184:. There is a wide range of cases and severity to ASD so it is very hard to detect the first signs of ASD. A diagnosis of ASD can be made accurately before the child is 3 years old, but the diagnosis of ASD is not commonly confirmed until the child is somewhat older. The age of diagnosis can range from 9 months to 14 years, and the mean age is 4 years old in the USA. On average each case of ASD is tested at three different diagnostic centers before confirmed. Early diagnosis of the disorder can diminish familial stress, speed up referral to special educational programs and influence family planning. The occurrence of ASD in one child can increase the risk of the next child having ASD by 50 to 100 times.
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cerebellum too, which affect the motor and communication skills. Sometimes the left lobe of the brain is affected and this causes neuropsychological symptoms. The distribution of white matter, the nerve fibers that link diverse parts of the brain, is abnormal. The corpus callosum, the band of nerve fibers, that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain also gets affected in ASD. A study also found that 33% of people who have AgCC (agenesis of the corpus callosum), a condition in which the corpus callosum is partially or completely absent, had scores higher than the autism screening cut-off.
416:
imbalances. However, it is important to be aware of potential side effects associated with these medications. Common side effects may include headaches, which can often be mitigated by adjusting the dosage or administration timing. Gastrointestinal discomfort, including stomach pain or nausea, is another possible side effect, and taking the medication with food or modifying the dosage may help alleviate these symptoms. Additionally, while rare, changes in mood such as
99:(PPD), which uniquely describe a group of five developmental diagnoses, one of which is autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Pervasive developmental disorders reference a limited number of conditions whereas development disorders are a broad network of social, communicative, physical, genetic, intellectual, behavioral, and language concerns and diagnoses.
232:
between 12 and 24 months with ASD show a lack of gestures, prefer to be alone, do not point to objects to indicate interest, are easily frustrated with challenges, and lack of functional play. And finally children between the ages 24 to 36 months with ASD show a lack of symbolic play and an unusual interest in certain objects, or moving objects.
274:. ABA focuses on teaching adaptive behaviors like social skills, play skills, or communication skills and diminishing problematic behaviors like self-injury. This is done by creating a specialized plan that uses behavioral therapy techniques, such as positive or negative reinforcement, to encourage or discourage certain behaviors over-time.
319:
Symptoms of ADHD include inattentiveness, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity. Many of the behaviors that are associated with ADHD include poor control over actions resulting in disruptive behavior and academic problems. Another area that is affected by these disorders is the social arena for the person
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These patterns can be seen in the form of repeated movements of the hand or the phrases used while talking. A rigid adherence to schedules and inflexibility to adapt even if a minor change is made to their routine is also one of the behavioral symptoms of ASD. They could also display sensory patterns
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Stimulant
Medications - Stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate (e.g., Ritalin) and amphetamines (e.g., Adderall), are commonly prescribed to manage symptoms of ADHD. These medications enhance the activity of neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine, helping to improve attention and
328:
The treatment of
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) commonly involves a multimodal approach, combining various strategies to address the complex nature of the disorder. This comprehensive approach includes psychological, behavioral, pharmaceutical, and educational interventions tailored
119:
The scientific study of the causes of developmental disorders involves many theories. Some of the major differences between these theories involves whether environment disrupts normal development, if abnormalities are pre-determined, or if they are products of human evolutionary history which become
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helps autistic children and adults learn everyday skills that help them with daily tasks, such as personal hygiene and movement. These skills are then integrated into their home, school, and work environments. Therapists will oftentimes help patients learn to adapt their environment to their skill
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There are also different symptoms at different ages based on developmental milestones. Children between 0 and 36 months with ASD show a lack of eye contact, seem to be deaf, lack a social smile, do not like being touched or held, have unusual sensory behavior and show a lack of imitation. Children
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genes) are found to be potential target genes that get affected in ASD. Autism spectrum disorder is a disorder of the many parts of the brain. Structural changes are observed in the cortex, which controls higher functions, sensation, muscle movements, and memory. Structural defects are seen in the
110:
Young children with communication disorders may not speak at all, or may have a limited vocabulary for their age. Some children with communication disorders have difficulty understanding simple directions or cannot name objects. Most children with communication disorders can speak by the time they
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Counseling and
Psychoeducation - Individuals with ADHD may benefit from counseling sessions that provide a safe space to discuss challenges, develop coping strategies, and improve self-esteem. **Psychoeducation helps individuals and their families understand the nature of ADHD and learn effective
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helps people with autism adapt to different kinds of sensory stimuli. Many children with autism can be oversensitive to certain stimuli, such as lights or sounds, causing them to overreact. Others may not react to certain stimuli, such as someone speaking to them. Many types of therapy activities
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can help those with autism who need to develop or improve communication skills. According to the organization Autism Speaks, “speech-language therapy is designed to coordinate the mechanics of speech with the meaning and social use of speech”. People with low-functioning autism may not be able to
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with the disorder. Many children that have this disorder exhibit poor interpersonal relationships and struggle to fit in socially with their peers. Behavioral study of these children can show a history of other symptoms such as temper tantrums, mood swings, sleep disturbances and aggressiveness.
