676: 3663: 3661:, pp. 133–137. 3650: 3641: 3632: 3623: 3614: 3605: 3596: 3584: 3575: 3566: 3557: 3543: 3536: 3516: 3490:(8): 919–929. 3470: 3439: 3432: 3424:Brake Handbook 3414: 3407: 3389: 3358: 3351: 3333: 3319: 3305: 3294:on 4 June 2011 3268: 3238: 3203: 3185: 3173:motorcycle.com 3159: 3133: 3126: 3105: 3090: 3075: 3060: 3045: 3020: 2994: 2964: 2934: 2920: 2900: 2874: 2848: 2826: 2817: 2808: 2799: 2773: 2759: 2737: 2714: 2688: 2667: 2660: 2642: 2615: 2608: 2565: 2540: 2515: 2500: 2472: 2457: 2442: 2412: 2387: 2358: 2329: 2296: 2249: 2228: 2202: 2178: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2158:Brake bleeding 2155: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2126: 2109: 2092: 2075: 2058: 2041: 2024: 2007: 1990: 1973: 1956: 1939: 1922: 1905: 1888: 1885:Friction Brake 1871: 1854: 1837: 1820: 1803: 1784: 1781: 1772: 1769: 1763: 1760: 1698: 1695: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1621: 1620: 1571: 1569: 1562: 1553:Main article: 1550: 1547: 1535:safety measure 1525: 1524: 1475: 1473: 1466: 1460: 1457: 1449:brake calipers 1399: 1398: 1349: 1347: 1340: 1334: 1331: 1321: 1318: 1299: 1296: 1271: 1270: 1221: 1219: 1212: 1206: 1203: 1136: 1133: 1122: 1121: 1072: 1070: 1063: 1057: 1054: 1042: 1039: 983: 982: 933: 931: 924: 918: 915: 851: 848: 834: 833:Automotive use 831: 786: 783: 773: 772:Heavy vehicles 770: 757:mountain bikes 720: 717: 675:center of mass 623: 620: 592:Rambler Marlin 579: 576: 497: 494: 465: 458: 457: 456: 451: 444: 443: 442: 441: 440: 438: 435: 294: 291: 289: 286: 272:carbon ceramic 200: 197: 86: 83: 41:that uses the 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6141: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6094: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6050:Bicycle brake 6048: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5987:Other aspects 5985: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5968: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5951:Manufacturers 5949: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5890:Exhaust brake 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5875:Dynamic brake 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5845: 5840: 5838: 5833: 5831: 5826: 5825: 5822: 5810: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5791: 5788: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5766:Rostyle wheel 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5732:Tires (Tyres) 5729: 5724: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5707:Parking brake 5705: 5703: 5702:Inboard brake 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5611: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5536:Unsprung mass 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5404: 5397: 5392: 5385: 5380: 5378: 5373: 5371: 5366: 5365: 5362: 5351: 5350: 5343: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137:Energy source 5135: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5118:Rotary piston 5116: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5057:Parallel twin 5055: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4976: 4971: 4969: 4964: 4962: 4957: 4956: 4953: 4941: 4933: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4922: 4919: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4888: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4840: 4837: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4771:Shift-by-wire 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4608:Petrol engine 4606: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4578:Diesel engine 4576: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4561: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4538: 4536: 4531: 4529: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4498: 4490: 4488: 4480: 4479: 4476: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4374: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4340: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4241:Hood ornament 4239: 4237: 4236:Front-end bra 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4188:Quarter glass 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4088: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4044:Quarter panel 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3946:Body-on-frame 