416:
pedal is depressed. A return spring keeps the diaphragm in the starting position until the brake pedal is applied. When the brake pedal is applied, the movement opens an air valve which lets in atmospheric pressure air to one chamber of the booster. Since the pressure becomes higher in one chamber, the diaphragm moves toward the lower pressure chamber with a force created by the area of the diaphragm and the differential pressure. This force, in addition to the driver's foot force, pushes on the master cylinder piston. A relatively small diameter booster unit is required; for a very conservative 50% manifold vacuum, an assisting force of about 1500 N is produced by a 20 cm diaphragm with an area of 0.03 square meters. The diaphragm will stop moving when the forces on both sides of the chamber reach equilibrium. This can be caused by either the air valve closing (due to the pedal apply stopping) or if "run out" is reached. Run out occurs when the pressure in one chamber reaches atmospheric pressure and no additional force can be generated by the now stagnant differential pressure. After the run out point is reached, only the driver's foot force can be used to further apply the master cylinder piston.
496:) causing the formation of deposits which can clog the brake lines and reservoir. It is almost impossible to completely seal any brake system from exposure to water, which means that regular changing out of brake fluid is necessary to ensure that the system is not becoming overfilled with the deposits caused by reactions with water. Light oils are sometimes used as hydraulic fluids specifically because they do not react with water: oil displaces water, protects plastic parts against corrosion, and can tolerate much higher temperatures before vaporizing, but has other drawbacks vs. traditional hydraulic fluids. Silicone fluids are a more expensive option.
503:" is a condition caused by overheating in which braking effectiveness reduces, and may be lost. It may occur for many reasons. The pads which engage the rotating part may become overheated and "glaze over", becoming so smooth and hard that they cannot grip sufficiently to slow the vehicle. Also, vaporization of the hydraulic fluid under temperature extremes or thermal distortion may cause the linings to change their shape and engage less surface area of the rotating part. Thermal distortion may also cause permanent changes in the shape of the metal components, resulting in a reduction in braking capability that requires replacement of the affected parts.
71:
Herbert Weight improved the patent (GB190921122A) and both were assigned to the Weight Patent
Automobile Brake Ltd. of 23 Bridge Street, Bristol when it was established in 1909/10. The company, which had a factory at Luckwell Lane, Bristol, installed a four-wheel hydraulic braking system on a Metallurgique chassis, fitted with a Hill and Boll body, which was exhibited at the November 1910 London Motor Show. Although more cars had the brake system installed and the company advertised heavily, it disappeared without achieving the success it deserved.
225:
1785:
31:
420:
pressure. The pressure differential valve has two chambers (to which the hydraulic lines attach) with a piston between them. When the pressure in either line is balanced, the piston does not move. If the pressure on one side is lost, the pressure from the other side moves the piston. When the piston makes contact with a simple electrical probe in the center of the unit, a circuit is completed, and the operator is warned of a failure in the brake system.
1775:
596:
75:
239:
310:. The spinning disc brake will be adjacent to the piston with the larger cross-section. Suppose the diameter of the master cylinder is half the diameter of the slave cylinder, so the master cylinder has a cross-section four times smaller. Now, if the piston in the master cylinder is pushed down 40 mm, the slave piston will move 10 mm. If 10
593:
485:, where a valve is opened and air flows into the lines and brake chambers until the pressure rises sufficiently, hydraulic systems rely on a single stroke of a piston to force fluid through the system. If any vapor is introduced into the system it will compress, and the pressure may not rise sufficiently to actuate the brakes.