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that occurs in early childhood. ADHD affects 8 to 11% of children in the school going age. ADHD is characterised by significant levels of hyperactivity, inattentiveness, and impulsiveness. There are three subtypes of ADHD: predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive, and combined (which
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The effectiveness of the treatment plan depends on the individual's specific challenges and responses to interventions. A collaborative and multidisciplinary approach involving parents, educators, mental health professionals, and healthcare providers is crucial for developing and implementing a
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Medications commonly utilized in the treatment of
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) include stimulants like methylphenidate and lisdexamfetamine, as well as non-stimulants such as atomoxetine. These medications can effectively manage ADHD symptoms by targeting neurotransmitter
142:. In his works, he compares developmental disorders in traumatized children to adults with post-traumatic stress disorder, linking extreme environmental stress to the cause of developmental difficulties. Other stress theories suggest that even small stresses can accumulate to result in
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An ASD child's brain grows at a very rapid rate and is almost fully grown by the age of 10. Recent fMRI studies have also found altered connectivity within the social brain areas due to ASD and may be related to the social impairments encountered in ASD.
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communicate with spoken words. Speech-language
Pathologists (SLP) may teach someone how to communicate more effectively with others or work on starting to develop speech patterns. The SLP will create a plan that focuses on what the child needs.
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The cause of ASD is still uncertain. What is known is that a child with ASD has a pervasive problem with how the brain is wired. Genes related to neurotransmitter receptors (serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid ) and CNS structural control
54:
conditions originating in childhood that involve serious impairment in different areas. There are several ways of using this term. The most narrow concept is used in the category "Specific
Disorders of Psychological Development" in the
218:
These are predominantly seen by unresponsiveness in conversations, lesser emotional sharing, inability to initiate conversations, inability to interpret body language, avoidance of eye-contact and difficulty maintaining relationships.
407:(CBT), making environmental changes in noise and visual stimulation are some behavioral management techniques followed. But it has been observed that behavioral therapy alone is less effective than therapy with stimulant drugs alone.
111:
enter school, however, they continue to have problems with communication. School-aged children often have problems understanding and formulating words. Teens may have more difficulty with understanding or expressing abstract ideas.
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level. This type of therapy could help autistic people become more engaged in their environment. An occupational therapist will create a plan based on the patient's needs and desires and work with them to achieve their set goals.
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Lau, Yolanda C.; Hinkley, Leighton B. N.; Bukshpun, Polina; Strominger, Zoe A.; Wakahiro, Mari L. J.; Baron-Cohen, Simon; Allison, Carrie; Auyeung, Bonnie; Jeremy, Rita J.; Nagarajan, Srikantan S.; Sherr, Elliott H. (May 2013).
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presents as both hyperactive and inattentive subtypes). ADHD is twice as common in boys than girls but it is seen that the hyperactive/impulsive type is more common in boys while the inattentive type affects both sexes equally.
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Parent
Training - Parents often participate in training programs to learn behavior management techniques. This may involve setting clear expectations, using positive reinforcement, and implementing consistent consequences for
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involve a form of play, such as using swings, toys and trampolines to help engage the patients with sensory stimuli. Therapists will create a plan that focuses on the type of stimulation the person needs integration with.
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have been reported. Careful monitoring and communication with healthcare providers are essential to address and manage any side effects, ensuring the overall effectiveness and well-being of individuals undergoing
382:(IEPs) - In educational settings, IEPs are developed to accommodate the unique learning needs of students with ADHD. This may involve classroom modifications, additional support, and specific teaching strategies.
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that begins in childhood and continues through life. However, these two latter conditions are not as stable as the other developmental disorders, and there is not the same evidence of a shared genetic liability.
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and
Ireland in order to identify if these difficulties had a genetic cause. They found 14 new developmental disorders caused by spontaneous genetic mutations not found in either parent (such as a fault in the
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Cognitive
Behavioral Therapy (CBT) - CBT aims to modify negative thought patterns and behaviors associated with ADHD. It helps individuals develop organizational skills, time management, and problem-solving
922:
1359:
2878:
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Subbaraju V, Sundaram S, Narasimhan S (2017). "Identification of lateralized compensatory neural activities within the social brain due to autism spectrum disorder in adolescent males".
