238:
31:
650:
47:
181:, the availability of abundant loose sediment, soil, or weathered rock, and sufficient water to bring this loose material to a state of almost complete saturation (with all the pore space filled). Debris flows can be more frequent following forest and brush fires, as experience in southern California demonstrates. They pose a significant hazard in many steep, mountainous areas, and have received particular attention in Japan, China, Taiwan, USA, Canada, New Zealand, the Philippines, the European Alps, Russia, and Kazakhstan. In Japan a large debris flow or
206:
113:, they can flow almost as fluidly as water. Debris flows descending steep channels commonly attain speeds that surpass 10 m/s (36 km/h), although some large flows can reach speeds that are much greater. Debris flows with volumes ranging up to about 100,000 cubic meters occur frequently in mountainous regions worldwide. The largest prehistoric flows have had volumes exceeding 1 billion cubic meters (i.e., 1 cubic kilometer). As a result of their high sediment concentrations and mobility, debris flows can be very destructive.
624:
258:). Lateral levees can confine the paths of ensuing debris flows, and the presence of older levees provides some idea of the magnitudes of previous debris flows in a particular area. Through dating of trees growing on such deposits, the approximate frequency of destructive debris flows can be estimated. This is important information for land development in areas where debris flows are common. Ancient debris-flow deposits that are exposed only in
71:
49:
54:
52:
48:
53:
581:) and moves very economically, promoting long travel distances. Compared to buoyant flow, the neutrally buoyant flow shows completely different behaviour. For the latter case, the solid and fluid phases move together, the debris bulk mass is fluidized, the front moves substantially farther, the tail lags behind, and the overall flow height is also reduced. When
51:
638:
To prevent debris flows reaching property and people, a debris basin may be constructed. Debris basins are designed to protect soil and water resources or to prevent downstream damage. Such constructions are considered to be a last resort because they are expensive to construct and require commitment
176:
Debris flows can be triggered by intense rainfall or snowmelt, by dam-break or glacial outburst floods, or by landsliding that may or may not be associated with intense rain or earthquakes. In all cases the chief conditions required for debris flow initiation include the presence of slopes steeper
233:
and clay. These fine sediments help retain high pore-fluid pressures that enhance debris-flow mobility. In some cases the flow body is followed by a more watery tail that transitions into a hyperconcentrated stream flow. Debris flows tend to move in a series of pulses, or discrete surges, wherein
308:
material, or the outburst of a lake that was previously dammed by pyroclastic or glacial sediments. The word lahar is of
Indonesian origin, but is now routinely used by geologists worldwide to describe volcanogenic debris flows. Nearly all of Earth's largest, most destructive debris flows are
642:
Before a storm that can potentially nucleate debris flows, forecasting frameworks can often quantify the likelihood that a debris flow might occur in a watershed; however, it remains challenging to predict the amount of sediment mobilized and therefore, the total size of debris flows that may
331:
is a glacial outburst flood. Jökulhlaup is an
Icelandic word, and in Iceland many glacial outburst floods are triggered by sub-glacial volcanic eruptions. (Iceland sits atop the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which is formed by a chain of mostly submarine volcanoes). Elsewhere, a more common cause of
254:. These natural levees form when relatively mobile, liquefied, fine-grained debris in the body of debris flows shoulders aside coarse, high-friction debris that collects in debris-flow heads as a consequence of grain-size segregation (a familiar phenomenon in
336:-dammed lakes. Such breaching events are often caused by the sudden calving of glacier ice into a lake, which then causes a displacement wave to breach a moraine or ice dam. Downvalley of the breach point, a jökulhlaup may increase greatly in size through
649:
1285:
Staley, D.M., Negri, J.A., Kean, J.W., Laber, J.L., Tillery, A.C. and
Youberg, A.M., 2017. Prediction of spatially explicit rainfall intensity–duration thresholds for post-fire debris-flow generation in the western United States. Geomorphology, 278,
50:
249:
along steep mountain fronts. Fully exposed deposits commonly have lobate forms with boulder-rich snouts, and the lateral margins of debris-flow deposits and paths are commonly marked by the presence of boulder-rich lateral
140:
concentrations exceeding about 40 to 50%, and the remainder of a flow's volume consists of water. By definition, “debris” includes sediment grains with diverse shapes and sizes, commonly ranging from microscopic
643:
nucleate for a given storm, and whether or not debris basins will have the capacity to protect downstream communities. These challenges make debris flows particularly dangerous to mountain front communities.
