Citroën DS - Knowledge

559: 1541:, readily absorbing and mixing with moisture, the idea being that within a closed hydraulic circuit these properties will ensure pockets of non-soluble water will not form and cause corrosion of the system from within. The design of the DS's hydraulic system used much more fluid and allowed much more moist air into the system than a simple hydraulic braking circuit, so the fluid's hygroscopic properties were not preventing corrosion as intended. Brake fluid also did not provide the viscosity and lubricity suited for used in the suspension, clutch and gear change mechanism. Mineral-based LHM fluid was designed to remedy these issues but Citroen was obligated to demonstrate the new fluid was safe for automotive use before it could be installed in American-market cars. It took NHTSA until January 1969 to approve it, so in the US market about half the production of cars in the 1969 model year use the older red LHS fluid and half use newer green LHM fluid, neither of which is compatible with the other. 1601: 1555: 49: 1587: 1076:

were further differentiated in 1961 when the DS19 acquired a Weber-32 twin bodied carburettor, and the increasing availability of higher octane fuel enabled the manufacturer to increase the compression ratio from 7.5:1 to 8.5:1. A new DS19 now came with a promised 62 kW (83 hp). The ID19 was also more traditional mechanically: it had no power steering and had conventional transmission and clutch instead of the DS's hydraulically controlled set-up. Initially, the basic ID19 was sold on the French market with a price saving of more than 25% against the DS, although the differential was reduced at the end of 1961 when the manufacturer withdrew the entry-level ID19 "Normale". A

826: 1382: 2278: 1659: 2298: 1110: 876: 1990: 2409: 1573: 742: 2363: 1633: 529: 2391: 1399: 1124: 2122: 1236:. Disuse allows water to enter the hydraulic components, causing deterioration and requiring expensive maintenance. The difficulty with hygroscopic hydraulic fluid was exacerbated in the DS/ID due to the extreme rise and fall in the fluid level in the reservoir, which went from nearly full to nearly empty when the suspension extended to maximum height and the six accumulators in the system filled with fluid. With every "inhalation" of fresh moisture- (and dust-) laden air, the fluid absorbed more water. 1295: 1935:

near the flat tyre, then readjust the suspension to its lowermost setting. The flat tyre would then retract upwards and hover above the ground, ready to be changed. This system, used on the SM also, was superseded on the CX by a screw jack that, after the suspension was raised to the high position, lifted the tyre clear of the ground. The DS system, while impressive to use, sometimes dropped the car quite suddenly, especially if the stand was not placed precisely or the ground was soft or unlevel.

2489: 2315: 1615: 1138: 1277: 2189: 1068: 6414: 2341: 2004: 1417: 1152: 1976: 5711: 6424: 2246:. The plan was to ambush the motorcade with machine guns, disable the vehicles, and then close in for the kill. De Gaulle praised the unusual abilities of his unarmoured Citroën DS with saving his life – the car, riddled with bullets and with two tyres punctured, was still able to escape at full speed. Afterward, De Gaulle vowed never to ride in any other make of car. This event was recreated in the film 2057:

throttle position also caused the car to have more engine drag when the brakes were applied even before the car slowed to the idle speed in gear, preventing the engine from pulling against the brakes. In the event of loss of hydraulic pressure (following a loss of system fluid), the clutch would disengage, to prevent driving, while brake pressure reserves would allow safe braking to a standstill.

1346:. The Slough factory closed on 18 February 1966 and thereafter cars for the British market were imported fully assembled from the company's French plant. The British-built cars are distinguished by their leather seats, wooden (early ID19 models) or one-piece plastic (early DS19 models) dashboards, chromed number plate mount set into the front bumper, and (on pre-1962 cars) 1919:, a valve controlled by the mid-position of the anti-roll bar connected to the axle. If the suspension was too low, the height corrector introduced high-pressure fluid; if it was too high, it released fluid back to the fluid reservoir. In this manner, a constant ride height was maintained. A control in the cabin allowed the driver to select one of five 1733:

his Paris plant since 1958. Chapron persevered with his own custom versions alongside the works cars, for those who wanted something particular or to allow conversion of an existing sedan. After official production ended in August 1971, Chapron kept building small numbers of the works design for individual customers until 1977.

2009:

1969 Pallas interior with Hydraulic gear selector – mounted top right of steering column with unusual single spoke steering wheel (a safety feature as the curved and off-center spoke will deflect the driver away from the steering column in a crash.). Note the "mushroom" brake pedal. (The pedal on the

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The DS neither had nor needed a jack to raise the car off the ground. Instead, the hydraulic system enabled wheel changes with the aid of a simple adjustable stand. To change wheel in the event of a flat tyre, one would adjust the suspension to its topmost setting, insert the stand into a special peg

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As a result of the insufficient supply of replacement parts, an inability to compete with bigger and more luxurious cars sold for the same price, and simply having not been designed for the North American market, sales for the DS were mediocre on the North American market, ultimately reaching a total

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Behind each glass cover lens, the inboard high-beam headlamp swivels by up to 80° as the driver steers, throwing the beam along the driver's intended path rather than uselessly across the curved road. The outboard low-beam headlamps are self-leveling in response to pitching caused by acceleration and

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IDs and their variants went through a similar evolution, generally lagging the DS by about one year. ID saloon models never received the DS 23 engine or fuel injection, although the Break/Familiale versions received the carburetted version of the DS 23 engine when it was introduced, supplemented the

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The top of the range ID model, The DSuper5 (DP) gained the DS21 engine (the only model that this engine was retained in) for the 1973 model year and it was mated to a five-speed gearbox. This should not be confused with the 1985 cc DSuper fitted with an optional "low ratio" five-speed gearbox,

1951:, and the other ran the other hydraulic systems. (On the simpler ID models, the front brakes operated from the main accumulator.) Thus in case of a hydraulic failure, the first indication would be that the steering became heavy, followed by the gearbox not working; only later would the brakes fail. 1732:

The design of the factory convertible was by Flaminio Bertoni, who had originally started sketching convertibles in 1954. The production version was developed together with Chapron. The manufacture was passed to Henri Chapron, who had already been converting small numbers of DS's to convertibles in

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speed dropped to an rpm below the clutch engagement speed, thus preventing friction while stopped in gear at traffic lights. When the brake was released, the idle speed increased to the clutch dragging speed. The car would then creep forward much like automatic transmission cars. This drop-in idle

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version was introduced in 1958. It was known by different names in individual markets (Break in France, Safari, and Estate in the UK, Wagon in the US, and Citroën Australia used the terms Safari and Station-Wagon). It had a steel roof to support the standard roof rack. 'Familiales' had a rear seat

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The ID shared the DS's body but was less powerful and luxurious. Although it shared the engine capacity of the DS engine (at this stage 1,911 cc), the ID provided a maximum power output of only 51 kW (69 hp) compared to the 56 kW (75 hp) claimed for the DS19. Power outputs

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The DS was sold in North America from 1956 to 1972. Despite its popularity in Europe and regard for its design from the American motoring press, it did not sell well in the United States, and little better in Canada. While promoted as a luxury car, it did not have the basic features that American

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efficient nose, better ventilation, and other improvements. It retained the open two headlamp appearance, but was available with an optional set of driving lights mounted on the front fenders. All models in the range changed nose design at the same time, including the ID and station wagon models.

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Unlike an automatic transmission, there is no Park position on the transmission where the wheels are locked. In addition, the hydraulic clutch would disengage with the engine stopped, so the car could not be left in gear when parked. The only way to prevent the car from rolling (for example, if

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engine with three main bearings and wet liners, and a bore of 78 mm (3.1 in) and a stroke of 100 mm (3.9 in), giving a volumetric displacement of 1911 cc. The cylinder head had been reworked; the 11C had a reverse-flow cast iron cylinder head and generated 60 hp

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between the piston and the sphere. A membrane in the sphere prevented the nitrogen from escaping. The motion of the wheels translated to a motion of the piston, which acted on the oil in the nitrogen cushion and provided the spring effect. The damper valve took place of the shock absorber in

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Lastly, 1973 saw the introduction of the 2347 cc 115 hp (86 kW; 115 hp) engine of the DS 23 in both carbureted and fuel-injected forms. The DS 23 with electronic fuel injection was the most powerful production model, producing 141 hp (105 kW) SAE (130 hp DIN).

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The last DS came off the production line on 24 April 1975 – with Citroën building up approximately eight months of inventory of the 'break'/'Safari' (estate/station wagon) version of the DS, to continue sales until the autumn of 1975 when the estate/station wagon version of the CX would be

998:, which was in effect a thoroughly modernized DS, with similar length, but greater width. The manual gearbox was a modified DS unit. The front disc brakes were the same design. Axles, wheel bearings, steering knuckles, and hydraulic components were either DS parts or modified DS parts. 2108:

models. The fully automatic transmission DS was never sold in the US market where this type of transmission had gained market share so quickly that it became the majority of the market by this time. Many automatic DSs, fuel-injected DS 23 sedans with air conditioning, were sold in

1729:, for the Citroën dealer network. It was an expensive car and only 1,365 were sold. These DS convertibles used a special frame which was reinforced on the side members and rear suspension swingarm bearing box, similar to, but not identical to the Break (Station Wagon) frame. 1333:

kits and locally sourced components, some of them machined on site. A French electrical system superseded the British one on the Slough cars in 1962, giving rise to a switch to "continental style" negative earthing. An intermediate model between the DS and the ID, called the

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All models, including the station wagon and ID, were upgraded at the same time. The hydraulic fluid changed to the technically superior LHM in all markets except the US and Canada, where the change did not take place until January 1969 due to local regulations.