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Developmental disorders are present from early life onward. Most improve as the child grows older, but some entail impairments that continue throughout life. These disorders differ from
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Austerman J. ADHD and behavioral disorders: Assessment, management, and an update from DSM-5. Cleve Clin J Med. 2015 Nov;82(11 Suppl 1):S2-7. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.82.s1.01. PMID 26555810.
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Non-stimulant
Medications - In cases where stimulants are not suitable or effective, non-stimulant medications like atomoxetine (Strattera) or guanfacine (Intuniv) may be prescribed.
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Behavioral Modification Programs - These programs focus on shaping positive behaviors and reducing impulsive or disruptive behaviors in various settings, including home and school.
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Summers, Jane; Sharami, Ali; Cali, Stefanie; D'Mello, Chantelle; Kako, Milena; Palikucin-Reljin, Andjelka; Savage, Melissa; Shaw, Olivia; Lunsky, Yona (November 2017).
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Matson, Johnny; Hattier, Megan; Belva, Brian (January–March 2012). "Treating adaptive living skills of persons with autism using applied behavior analysis: A review".
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antidepressants may be unhelpful, and could worsen symptoms of ADHD. However ADHD is often misdiagnosed as depression, particularly when no hyperactivity is present.
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McRae, Jeremy F.; Clayton, Stephen; Fitzgerald, Tomas W.; Kaplanis, Joanna; Prigmore, Elena; Rajan, Diana; Sifrim, Alejandro; Aitken, Stuart; Akawi, Nadia (2017).
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successful ADHD management plan. Regular monitoring and adjustments to the treatment plan may be necessary to meet the evolving needs of individuals with ADHD.
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Tripp G, Wickens JR. Neurobiology of ADHD. Neuropharmacology. 2009 Dec;57(7-8):579-89. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.07.026. Epub 2009 Jul 21. PMID 19627998.
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Payne, Kim John. “Simplicity Parenting: Using the Extraordinary Power of Less to Raise Calmer, Happier, and More Secure Kids”, Ballantine Books, 2010, p. 9.
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388:- These plans outline accommodations for students with ADHD in mainstream educational settings, such as extended test-taking time or preferential seating.
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Learning disabilities are often diagnosed when the children are young and just beginning school. Most learning disabilities are found under the age of 9.
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One theory that supports environmental causes of developmental disorders involves stress in early childhood. Researcher and child psychiatrist
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162:). They estimated that about one in 300 children are born with spontaneous genetic mutations associated with rare developmental disorders.
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1981:
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Screening for Autism Spectrum Disorders in Flemish Day-Care Centers with the Checklist for Early Signs of Developmental Disorders.
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1242:"Self-Injury in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability: Exploring the Role of Reactivity to Pain and Sensory Input"
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131:. The theories vary in the part each factor has to play in normal development, thus affecting how the abnormalities are caused.
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A 2017 study tested all 20,000 genes in about 4,300 families with children with rare developmental difficulties in the
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Communication Disorders. (n.d.). Children's Hospital of Wisconsin in Milwaukee, WI, Retrieved December 6, 2011, from
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The symptoms have a wide range of severity. The symptoms of ASD can be broadly categorised as the following:
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2018:
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Karmiloff Annette (October 1998). "Development itself is key to understanding developmental disorders".
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2008:
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Perry, Bruce D. and Szalavitz, Maia. "The Boy Who Was Raised As A Dog", Basic Books, 2006, p.2.
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2013:
127:). Normal development occurs with a combination of contributions from both the environment and
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444:
244:, but there are several types of therapy effective in easing the symptoms of autism, such as
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1123:
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541:. Dorothy Bishop and Michael Rutter (5th ed.). Blackwell Publishing. pp. 32–33.
8:
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2500:
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1998:
1976:
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1501:(1997). "Antidepressants in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".
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Gotts S. J.; Simmons W. K.; Milbury L. A.; Wallace G. L.; Cox R. W.; Martin A. (2012).
1007:
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796:
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National, Disabilities Learning (1982). "Learning disabilities: Issues on definition".
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to the individual's specific needs. Here's a breakdown of the different components:
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1966:
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1002:
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such as extreme aversion to certain odors or indifference to pain or temperature.
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3537:
3497:
3369:
3166:
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2482:
2429:
2424:
2407:
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2082:
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72:
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Michael Rutter; Dorothy V. M. Bishop; Daniel S. Pine; et al., eds. (2008).