306:, the cylinders could be connected via tubes, with a piston inside the cylinders. The cylinders and tubes are filled with an incompressible liquid. The two cylinders have the same volume, but different diameters, and thus different cross-section areas. The cylinder that the operator uses is called the
437:
system but with hydraulic fluid as the working medium rather than air. However, on an air brake air is vented from the system when the brakes are released and the reserve of compressed air must be replenished. On a power hydraulic brake system fluid at low pressure is returned from the brake units at
432:
The term 'power hydraulic brakes' can also refer to systems operating on very different principles where an engine-driven pump maintains continual hydraulic pressure in a central accumulator. The driver's brake pedal simply controls a valve to bleed pressure into the brake units at the wheels, rather
428:
and, ultimately, brake failure. A common upgrade is to replace the standard rubber hoses with a set which are externally reinforced with braided stainless-steel wires. The braided wires have negligible expansion under pressure and can give a firmer feel to the brake pedal with less pedal travel for a
415:
across the center, creating two chambers. When attached to the low-pressure portion of the throttle body or intake manifold of the engine, the pressure in both chambers of the unit is lowered. The equilibrium created by the low pressure in both chambers keeps the diaphragm from moving until the brake
367:), remains intact to stop the mechanically damaged vehicle. By the 1970s, diagonally split systems had become common among automobiles sold in the United States. This system was developed with front-wheel-drive cars' suspension design to maintain better control and stability during a system failure.
362:
automobiles in the 1967 production year. The right front and left rear are served by one actuating piston while the left front and the right rear are served, exclusively, by a second actuating piston (both pistons pressurize their respective coupled lines from a single foot pedal). If either circuit
321:
connected between the master piston, a pedal, and a pivot point. If the distance from the pedal to the pivot is three times the distance from the pivot to the connected piston, then it multiplies the pedal force by a factor of 3, when pushing down on the pedal, so that 10 N becomes 30 N on
293:
The hydraulic braking system is designed as a closed system: unless there is a leak in the system, none of the brake fluid enters or leaves it, nor does the fluid get consumed through use. Leakage may happen, however, from cracks in the O-rings or from a puncture in the brake line. Cracks can form
289:
Subsequent release of the brake pedal/lever allows the spring(s) in the master cylinder assembly to return the master piston(s) back into position. This action first relieves the hydraulic pressure on the caliper, then applies suction to the brake piston in the caliper assembly, moving it back into
423:
From the pressure differential valve, brake tubing carries the pressure to the brake units at the wheels. Since the wheels do not maintain a fixed relation to the automobile, it is necessary to use hydraulic brake hose from the end of the steel line at the vehicle frame to the caliper at the wheel.
254:
In a hydraulic brake system, when the brake pedal is pressed, a pushrod exerts force on the piston(s) in the master cylinder, causing fluid from the brake fluid reservoir to flow into a pressure chamber through a compensating port. This results in an increase in the pressure of the entire hydraulic
209:
At one time, passenger vehicles commonly employed drum brakes on all four wheels. Later, disc brakes were used for the front and drum brakes for the rear. However disc brakes have shown better heat dissipation and greater resistance to 'fading' and are therefore generally safer than drum brakes. So
382:
The diameter and length of the master cylinder has a significant effect on the performance of the brake system. A larger diameter master cylinder delivers more hydraulic fluid to the caliper pistons, yet requires more brake pedal force and less brake pedal stroke to achieve a given deceleration. A
244:
240:
351:
A front/rear split system uses one master cylinder section to pressurize the front caliper pistons and the other section to pressurize the rear caliper pistons. A split circuit braking system is now required by law in most countries for safety reasons; if one circuit fails, the other circuit can
70:
In 1908, Ernest Walter Weight of
Bristol, England devised and fitted a four-wheel hydraulic (oil) braking system to a motor car. He patented it in Great Britain (GB190800241A) in December 1908, later in Europe and the USA and then exhibited it at the 1909 London Motor Show. His brother, William
419:
The fluid pressure from the master cylinder travels through a pair of steel brake tubes to a pressure differential valve, sometimes referred to as a "brake failure valve", which performs two functions: it equalizes pressure between the two systems, and it provides a warning if one system loses
66:
During 1904, Frederick George Heath, Redditch, England devised and fitted a hydraulic (water/glycerine) brake system to a cycle using a handlebar lever and piston. He obtained patent GB190403651A for “Improvements in hydraulic actuated brakes for cycles and motors”, as well as subsequently for
241:
410:
is used in most modern hydraulic brake systems which contain four wheels, the vacuum booster is attached between the master cylinder and the brake pedal and multiplies the braking force applied by the driver. These units consist of a hollow housing with a movable rubber
243:
386:
A master cylinder may also use differing diameters between the two sections to allow for increased fluid volume to one set of caliper pistons or the other and is called a "quick take-up" M/C. These are used with "low drag" front calipers to increase fuel economy.