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which used a captive allen bolt as the central fastener whilst a hexagonal protrusion transferred the drive to a matching recess in the wheel. This made it possible to change the wheel very quickly in the event of a puncture and proved an advantage in

837:. In the DS they were also used for the suspension, clutch, and transmission. The cheaper 1957 ID19 did have manual steering and a simplified power braking system. An engine-driven pump pressurizes the closed system to 17.2 MPa (2,490 psi) 2043:

This was a four-speed gearbox and clutch, operated by a hydraulic controller. To change gears, the driver flicked a lever behind the steering wheel to the next position and eased-up on the accelerator pedal. The hydraulic controller disengaged the

1687:), was introduced. This included comfort features such as better noise insulation, a more luxurious (and optional leather) upholstery, and external trim embellishments. From 1966, the Pallas model received a driver's seat with height adjustment. 554:

To a France still deep in reconstruction after the devastation of World War II, and also building its identity in the post-colonial world, the DS was a symbol of French ingenuity. The DS was distributed to many territories throughout the world.

544:. In the first 15 minutes of the show, 743 orders were taken, and orders for the first day totalled 12,000. During the 10 days of the show, the DS took in 80,000 deposits; a record that stood for over 60 years, until it was eclipsed by the 902:

and a downward brand extension was attempted, but without result. Throughout the late 1950s and 1960s, Citroën developed many new vehicles for the very large, profitable market segments between the 2CV and the DS, occupied by vehicles like the

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225 Custom. The Electra was available with an automatic transmission, power windows, and came with a much larger engine (a 7,040 cc V8), and it was hardly the only competitor to the DS to have these features as options or as standard.

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are prohibited until their developers can prove them safe to the regulators. The castor-based LHV and synthetic LHS fluids used in European-market DSes were not certified for use in North America, so cars sold there used conventional

2048:, disengaged the previous gear, then engaged the nominated gear, and re-engaged the clutch. The speed of engagement of the clutch was controlled automatically, responding to hydraulic sensing of engine rpm and the position of the 1745:). Chapron also built the imposing DS Présidentielle in 1967-1968 to a design created by Citroën's design department. This car was 6.53 m (21.4 ft) long, specifically to be longer than the cars used by US Presidents 894:

front-wheel-drive car in 1934. In fact, the DS caused such a huge sensation that Citroën was apprehensive that future models would not be of the same bold standard. No clean sheet new models were introduced from 1955 to 1970.

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The ID was replaced by the D Spécial and D Super in 1970, but these retained the lower specification position in the range. The D Super was available with the DS21 2175 cc engine and a 5-speed gearbox, and named the

1338:, was introduced on the UK market in 1963 with a manual transmission and simpler foot-operated clutch while retaining the DS power unit, power steering and power braking; outside of the UK this model was known as the 2205:

for 1970, making the DS one of the first mass-market cars to use electronic fuel injection. Power of the carbureted version also increased slightly at the same time, owing to the employment of larger inlet valves.

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The DS 21 was also introduced for model year 1965. This was a 2175 cc, five main bearing engine; power was 106 hp DIN This engine received a substantial increase in power with the introduction of

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LHM required completely different materials for the seals. Using either fluid in the incorrect system would completely destroy the hydraulic seals very quickly. To help avoid this problem, Citroën added a

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seating configuration meant the SM as actually produced could not seize the mantle from the DS. While the design funds invested would allow the DS to be replaced by two cars, a 'modern DS' and the smaller

3165:"...gliding on air with only the flick of the speedometer needle to remind you you're in motion! No bumping, jerking, dragging, lurching." From an ad for the Citroën stand at the Motor Show, London, 1957 1189:

with the steering wheel. This allowed the driver to see "around" turns, especially valuable on twisting roads driven at high speed at night. The directional headlamps were linked to the wheels by cable.

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The DS and ID engines evolved throughout their 20-year production run. The car was underpowered and faced constant mechanical changes to boost the performance of the four-cylinder engine. The initial

635:(the transmission required no clutch pedal but gears still had to be shifted by hand, with the shift lever controlling a powered hydraulic shift mechanism in place of a mechanical linkage). It had a 4134:"1969 Citroen DS21 Technical Specifications and data. Engine, Dimensions and Mechanical details. (DS21, D21, Aero Super, Luxe, Confort, DS 21, Grande Rte, Luxe D21, D19, Pallas) - Conceptcarz.com" 1958:

driven off two belts and delivering 17.5 MPa; 2,540 psi (175 bar) of pressure. The ID19, with its simpler hydraulic system, had a single-cylinder pump driven by an eccentric on the

586:, in an essay about the car, said that it looked as if it had "fallen from the sky". An American advertisement summarised this selling point: "It takes a special person to drive a special car". 4799: 1703:

The Ambulance configuration was similar to that of the Break, but with a 60/30 split in the rear folding seat to accommodate a stretcher. A 'Commerciale' version was also available for a time.

1491:) maximum. The DS's quartz iodine swiveling headlamps designed for the 1968 model were not allowed by the regulations. Even the aerodynamic headlight covers, featured on other cars such as the 1322:, identified as the ID 19 "Parisienne." Australian market cars were fitted with options as standard equipment such as the "DSpecial DeLuxe" that were not available on domestic European models. 643:. Inboard front disc brakes (as well as independent suspension) reduced unsprung weight. Different front and rear track widths reduced the unequal tyre loading, which is well known to promote 1052:

The DS maintained its size and shape, with easily removable, unstressed body panels, but design changes occurred. During the 20-year production, improvements were made on an ongoing basis.

2480:. The DS 3, launched in March 2010, is based on Citroën's new C3, but is more customisable and unique, bearing some resemblance to the original DS, with its "Shark Fin" side pillar. 983:

The DS maintained sales and remained competitive throughout its production run. Its peak production year was 1970. Certain design elements like the somewhat narrow cabin, column-mounted

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The central part of the hydraulic system was the high-pressure pump, which maintained a pressure of between 13 and 15 MPa; 1,900 and 2,200 psi (130 and 150 bar) in two

4347: 2163:(45 kW) at 3800 rpm; by contrast, the DS 19 had an aluminium cross-flow head with hemispherical combustion chambers and generated 75 hp (56 kW) at 4500 rpm. 1483:

with aerodynamic covered lenses. Based on legislation that dated from 1940, all automobiles sold in the U.S. were required to have round, sealed-beam headlamps that produced 75,000

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The later and simpler ID19 had the same gearbox and clutch, manually operated. This configuration was offered as a cheaper option for the DS in 1963. The mechanical aspects of the

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In addition, Chapron also produced a few coupés, non-works convertibles and special sedans (including the "Prestige", same wheelbase but with a central divider, and the "Lorraine"

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The DS's place in French society was demonstrated in Paris on 9 October 2005 with a celebration of the 50th anniversary of its launch. 1,600 DS cars drove in procession past the

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with the chassis of the 2CV. The Ami was very successful in France, but less so on export markets. Many found the styling controversial, and the car noisy and underpowered. The

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mounted further back in the cabin, with three folding seats between the front and rear squabs. The standard Break had two side-facing seats in the main load area at the back.

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in February 2006. A similar car sold by Bonhams in February 2009 brought €343,497 (US$ 440,436). On 18 September 2009 a 1966 DS21 Decapotable Usine was sold by Bonhams for a

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designed the 1967 Series 3 facelift. Citroën built 1,455,746 examples in six countries, of which 1,330,755 were manufactured at Citroën's main Paris Quai de Javel (now

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from 1934 to 1974 as a sort of research laboratory, such broad experimentation was possible. Michelin was getting a powerful advertisement for the capabilities of the

2468:, intended as high quality, high specification variations on existing models, with differing mechanics and bodywork. This brand was introduced in three models, the 558: 4847: 4401: 3096: 3140: 481:

during almost its entire 20‑year production run, and achieved multiple major victories, as early as 1959, and as late as 1974. It placed third in the 1999

967:, which won the "European car of the Year" for 1971 and sold 2.5 million units. It combined a small 41 kW (55 hp) flat-4 air-cooled engine with 3114: 1064:. This affected potential sales in a country still recovering economically from World War II, so a cheaper submodel, the Citroën ID, was introduced in 1957. 4887: 1198: 1464:. Additionally, the DS was expensive, with a 115 hp (86 kW) vehicle costing $ 4,170 in 1969, when $ 4,500 would buy a 360 hp (268 kW) 2872:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

4807: 915:, but none made it into production. Either they had uneconomic build costs, or were ordinary "me too" cars, not up to the company's high standard of 2166:

Like the Traction Avant, the DS had the gearbox mounted in front of the engine, with the differential in between. Thus some consider the DS to be a

3268: 2185:) of the DS 19 was replaced in 1965 with the 1985 cc five-bearing wet-cylinder motor, becoming the DS 19a (called DS 20 from September 1969). 1315:

of Paris, with other manufacturing facilities in the United Kingdom, South Africa, the former Yugoslavia (mostly Break Ambulances), and Australia.

4093: 1028:. BMW follows a similar strategy of a mid-size sedan (5 series), large coupe (6 series), and large sedan (7 series) sharing common underpinnings. 3718: 2648: 5027: 2428:

Citroën DS values have been rising – a 1973 DS 23 Injection Electronique "Decapotable" (Chapron Convertible) sold for €176,250 (US$ 209,738) at

1923:: normal riding height, two slightly higher-riding heights for poor terrain, and two extreme positions for changing wheels. (The correct term, 1510: 1342:. When the 1985 cc engine replaced the original 1911 cc unit in September 1965 the manual-equipped DSes built in Slough were renamed 4355: 548:

which received 180,000 first day deposits in March 2016. The original list price for a 1959 ID19 was US$ 2,833 ($ 29,611 in 2023 dollars).