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The first diagnosed case of ASD was published in 1943 by American psychiatrist
154:
135:
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213:
3782:
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3512:
3081:
2685:
2636:
1954:
1149:
998:
834:
761:"Prevalence and architecture of de novo mutations in developmental disorders"
471:
88:
1258:
2964:
2539:
2320:
1872:
1277:
1157:
1140:
1100:
1065:
1047:
1016:
805:
673:
480:
159:
1516:
138:, theorizes that developmental disorders can be caused by early childhood
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3354:
3349:
3314:
3002:
2886:
2524:
2255:
1986:
1736:
1541:
787:
630:
3394:
3344:
3007:
2974:
2841:
2534:
2439:
2140:
1865:
1860:
1656:
489:
448:
181:
51:
39:
1352:"What Treatments are Available for Speech, Language and Motor Issues?"
1092:
3389:
2794:
2726:
2544:
2003:
1741:
1666:
1032:"Fractionation of social brain circuits in autism spectrum disorders"
147:
3444:
3384:
3121:
3091:
2997:
2887:
2529:
2199:
2166:
2092:
1452:"Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD, ADHD) - Pediatrics"
975:"Autism traits in individuals with agenesis of the corpus callosum"
128:
573:
298:
944:"Autism: Facts, causes, risk-factors, symptoms, & management"
417:
3189:
2247:
2062:
1553:
601:
56:
758:
2684:
2025:
1239:
971:
2939:
2198:
1122:
Myers, Scott M.; Johnson, Chris Plauché (1 November 2007).
1078:
432:
214:
Persistent issues in social interactions and communications
693:
691:
3158:
835:"Child gene study identifies new developmental disorders"
730:
3285:
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
1436:
Attention Deficit Disorders: School-Based Interventions.
2471:
1124:"Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders"
688:
1430:
1428:
1616:
1292:"Applied Behavioral Strategies - Getting to Know ABA"
1531:
893:
891:
889:
1425:
1346:
1344:
1342:
731:"Deciphering Developmental Disorders (DDD) project"
647:
645:
266:(ABA) is considered the most effective therapy for
1634:
1212:
1184:"Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA): What is ABA?"
909:
907:
886:
651:
222:
170:
3780:
2043:
1339:
642:
1072:
299:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
2816:
904:
3174:
2872:
1602:
1446:
1444:
979:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
187:
2945:Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder
1497:
1401:
1121:
530:
528:
526:
524:
522:
1023:
901:Springer Science+Business Media. 1247-1258.
3721:Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale
3181:
3167:
2879:
2865:
2506:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
1773:
1609:
1595:
1441:
3418:Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
1322:American Occupational Therapy Association
1318:"Occupational Therapy's Role with Autism"
1267:
1257:
1139:
1055:
1006:
795:
519:
79:(ADHD) is included, and the term used is
75:disorders (ASD). In broader definitions,
3423:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
2769:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
2365:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
1315:
915:"Autism Spectrum Disorders - Pediatrics"
538:Rutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
304:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
77:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
3604:Multiple complex developmental disorder
3781:
3685:Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
874:from the original on 14 September 2018
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
3162:
3087:Learning problems in childhood cancer
2860:
2815:
2683:
2618:
2470:
2197:
2042:
1952:
1772:
1633:
1590:
1215:Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders
864:"Hunting for Autism's Earliest Clues"
832:
631:http://www.chw.org/display/PPF/DocID/
398:
1953:
323:
69:developmental coordination disorders
3440:Developmental coordination disorder
3031:Developmental coordination disorder
2472:Physiological and physical behavior
1194:from the original on 3 January 2019
1164:from the original on 9 October 2019
737:. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
614:
463:Developmental coordination disorder
240:There is no specific treatment for
13:
2418:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
1812:Emotional and behavioral disorders
1504:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
438:
120:disorders in modern environments (
14:
3805:
3695:Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale
3518:Fetal valproate spectrum disorder
3290:Childhood disintegrative disorder
2598:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
1527:
97:Pervasive developmental disorders
3270:Pervasive developmental disorder
2892:specific developmental disorders
1898:X-linked intellectual disability
1081:European Journal of Neuroscience
18:Pervasive developmental disorder
1727:Intermittent explosive disorder
1652:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
1491:
1482:
1473:
1462:from the original on 2021-06-05
1456:MSD Manual Professional Edition
1414:from the original on 2022-09-20
1402:Smith, M; Segal, J; Hutman, T.