322:
the master piston and 120 N on the brake pad. Conversely, the pedal must move three times as far as the master piston. If the pedal is pushed down 120 mm, the master piston will move 40 mm and the slave piston will move the brake pad by 10 mm.
454:
also used fully powered hydraulic brakes rather than conventional automotive brake systems. Most large aircraft also use power hydraulic wheel brakes, due to the immense amounts of braking force they can provide; the wheel brakes are linked to one or more of
438:
the wheels to the engine-driven pump as the brakes are released, so the central pressure accumulator is almost instantly re-pressurised. This makes the power hydraulic system highly suitable for vehicles that must frequently stop and start (such as
378:
140 series from MY 1967, where the front disc brakes have a four-cylinder arrangement, and both circuits act on each front wheel and on one of the rear wheels. The arrangement was kept through subsequent model series 200 and 700.
339:
Standard 105, 1976; requires that the master cylinder be divided internally into two sections, each of which pressurizes a separate hydraulic circuit. Each section supplies pressure to one circuit. The combination is known as a
127:
The technology was carried forward in automotive use and eventually led to the introduction of the self-energizing hydraulic drum brake system (Edward Bishop
Boughton, London England, June 28, 1927) which is still in use today.
262:
to be generated, slowing the vehicle. Heat generated by this friction is either dissipated through vents and channels in the rotor or is conducted through the pads, which are made of specialized heat-tolerant materials such as
488:
Hydraulic braking systems are sometimes subjected to high temperatures during operation, such as when descending steep grades. For this reason, hydraulic fluid must resist vaporization at high temperatures.
210:
four-wheel disc brakes have become increasingly popular, replacing drums on all but the most basic vehicles. Many two-wheel vehicle designs, however, continue to employ a drum brake for the rear wheel.
242:
394:
may be used to reduce the pressure to the rear brakes under heavy braking. This limits the rear braking to reduce the chances of locking up the rear brakes, and greatly lessens the chances of a spin.
255:
system, forcing fluid through the hydraulic lines toward one or more calipers where it acts upon one or more caliper pistons sealed by one or more seated O-rings (which prevent leakage of the fluid).
492:
Water vaporizes easily with heat and can corrode the metal parts of the system. Water which enters brake lines, even in small amounts, will react with most common brake fluids (i.e., those which are
456:
258:
The brake caliper pistons then apply force to the brake pads, pushing them against the spinning rotor, and the friction between the pads and the rotor causes a braking
442:
in cities). The continually circulating fluid also removes problems with freezing parts and collected water vapour that can afflict air systems in cold climates. The
1993:
631:
1074:
1057:
1040:
1023:
1006:
989:
972:
955:
938:
921:
904:
887:
870:
853:
836:
1125:
1108:
1091:
294:
if two types of brake fluid are mixed or if the brake fluid becomes contaminated with water, alcohol, antifreeze, or any number of other liquids.
232:
645:
302:
Hydraulic brakes transfer energy to stop an object, normally a rotating axle. In a very simple brake system, with just two cylinders and a
286:
against the inside of the spinning drum. The brake shoes use a similar heat-tolerant friction material to the pads used in disc brakes.
1988:
136:
The most common arrangement of hydraulic brakes for passenger vehicles, motorcycles, scooters, and mopeds, consists of the following:
1821:
820:
Allan and
Malcolm Loughead (Lockheed) Their Early Lives in the Santa Cruz Mountains including the invention of the hydraulic brake.