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The SM had a different purpose than replacing the 15-year-old DS design, however – it was meant to launch Citroën into a completely new

423:, the DS was known for its aerodynamic, futuristic body design; unorthodox, quirky, and innovative technology, and set new standards in 1561: 406: 232: 5020: 4821: 1600: 1476: 814: 5047: 4516: 2813: 2756: 4703: 2892:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

4980: 4498: 1757:, he did not like the car due to its divider and continued to mainly use either DS landaulets or the two earlier special-bodied 416:

from 1955 to 1975, in fastback/sedan, wagon/estate, and convertible body configurations, across three series of one generation.

4848:"Citroën to be First-Time Feature at 2018 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance Tour d'Elegance Poster Marks this Historic Occasion" 3065: 2965: 2081:

were completely conventional and the same elements were used in the ID 19. In September 1970, Citroën introduced a five-speed

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Turn indicators were mounted in the upper corners of the rear window, tail and brake lights integrated in chromed rear bumper.

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Lohman, Ton (August 1994). "Hydro-Kultur: Schweben wie Gott in Frankreich - mit DS und ID brach Citroën in die Zukunft auf".

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was offered from summer 1960 until summer 1971. The Décapotable Cabriolet d'Usine (factory convertible) were built by French

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Thus, for such a modern car, the engine of the original DS 19 was old-fashioned. It was derived from the engine of the 11CV

4111: 3691: 2943: 1554: 5562: 4586: 1881:, the producers created a flying car to depict a typical taxi in the future world of 2015. This taxi was based on the DS. 960:. All these 2 cylinder models were very small, so there remained a wide market gap to the DS range all through the 1960s. 551:

Contemporary journalists said the DS pushed the envelope in the ride vs. handling compromise possible in a motor vehicle.

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gearbox, in addition to the original four-speed unit. All manual transmissions used a steering column-mounted shifter.

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lobbied to have composite headlamps allowed that the sealed-beam headlamp requirements were finally rescinded in 1983.

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Further harming the DS' prospects on the other side of the Atlantic was an inadequate supply of parts for the vehicle.

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conventional suspensions. The hydraulic cylinder was fed with hydraulic fluid from the main pressure reservoir via a

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screwed to the suspension sphere, a piston inside the cylinder connected by levers to the suspension itself, and a

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in the carburetor (i.e., the position of the accelerator), and the brake circuit. When the brake was pressed, the

4563: 2033: 1947:. These accumulators were very similar in construction to the suspension spheres. One was dedicated to the front 1259:

to the LHM fluid and also painted all hydraulic elements bright green. The earlier LHS parts were painted black.

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engine, the SM was faster and much more expensive than the DS. The SM was not designed to be a practical 4-door

6278: 4435: 1829: 730: 663:, but without success. The Citroën DS was the first successful fielding of disc brakes on a mass-produced car. 485:

poll recognizing the world's most influential auto designs and was named the most beautiful car of all time by

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1,330,755 built in France, 124,991 built in Australia, Portugal, UK, South Africa and Yugoslavia collectively.

48: 1821:, the longer engine meant only one row of seats. This was draped in a streamlined, low slung, aluminum body. 1586: 5837: 5612: 4992: 4155: 4133: 2899: 2879: 2248: 1920: 1898:

system, each wheel is connected, not to a metal spring, but to a hydraulic suspension unit consisting of a

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taxation of large engines and very poor roads, and not for a market where those constraints were removed.

1020:, the key market for vehicles of this type in Europe. Typically, manufacturers would introduce low-volume 848:

was an innovative move. This suspension allowed the car to achieve sharp handling combined with very high

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At rest, Citroën DS will slowly sink to the ground as the engine-driven hydraulic system is depressurized.

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in 1956, the Peugeot 403, cost 780,000fr., and Citroen's "Deesse", hydro-pneumatics and all, 1,109,000.

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The 1955 DS cemented the Citroën brand name as an automotive innovator, building on the success of the

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based on parts shared with an existing saloon, not as unique models, a contemporary example being the

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is a mobile tyre evaluation machine, based on the DS Break, built in 1972, later used for promotion.

1445:, or a powerful engine. The DS was designed specifically to address the French market, with punitive 1109: 1040:, it was left to the CX alone to provide Citroën's large family or executive car in the model range. 968: 860: 845: 613: 609: 463: 436: 5947: 5363: 5339: 4640: 2182: 2152: 1758: 1460:

as a problem for 1970s era customers, based on his early experiences working at a Citroën dealer in

1061: 864: 624:. This suspension allowed the DS to travel quickly on the poor road surfaces then common in France. 537: 374: 6483: 5430: 5405: 4763: 4308:"1966 Citroen DS21 (DS21, D21, Aero Super, Luxe, Confort, DS 21, Grande Rte, Chapron, Decapotable)" 3389: 2707: 2443: 2397: 2263:

himself "telephoned the French automotive company, Citroën, to order a new car for use in the film

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on all wheels, the application of the hydraulic system to the car's suspension system to provide a

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Between 1959 and 1964, Hector Bossaert produced a coupé on a DS chassis shortened by 470 mm (

1201:), a version with four exposed headlights that did not swivel was manufactured for the US market. 875: 6503: 6473: 4669: 3862: 3743: 1710:. The hydropneumatic suspension produces an unusually steady platform for filming while driving. 1515: 1308: 709: 605: 487: 471: 6308: 6303: 3508: 2305: 6488: 6131: 6116: 6023: 4476: 4377:

Hélaine, Eric (October 2008). "La République en Mouvement" [The Republic on the Move].

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1956 Citroën DS in the Museum der Autostadt Wolfsburg, showing Series 1 (1955–62) original nose

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Citroën invested enormous resources to design and launch an entirely new vehicle in 1970, the

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used was pioneered the year before, on the rear of another car from Citroën, the top of range

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After this feature was first introduced on the 1948 Tucker 'Torpedo', of which 50 were built.

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of GB£131,300. Bonhams sold another DS21 Decapotable (1973) on 23 January 2010 for €189,000.

1899: 1032: 6219: 6204: 6126: 6098: 5972: 5817: 5812: 5792: 5777: 5684: 2994:"Road Test: Citroën The DS-19 drives boldly off the beaten path – and never feels the bumps" 694:

engine for the car, but did not have the funds to put the prototype engine into production.

566:, Citroën presented a DS body as a sculpture, upright like a rocket, on a rotating platform. 4825: 3774: 3630: 2354: 2178: 1319: 263: 127: 6329: 6298: 6166: 6151: 6146: 6103: 5772: 5648: 1989: 20: 8: 6493: 6458: 6453: 5917: 5882: 5240: 5000: 4517:"Luxor Cab as seen in Back to the Future 2 – Animatronic – Robots – Community – Synthiam" 2760: 2678: 2408: 2174: 2082: 1503: 1330: 1186: 988: 703: 477:

In combination with Citroën's proven front-wheel drive, the DS was used competitively in

455: 299: 294: 6417: 6018: 5967: 5962: 5679: 5548: 5412: 2630: 5797: 4005: 3676: 3494: 2288: 2265: 1572: 1496: 1013: 741: 714: 698: 482: 204: 178: 6293: 6242: 6234: 6199: 6108: 6083: 5957: 5927: 4722:"AFI Catalog of Feature Films the First 100 Years 1893–1993 That Touch of Mink (1962)" 3920: 1185:

design. This design had four headlights under a smooth glass canopy and the inner set

6214: 5847: 4949: 4918: 4721: 4620: 4456: 4431: 4382: 3985: 3894: 3835: 3576: 3212: 3205: 3180: 3022: 2993: 2227: 2198: 2134: 1955: 1814: 1754: 1746: 946: 776: 761: 667: 648: 227: 161: 6358: 6313: 6288: 6283: 6262: 6189: 6088: 5982: 5952: 5897: 3890:

Citroën DS & ID All Models (except SM) 1966 to 1975: The Essential Buyer's Guide

3073: 817:, where it won over 70 other cars, only 5 of which even completed the entire event. 494:

The name DS and ID are puns in the French language. "DS" is pronounced exactly like

6141: 5334: 4065: 2886: 2866: 2284: 1632: 1438: 1351: 1347: 942: 659:, volume production had not been applied until 1949, by USA small car manufacturer 541: 451: 166: 6337: 6257: 6252: 6194: 6184: 6174: 6043: 5992: 5872: 5807: 5757: 5691: 5435: 5281: 5218: 4861: 3624: 2390: 1398: 950: 528: 6498: 6121: 4948:. Car Craft series, no. 4. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Transport. 4943: 3330: 2578: 2570: 2454: 2049: 1907: 1810: 1680: 1365: 1123: 807: 640: 432: 401: 151: 139: 19:

This article is about the original 1955–1975 car model. For the concept car, see

5977: 5932: 5663: 5302: 4749: 4027: 2362: 2121: 1143:

1974 Citroën DS23 Pallas – Series 3 (1968–1976) with four headlights under glass

3719:"This Is the Coolest Car Ever Made, Even Though They Stopped Making It in 1975" 2841:"Tesla Nabs 180,000 Model 3 Reservations, And The Car Isn't Even Available Yet" 2818: 2465: 2350: 2202: 2156: 1578:

Citroën DS Station Wagon – also known as the Safari, Break, Familiale, or Wagon

1479:

at the time also banned one of the car's more advanced features: its composite

1446: 1181:, who also styled the 1970 SM and 1974 CX. This version had a more streamlined 1172: 1005: 887: 880: 834: 769: 679: 628: 583: 195: 28: 6209: 6058: 6053: 6028: 5912: 5907: 5892: 5742: 5732: 5454: 5447: 5440: 5423: 5297: 5265: 5258: 5209: 3235:, Paris, France: Artcurial-Briest-Poulain-F.Tajan, 4 February 2011, p. 94 2488: 2432: 2259:

garnered publicity for the new model, from its prominent film placement, when

938: 931: 6442: 5480: 5358: 5249: 4386: 2446:

for the year 2017/8, and the DS made its first appearance on the lawn at the

2429: 2414: 2370: 2256: 2062: 1800: 1750: 1726: 1696: 1492: 1465: 1225: 1217: 1077: 899: 803: 788: 765: 746: 579: 545: 409: 210: 183: 6136: 6002: 5987: 5937: 5902: 5832: 5827: 5787: 5782: 5767: 5762: 5747: 5737: 5643: 5607: 5394: 5378: 5373: 5351: 5325: 5320: 5270: 4587:"These Are The Reasons Why Citroën Used That Weird One-Spoke Steering Wheel" 4381:(in French). No. 238. Fontainebleau, France: Éditions LVA. p. 55. 2314: 1509:

The hydraulic fluid change in 1967 also fell afoul of American regulations.