1395:
1373:
1362:from the original on 2015-12-22
1328:from the original on 2019-01-03
1309:
1298:from the original on 2015-10-07
1284:
1233:
1176:
1115:
965:
954:from the original on 2019-10-30
936:
925:from the original on 2019-10-31
919:MSD Manual Professional Edition
856:
845:from the original on 2019-04-17
826:
815:from the original on 2019-04-27
741:from the original on 2019-10-19
584:from the original on 2010-10-09
555:from the original on 2009-04-28
410:
246:Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)
61:developmental language disorder
3716:Childhood Autism Spectrum Test
3036:Developmental verbal dyspraxia
3013:Disorder of written expression
2955:Speech and language impairment
2370:Dissociative identity disorder
1635:Adult personality and behavior
752:
723:
707:
595:
566:
380:Individualized Education Plans
362:Pharmaceutical Interventions:
272:American Academy of Pediatrics
223:Repetitive behavioral patterns
171:Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
1:
3690:Childhood Autism Rating Scale
3543:PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome
3433:obsessive–compulsive disorder
3365:Pathological demand avoidance
3249:Societal and cultural aspects
1381:"Speech and Language Therapy"
666:10.1016/S1364-6613(98)01230-3
512:
333:Psychological Interventions:
314:
3789:Neurodevelopmental disorders
3052:Auditory processing disorder
2950:Specific language impairment
2920:Expressive language disorder
2774:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
2311:Generalized anxiety disorder
2044:Neurological and symptomatic
1689:Sexual relationship disorder
833:Walsh, Fergus (2017-01-25).
654:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
458:Auditory processing disorder
405:cognitive behavioral therapy
235:
175:
102:
81:neurodevelopmental disorders
7:
3680:Autism Diagnostic Interview
3455:Sensory processing disorder
3320:Autism and LGBTQ identities
3057:Sensory processing disorder
2550:REM sleep behavior disorder
2019:Seasonal affective disorder
1817:Separation anxiety disorder
1404:"Autism Spectrum Disorders"
500:
376:Educational Interventions:
308:neurodevelopmental disorder
292:Sensory integration therapy
264:Applied behavioral analysis
258:Sensory integration therapy
205:
59:. These disorders comprise
10:
3810:
3794:Developmental disabilities
3563:Tuberous sclerosis complex
3553:Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
3528:MECP2 duplication syndrome
3508:Cornelia de Lange syndrome
3460:Global developmental delay
3188:
2817:Symptoms and uncategorized
1918:developmental disabilities
1684:Sexual maturation disorder
1227:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.05.008
348:Behavioral Interventions:
188:Abnormalities in the brain
136:Bruce D. Perry, M.D., Ph.D
15:
3755:
3729:
3703:
3672:
3637:Facilitated communication
3627:
3576:
3483:22q11.2 deletion syndrome
3473:
3408:
3305:
3262:
3196:
3135:
3069:
3044:
3023:
2988:
2905:
2898:
2822:
2811:
2787:
2779:Simple-type schizophrenia
2756:
2748:Schizophreniform disorder
2725:
2704:
2700:
2679:
2632:
2614:
2583:
2560:
2514:
2481:
2477:
2466:
2388:
2355:
2303:
2246:
2237:
2218:
2214:
2193:
2159:
2126:Mild cognitive impairment
2111:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
2091:
2053:
2049:
2038:
2009:Major depressive disorder
1962:
1948:
1914:Psychological development
1913:
1888:
1785:
1781:
1768:
1697:
1644:
1640:
1629:
1535:
991:10.1007/s10803-012-1653-2
403:Sessions of counselling,
268:Autism spectrum disorders
242:autism spectrum disorders
114:
33:
28:
3711:Autism-spectrum quotient
3533:Neurofibromatosis type I
3102:Multisensory integration
2930:Landau–Kleffner syndrome
2827:Impulse-control disorder
2743:Schizoaffective disorder
2738:Brief reactive psychosis
2435:Mass psychogenic illness
2398:Body dysmorphic disorder
2177:Post-concussion syndrome
1787:Emotional and behavioral
1438:Pennsylvania: Bethlehem.
1434:Tresco, Katy E. (2004).
507:Developmental disability
165:
16:Not to be confused with
3642:Lancet MMR autism fraud
3589:Critical autism studies
3488:22q13 deletion syndrome
3450:Intellectual disability
3400:Emotional dysregulation
3297:High-functioning autism
2764:Childhood schizophrenia
2116:Frontotemporal dementia
2073:High-functioning autism
1890:Intellectual disability
1316:Crabtree, Lisa (2018).