300:, either directly as a result of an eruption, or indirectly by the collapse of loose material on the flanks of a volcano. A variety of phenomena may trigger a lahar, including melting of glacial ice,
760:
611:
flow. In this case the force due to the pressure gradient is altered, the drag is high and the effect of the virtual mass disappears in the solid momentum. All this leads to slowing down the
442:
on the solid component. Buoyancy is an important aspect of two-phase debris flow, because it enhances flow mobility (longer travel distances) by reducing the frictional resistance in the
169:
such as logs and tree stumps. Sediment-rich water floods with solid concentrations ranging from about 10 to 40% behave somewhat differently from debris flows and are known as
340:
of loose sediment from the valley through which it travels. Ample entrainment can enable the flood to transform to a debris flow. Travel distances may exceed 100 km.
1302:"Inundation, flow dynamics, and damage in the 9 January 2018 Montecito debris-flow event, California, USA: Opportunities and challenges for post-wildfire risk assessment"
605:
547:
474:
518:
494:
74:
Scars formed by debris flow in
Ventura, greater Los Angeles during the winter of 1983. The photograph was taken within several months of the debris flows occurring.
656:
1042:
Baselt, Ivo; Oliveira, Gustavo Q. de; Fischer, Jan-Thomas & Pudasaini, Shiva P. (2022). "Deposition morphology in large-scale laboratory stony debris flows".
1901:
971:
999:
Baselt, Ivo; Oliveira, Gustavo Q. de; Fischer, Jan-Thomas & Pudasaini, Shiva P. (2021). "Evolution of stony debris flows in laboratory experiments".
767:
1379:
221:. The front, or 'head' of a debris-flow surge often contains an abundance of coarse material such as boulders and logs that impart a great deal of
446:. Buoyancy is present as long as there is fluid in the mixture. It reduces the solid normal stress, solid lateral normal stresses, and the basal
1367:
1260:
1476:
262:
are more difficult to recognize, but are commonly typified by juxtaposition of grains with greatly differing shapes and sizes. This poor
699:, read by Norma Fire, in a dance titled "Debris Flow", a "harrowing taped narrative of a family's ordeal in a massive L.A. mudslide..."
396:
Calibrating and validating such sophisticated models require well-documented data from field surveys or minute laboratory experiments.
241:
A debris flow in Ladakh, triggered by storms in 2010. It has poor sorting and levees. Steep source catchment is visible in background.
1894:
989:
Coleman, P. F., 1993. A new explanation for debris flow surge phenomena (abstract), Eos Trans. AGU, 74(16), Spring Meet. Suppl., 154.
639:
to annual maintenance. Also, debris basins may only retain debris flows from a fraction of streams that drain mountainous terrain.
157:. On Earth's land surface, mudflows are far less common than debris flows. However, underwater mudflows are prevalent on submarine
2132:
607:, the flow does not experience any buoyancy effect. Then the effective frictional shear stress for the solid phase is that of pure
225:. Trailing behind the high-friction flow head is a lower-friction, mostly liquefied flow body that contains a higher percentage of
408:, originally proposed by Iverson and later adopted and modified by others, treats debris flows as two-phase solid-fluid mixtures.
2500:
1489:
850:
Hunt,B. (1982). "Asymptotic
Solution for Dam-Break Problems." Jl of Hyd. Div., Proceedings, ASCE, Vol. 108, No. HY1, pp. 115–126.
804:
Trujillo-Vela, Mario Germán; Ramos-Cañón, Alfonso
Mariano; Escobar-Vargas, Jorge Alberto; Galindo-Torres, Sergio Andrés (2022).
360:
Rheologically based models that apply to mud flows treat debris flows as single-phase homogeneous materials (Examples include:
976:
1439:
245:
Debris-flow deposits are readily recognizable in the field. They make up significant percentages of many alluvial fans and
1887:
1141:
549:, (see, e.g., Bagnold, 1954) the debris mass is fluidized and moves longer travel distances. This can happen in highly
1416:
1244:
3126:
1296:
Kean, J.W.; Staley, D.M.; Lancaster, J.T.; Rengers, F.K.; Swanson, B.J.; Coe, J.A.; Hernandez, J.L.; Sigman, A.J.;
337:
895:
791:
42:, NW Indian Himalaya. Coarse bouldery levees form the channel sides. Poorly sorted rocks lie on the channel floor.