1177:

In late 1967, for the 1968 model year, the DS and ID was again restyled, by

1037: 995: 964: 621: 589:

Because they were owned by the technologically aggressive tyre manufacturer

459: 384: 242: 6048: 5922: 5385: 4750:"Gabriel Orozco December 13, 2009 – March 1, 2010 The Museum of Modern Art" 4069: 3246: 2436: 2239: 1861: 1723: 1614: 1442: 1358: 1312: 1178: 1165: 1137: 1002: 912: 853: 849: 672: 467: 428: 424: 145: 3455: 2188: 1294: 1276: 1067: 953:

was a modernised 2CV with a hatchback that competed with the 2CV inspired

6033: 5752: 5696: 5311: 5286: 5204: 4276: 4254: 2145: 2053: 1843: 1719: 1638: 1530: 1484: 1405: 1256: 1240: 934: 924: 904: 652: 594: 440: 354: 217: 4348:"Image: std_1971_Citron_DS_21_Prestige_by_Chapron-3.jpg, (480 × 336 px)" 963:

In 1970, Citroën finally introduced a car to target the mid-range – the

5581: 5231: 2461: 2331: 2260: 2159: 2129:"), and partially reveals configuration of the oleopneumatic suspension 1787:

inches). While the front end remained unchanged, the rear end featured

1534: 1525: 1457: 1233: 1017: 916: 908: 753: 726: 718: 687: 644: 636: 24: 5571: 5043: 3115:"Car History 4U – History of the car tire in Motor Cars / Automobiles" 2340: 2003: 1954:

Two different hydraulic pumps were used. The DS used a seven-cylinder

1809:, a Citroën DS chassis, with a turbocharged 180 hp (130 kW) 593:, Citroën had designed their cars around the technologically superior 413: 64: 5522: 4594: 4255:"Citroen Concours of America's Citroen '66 to '72 DS/ID Buyers Guide" 2321: 2167: 2141: 2126: 2110: 1818: 1788: 1742: 1416: 1208:'Torpedo', Citroën was the first to mass-market adaptive headlights. 1205: 1055: 984: 957: 954: 891: 795: 760:, where sustained speeds on poor surfaces are paramount, and won the 571: 316: 187: 133: 4736:"Cary Grant's Beige Summer Jacket and Citroën in That Touch of Mink" 1329:

premises, to the west of London, using a combination of French-made

1151: 713:

magazine after a poll of 20 world-renowned car designers, including

6038: 5942: 5887: 5842: 5491: 3692:"Why Citroën's steerable headlights were banned from North America" 2585: 2148:. Technical and monetary problems forced this idea to be scrapped. 1959: 1903: 1840: 1642: 1538: 1480: 1453: 1423: 1387: 1283: 1060:

The 1955 DS19 was 65% more expensive than the car it replaced, the

1009: 920: 783:-Cooper team was disqualified due to rule infractions. Ironically, 757: 590: 575: 478: 1364:

The DS was sold in Japan, but the models were built in France and

1021: 2326: 2231: 2074: 1975: 1911: 1488: 1204:

Although a directional headlight was previously seen on the 1948

972: 927:

Michelin had invented, when such experimentation was successful.

722: 701:

competition, and fifth on the 2005 list of "100 Coolest Cars" by

682:

system, which effectively encouraged smaller engines. Unlike the

660: 563: 3371: 1502:

However, the European lamps were legal in Canada, including the

2905: 2137: 2078: 2045: 1852:, which devoted its episode 3.19 ("Super Car") to The Reactor. 1762: 1684: 1461: 1326: 1129:

Citroën DS Convertible – Series 2 (1963–1967) – redesigned nose

792: 787:

was involved with DS competition again two years later, when a

691: 254: 5042: 3893:. The Essential Buyer's Guide. Veloce Publishing. p. 15. 2642: 1902:

sphere of about 12 cm in diameter containing pressurised

5514: 5502: 2235: 1948: 1827:

was seen in American television programs of the era, such as

833:

In conventional cars, hydraulics are only used in brakes and

686:

predecessor, there was no top-of-range model with a powerful

536:

After 18 years of secret development as the successor to the

2125:

Cutaway model shows engine set far back from front wheels ("

1173:

Series 3 – Nose redesign in 1967 with directional headlights

6161: 5867: 5862: 5857: 3800: 3043: 2757:"1955 Citroen DS – The Most Beautiful Car of All Time" 2477: 2473: 2469: 2368:

Citroën DS 21 used in the 2009 American television program

820: 784: 780: 678:

As with all French cars, the DS design was affected by the

5540: 3611:

Toutes les voitures françaises 1962 (Salon Paris Oct 1961)

3021:

Fifty Cars That Changed the World by Design Museum, 2010,

2736:

Toutes les voitures françaises 1975 (Salon Paris Oct 1974)

1839:

episodes 110 ("Funny Feline Felonies") and 111 (driven by

1690: 1318:

Australia constructed their own D variant in the 1960s at

707:. It was also named the most beautiful car of all time by 1707: 639:

roof which lowered the centre of gravity, and so reduced

4049:

Eden, Lorraine; Molot, Maureen Apel (July–August 1996).

3097:"Toronto car enthusiast owns France's topless 'goddess'" 1325:

Until 1965 UK cars were assembled at the manufacturer's

1211: 4704:"Citroen helps De Gaulle survive assassination attempt" 4453:

The Legendary Custom Cars and Hot Rods of Gene Winfield

2814:"Ten Charts That Will Make You Rethink Tesla's Model 3" 1931:(water-air) continues to be preferred overwhelmingly.) 975:

version with more power did not reach full production.

4888:"Citroën s'apprêterait à relancer la production de DS" 4094:"Citroën DS, a Classic Car 20 Years Ahead of its Time" 3351: 3327:"CUAS – UDT 1974 London-Sahara-Münich World Cup Rally" 1433:

buyers expected to find on such a vehicle, such as an

870: 3017: 3015: 1495:

were illegal and had to be removed. It was not until

1266: 540:, the DS 19 was introduced on 6 October 1955, at the 4564:"Cars of Futures Past – Citroen DS – Hemmings Daily" 2320:

1969 Citroën DS 21 Pallas originally owned by actor

1199:

World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations

1197:

Because this feature was not allowed in the US (see

779:

again, with some controversy as the competitive BMC

655:

had been tried on a car as early as 1902 by British

4664: 4662: 4112:"1971 Citröen DS – Video – Jay Leno's Garage – NBC" 2631:

Citroën D-models in Australia, by le docteur Danche

2068: 1706:The Safari saw use as a camera car, notably by the 1164:In September 1962, the DS was restyled with a more 1099: 991:began to seem a little old-fashioned in the 1970s. 5006:1935 Maybach SW 35 design by Jaray, build by Spohn 5001:1935 Maybach SW 35 design by Jaray, build by Spohn 4535:"The hydraulic system of the Citroën DS explained" 4088: 4086: 4051:"Made in America? The US Auto Industry, 1955 – 95" 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3204: 3012: 2396:Flying DS shown during Citroën cars exhibition at 1867: 1592:Citroën DS Cabriolet d'Usine (Factory Convertible) 1239:For the 1967 model year, Citroën introduced a new 1087: 1056:ID 19 submodel to extend brand downwards (1957–69) 666:Furthermore, at launch the DS featured innovative 4006:"Made in South Africa/Vervaarding in Suid-Afrika" 3921:ID 19 "Parisienne", made in Heidelberg, Australia 3744:"Introduction to the 1955–1975 Citroen DS and ID" 3575:Mercedes-Benz Buyer's Guide, Fred Larimer, 2004, 3261: 2751: 2749: 2729: 2727: 2725: 1938: 1533:instead. Brake fluid (as well as LHV and LHS) is 1251:). This fluid was much less harsh on the system. 890:, which had been the world's first mass-produced 802:, 158 km (98 mi) from the finish line. 6440: 4659: 3233:Artcurial Motorcars à Rétromobile (Vente n 1957) 2708:"The first car with disc brakes really was . . " 4528: 4526: 4204:"Would Canada welcome back pioneering Citroen?" 4179:"How Bright Really Right in Today's Headlight?" 4083: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3595: 2988: 2986: 2144:engine of the 2CV, similar to the motor in the 2093:In September 1971 Citroën introduced a 3-speed 1679:In 1965 a luxury upgrade, the DS Pallas (after 1031:The SM's high price and limited utility of the 574:, during the global race for technology of the 4156:"1969 Buick Electra 225 Custom Specifications" 3931: 3929: 3239: 3198: 3196: 2958: 2746: 2722: 1819:already had the engine behind the front wheels 798:crashed into the DS that was leading the 1968 570:It also posited the nation's relevance in the 431:, and braking, thanks to both being the first 5556: 5028: 4608: 2671: 1300:Swedish-spec Citroën DS with headlight wipers 813:The DS was still competitive in the grueling 4764:"1955–1975 Citroën DS – Hemmings Motor News" 4523: 4300: 3886: 3762: 3613:(19). Paris: Histoire & collections: 15. 3107: 2983: 2858: 2775: 2679:"Citroen DS – A car years ahead of its time" 2255:The 1961 Citroën DS 19 Décapotable Usine by 2218:or with the previous DS21M (DJ) five-speed. 2017: 1927:(oil-air), has never gained widespread use. 495: 419:Marketed with a less expensive variant, the 4430:. London: Stationery Office. p. 1792. 4428:The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile 4421: 4419: 4126: 3926: 3193: 2028:The DS was initially offered only with the 1232:, LHS). Both had the disadvantage of being 930:New models based on the small, utilitarian 501: 5563: 5549: 5035: 5021: 4584: 4477:"9 Old School Batman Vehicles That Rocked" 3975: 3973: 3629:. Bonnier Corporation. July 1933. p. 3354:"Sherrard rallies to help in devil appeal" 2705: 2701: 2699: 1216:The original hydropneumatic system used a 840:At a time when few passenger vehicles had 690:engine. Citroën had planned an air-cooled 47: 4778:"2006 Retromobile – Report and Slideshow" 4555: 4370: 4340: 4221: 4048: 3400: 3225: 3133: 3058: 3037: 2936: 2133:The DS was originally designed around an 1307:The DS was primarily manufactured at the 815:1974 London-Sahara-Munich World Cup Rally 612:. The car's advanced hydraulics included 597:since 1948, and the DS was no exception. 450:Italian sculptor and industrial designer 4912: 4614: 4561: 4425: 4416: 4393: 4269: 3650: 3449: 3408:"Citroen DS3: The new version of 'cool'" 3352:Fairfax Regional Media (31 March 2013). 3066:"The New Citroen by Roland Barthes 1957" 2885: 2865: 2742:. Paris: Histoire & collections: 24. 2487: 2442:Citroën was the featured exhibit at the 2187: 2120: 1066: 971:. The intended 79 kW (106 hp) 874: 824: 821:Technical innovation – hydraulic systems 740: 557: 527: 4670:"Citroën DS the birth of the goddess 3" 4641:"la DS à Boite Automatique Borg-Warner" 4402:"Citroën DS - Chapron presidential car" 4227: 4176: 3982:Citroën DS: Revised and updated edition 3979: 3970: 3823: 3821: 3548:(in French). Boitier Rouge. 16 May 2015 3546:"Citroen SM: the fall of "Her Majesty"" 3540: 3538: 3536: 3202: 3174: 3094: 2908:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 2811: 2696: 1995:1972 D Wagon in high suspension setting 1817:driving the front wheels. Since the DS 1691:Station wagon, Familiale, and ambulance 6441: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5067: 4331: 3716: 1371: 1157:Directional headlight detail of a DS21 610:hydropneumatic spring and damper units 361:1,384 kg (3,051 lb) (estate) 359:1,270 kg (2,800 lb)(saloon) 331:4,991 mm (196.5 in) (estate) 329:4,826 mm (190.0 in) (saloon) 5544: 5062: 5016: 4450: 4228:Crovitz, L. Gordon (21 August 2016). 3608: 2906:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 2733: 2483: 2230:survived an assassination attempt at 2221: 1965: 1736: 1422:US-spec 1969 Citroën DS with exposed 454:and the French aeronautical engineer 400: 349:1,537 mm (60.5 in) (estate) 347:1,464 mm (57.6 in) (saloon) 6423: 4997:Maybach SW35 photos for comparison: 4941: 4728: 4585:Torchinsky, Jason (4 January 2022). 4532: 4336:(in German). No. 8. p. 14. 4325: 3827: 3818: 3653:"PH Origins: Directional headlights" 3651:Kingston, Lewis (19 November 2018). 3533: 3433:"The machines that shaped a century" 3141:"A Tale of Two Tires – Businessweek" 2944:"AutoSpeed – The Amazing Citroen DS" 2927: 2783:"The Most Incredible Car Ever Built" 1884: 1833:(episode 54, "Bread and Circuses"), 1544: 1008:. Only fitted with a costly, exotic 604:with L-shaped arms at the front and 443:. The 1967 series 3 also introduced 407:front mid-engined, front-wheel drive 4714: 4247: 4104: 3952:"Road Test – The Latest Citroën DW" 3681:Road Test No. 2056; 3 December 1965 3609:Bellu, René (2001). "Automobilia". 3566:Citroën SM parts and repair manuals 3247:"Les modèles de jantes de DS et ID" 2734:Bellu, René (2005). "Automobilia". 978: 871:Effect on Citroën brand development 458:styled and engineered the car, and 13: 4934: 4862:"Citroen 'goddess' feted in Paris" 4479:. Breakdowncover.org. 3 March 2010 3984:. Veloce Publishing. p. 116. 3936:"Spot check: The Citroen D-Type". 3717:Zetlin, Minda (31 December 2017). 3179:. Dorchester: Veloce. p. 32. 3117:. carhistory4u.com. Archived from 2706:Lentinello, Richard (April 2011). 2649:"1955–1975 Citroen DS 19/20/21/23" 2192:Spare tyre, mounted under the hood 2088: 1799:In 1965, American auto customizer 1267:International sales and production 937:were introduced, such as the 1961 14: 6520: 4964: 4945:Citroën DS: French Design Classic 4399: 4177:Whitely, Peyton (24 April 1992). 3940:. 21 August 1971. pp. 38–40. 3887:Heilig, R.A.; Heilig, P. (2008). 2759:. Motorcities.com. Archived from 2283:Général Charles de Gaulle visits 2181:engine (carried forward from the 2061:parked on a slope) is to use the 1768: 1456:described the sporadic supply of 772:drove a DS19 to victory in 1962. 16:Executive car produced by Citroën 6422: 6413: 6412: 6379:Abu Dhabi Total World Rally Team 5709: 4906: 4880: 4854: 4840: 3450:Sedgwick, Michael (March 1973). 3095:English, Bob (2 November 2012). 2448:Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance 2407: 2389: 2361: 2339: 2313: 2296: 2276: 2155:(models 11B and 11C). It was an 2069:Manual—four-speed and five-speed 2002: 1988: 1974: 1753:. Ordered directly by President 1657: 1631: 1613: 1599: 1585: 1571: 1553: 1415: 1397: 1380: 1350:-made electrics. These were all 1293: 1275: 1224:, LHV), but later switched to a 1150: 1136: 1122: 1108: 1100:Series 2 – Nose redesign in 1962 697:The DS placed third in the 1999 608:at the rear, with totally novel 564:Amsterdam International Autoshow 523: 516:, whereas "ID" is pronounced as 6369:Kronos Citroën World Rally Team 4981:Photos of Gene Winfield's 1965 4917:. Bay View Books. p. 135. 4814: 4792: 4770: 4756: 4742: 4696: 4687: 4633: 4578: 4509: 4491: 4469: 4444: 4291: 4196: 4170: 4148: 4042: 4020: 3998: 3944: 3914: 3880: 3855: 3793: 3736: 3710: 3684: 3670: 3644: 3617: 3586: 3569: 3560: 3515: 3501: 3487: 3473: 3443: 3425: 3382: 3364: 3345: 3319: 3305: 3299:"1968 London – Sydney Marathon" 3291: 3168: 3159: 3088: 3031: 2921: 2833: 2805: 1855: 1230:liquide hydraulique synthétique 1088:D Spécial and D Super (1970–75) 647:, typical of front-engined and 6384:Citroën World Touring Car Team 4894:. Lemonde.fr. 18 November 2011 3523:"Citroen Ami 6 Road Test 1962" 3509:"Citroën Projet F (Projet AP)" 3042:. Dsinasia.com. Archived from 2812:Randall, Tom (21 April 2016). 2636: 2624: 2606: 2597: 2238:on 22 August 1962, planned by 1939:Source and reserve of pressure 1830:Star Trek: The Original Series 1794: 1713: 1390:much larger than DS externally 1047: 898:The DS was a large, expensive 1: 5471: Manufactured in England 4971:Citroën D Series at Citroënët 4499:"The Reactor – Gene Winfield" 4297:Top Gear, series 8, episode 5 4257:. Citroën Concours of America 4230:"Humans: Unsafe at Any Speed" 3315:(in French). Jadevents. 2014. 3207:The Ultimate Classic Car Book 2618: 2574:magazine, USA. November 1956. 2038:Boîte de Vitesses Hydraulique 1889: 1667:Taxi based on 1972 Citroën DS 1606:Chapron non-works convertible 1357:The DS was built and sold in 810:in 1969 and 1970 in a DS 21. 736: 627:In addition, the vehicle had 618:driver adjustable ride-height 462:developed the hydropneumatic 412:manufactured and marketed by 321:3,124 mm (123.0 in) 77:Citroën DS 19 / DS 21 / DS 23 27:marque launched in 2009, see 5479: Only available with a 5046:car timeline, 1950s–1980s — 4993:Internet Movie Cars Database 4533:Vyse, Charles (April 2003). 