1259:10.3390/brainsci7110140
495:Intellectual disability
454:Communication disorders
285:Speech-language therapy
250:Speech-language therapy
124:evolutionary psychiatry
48:Developmental disorders
3652:Rapid prompting method
3594:Double empathy problem
3584:Autism rights movement
3097:Management of dyslexia
2281:Specific social phobia
2172:Organic brain syndrome
2014:Melancholic depression
1775:Childhood and learning
1385:Autism Education Trust
1141:10.1542/peds.2007-2362
897:Dereu, Mieke. (2010).
337:management techniques.
29:Developmental disorder
3737:Autism-related topics
3306:Associated conditions
2970:Speech sound disorder
2837:Psychomotor agitation
2627:and substance-related
2570:Postpartum depression
2450:Somatization disorder
2336:Acute stress reaction
2101:AIDS dementia complex
870:. 18 September 2013.
445:Learning disabilities
83:. Yet others include
3742:Fictional characters
3475:Associated syndromes
3148:People with dyslexia
2832:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
2662:Substance dependence
2575:Postpartum psychosis
2121:Huntington's disease
1903:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
1752:Personality disorder
1048:10.1093/brain/aws160
278:Occupational therapy
254:Occupational therapy
50:comprise a group of
3619:Violence and autism
3410:Comorbid conditions
3143:Dyslexia in fiction
3117:Reading acquisition
2990:Learning disability
2712:Delusional disorder
2657:Stimulant psychosis
2647:Physical dependence
2501:Rumination syndrome
2403:Conversion disorder
2380:Psychogenic amnesia
2230:with depressed mood
2228:Adjustment disorder
2131:Parkinson's disease
2106:Alzheimer's disease
1999:Atypical depression
1835:Social functioning
1710:Munchausen syndrome
1705:Factitious disorder
1511:(Suppl 14): 14–29.
788:10.1038/nature21062
780:2017Natur.542..433M
85:antisocial behavior
3523:Fragile X syndrome
3330:Autistic catatonia
2731:schizophrenia-like
2375:Dissociative fugue
1824:Movement disorders
1188:Autism partnership
636:2012-04-26 at the
399:Behavioral therapy
65:learning disorders
3776:
3775:
3673:Diagnostic scales
3568:Williams syndrome
3493:Angelman syndrome
3375:Special interests
3340:Autistic meltdown
3280:Asperger syndrome
3156:
3155:
3077:Dyslexia research
3065:
3064:
2980:Tip of the tongue
2935:Language disorder
2854:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2675:
2674:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2351:
2350:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2146:Vascular dementia
2068:Asperger syndrome
2034:
2033:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1878:Tourette syndrome
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1584:
1583:
1093:10.1111/ejn.13634
774:(7642): 433–438.
703:978-0-465-05653-8
548:978-1-4051-4549-7
485:Tourette syndrome
476:Williams syndrome
468:Genetic disorders
324:Treatment options
146:, behavioral, or
45:
44:
23:Medical condition
3801:
3768:Sensory friendly
3704:Screening scales
3558:Timothy syndrome
3465:Verbal Dyspraxia
3428:Anxiety disorder
3360:Nonverbal autism
3335:Autistic masking
3325:Autistic burnout
3183:
3176:
3169:
3160:
3159:
2925:Infantile speech
2907:Speech, language
2903:
2902:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2813:
2812:
2702:
2701:
2681:
2680:
2616:
2615:
2491:Anorexia nervosa
2479:
2478:
2468:
2467:
2445:Psychogenic pain
2413:Globus pharyngis
2261:Childhood phobia
2244:
2243:
2216:
2215:
2195:
2194:
2051:
2050:
2040:
2039:
1950:
1949:
1849:Selective mutism
1800:Conduct disorder
1783:
1782:
1770:
1769:
1747:Trichotillomania
1722:Gender dysphoria
1717:Fear of intimacy
1674:Sexual anhedonia
1642:
1641:
1631:
1630:
1618:Mental disorders
1611:
1604:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1533:
1532:
1521:
1520:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1448:
1439:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1387:. Archived from
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1348:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1271:
1261:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1190:. 16 June 2011.
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1143:
1134:(5): 1162–1182.
1119:
1113:
1112:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1042:(9): 2711–2725.
1027:
1021:
1020:
1010:
985:(5): 1106–1118.
969:
963:
962:
960:
959:
940:
934:
933:
931:
930:
911:
902:
895:
884:
883:
881:
879:
860:
854:
853:
851:
850:
830:
824:
823:
821:
820:
814:
799:
765:
756:
750:
749:
747:
746:
727:
721:
711:
705:
695:
686:
685:
649:
640:
627:
612:
611:
599:
593:
592:
590:
589:
570:
564:
563:
561:
560:
532:
366:impulse control.