686:
2093:
1957:
670:
336:
1388:
1159:
1504:
433:
than actually creating the pressure in a master cylinder by depressing a piston. This form of brake is analogous to an
1345:
814:
363:
fails, the other, with at least one front wheel braking (the front brakes provide most of the braking force, due to
1514:
348:(the master cylinder in a motorcycle or scooter may only pressurize a single unit, which will be the front brake).
17:
786:
1952:
1461:
1350:
96:) invented hydraulic brakes, which he patented in 1917. "Lockheed" is a common term for brake fluid in France.
2069:
1539:
412:
2098:
1814:
1614:
1228:
1218:
770:
1451:
1355:
1070:
1053:
1036:
1019:
1002:
985:
968:
951:
934:
917:
900:
883:
866:
849:
832:
314:(N) of force are applied to the master piston, the slave piston will press with a force of 40 N.
1983:
1750:
1639:
1579:
1544:
1233:
1223:
1121:
1104:
1087:
451:
1132:
Improvements in control gear for hydraulically operated devices and particularly brakes for vehicles
2024:
1529:
1381:
1213:
1152:
518:
513:
482:
434:
1998:
1807:
1499:
1471:
1304:
117:
78:
1844:
1489:
1479:
1324:
1289:
213:
The following description uses the terminology for / and configuration of a simple disc brake.
2059:
1864:
1269:
1248:
1197:
660:
523:
460:
446:
bus is a well-known application of power hydraulic brakes and the successive generations of
2039:
1906:
1584:
1519:
103:
93:
8:
2003:
1899:
1879:
1609:
1589:
1374:
1264:
1145:
391:
344:. Passenger vehicles typically have either a front/rear split brake system or a diagonal
178:
usually consisting of one or two hollow aluminum or chrome-plated steel pistons (called
1946:
1937:
1859:
1849:
1755:
1660:
1294:
1284:
694:
121:
111:
1889:
1884:
1774:
1549:
1484:
1436:
1418:
1279:
1238:
810:
666:
553:
548:
55:
1624:
1431:
583:
Automobile
Engineering, Vol. II., p. 183. American Technical Society, Chicago, 1919
558:
538:
89:
741:"CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Propylene glycol monomethyl ether"
2008:
1874:
1854:
1644:
1574:
1309:
1299:
1242:
1187:
600:
478:
443:
364:
359:
307:
154:
99:
175:
58:, to transfer pressure from the controlling mechanism to the braking mechanism.
2049:
1745:
1559:
1554:
1445:
1441:
1329:
1314:
528:
472:
279:
268:
224:
34:
A schematic illustrating the major components of a hydraulic disc brake system.
30:
740:
715:
603:
U.S. Patent no. 1,249,143 (filed: 1917 January 22; issued: 1917 December 4).
2087:
2029:
1869:
1830:
1788:
1727:
1712:
1692:
1619:
1456:
1426:
1319:
819:
563:
533:
463:
to allow the aircraft to be braked even in the event of a hydraulic failure.
425:
311:
203:
187:
161:
assembly (made up of either one or two pistons, a return spring, a series of
1978:
1942:
1921:
1697:
1634:
1604:
1599:
407:
82:
51:
1916:
1911:
1778:
1702:
1675:
1670:
1534:
1524:
1192:
613:
493:
283:
140:
47:
2064:
2044:
1894:
1760:
1722:
1564:
1397:
1182:
1168:
543:
500:
475:
and reservoir tanks. Hydraulic systems are smaller and less expensive.
303:
275:
195:
107:
632:"Stopping Power Put Duesenbergs Forever in Industry's Winner's Circle"
1973:
1717:
1707:
1629:
1594:
790:
183:
1509:
1799:
447:
166:
162:
913:. Johnson Wade C, Trishman Harry A, Stratton Edgar H. 1949-04-12
716:"CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Ethylene glycol"
233:
U.S. Army training film: Hydraulic Brake
Operations (circa 1983)
1680:
1494:
264:
259:
158:
860:
Device for adjusting the return travel of fluid actuated means
290:
its housing and allowing the brake pads to release the rotor.