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3911: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3888: 3886: 3881: 3879: 3874: 3873: 3870: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3806: 3785: 3781: 3775: 3766: 3750: 3746: 3740: 3731: 3724: 3718: 3711: 3705: 3703: 3693: 3686: 3680: 3673: 3667: 3660: 3654: 3645: 3636: 3627: 3618: 3609: 3600: 3591: 3589: 3579: 3570: 3561: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3539: 3533: 3529: 3528: 3520: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3435: 3429: 3425: 3418: 3410: 3404: 3400: 3393: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3354: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3329: 3323: 3315: 3309: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3272: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3242: 3223: 3216: 3215: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3189: 3174: 3170: 3163: 3148: 3144: 3143:"Disc Brakes" 3137: 3129: 3127:0-7603-1077-7 3123: 3119: 3112: 3110: 3101: 3094: 3086: 3079: 3071: 3064: 3056: 3049: 3034: 3033:lambretta.com 3030: 3024: 3009: 3008:RideApart.com 3005: 2998: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2938: 2923: 2917: 2913: 2912: 2904: 2888: 2884: 2878: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2836: 2830: 2821: 2812: 2803: 2788: 2784: 2777: 2769: 2763: 2747: 2741: 2725: 2718: 2703: 2699: 2692: 2677: 2671: 2663: 2657: 2653: 2646: 2631: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2611: 2609:0-87938-034-9 2605: 2601: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2554: 2553:alanhamby.com 2550: 2544: 2529: 2525: 2519: 2510: 2504: 2489: 2482: 2476: 2468: 2461: 2453: 2452:Motor Cycling 2446: 2430: 2426: 2419: 2417: 2401: 2397: 2391: 2375: 2371: 2365: 2363: 2343: 2336: 2334: 2318: 2314: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2285: 2281: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2245: 2238: 2232: 2216: 2212: 2206: 2190: 2183: 2179: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2141: 2138: Sanglas 2131: 2127: 2124: 2121: Kinchin 2114: 2110: 2107: 2097: 2093: 2090: 2080: 2076: 2073: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2046: 2042: 2039: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2012: 2008: 2005: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1961: 1957: 1954: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1934: La Brie 1927: 1923: 1920: 1910: 1906: 1903: 1893: 1889: 1886: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1808: 1804: 1801: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1780: 1777: 1768: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1706: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1634: 1630: 1628: 1617: 1614: 1606: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1572:This section 1570: 1566: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1546: 1544: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1521: 1518: 1510: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1481: 1476:This section 1474: 1470: 1465: 1464: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1427:chrome-plated 1424: 1420: 1413: 1409: 1408:Subaru Legacy 1405: 1395: 1392: 1384: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1350:This section 1348: 1344: 1339: 1338: 1330: 1327: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1295: 1281: 1279: 1267: 1264: 1256: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1232: 1231: 1227: 1222:This section 1220: 1216: 1211: 1210: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1185: 1183: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1170:torque wrench 1165: 1163: 1157: 1155: 1141: 1132: 1130: 1118: 1115: 1107: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1073:This section 1071: 1067: 1062: 1061: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1004: 1000: 993: 989: 979: 976: 968: 958: 954: 950: 944: 943: 939: 934:This section 932: 928: 923: 922: 914: 911: 907: 903: 902:Carbon–carbon 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 874: 867: 864: 860: 856: 847: 844: 840: 830: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 803:railroad cars 796: 791: 782: 779: 769: 766: 765:road bicycles 762: 758: 754: 750: 742: 735: 734:Mountain bike 731: 726: 716: 712: 710: 705: 703: 702:Yamaha TRX850 699: 695: 690: 688: 684: 680: 676: 671: 667: 665: 661: 657: 653: 650: 644: 639: 633: 632:Kawasaki