148:social disorders
26:
25:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3763:Autism-friendly
3751:
3725:
3699:
3668:
3623:
3572:
3538:Noonan syndrome
3498:CHARGE syndrome
3469:
3404:
3370:Savant syndrome
3307:
3301:
3258:
3239:Pathophysiology
3192:
3187:
3157:
3152:
3131:
3107:Neuropsychology
3061:
3040:
3019:
2984:
2960:Speech disorder
2910:
2894:
2885:
2855:
2846:
2818:
2799:
2783:
2752:
2730:
2721:
2696:
2671:
2628:
2625:substance abuse
2602:
2579:
2556:
2510:
2496:Bulimia nervosa
2473:
2454:
2430:Hypochondriasis
2425:False pregnancy
2408:Ganser syndrome
2390:Somatic symptom
2384:
2347:
2299:
2288:Specific phobia
2233:
2210:
2181:
2155:
2087:
2083:Savant syndrome
2055:Autism spectrum
2045:
2030:
1958:
1936:
1915:
1909:
1884:
1777:
1756:
1732:Dermatillomania
1693:
1679:Sexual anorexia
1636:
1625:
1615:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1544:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1433:
1426:
1417:
1415:
1400:
1396:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1363:
1350:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1329:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1238:
1234:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1120:
1116:
1077:
1073:
1028:
1024:
970:
966:
957:
955:
942:
941:
937:
928:
926:
913:
912:
905:
896:
887:
877:
875:
862:
861:
857:
848:
846:
831:
827:
818:
816:
812:
763:
757:
753:
744:
742:
729:
728:
724:
712:
708:
696:
689:
660:(10): 389–398.
650:
643:
638:Wayback Machine
628:
615:
600:
596:
587:
585:
572:
571:
567:
558:
556:
549:
533:
520:
515:
503:
441:
439:Other disorders
427:ADHD treatments
413:
401:
326:
317:
301:
238:
225:
216:
208:
190:
178:
173:
168:
117:
105:
73:autism spectrum
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3807:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3756:Accommodations
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3614:TEACCH program
3611:
3609:Neurodiversity
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3577:Related issues
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3503:Cohen syndrome
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3425:
3420:
3414:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3275:Classic autism
3266:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3244:Sex and gender
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3186:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3163:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3127:Writing system
3124:
3119:
3114:
3112:Neurodiversity
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3070:Related topics
3067:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2861:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2698:
2697:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2652:Rebound effect
2649:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2593:Hypersexuality
2589:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2475:
2474:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2328:
2326:Panic disorder
2323:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2293:Claustrophobia
2285:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2276:Anthropophobia
2268:
2266:Social anxiety
2263:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2222:
2212:
2211:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2136:Pick's disease
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1894:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1779:
1778:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1627:
1626:
1622:Classification
1614:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1558:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:Classification
1529:
1528:External links
1526:
1523:
1522:
1490:
1481:
1472:
1440:
1424:
1394:
1391:on 2018-03-25.
1372:
1338:
1308:
1283:
1232:
1221:(1): 271–276.
1205:
1175:
1114:
1087:(6): 631–642.
1071:
1022:
964:
950:. 2018-06-25.
935:
903:
885:
855:
825:
751:
722:
706:
687:
641:
613:
610:(11): 945–947.
594:
565:
547:
517:
516:
514:
511:
510:
509:
502:
499:
498:
497:
492:
487:
478:
465:
460:
451:
440:
437:
412:
409:
400:
397:
392:
391:
390:
389:
383:
373:
372:
371:
370:
367:
359:
358:
357:
356:
353:
345:
344:
343:
342:
338:
325:
322:
316:
313:
300:
297:
237:
234:
224:
221:
215:
212:
207:
204:
189:
186:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
140:traumatization
116:
113:
104:
101:
43:
42:
37:
31:
30:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3806:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3629:Controversies
3626:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3548:Rett syndrome
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
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2686:Schizophrenia
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2271:Social phobia
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481:Tic disorders
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472:Down syndrome
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89:schizophrenia
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3224:Heritability
3214:Epidemiology
2965:Speech error
2890:and related
2717:Folie Ă deux
2642:Intoxication
2623:substances,
2621:Psychoactive
2540:Night terror
2357:Dissociative
2321:Panic attack
1873:Tic disorder
1560:
1548:
1508:
1502:
1499:C. W. Popper
1493:
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1475:
1464:. Retrieved
1455:
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1389:the original
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537:
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411:Drug therapy
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179:
152:
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121:
118:
109:
106:
94:
47:
46:
3647:MMR vaccine
3380:Infodumping
3355:Monotropism
3350:Late talker
3315:Alexithymia
3219:Epigenetics
3003:Dyscalculia
2690:schizotypal
2525:Hypersomnia
2515:Nonorganic
2256:Agoraphobia
1987:Cyclothymia
1982:Bipolar NOS
1957:(affective)
1829:Stereotypic
1737:Kleptomania
1252:(11): 140.