106:
hydraulic brakes on his 1914 racing cars and his car company,
2034:
1665:
1569:
1366:
1137:
375:
318:
74:
43:
1687:
662:
Modern Diesel
Technology: Brakes, Suspension & Steering
383:
smaller diameter master cylinder has the opposite effect.
1408:
439:
297:
1994:
Electro-pneumatic brake system on
British railway trains
687:"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and Regulations"
616:(January 1988), "10 Best Engineering Breakthroughs",
1115:
Improvements in wheel cylinders for hydraulic brakes
331:(For typical light duty automotive braking systems)
317:This force can be further increased by inserting a
206:based brake fluid (other fluids may also be used).
1098:Antriebsvorrichtung mit hydraulischem Gestaenge...
2085:
1015:. Poage Robert A. and Poage Marlin Z. 1937-06-15
92:(who later changed the spelling of his name to
1815:
1382:
1153:
110:, was the first to use the technology on the
658:
424:Allowing steel brake tubing to flex invites
1100:. Borgwar Carl Friedrich Wilhelm 1940-09-06
606:
1989:Electronically controlled pneumatic brakes
1984:Diesel electric locomotive dynamic braking
1822:
1808:
1389:
1375:
1160:
1146:
652:
124:with hydraulic brakes, beginning in 1915.
67:improved flexible rubber hydraulic pipes.
807:Automotive Technology: A Systems Approach
471:Air brake systems are bulky, and require
466:
73:
29:
843:Disc brakes for road and other vehicles
789:. Integrated Publishing. Archived from
14:
2086:
1049:. Buus Niels Peter Valdemar 1934-05-15
620:, vol. 33, no. 7, p. 61
325:
298:An example of a hydraulic brake system
1958:Westinghouse Brake and Signal Company
1803:
1370:
1141:
612:
457:the aircraft's main hydraulic systems
120:of Springfield, MA was equipping its
1032:. Avery William Leicester 1936-02-21
768:
202:The system is usually filled with a
81:used hydraulic brakes in 1915, in a
1083:. Boughton Edward Bishop 1929-07-16
216:
24:
1829:
1505:Continuously variable transmission
1117:. Hall Frederick Harold 1932-07-28
877:Hydraulic brake automatic adjuster
25:
2110:
1134:. Rubury John Meredith 1932-01-06
762:
481:must be non-compressible. Unlike
182:), a set of thermally conductive
1784:
1783:
1773:
928:Fluid pressure control mechanism
665:. Cengage Learning. p. 97.
659:Sean Bennett (3 November 2006).
237:
223:
27:Arrangement of braking mechanism
1013:V-type brake for motor vehicles
397:
131:
2070:Railroad Safety Appliance Act
1953:Westinghouse Air Brake Company
1396:
1167:
769:Nice, Karim (16 August 2000).
733:
708:
679:
638:
624:
586:
577:
13:
1:
1540:Automated manual transmission
1066:. Norton Raymond J 1934-04-10
981:. Forbes Joseph A. 1944-12-26
964:. Lambert Homer T. 1945-05-15
947:. Lambert Homer T. 1946-08-06
570:
2094:Vehicle braking technologies
7:
1615:Semi-automatic transmission
809:, Delmar Cengage Learning.
506:
10:
2115:
1452:Internal combustion engine
825:
459:, with the addition of an
172:Reinforced hydraulic lines
146:A pushrod (also called an
61:
2017:
1966:
1930:
1837:
1769:
1751:Hybrid vehicle drivetrain
1738:
1653:
1640:Transmission control unit
1580:Limited-slip differential
1545:Electrorheological clutch
1470:
1417:
1404:
1338:
1257:
1234:Hydrological optimization
1224:Groundwater flow equation
1206:
1175:
1081:Brake for use on vehicles
452:hydropneumatic suspension
335:In a four-wheel car, the
1530:Dual-clutch transmission
519:Anti-lock braking system
514:Air brake (road vehicle)
352:still stop the vehicle.