3452:"The Facel Vega 1954 – 1964" 2900:American Antiquarian Society 2880:American Antiquarian Society 2591: 2168:mid engine front-wheel drive 1522:Food and Drug Administration 852:, frequently compared to a " 339:1,791 mm (70.5 in) 7: 5570: 4824:. Motorbase. Archived from 3481:"Citroën Cocinelle C1 – C8" 2563: 2492:Citroën DS production chart 2421:model at 2005 Paris meeting 2140:based on the design of the 2098:Borg-Warner 35 transmission 1408:, Washington, USA, ca. 1970 1249:liquide hydraulique minéral 1222:liquide hydraulique végétal 1212:New "green" hydraulic fluid 633:semi-automatic transmission 10: 6525: 6479:Front-wheel-drive vehicles 5490: Engine developed by 5463: 5453: 5446: 5434: 5420: 5411: 5409: 5400: 5391: 5389: 5372: 5367: 5343: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5280: 5276: 5264: 5253: 5239: 5235: 5226: 5224: 5208: 4976:Photo of Bossaert DS coupe 4738:. BAMF Style. 9 July 2019. 4724:. American Film Institute. 2930:Sports Car Market Magazine 2928:Sass, Rob (October 2008). 2334:and C-Pillars—dealer added 2116: 2010:left is the parking brake) 1878:Back to the Future Part II 1869:Back to the Future Part II 1665:Back to the Future Part II 1286:with special cooling vents 1084:, was introduced in 1958. 941:. It was also designed by 919:. As Citroën was owned by 602:double wishbone suspension 89:Citroën DW (UK, 1962–1965) 18: 6509:Cars discontinued in 1975 6408: 6392: 6351: 6322: 6271: 6071: 6011: 5725: 5718: 5707: 5672: 5626: 5595: 5588: 5578: 5460: 5451: 5439: 5429: 5422: 5416: 5404: 5398: 5393: 5377: 5362: 5350: 5348: 5338: 5329: 5324: 5306: 5294: 5285: 5278: 5269: 5262: 5257: 5255: 5248: 5244: 5237: 5222: 5217: 5215: 5203: 5057: 4376: 3980:Bobbitt, Malcolm (2016). 3834:. Lulu.com. p. 177. 3203:Willson, Quentin (1995). 3175:Bobbitt, Malcolm (2005). 2582:magazine, USA. June 1958. 2380: 1896:hydropneumatic suspension 1674: 969:Hydropneumatic suspension 861:hydropneumatic suspension 752:The DS was successful in 464:self-levelling suspension 437:hydropneumatic suspension 380: 370: 365: 353: 343: 335: 325: 315: 310: 282: 253: 248: 238: 226: 194: 177: 172: 160: 113: 96: 70: 60: 55: 46: 41: 6364:Citroën World Rally Team 6343:Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën 5511: 5499: 5488: 5477: 5469: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5081: 4822:"Citroen DS Decapotable" 3923:Retrieved 14 August 2012 2966:"Drive: 1960 Citroen DS" 2444:Mullin Automotive Museum 2398:Mullin Automotive Museum 2244:Jean-Marie Bastien-Thiry 1906:, a cylinder containing 1026:Mercedes-Benz SLC (C107) 775:In 1966, the DS won the 710:Classic & Sports Car 620:, developed in-house by 614:automatic self-levelling 488:Classic & Sports Car 447:to a mass-produced car. 402:[si.tʁɔ.ɛnde.ɛs] 6449:Cars introduced in 1955 4913:Reynolds, John (1996). 4615:Reynolds, John (1996). 4426:Georgano, Nick (2000). 4234:The Wall Street Journal 4058:International Executive 1560:DS21 Pallas – distinct 1516:precautionary principle 275:2347 cc I4 (DS 23) 272:2175 cc I4 (DS 21) 269:1985 cc I4 (DS 20) 5513: Manufactured by 5501: Manufactured by 5345:ID / DSpécial / DSuper 4800:"Bonhams Sale Results" 4070:10.1002/tie.5060380406 3828:Vyse, Charles (2016). 2633:Retrieved 27 June 2012 2493: 2464:created a new brand – 2214:DS20 Break/Familiale. 2193: 2130: 1435:automatic transmission 1072: 1062:Citroën Traction Avant 883: 842:independent suspension 830: 800:London–Sydney Marathon 749: 567: 533: 496: 445:directional headlights 375:Citroën Traction Avant 5525:) in Italy and France 4780:. Ultimatecarpage.com 4451:Grant, David (2008). 2710:. Hemmings Motor News 2491: 2249:The Day of the Jackal 2191: 2124: 1900:hydraulic accumulator 1504:directional headlamps 1070: 973:Wankel rotary-engined 945:and aimed to combine 878: 846:self-levelling system 828: 744: 561: 531: 398:French pronunciation: 86:Citroën ID 19 / ID 21 4942:Cole, Lance (2021). 4810:on 13 February 2009. 4412:on 29 December 2016. 3956:Motor Sport Magazine 3390:"1972 Citroen DS 21" 3121:on 23 September 2015 3040:"Citroen DS in Asia" 2355:Museum of Modern Art 1645:behind the wheel of 1320:Heidelberg, Victoria 1016:suitable as a large 1003:luxury grand touring 474:) production plant. 128:Heidelberg, Victoria 6374:Citroën Junior Team 6323:Regional operations 6072:Concepts/prototypes 5692:Jumpy / SpaceTourer 4915:Original Citroën DS 4617:Original Citroën DS 4566:. blog.hemmings.com 3396:. 3 September 2013. 3333:on 29 November 2014 3273:Automobile Magazine 2763:on 8 September 2009 1759:Citroën 15/6 H 1372:DS in North America 1361:from 1959 to 1975. 731:Leonardo Fioravanti 704:Automobile Magazine 4619:. Bay View Books. 4100:on 4 January 2007. 4008:. Citroenet.org.uk 3529:. 9 February 2014. 3269:"100 Coolest Cars" 3101:The Globe and Mail 2494: 2484:Production figures 2349:1993 Sculpture by 2330:—note non-factory 2266:That Touch of Mink 2222:In popular culture 2194: 2131: 1981:Mid-1960s interior 1966:Gearbox and clutch 1875:For the 1989 film 1737:Chapron variations 1497:Ford Motor Company 1313:Javel neighborhood 1309:Quai André-Citroën 1073: 1071:1967 Citroën ID19B 884: 831: 750: 715:Giorgetto Giugiaro 699:Car of the Century 568: 534: 483:Car of the Century 472:Quai André-Citroën 435:car equipped with 106:1,455,746 produced 6436: 6435: 6330:Citroën Argentina 6067: 6066: 5743:Ami 6 / 8 / Super 5705: 5704: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5532: 5050: 4462:978-0-7603-2778-4 4183:The Seattle Times 4158:. conceptcarz.com 4136:. conceptcarz.com 3900:978-1-84584-138-6 3841:978-1-326-52785-3 3750:. 1 November 2007 3376:citroen-ds-id.com 3211:. DK Publishing. 3076:on 16 August 2007 3046:on 3 October 2019 2793:on 21 August 2009 2228:Charles de Gaulle 1956:axial piston pump 1885:Technical details 1789:notchback styling 1755:Charles de Gaulle 1545:Design variations 1520:also used by the 947:Three-box styling 777:Monte Carlo Rally 762:Monte Carlo Rally 745:DS19 at the 1956 668:centerlock wheels 649:front-wheel drive 390: 389: 122:Paris (Vaugirard) 80:Citroën D Special 21:Citroën DS Inside 6516: 6464:Citroën vehicles 6426: 6425: 6416: 6415: 6400:List of vehicles 6334: 5723: 5722: 5713: 5712: 5593: 5592: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5542: 5541: 5526: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5489: 5483: 5478: 5472: 5470: 5335:Large family car 5312:Small family car 5060: 5059: 5048: 5037: 5030: 5023: 5014: 5013: 4959: 4929: 4928: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4868:. 9 October 2005 4858: 4852: 4851: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4828:on 17 April 2010 4818: 4812: 4811: 4806:. Archived from 4796: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4700: 4694: 4693:Bobbitt, p. 131. 4691: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4674:citroenet.org.uk 4666: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4539: 4530: 4521: 4520: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4423: 4414: 4413: 4408:. Archived from 4397: 4391: 4390: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4358:on 15 March 2012 4354:. Archived from 4344: 4338: 4337: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4304: 4298: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4279:. tech-ops.co.uk 4273: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4096:. Archived from 4090: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4055: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3977: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3933: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3825: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3781:. 5 October 1955 3771: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3688: 3682: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3606: 3593: 3590: 3584: 3573: 3567: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3542: 3531: 3530: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3463: 3454:. Archived from 3447: 3441: 3440: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3412:caradvice.com.au 3404: 3398: 3397: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3329:. Archived from 3323: 3317: 3316: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3279:on 30 April 2008 3275:. Archived from 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3210: 3200: 3191: 3190: 3172: 3166: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3072:. Archived from 3062: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3035: 3029: 3019: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2998:Road & Track 2990: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2903: 2897: 2883: 2877: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2789:. Archived from 2779: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2753: 2744: 2743: 2731: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2703: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2655:. Archived from 2647:(17 July 2007). 2643:Auto Editors of 2640: 2634: 2628: 2613: 2610: 2604: 2601: 2579:Road & Track 2571:Road & Track 2411: 2393: 2365: 2343: 2317: 2300: 2285:Isles-sur-Suippe 2280: 2232:Le Petit-Clamart 2100:gearbox, on the 2006: 1992: 1978: 1917:height corrector 1786: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1661: 1635: 1617: 1603: 1589: 1575: 1557: 1439:air conditioning 1419: 1404:DS Citroën near 1401: 1384: 1352:right hand drive 1297: 1279: 1257:bright green dye 1154: 1140: 1126: 1112: 979:Replacing the DS 943:Flaminio Bertoni 766:1000 Lakes Rally 764:in 1959. In the 747:1000 Lakes Rally 542:Paris Motor Show 515: 512: 509: 506: 503: 499: 452:Flaminio Bertoni 404: 399: 355:Curb weight 173:Body and chassis 167:Flaminio Bertoni 138:United Kingdom: 71:Also called 51: 39: 38: 6524: 6523: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6484:Luxury vehicles 6439: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6404: 6388: 6347: 6332: 6318: 6267: 6063: 6007: 5923:Nemo Multispace 5719:Historic models 5714: 5710: 5701: 5668: 5627:SUVs/crossovers 5622: 5584: 5574: 5569: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5510: 5509: 5498: 5497: 5487: 5486: 5476: 5475: 5468: 5467: 5053: 5041: 4967: 4962: 4956: 4937: 4935:Further reading 4932: 4925: 4911: 4907: 4897: 4895: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4871: 4869: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4846: 4845: 4841: 4831: 4829: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4804:www.bonhams.com 4798: 4797: 4793: 4783: 4781: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4748: 4747: 4743: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4678: 4676: 4668: 4667: 4660: 4650: 4648: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4627: 4613: 4609: 4599: 4597: 4583: 4579: 4569: 4567: 4560: 4556: 4546: 4544: 4537: 4531: 4524: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4482: 4480: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4463: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4424: 4417: 4400:Marsh, Julian. 