52:psychiatric
3783:Categories
3657:Thiomersal
3599:Employment
3395:Echopraxia
3345:Hyperlexia
3008:Dysgraphia
2975:Stuttering
2899:Conditions
2842:Stereotypy
2705:Delusional
2694:delusional
2667:Withdrawal
2535:Parasomnia
2440:Nosophobia
2220:Adjustment
2208:somatoform
2141:Sundowning
1994:Depression
1977:Bipolar II
1866:Stuttering
1861:Cluttering
1657:Paraphilia
1466:2019-10-30
1418:2022-09-17
1366:2015-12-16
1332:2022-09-17
1302:2015-12-16
1128:Pediatrics
958:2019-10-30
929:2019-10-30
849:2017-01-27
819:2019-07-05
745:2017-01-27
588:2013-02-05
578:priory.com
559:2013-02-05
513:References
490:Stuttering
470:, such as
449:Dysgraphia
447:, such as
422:depression
341:abilities.
182:Leo Kanner
160:CDK13 gene
40:Psychiatry
3662:Chelation
3390:Echolalia
3263:Diagnoses
3254:Therapies
3209:Diagnosis
2795:Catatonia
2727:Psychosis
2562:Postnatal
2545:Nightmare
2151:Wandering
2004:Dysthymia
1972:Bipolar I
1927:Pervasive
1742:Pyromania
1667:Voyeurism
1662:Fetishism
1557:: F80-F84
1408:HelpGuide
1246:Brain Sci
1198:24 August
1168:24 August
1150:0031-4005
999:0162-3257
878:3 October
386:504 Plans
352:behavior.
236:Treatment
176:Diagnosis
144:emotional
103:Emergence
35:Specialty
3445:Epilepsy
3385:Stimming
3122:Spelling
3092:Literacy
2998:Dyslexia
2888:Dyslexia
2530:Insomnia
2200:Neurotic
2167:Delirium
2093:Dementia
1932:Specific
1460:Archived
1412:Archived
1360:Archived
1326:Archived
1296:Archived
1278:29072583
1192:Archived
1162:Archived
1158:17967921
1101:28661076
1066:22791801
1017:23054201
952:Archived
923:Archived
872:Archived
843:Archived
839:BBC News
810:Archived
806:28135719
739:Archived
682:38117177
674:21227254
634:Archived
582:Archived
574:"ICD 10"
553:Archived
501:See also
483:such as
418:feelings
315:Symptoms
206:Symptoms
129:genetics
3747:Schools
3229:History
3045:Sensory
2239:Anxiety
2078:PDD-NOS
1967:Bipolar
1620: (
1517:9418743
1269:5704147
1109:4306986
1057:3437021
1008:3625480
797:6016744
776:Bibcode
270:by the
3234:Memory
3204:Causes
3190:Autism
2909:, and
2483:Eating
2331:Stress
2248:Phobia
2204:stress
2063:Autism
1856:Speech
1645:Sexual
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948:FactDr
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768:Nature
717:
701:
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672:
545:
115:Causes
71:, and
57:ICD-10
3730:Lists
3136:Lists
3024:Motor
2788:Other
2517:sleep
2304:Other
2160:Other
2026:Mania
1698:Other
1105:S2CID
1036:Brain
813:(PDF)
764:(PDF)
678:S2CID
306:is a
166:Types
3197:Main
2940:Lisp
2692:and
2341:PTSD
1955:Mood
1795:ADHD
1566:9-CM
1513:PMID
1274:PMID
1200:2019
1170:2019
1154:PMID
1146:ISSN
1097:PMID
1062:PMID
1013:PMID
995:ISSN
880:2016
802:PMID
715:ISBN
699:ISBN
670:PMID
604:Asha
543:ISBN
456:and
433:SSRI
122:see
87:and
2729:and
2316:OCD
1844:RAD
1839:DAD
1805:ODD
1575:315
1571:299
1562:ICD
1550:ICD
1264:PMC
1254:doi
1223:doi
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