W800 628: 619: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 582:In 1963, the 575: 572: 570: 566: 562: 558: 553: 551: 550:parking brake 547: 542: 537: 534: 530: 525: 523: 519: 515: 510: 507: 503: 493: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 475:Jaguar C-Type 466:Citroën DS 19 462: 448: 434: 432: 427: 425: 424:Ausco-Lambert 421: 417: 412: 408: 403: 399: 397: 392: 389:The American 387: 385: 382:. The German 381: 377: 376:Argus Motoren 374:At Germany's 372: 370: 366: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 326: 324: 320: 316: 311: 308:In 1921, the 306: 304: 300: 285: 282: 278: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 251: 248: 247:vitrification 242: 240: 235: 233: 229: 222: 217: 210: 205: 196: 194: 190: 186: 185:pneumatically 182: 181:hydraulically 178: 177:brake caliper 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 149: 147: 142: 140: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 108: 99: 91: 82: 80: 76: 72: 69: 68:Hydraulically 65: 63: 59: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 37:is a type of 36: 28: 23: 19: 5963:Knorr-Bremse 5942:Vacuum brake 5914: 5746:Custom wheel 5717:Vacuum servo 5661: 5652:Brake lining 5574:Caster angle 5531:Trailing arm 5456:De Dion tube 5446:Car handling 5441:Camber angle 5401:Part of the 5400: 5347: 5173:Transmission 5092:Straight-six 4849:Racing slick 4786:Transfer box 4756:Park-by-wire 4751:Parking pawl 4666:Differential 4641:Direct-drive 4623:Transmission 4613:Steam engine 4558:Part of the 4557: 4453:vanity plate 4392:trafficators 4203:washer fluid 4183:Power window 4178:Opera window 4090:Compartments 3978:Crumple zone 3963:Cabrio coach 3907: 3788:. Retrieved 3784:the original 3774: 3765: 3753:. Retrieved 3749:the original 3745:"Brake dust" 3739: 3730: 3722: 3717: 3709: 3692: 3685:J. Tribology 3684: 3679: 3671: 3666: 3658: 3653: 3644: 3635: 3626: 3617: 3608: 3599: 3578: 3569: 3560: 3526: 3519: 3507:. Retrieved 3487: 3483: 3473: 3461:. Retrieved 3457:the original 3453:Stoptech.com 3452: 3442: 3423: 3417: 3398: 3392: 3380:. Retrieved 3376:the original 3371: 3361: 3342: 3336: 3322: 3308: 3296:. Retrieved 3289:the original 3284: 3271: 3259:. Retrieved 3255:the original 3250: 3241: 3229:. Retrieved 3222:the original 3213: 3206: 3197: 3188: 3176:. Retrieved 3172: 3162: 3150:. Retrieved 3146: 3136: 3117: 3099: 3093: 3084: 3078: 3069: 3063: 3054: 3048: 3036:. Retrieved 3032: 3023: 3011:. Retrieved 3007: 2997: 2985:. Retrieved 2981:the original 2976: 2967: 2955:. Retrieved 2951:the original 2946: 2937: 2925:. Retrieved 2910: 2903: 2891:. Retrieved 2886: 2877: 2865:. Retrieved 2860: 2851: 2839:. Retrieved 2829: 2820: 2811: 2802: 2790:. 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Retrieved 2182: 2139: 2122: 2105: 2104: Dubois 2088: 2087: Martin 2071: 2054: 2053: Bryant 2037: 2020: 2003: 1986: 1969: 1952: 1935: 1918: 1901: 1884: 1867: 1850: 1833: 1816: 1799: 1790:GB 190226407 1774: 1765: 1748: 1738: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1707: 1700: 1691: 1687: 1677: 1671: 1651:) contained 1646: 1643: 1635: 1631: 1624: 1609: 1603:January 2016 1600: 1585:Please help 1573: 1539: 1528: 1513: 1507:January 2016 1504: 1489:Please help 1477: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1416: 1387: 1381:January 2016 1378: 1363:Please help 1351: 1326:surface rust 1323: 1301: 1282: 1278:Pennsylvania 1274: 1259: 1253:January 2016 1250: 1235:Please help 1223: 1198:iron carbide 1186: 1178: 1174: 1166: 1158: 1138: 1125: 1110: 1104:January 2016 1101: 1086:Please help 1074: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1033: 1025: 1014: 1008: 992:Mercedes-AMG 971: 965:January 2016 962: 947:Please help 935: 879: 863:Ferrari F430 836: 827:fusible plug 800: 775: 747: 713: 709:tank-slapper 706: 691: 672: 668: 654: 647: 581: 573: 565:differential 559:side of the 554: 538: 526: 511: 499: 491: 472: 428: 400: 388: 373: 334:Budd Company 327: 315:Bowden cable 307: 296: 252: 243: 236: 230:, a form of 225: 168: 164: 150: 146:servo-effect 143: 136: 112:German Tiger 104: 66: 34: 32: 18: 5937:Track brake 5932:Steam brake 5781:Wire wheels 5751:Drive wheel 5741:Alloy wheel 5647:Brake fluid 5526:Torsion bar 5506:Panhard rod 5486:Leaf spring 5466:Hydrolastic 5451:Coil spring 5272:Accessories 5258:Shaft drive 5248:Chain drive 5241:Final drive 5077:Inline-four 4827:Alloy wheel 