155:master cylinder assembly
1999:Emergency brake (train)
1500:Constant-velocity joint
1229:Hazen–Williams equation
1219:Darcy–Weisbach equation
372:triangular split system
358:were used initially on
282:and presses one or two
50:, typically containing
1845:Counter-pressure brake
1480:Automatic transmission
805:Erjavec, Jack (2004).
467:Special considerations
429:given braking effort.
374:was introduced on the
356:Diagonal split systems
342:tandem master cylinder
176:Brake caliper assembly
169:and a fluid reservoir)
86:
35:
1865:Electromagnetic brake
1249:Pipe network analysis
1214:Bernoulli's principle
1198:Hydraulic engineering
524:Bicycle brake systems
278:, the fluid enters a
77:
46:mechanism which uses
42:is an arrangement of
33:
1585:Locking differential
1520:Direct-shift gearbox
998:. La Brie 1938-12-20
845:. Kinchin 1956-05-22
594:"Braking apparatus,"
592:Loughhead, Malcolm,
274:Alternatively, in a
198:attached to an axle.
104:Lockheed Corporation
2099:American inventions
1979:Diesel brake tender
1610:Preselector gearbox
1590:Manual transmission
962:Multiple disk brake
896:. Bryant 1949-10-08
879:. Martin 1951-03-13
862:. Dubois 1952-04-08
634:. 13 December 2005.
392:proportioning valve
326:Component specifics
118:Knox Motors Company
2060:Pearson's Coupling
1947:New York Air Brake
1938:Faiveley Transport
1907:Regenerative brake
1900:Railway disc brake
1860:Eddy current brake
1850:Countersteam brake
1756:Electric generator
1661:Wheel hub assembly
930:. Fitch 1947-02-12
787:"Hydraulic Brakes"
599:2020-07-23 at the
346:split brake system
112:Duesenberg Model A
87:
36:
2081:
2080:
2040:Dead man's switch
1890:Railway air brake
1885:Kunze-Knorr brake
1797:
1796:
1550:Epicyclic gearing
1419:Automotive engine
1364:
1363:
1239:Open-channel flow
911:Single disk brake
773:. How Stuff Works
771:"How Brakes Work"
672:978-1-4180-1372-1
554:Railway air brake
549:Hydraulic circuit
245:
56:diethylene glycol
16:(Redirected from
2106:
2073:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1787:
1786:
1777:
1654:Wheels and tires
1625:Torque converter
1391:
1384:
1377:
1368:
1367:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1139:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1010:
1009:
1005:
993:
992:
988:
976:
975:
971:
959:
958:
954:
942:
941:
937:
925:
924:
920:
908:
907:
903:
891:
890:
886:
874:
873:
869:
857:
856:
852:
840:
839:
835:
802:
800:
798:
793:on 30 March 2010
782:
780:
778:
756:
755:
753:
751:
737:
731:
730:
728:
726:
712:
706:
705:
703:
702:
693:. Archived from
683:
677:
676:
656:
650:
649:
642:
636:
635:
628:
622:
621:
610:
604:
590:
584:
581:
559:Torque converter
539:Fuse (hydraulic)
247:
246:
227:
217:System operation
90:Malcolm Loughead
21:
18:Hydraulic brakes
2114:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:(United States)
2071:
2055:Hydraulic brake
2013:
2009:Dowty retarders
1962:
1926:
1875:Heberlein brake
1833:
1828:
1798:
1793:
1765:
1734:
1649:
1645:Universal joint
1575:Hotchkiss drive
1466:
1413:
1400:
1395:
1365:
1360:
1339:Public networks
1334:
1253:
1243:Manning formula
1202:
1188:Hydraulic fluid
1171:
1166:
1126:
1120:
1109:
1103:
1092:
1086:
1075:
1069:
1058:
1052:
1041:
1035:
1024:
1018:
1007:
1001:
990:
984:
973:
967:
956:
950:
939:
933:
922:
916:
905:
899:
894:Brake apparatus
888:
882:
871:
865:
854:
848:
837:
831:
828:
796:
794:
785:
776:
774:
765:
760:
759:
749:
747:
739:
738:
734:
724:
722:
714:
713:
709:
700:
698:
685:
684:
680:
673:
657:
653:
644:
643:
639:
630:
629:
625:
611:
607:
601:Wayback Machine
591:
587:
582:
578:
573:
568:
509:
479:Hydraulic fluid
473:air compressors
469:
444:AEC Routemaster
400:
365:weight transfer
360:American Motors
328:
308:master cylinder
300:
252:
251:
250:
249:
248:
238:
235:
228:
219:
190:(also called a
180:caliper pistons
134:
100:Fred Duesenberg
79:Knox Motors Co.