4398: 4394: 4375: 4371: 4361: 4359: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4330: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4312:conceptcarz.com 4306: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4282: 4280: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4260: 4258: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4226: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4202: 4201: 4197: 4187: 4185: 4175: 4171: 4161: 4159: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4092: 4091: 4084: 4074: 4072: 4053: 4047: 4043: 4033: 4031: 4026: 4025: 4021: 4011: 4009: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3992: 3978: 3971: 3961: 3959: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3935: 3934: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3885: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3826: 3819: 3809: 3807: 3801:"FAQ – Orthene" 3799: 3798: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3775:"Citroen DS 19" 3773: 3772: 3763: 3753: 3751: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3727: 3725: 3715: 3711: 3701: 3699: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3675: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3649: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3626:Popular Science 3623: 3622: 3618: 3607: 3596: 3592:Bobbitt, p. 64. 3591: 3587: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3561: 3551: 3549: 3544: 3543: 3534: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3461: 3459: 3448: 3444: 3439:. 4 March 2009. 3431: 3430: 3426: 3416: 3414: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3350: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3282: 3280: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3252: 3250: 3249:. nuancierds.fr 3245: 3244: 3240: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3201: 3194: 3187: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3093: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3049: 3047: 3038:Pierre Jammes. 3036: 3032: 3020: 3013: 3003: 3001: 3000:. November 1956 2992: 2991: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2949: 2947: 2946:. autospeed.com 2942: 2941: 2937: 2926: 2922: 2912: 2910: 2895: 2887:McCusker, J. J. 2875: 2867:McCusker, J. J. 2863: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2824: 2822: 2810: 2806: 2796: 2794: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2755: 2754: 2747: 2732: 2723: 2713: 2711: 2704: 2697: 2687: 2685: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2662: 2660: 2659:on 19 July 2018 2653:How Stuff Works 2641: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2566: 2561: 2486: 2455:Arc de Triomphe 2426: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2422: 2412: 2403: 2402: 2401: 2394: 2383: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2374: 2366: 2358: 2357: 2353:, exhibited at 2344: 2336: 2335: 2318: 2310: 2309: 2303:Flying DS from 2301: 2293: 2292: 2281: 2224: 2119: 2095:fully-automatic 2091: 2089:Fully-automatic 2071: 2050:butterfly valve 2026: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2007: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1968: 1941: 1908:hydraulic fluid 1892: 1887: 1873: 1858: 1811:flat-six engine 1797: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1739: 1716: 1693: 1677: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1662: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1636: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1618: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1558: 1547: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1420: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1402: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1385: 1374: 1366:left hand drive 1305: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1280: 1269: 1214: 1175: 1166:aerodynamically 1162: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1102: 1090: 1058: 1050: 987:, and separate 981: 873: 823: 808:Rallye du Maroc 739: 651:cars. Although 641:weight transfer 526: 513: 510: 507: 504: 433:mass production 397: 360: 348: 330: 302: 297: 292: 278: 222: 196:Body style 156: 152:Koper, Slovenia 140:Slough, England 109: 92: 83:Citroën D Super 37: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6522: 6512: 6511: 6506: 6504:Station wagons 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6474:Executive cars 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6420: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6402: 6396: 6394: 6393:Related topics 6390: 6389: 6387: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6359:Citroën Racing 6355: 6353: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6015: 6013: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5948:Traction Avant 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5729: 5727: 5720: 5716: 5715: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5599: 5597: 5590: 5589:Current models 5586: 5585: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5568: 5567: 5560: 5553: 5545: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5527: 5507: 5495: 5484: 5473: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5410: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5349: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5261: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5079: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5040: 5039: 5032: 5025: 5017: 5011: 5010: 5009: 5008: 5003: 4995: 4986: 4978: 4973: 4966: 4965:External links 4963: 4961: 4960: 4954: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4930: 4923: 4905: 4879: 4853: 4850:. 16 May 2018. 4839: 4813: 4791: 4769: 4755: 4741: 4727: 4713: 4695: 4686: 4658: 4645:Le Nuancier DS 4632: 4625: 4607: 4577: 4562:Hemmings.com. 4554: 4522: 4508: 4490: 4468: 4461: 4455:. Motorbooks. 4443: 4436: 4415: 4392: 4369: 4339: 4334:Oldtimer Markt 4324: 4299: 4290: 4268: 4246: 4220: 4195: 4169: 4147: 4125: 4103: 4082: 4041: 4030:. DSinAsia.com 4019: 3997: 3990: 3969: 3943: 3925: 3913: 3899: 3879: 3863:"L.H.M. Fluid" 3854: 3840: 3817: 3792: 3761: 3735: 3709: 3698:. 25 June 2018 3683: 3669: 3643: 3616: 3594: 3585: 3581:978-0760318119 3568: 3559: 3532: 3514: 3500: 3495:"Citroën C 60" 3486: 3472: 3458:on 11 May 2018 3442: 3424: 3399: 3381: 3363: 3344: 3318: 3304: 3290: 3260: 3238: 3224: 3217: 3192: 3185: 3167: 3158: 3132: 3106: 3087: 3057: 3030: 3027:978-1840915365 3011: 2982: 2970:motortrend.com 2957: 2935: 2920: 2904:1800–present: 2857: 2832: 2819:Bloomberg News 2804: 2774: 2745: 2721: 2695: 2683:retrothing.com 2670: 2645:Consumer Guide 2635: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2614: 2605: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2575: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2485: 2482: 2466:DS Automobiles 2413: 2406: 2405: 2404: 2395: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2385: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2367: 2360: 2359: 2351:Gabriel Orozco 2345: 2338: 2337: 2319: 2312: 2311: 2302: 2295: 2294: 2282: 2275: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2223: 2220: 2203:fuel injection 2183:Traction Avant 2153:Traction Avant 2118: 2115: 2090: 2087: 2070: 2067: 2034:semi-automatic 2025: 2016: 2008: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1980: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1940: 1937: 1929:Hydropneumatic 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1872: 1866: 1857: 1854: 1796: 1793: 1770: 1769:Bossaert coupé 1767: 1738: 1735: 1715: 1712: 1692: 1689: 1676: 1673: 1663: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1637: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1619: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1577: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1559: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1477:US regulations 1447:tax horsepower 1421: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1403: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1386: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1299: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1281: 1274: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1213: 1210: 1174: 1171: 1156: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1128: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1089: 1086: 1057: 1054: 1049: 1046: 1006:market segment 980: 977: 888:Traction Avant 881:Traction Avant 872: 869: 865:Traction Avant 835:power steering 822: 819: 770:Pauli Toivonen 738: 735: 684:Traction Avant 680:tax horsepower 629:power steering 584:Roland Barthes 538:Traction Avant 525: 522: 456:André Lefèbvre 388: 387: 382: 378: 377: 372: 368: 367: 363: 362: 357: 351: 350: 345: 341: 340: 337: 333: 332: 327: 323: 322: 319: 313: 312: 308: 307: 305:semi-automatic 286: 280: 279: 277: 276: 273: 270: 267: 259: 257: 251: 250: 246: 245: 240: 236: 235: 230: 224: 223: 221: 220: 214: 207: 200: 198: 192: 191: 181: 175: 174: 170: 169: 164: 158: 157: 155: 154: 148: 144:South Africa: 142: 136: 130: 124: 117: 115: 111: 110: 108: 107: 104: 100: 98: 94: 93: 91: 90: 87: 84: 81: 78: 74: 72: 68: 67: 62: 58: 57: 53: 52: 44: 43: 35: 29:DS Automobiles 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6521: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6489:Mid-size cars 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6429: 6421: 6419: 6411: 6410: 6407: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6391: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6350: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6338:Citroën Chile 6336: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6321: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6279:C-Elysée WTCC 6277: 6276: 6274: 