2657:
1469:
1347:
3121:
213:
Debris flows are accelerated downhill by gravity and tend to follow steep mountain channels that debouche onto
93:
channels, entrain objects in their paths, and form thick, muddy deposits on valley floors. They generally have
2682:
1376:
1139:(1954). "Experiments on a gravity-free dispersion of large solid spheres in a Newtonian fluid under shear".
2823:
2773:
2667:
1838:
682:
17:
880:
805:
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3101:
1573:
562:
1041:
998:
3162:
2327:
1462:
237:
3111:
3063:
2946:
1444:
278:
flows that can be described as debris flows are typically given more specific names. These include:
3157:
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2813:
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2620:
102:
30:
3106:
2798:
2563:
373:
59:
1264:
630:, Kazakhstan, after the catastrophic debris flow of 1921. A number of facilities, including the
3152:
3048:
2906:
2457:
2342:
584:
526:
453:
170:
2886:
2733:
2695:
2144:
2083:
1407:
1185:
695:
503:
479:
972:
Hungr,O. 2000. Analysis of debris flow surges using the theory of uniformly progressive flow
3116:
2838:
2662:
2422:
2279:
2229:
2023:
1544:
1313:
1232:
1197:
1150:
1094:
1051:
1008:
907:
817:
353:
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between the fluid and the solid phases. The effect is substantial when the density ratio (
8:
3012:
3007:
2808:
2652:
2274:
2127:
2048:
1955:
1454:
1371:
761:"Iverson, R.M., 1997, The physics of debris flows, Reviews of Geophysics, 35(3): 245–296"
1317:
1236:
1201:
1154:
1098:
1055:
1012:
919:
911:
821:
3038:
2951:
2916:
2768:
2284:
2189:
2093:
1985:
1918:
1339:
1166:
1118:
1067:
1024:
954:
833:
369:
309:
lahars that originate on volcanoes. An example is the lahar that inundated the city of
263:
192:
166:
158:
153:
to describe debris flows, but true mudflows are composed mostly of grains smaller than
2758:
859:
792:
Distinguishing between debris flows and floods from field evidence in small watersheds
266:
of sediment grains distinguishes debris-flow deposits from most water-laid sediments.
205:
3017:
2856:
2848:
2788:
2748:
2637:
2452:
2214:
2204:
1990:
1853:
1563:
1497:
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1343:
1331:
1240:
1110:
1071:
1028:
958:
837:
744:
435:
419:
297:
255:
162:
1440:
Mass
Movements. Section of the information platform "Natural hazards in Switzerland"
1170:
1122:
829:
803:
659:
The debris basin on the Kahoma Stream Flood
Control Project, protecting the town of
2931:
2833:
2738:
2487:
2337:
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2078:
1950:
1785:
1779:
1581:
1485:
1321:
1205:
1158:
1102:
1063:
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1016:
946:
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612:
558:
554:
423:
305:
623:
186:
2936:
2896:
2891:
2495:
2382:
2377:
2161:
2098:
2068:
2033:
2028:
1995:
1960:
1931:
1684:
1383:
1226:
1085:
E. B., Pitman; L. Le (2005). "A two-fluid model for avalanche and debris flows".
660:
411:
In real two-phase (debris) mass flows there exists a strong coupling between the
301:
116:
Notable debris-flow disasters of the twentieth century involved more than 20,000
35:
1353:
864:
2997:
2881:
2861:
2743:
2728:
2615:
2600:
2595:
2555:
2535:
2447:
2289:
2269:
2234:
2166:
2151:
2058:
1980:
1940:
1637:
1553:
860:
439:
405:
310:
178:
121:
117:
98:
86:
1879:
561:
is zero, and the basal slope effect on the solid phase also vanishes. In this
348:
Numerous different approaches have been used to model debris-flow properties,
3141:
3078:
3073:
3058:
3043:
2992:
2987:
2753:
2718:
2672:
2632:
2627:
2387:
2259:
2219:
1965:
1945:
1848:
1646:
1435:
Video documentation of experiments at the USGS debris-flow flume, Oregon, USA
1386:
1335:
1297:
1186:"Field observations of basal forces and fluid pore pressure in a debris flow"
1136:
634:, have been built since to prevent flows of this kind from reaching the city.
570:
361:
110:
328:
322:
173:
floods. Normal stream flows contain even lower concentrations of sediment.