64:
40:hydraulic brake
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2112:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2050:Engine braking
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2018:Related topics
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1831:Railway brakes
1827:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1781:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1746:Electric motor
1742:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1560:Friction drive
1557:
1555:Fluid coupling
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1446:Plug-in hybrid
1439:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1371:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1118:
1101:
1084:
1067:
1050:
1047:Friction Brake
1033:
1016:
999:
982:
965:
948:
931:
914:
897:
880:
863:
846:
827:
824:
823:
822:
817:
803:
783:
764:
763:External links
761:
758:
757:
732:
707:
678:
671:
651:
637:
623:
618:Car and Driver
605:
585:
575:
574:
572:
569:
567:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
529:Brake bleeding
526:
521:
516:
510:
508:
505:
468:
465:
404:vacuum booster
399:
396:
327:
324:
299:
296:
280:wheel cylinder
269:sintered glass
236:
231:
230:
229:
222:
221:
220:
218:
215:
200:
199:
173:
170:
151:
144:
133:
130:
63:
60:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2111:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:Bicycle brake
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:Other aspects
1965:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:Manufacturers
1929:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1870:Exhaust brake
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1855:Dynamic brake
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1790:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1620:Shift-by-wire
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1457:Petrol engine
1455:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1427:Diesel engine
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1305:Power network
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1133:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1004:
1000:
997:
987:
983:
980:
970:
966:
963:
953:
949:
946:
936:
932:
929:
919:
915:
912:
902:
898:
895:
885:
881:
878:
868:
864:
861:
851:
847:
844:
834:
830:
829:
821:
818:
816:
815:1-4018-4831-1
812:
808:
804:
792:
788:
784:
772:
767:
766:
746:
742:
736:
721:
717:
711:
697:on 2014-05-29
696:
692:
691:www.nhtsa.gov
688:
682:
674:
668:
664:
663:
655:
647:
641:
633:
627:
619:
615:
609:
602:
598:
595:
589:
580:
576:
565:
564:Vehicle brake
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
534:Brake-by-wire
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
504:
502:
497:
495:
490:
486:
484:
480:
476:
474:
464:
462:
458:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
430:
427:
426:metal fatigue
421:
417:
414:
409:
405:
395:
393:
388:
384:
380:
377:
373:
368:
366:
361:
357:
353:
349:
347:
343:
338:
333:
332:
323:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
295:
291:
287:
285:
281:
277:
272:
270:
266:
261:
256:
234:
226:
214:
211:
207:
205:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
171:
168:
164:
160:
157:containing a
156:
152:
149:
148:actuating rod
145:
142:
139:
138:
137:
129:
125:
123:
119:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
95:
91:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
59:
57:
53:
52:glycol ethers
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
2054:
1943:Knorr-Bremse
1922:Vacuum brake
1698:Racing slick
1635:Transfer box
1605:Park-by-wire
1600:Parking pawl
1515:Differential
1490:Direct-drive
1472:Transmission
1462:Steam engine
1407:Part of the
1406:
1325:Rescue tools
1290:Drive system
1274:
1258:Technologies
1131:
1114:
1097:
1080:
1063:
1046:
1029:
1012:
995:
978:
961:
944:
927:
910:
893:
876:
859:
842:
806:
795:. Retrieved
791:the original
775:. Retrieved
748:. Retrieved
744:
735:
723:. Retrieved
719:
710:
699:. Retrieved
695:the original
690:
681:
661:
654:
640:
626:
617:
614:Csere, Csaba
608:
588:
579:
498:
491:
487:
477:
470:
431:
422:
418:
408:vacuum servo
403:
401:
398:Power brakes
389:
385:
381:
371:
369:
355:
354:
350:
345:
341:
334:
330:
329:
316:
301:
292:
288:
273:
257:
253:
212:
208:
204:glycol-ether
201:
191:
179:
147:
135:
132:Construction
126:
116:
98:
88:
83:Tractor unit
69:
65:
39:
37:
1917:Track brake
1912:Steam brake
1676:Alloy wheel
1535:Drive wheel
1525:Drive shaft
1485:Chain drive
1270:Accumulator
1193:Fluid power
745:www.cdc.gov
720:www.cdc.gov
646:"Motor Age"
494:hygroscopic
461:accumulator
284:brake shoes
141:Brake pedal
48:brake fluid
2088:Categories
2065:Pneumatics
2045:Drum brake
1895:Disc brake
1880:Hand brake
1761:Alternator
1409:Automobile
1398:Powertrain
1356:Manchester
1183:Hydraulics
1169:Hydraulics
1071:US 1721370
1054:US 1954534
1037:US 1959049
1020:US 2028488
1003:US 2084216
986:US 2140752
969:US 2366093
952:US 2375855
945:Disk brake
935:US 2405219
918:US 2416091
901:US 2466990
884:US 2485032
867:US 2544849
850:US 2591793
833:US 2746575
701:2016-10-01
571:References
544:Hydraulics
501:Brake fade
483:air brakes
450:cars with
304:disc brake
276:drum brake
192:brake disc
184:brake pads
108:Duesenberg
2025:Air brake
1974:Brake van
1630:Transaxle
1595:Manumatic
1565:Gearshift
1437:Fuel cell
1346:Liverpool
1265:Machinery
1122:GB 365069
1105:GB 377478
1088:DE 695921
435:air brake
413:diaphragm
114:in 1921.
2004:Retarder
1789:Category
1728:Tubeless
1713:Run-flat
1693:Off-road
1510:Coupling
1432:Electric
1295:Manifold
1285:Cylinder
1207:Modeling
1176:Concepts
750:11 April
725:11 April
597:Archived
507:See also
143:or lever
122:tractors
94:Lockheed
1280:Circuit
826:Patents
797:18 June
777:18 June
648:. 1915.
448:Citroen
312:newtons
167:O-rings
163:gaskets
62:History
44:braking
1779:Portal
1739:Hybrid
1703:Radial
1681:Hubcap
1495:Clutch
1442:Hybrid
1411:series
1351:London
1127:
1110:
1093:
1076:
1059:
1042:
1025:
1008:
991:
974:
957:
940:
923:
906:
889:
872:
855:
838:
813:
669:
265:kevlar
260:torque
186:and a
159:piston
2035:Brake
1838:Types
1723:Spare
1666:Wheel
1570:Giubo
1310:Press
1300:Motor
1275:Brake
1130:
1113:
1096:
1079:
1064:Brake
1062:
1045:
1030:Brake
1028:
1011:
996:Brake
994:
979:Brake
977:
960:
943:
926:
909:
892:
875:
858:
841:
440:buses
376:Volvo
337:FMVSS
319:lever
194:) or
188:rotor
102:used
1718:Snow
1708:Rain
1688:Tire
1330:Seal
1315:Pump
811:ISBN
799:2010
779:2010
752:2018
727:2018
667:ISBN
402:The
196:drum
1671:Rim
1320:Ram
406:or
267:or
54:or
2090::
743:.
718:.
689:.
390:A
370:A
271:.
165:/
153:A
38:A
1949:)
1945:(
1823:e
1816:t
1809:v
1448:)
1444:(
1390:e
1383:t
1376:v
1245:)
1241:(
1161:e
1154:t
1147:v
801:.
781:.
754:.
729:.
704:.
675:.
499:"
150:)
85:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