6270: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6185:GT by Citroën 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6162:DS High Rider 6160: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6122:C-SportLounge 6120: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6010: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5998:Xsara Picasso 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5717: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5625: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5587: 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2542: 2539: 2536: 2534:1967: 101,904 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2490: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2456: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2420: 2416: 2415:Henri Chapron 2410: 2399: 2392: 2373: 2372: 2371:The Mentalist 2364: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2342: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2316: 2308: 2307: 2299: 2290: 2286: 2279: 2270: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2257:Henri Chapron 2253: 2251: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2204: 2200: 2190: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2164: 2161: 2160:four-cylinder 2158: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2128: 2123: 2114: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2066: 2064: 2063:parking brake 2058: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2024: 2020: 2005: 1991: 1977: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1936: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1925:oleopneumatic 1922: 1918: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1882: 1880: 1879: 1870: 1865: 1863: 1853: 1851: 1850: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1802: 1801:Gene Winfield 1792: 1790: 1766: 1765:and Chapron. 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1734: 1730: 1728: 1727:Henri Chapron 1725: 1721: 1711: 1709: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1697:station wagon 1688: 1686: 1685:Pallas Athena 1682: 1666: 1660: 1650: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1624: 1623: 1616: 1602: 1588: 1574: 1563: 1556: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1493:Jaguar E-Type 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1466:Buick Electra 1463: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1443:power windows 1440: 1436: 1425: 1418: 1407: 1400: 1389: 1383: 1369: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1296: 1285: 1278: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1243:-based fluid 1242: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1218:vegetable oil 1209: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1170: 1167: 1153: 1139: 1125: 1111: 1097: 1096: 1085: 1083: 1080:variant, the 1079: 1078:station wagon 1069: 1065: 1063: 1053: 1045: 1041: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1004: 999: 997: 992: 990: 986: 976: 974: 970: 966: 961: 959: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 933: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 901: 900:executive car 896: 893: 889: 882: 877: 868: 866: 862: 857: 855: 851: 847: 843: 838: 836: 827: 818: 816: 811: 809: 805: 804:Robert Neyret 801: 797: 794: 791:in a Mini in 790: 786: 782: 778: 773: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 748: 743: 734: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 711: 706: 705: 700: 695: 693: 689: 685: 681: 676: 674: 669: 664: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 606:trailing-arms 603: 600:The car used 598: 596: 592: 587: 585: 581: 580:Structuralist 577: 573: 565: 560: 556: 552: 549: 547: 546:Tesla Model 3 543: 539: 530: 524:Model history 521: 519: 498: 492: 490: 489: 484: 480: 475: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 448: 446: 442: 439:, as well as 438: 434: 430: 426: 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Retrieved 2657:the original 2652: 2644: 2638: 2626: 2608: 2599: 2577: 2569: 2555:1974: 40,039 2552:1973: 96,990 2549:1972: 92,483 2546:1971: 84,328 2540:1969: 82,218 2537:1968: 81,860 2531:1966: 99,561 2528:1965: 89,314 2525:1964: 85,379 2522:1963: 93,476 2519:1962: 83,035 2516:1961: 77,597 2513:1960: 83,205 2510:1959: 66,931 2507:1958: 52,416 2504:1957: 28,593 2459: 2452: 2441: 2437:hammer price 2427: 2418: 2369: 2346: 2325: 2304: 2264: 2254: 2247: 2240:Algerian War 2225: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2195: 2175:1911 cc 2172: 2165: 2150: 2132: 2105: 2101: 2092: 2072: 2059: 2042: 2037: 2029: 2027: 2022: 2018: 1953: 1945:accumulators 1944: 1942: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1916: 1912:damper valve 1893: 1876: 1874: 1868: 1862:Michelin PLR 1859: 1856:Michelin PLR 1848: 1835: 1828: 1824: 1823: 1804: 1798: 1772: 1740: 1731: 1717: 1705: 1702: 1694: 1678: 1647: 1621: 1524:, where new 1514: 1513:follows the 1508: 1501: 1475: 1471: 1451: 1431: 1363: 1359:South Africa 1356: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1324: 1317: 1306: 1261: 1253: 1248: 1238: 1229: 1221: 1215: 1203: 1196: 1192: 1179:Robert Opron 1176: 1163: 1094: 1091: 1081: 1074: 1059: 1051: 1044:introduced. 1042: 1030: 1000: 993: 982: 962: 929: 913:Ford Cortina 897: 892:unitary body 885: 858: 854:magic carpet 850:ride quality 839: 832: 812: 789:drunk driver 774: 751: 708: 702: 696: 688:six-cylinder 683: 677: 673:motor racing 665: 626: 599: 588: 582:philosopher 569: 562:At the 1963 553: 550: 535: 517: 493: 486: 479:rally racing 476: 468:Robert Opron 449: 444: 425:ride quality 420: 418: 393: 391: 284:Transmission 150:Yugoslavia: 146:Johannesburg 61:Manufacturer 33: 6272:Racing cars 6248:Technospace 6230:Prototype Y 6225:Prototype C 6180:GS Camargue 6171:DS Numero 9 5823:C4 Aircross 5659:C5 Aircross 5639:C3 Aircross 5634:C3 Aircross 5205:Economy car 4898:28 November 4892:Le Monde.fr 4784:28 November 4752:. moma.org. 4708:History.com 4679:1 September 4647:(in French) 4570:1 September 4483:28 November 4379:Rétroviseur 4362:1 September 4317:1 September 4283:1 September 4140:1 September 4118:1 September 3696:Citroënvie! 3657:PistonHeads 3417:1 September 3337:23 November 3151:1 September 3125:1 September 3080:6 September 3050:28 November 2975:6 September 2950:1 September 2913:29 February 2884:1700–1799: 2864:1634–1699: 2850:28 November 2797:6 September 2688:6 September 2501:1956: 9,868 2433:Rétromobile 2201:electronic 2177:three main 2146:Porsche 911 2054:engine idle 2040:) gearbox. 2032:four-speed 2030:Hydraulique 2019:Hydraulique 1844:Eartha Kitt 1825:The Reactor 1806:The Reactor 1795:The Reactor 1720:convertible 1714:Convertible 1648:The Reactor 1639:Eartha Kitt 1622:The Reactor 1535:hygroscopic 1531:brake fluid 1526:innovations 1485:candlepower 1473:of 38,000. 1458:spare parts 1406:Mount Baker 1282:1972 DS in 1241:mineral oil 1234:hygroscopic 1048:Development 935:economy car 925:radial tyre 905:Peugeot 403 879:Two DS and 754:motorsports 653:disc brakes 595:radial tyre 441:disc brakes 371:Predecessor 218:convertible 126:Australia: 6494:Rally cars 6459:1970s cars 6454:1960s cars 6443:Categories 6352:Motorsport 6205:Metropolis 6158:CXperience 6137:C6 Lignage 6132:C3 Lumiere 6099:C-Airdream 6012:Commercial 5818:C4 Picasso 5798:C3 Pluriel 5793:C3 Picasso 5778:C-Triomphe 5685:ë-Berlingo 5582:Stellantis 5232:Off-roader 4989:Citroen DS 4832:20 October 4437:0117023191 4277:"Page 159" 4208:Driving.ca 4064:(4): 513. 3462:26 October 3253:20 October 3177:Citroën DS 2619:References 2476:, and the 2462:Groupe PSA 2430:Christie's 2332:vinyl roof 2261:Cary Grant 2226:President 2142:2-cylinder 2135:air-cooled 2104:and later 2023:Citromatic 1890:Suspension 1724:carrossier 1718:A factory 1487:or (73575 1424:headlights 1331:knock down 1095:D Super 5. 1018:family car 965:Citroën GS 917:innovation 909:Renault 16 737:Motorsport 727:Paul Bracq 719:Ian Callum 657:Lanchester 645:understeer 637:fibreglass 622:Paul Magès 520:('idea'). 491:magazine. 460:Paul Magès 421:Citroën ID 394:Citroën DS 385:Citroën CX 366:Chronology 311:Dimensions 266:(DS/ID 19) 249:Powertrain 243:Citroën SM 132:Portugal: 97:Production 42:Citroën DS 25:Stellantis 23:. For the 6333:(1959–79) 6309:C3 Rally2 6299:Xsara WRC 6167:DS Inside 6117:C-Métisse 6104:C-Airplay 6054:TUB / TUC 6024:Belphégor 5773:C-Crosser 5649:C4 Cactus 5503:Sevel Sud 5250:Supermini 4600:6 January 4595:G/O Media 4503:fotki.com 4406:Citroënët 4387:0992-5007 4261:22 August 4239:22 August 4114:. nbc.com 3070:id-ds.com 2592:Footnotes 2558:1975: 847 2478:DS 5 2474:DS 4 2470:DS 3 2460:In 2009, 2450:in 2018. 2322:Ken Berry 2291:) in 1963 2269:(1962)." 2127:MF layout 2111:Australia 1849:Bewitched 1813:from the 1761:built by 1743:notchback 1481:headlamps 1226:synthetic 1206:Tucker 48 1194:braking. 1187:swivelled 985:gearstick 958:Hatchback 955:Renault 4 796:Australia 572:Space Age 381:Successor 317:Wheelbase 290:automatic 233:MF layout 134:Mangualde 103:1955–1975 6418:Category 6113:C-Cactus 6019:Acadiane 5968:Type B12 5963:Type B10 5943:Synergie 5908:LN / LNA 5903:GS / GSA 5878:E-Méhari 5680:Berlingo 5618:C-Elysée 5505:in Italy 5492:Maserati 5413:Acadiane 5266:LN / LNA 4872:30 April 4866:BBC News 4591:Jalopnik 3962:30 April 3906:31 March 3872:31 March 3847:31 March 3810:31 March 3785:31 March 3754:31 March 3728:15 March 3702:15 March 3662:15 March 3636:15 March 2889:(1992). 2869:(1997). 2714:11 March 2586:Tatra 77 2564:See also 2498:1955: 69 2419:Lorraine 2306:Fantômas 2252:(1973). 2242:veteran 2138:flat-six 2036:(B.V.H.— 1960:camshaft 1904:nitrogen 1841:Catwoman 1803:created 1683:goddess 1643:Catwoman 1562:C Pillar 1539:miscible 1454:Jay Leno 1388:Cadillac 1284:Thailand 1183:headlamp 1082:ID Break 1010:Maserati 921:Michelin 867:15CV-H. 806:won the 758:rallying 591:Michelin 576:Cold War 429:handling 303:4-speed 298:5-speed 293:4-speed 288:3-speed 213:(Safari) 162:Designer 120:France: 114:Assembly 56:Overview 6428:Commons 6294:DS3 WRC 6243:Survolt 6235:REVOLTe 6220:Pluriel 6200:Lacoste 6109:C-Buggy 6094:Ami One 6084:2CV Pop 5958:Type B2 5928:Rosalie 5888:Evasion 5853:DS / ID 5813:C4 / C6 5572:Citroën 5461:Legend 5051: » 5044:Citroën 4991:at the 4983:Reactor 4651:18 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