3068:
2818:
2803:
2793:
2642:
2573:
2442:
2407:
2322:
2264:
2139:
2038:
2000:
1975:
1843:
1765:
1760:
1593:
1558:
1506:
1162:
1114:
1106:
686:
447:
365:
214:
106:
105:(roughly 2000 kilograms per cubic meter), but owing to widespread sediment
94:
2977:
2901:
2605:
2568:
2515:
2239:
2199:
2073:
1858:
1744:
1677:
1656:
1651:
1402:
1210:
690:
578:
569:, and thus the force associated with buoyancy. Under these conditions of
377:
246:
1429:
3083:
2763:
2647:
2587:
2545:
2417:
2254:
2122:
2063:
2053:
1970:
1539:
1326:
1301:
950:
934:
349:
218:
1434:
1183:
142:
3053:
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2941:
2871:
2783:
2540:
2427:
2412:
2352:
2299:
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2194:
2117:
2107:
2005:
1868:
1863:
1811:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1519:
1514:
1445:
Washington State information about Debris flows, and related material
708:
631:
550:
182:
125:
745:"Preliminary Soil-Slip Susceptibility Maps, Southwestern California"
70:
2723:
2690:
2367:
2209:
2176:
1818:
1806:
1711:
1611:
719:
608:
574:
431:
427:
222:
165:. Debris flows in forested regions can contain large quantities of
137:
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2982:
2510:
2505:
2467:
2372:
2244:
2181:
1801:
1775:
1736:
1672:
1603:
1524:
713:
566:
443:
333:
275:
259:
198:
150:
146:
2828:
2700:
2525:
2520:
2472:
2462:
2432:
2357:
2112:
2043:
2015:
1914:
1449:
716:, below which lies Illgraben a popular debris flow tourist spot
627:
251:
209:
Ancient debris flow deposit at
Resting Springs Pass, California
90:
63:
39:
557:
disappears, the lateral solid pressure gradient vanishes, the
2926:
2911:
2866:
2610:
2583:
2530:
2397:
2392:
2362:
2347:
2156:
1926:
1910:
1632:
1586:
1430:
Dongchuan Debris Flow
Observation and Research Station, China
1411:. New York: Noonday Press (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1989
497:
416:
412:
293:
287:
794:. US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey, 2005.
234:
each pulse or surge has a distinctive head, body and tail.
2956:
2921:
2477:
2437:
2402:
1769:
230:
226:
154:
82:
1484:
1295:
2876:
2317:
81:
are geological phenomena in which water-laden masses of
1184:
B. W., McArdell & P. Bartelt, J. Kowalski (2007).
343:
587:
577:
by the fluid, the debris mass is fully fluidized (or
529:
506:
482:
456:
806:"An overview of debris-flow mathematical modelling"
553:natural debris flows. For neutrally buoyant flows,
1263:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Archived from
1084:
599:
541:
512:
488:
468:
1087:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A
863:, Sebastien Jarny & Philippe Coussot (2006).
3139:
935:"Large debris flows: A macro-viscous phenomenon"
663:, (right) from runoff from the mountains (left).
1909:
520:) is large (e.g., in the natural debris flow).
743:D.M. Morton, R.M. Alvarez, and R.H. Campbell.
332:jökulhlaups is the breaching of ice-dammed or
1895:
1470:
1375:(November 20, 1989), p.116; Jowitt, Deborah.
1135:
755:
753:
34:Debris flow channel with deposits left after
565:, the only remaining solid force is due to
450:(thus, frictional resistance) by a factor (
1902:
1888:
1477:
1463:
1224:
750:
673:In 1989, as part of his large-scale piece
1325:
1228:Debris-flow hazards and related phenomena
1209:
893:
383:Dam break wave, e.g. Hunt, Chanson et al.
1225:Jakob, Matthias; Hungr, Oldrich (2005).
784:
622:
523:If the flow is neutrally buoyant, i.e.,
296:is a debris flow related in some way to
236:
204:
131:
69:
45:
29:
2501:International scale of river difficulty
1218:
881:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2006)132:3(280)
14:
3140:
932:
853:
1883:
1458:
977:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
865:"Dam Break Wave of Thixotropic Fluid"
747:(Open-File Report OF 03-17 USGS 2003)
668:
89:flow down mountainsides, funnel into
618:
1253:
920:10.1146/annurev.fl.13.010181.000421
344:Theories and models of debris flows
149:. Media reports often use the term
120:, in 1985 and tens of thousands in
24:
1396:
1142:Proceedings of the Royal Society A
386:Roll wave, e.g., Takahashi, Davies
25:
3174:
1423:
677:, and later, in 1999, as part of
900:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics
869:Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
648:
2658:Flooded grasslands and savannas
1360:
1289:
1279:
1177:
1129:
1078:
1035:
992:
983:
830:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104135
430:, which in turn diminishes the
1300:; Lindsay, D.N. (2019-08-01).