4686:Drive wheel 4676:Drive shaft 4636:Chain drive 4387:sealed beam 4319:Roll center 4314:Ride height 4251:Japan black 4246:Instruments 4231:Curb feeler 4097:Hood/bonnet 3862:Disk brakes 3509:18 February 3382:18 February 3298:18 February 3231:15 February 3178:15 February 3152:15 February 3038:18 February 3013:13 November 2987:14 December 2957:14 December 2927:11 November 2893:14 December 2867:14 December 2841:14 December 2702:Motor Trend 2493:18 February 2405:21 November 2380:14 December 2351:14 December 2340:Ihm, Mark. 2322:14 December 2289:26 November 2221:26 November 2195:26 November 2163:Brake fluid 2019: Fitch 890:Formula One 809:, and some 793:A railroad 778:drum brakes 687:sport bikes 578:In the U.S. 563:, near the 546:drum brakes 541:sports cars 380:Arado Ar 96 369:drum brakes 365:final drive 330:streamliner 281:dissipation 221:Peugeot 106 128:drum brakes 6108:Categories 6085:Pneumatics 6065:Drum brake 5915:Disc brake 5900:Hand brake 5728:Roadwheels 5667:Drum brake 5662:Disc brake 5642:Brake fade 5604:Understeer 5516:Swing axle 5431:Axle track 5413:Suspension 5403:Automobile 5316:Drum brake 5311:Disc brake 5253:Belt drive 5003:Suspension 4912:Alternator 4560:Automobile 4549:Powertrain 4173:Greenhouse 3755:18 January 3463:18 January 3372:Autotrader 3251:Gravelbike 2768:October 17 2174:References 2142:1975-07-16 2130:ES 195467Y 2125:1956-05-22 2113:US 2746575 2108:1952-04-08 2096:US 2591793 2091:1951-03-13 2079:US 2544849 2074:1950-12-26 2062:US 2535763 2057:1949-10-08 2045:US 2485032 2040:1949-04-12 2028:US 2466990 2023:1947-02-12 2011:US 2416091 2006:1946-08-06 2004:Disk brake 1994:US 2405219 1989:1945-05-15 1977:US 2375855 1972:1944-12-26 1960:US 2366093 1955:1940-09-06 1938:1938-12-20 1926:US 2140752 1921:1937-06-15 1909:US 2084216 1904:1936-02-21 1892:US 2028488 1887:1934-05-15 1875:US 1959049 1870:1934-04-10 1858:US 1954534 1853:1932-07-28 1836:1932-01-06 1819:1929-07-16 1807:US 1721370 1802:1903-10-15 1776:Brake fade 1771:Brake fade 1743:sinusoidal 1549:Brake pads 723:See also: 698:BMW R1100S 610:, and the 604:Ambassador 561:driveshaft 529:Jensen 541 502:Citroën DS 319:Tom Sheard 256:7075 alloy 173:brake pads 139:brake fade 132:Citroën DS 79:brake pads 35:disc brake 6045:Air brake 5994:Brake van 5584:Oversteer 5551:Wheelbase 5521:Toe angle 5491:Live axle 5436:Beam axle 5197:Automatic 5087:Flat-four 4781:Transaxle 4746:Manumatic 4716:Gearshift 4588:Fuel cell 4427:Tow hitch 4345:equipment 4271:Tire/tyre 4130:Gull-wing 4120:Butterfly 4081:Trunk lid 4024:Monocoque 3928:Framework 2752:20 August 2730:20 August 2707:20 August 2681:20 August 2635:20 August 2435:20 August 2168:Disc-lock 1943:DE 695921 1841:GB 377478 1824:GB 365069 1739:hot spots 1712:is being 1574:does not 1555:Brake pad 1531:hydraulic 1478:does not 1423:aluminium 1352:does not 1314:heat sink 1224:does not 1194:cementite 1075:does not 936:does not 900:in 1976. 866:Challenge 839:grey iron 811:airplanes 761:heat fade 679:wheelbase 656:MV Agusta 649:Lambretta 362:epicyclic 323:Senior TT 264:grey iron 258:and hard 232:cast iron 228:gray iron 209:AMC Pacer 199:Operation 153:cast iron 6024:Retarder 5809:Category 5561:Steering 5470:Hydragas 5149:Electric 5097:Flat-six 5013:Swingarm 4940:Category 4879:Tubeless 4864:Run-flat 4844:Off-road 4661:Coupling 4583:Electric 4487:Category 4372:Headlamp 4354:Lighting 4343:Exterior 4309:Overhang 4292:Geometry 4276:run-flat 4256:Nerf bar 4071:Subframe 4039:Platform 4029:Overhang 3941:Beltline 3840:Archived 3828:Archived 3261:30 March 2558:15 April 2533:15 April 2147:See also 1733:judder. 1705:template 1653:asbestos 1627:friction 1333:Calipers 1298:Cracking 1205:Scarring 886:Concorde 868:race car 719:Bicycles 518:Chrysler 420:Plymouth 402:Chrysler 396:Goodyear 340:for the 279:and the 260:anodised 193:Friction 167:and the 71:actuated 51:friction 43:calipers 5771:Spinner 5579:Kingpin 5391:Chassis 5295:Trailer 5290:Sidecar 5285:Pannier 5280:Fairing 5232:Slipper 5123:Turbine 4990:Chassis 4497:Commons 4193:Sunroof 4145:Suicide 4140:Sliding 4135:Scissor 4076:Tonneau 4061:Spoiler 3968:Chassis 3504:3468646 1783:Patents 1756:run-out 1752:run-out 1727:thermal 1718: 1682:chamfer 1649:linings 1595:removed 1580:sources 1499:removed 1484:sources 1419:plastic 1373:removed 1358:sources 1320:Rusting 1289:⁄ 1245:removed 1230:sources 1196:. 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