1064:10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107992
1021:10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107431
965:
926:
887:
844:
797:
737:
685:brought together the music of
392:A type of translating rock dam
118:fatalities in Armero, Colombia
13:
1:
725:
316:
136:Debris flows have volumetric
2824:Universal Soil Loss Equation
2774:Hydrological transport model
2668:Storm Water Management Model
1839:Potentially hazardous object
1231:. Springer. pp. 38–39.
675:David Gordon's United States
399:
304:, intense rainfall on loose
7:
702:
422:, where the solid's normal
10:
3179:
2328:Antecedent drainage stream
1377:"Rush Forward. Look Back."
320:
285:
3092:
3064:River valley civilization
3026:
2965:
2947:Riparian-zone restoration
2847:
2709:
2681:
2582:
2554:
2486:
2308:
2175:
2092:
2014:
1925:
1831:
1794:
1753:
1735:
1704:
1697:
1665:
1631:
1624:
1602:
1572:
1538:
1505:
1496:
1368:"Dance: Burning the Flag"
933:Davies, T. R. H. (1986).
600:{\displaystyle \gamma =0}
542:{\displaystyle \gamma =1}
469:{\displaystyle 1-\gamma }
434:resistance, enhances the
356:. Some are listed here.
3127:Countries without rivers
3102:Rivers by discharge rate
2814:Runoff model (reservoir)
2779:Infiltration (hydrology)
730:
281:
269:
2799:River Continuum Concept
2564:Agricultural wastewater
1450:Debris Flow Association
679:Autobiography of a Liar
513:{\displaystyle \gamma }
489:{\displaystyle \gamma }
161:, where they may spawn
97:comparable to those of
60:Saint-Julien-Mont-Denis
3122:River name etymologies
3049:Hydraulic civilization
2907:Floodplain restoration
2683:Point source pollution
2458:Sedimentary structures
1163:10.1098/rspa.1954.0186
1107:10.1098/rsta.2005.1596
894:Takahashi, T. (1981).
635:
601:
543:
514:
490:
470:
242:
210:
75:
67:
43:
2734:Discharge (hydrology)
2696:Industrial wastewater
2177:Sedimentary processes
1408:The Control of Nature
810:Earth-Science Reviews
696:The Control of Nature
626:
602:
544:
515:
491:
471:
240:
208:
132:Features and behavior
73:
57:
33:
27:Geological phenomenon
2839:Volumetric flow rate
2423:Riffle-pool sequence
1211:10.1029/2006GL029183
585:
527:
504:
480:
454:
111:pore-fluid pressures
3013:Whitewater kayaking
3008:Whitewater canoeing
2809:Runoff curve number
2653:Flood pulse concept
1389:(December 21, 1999)
1318:2019Geosp..15.1140K
1237:2005dfhr.book.....J
1202:2007GeoRL..34.7406M
1155:1954RSPSA.225...49B
1099:2005RSPTA.363.1573P
1093:(1832): 1573–1602.
1056:2022Geomo.39607992B
1013:2021Geomo.37207431B
912:1981AnRFM..13...57T
822:2022ESRv..23204135T
790:Pierson, Thomas C.
159:continental margins
145:particles to great
101:and other types of
3148:Geological hazards
3039:Aquatic toxicology
2952:Stream restoration
2917:Infiltration basin
2769:Hydrological model
2285:Sediment transport
2108:Estavelle/Inversac
1986:Subterranean river
1490:list by death toll
1382:2014-12-13 at the
1327:10.1130/GES02048.1
1190:Geophys. Res. Lett
951:10.1007/BF01182546
669:In popular culture
636:
597:
539:
510:
486:
466:
438:, and reduces the
256:granular mechanics
243:
211:
163:turbidity currents
76:
68:
44:
3163:Natural disasters
3135:
3134:
3112:Whitewater rivers
3018:Whitewater slalom
2849:River engineering
2749:Groundwater model
2710:River measurement
2638:Flood forecasting
2453:Sedimentary basin
2310:Fluvial landforms
2215:Bed material load
1991:River bifurcation
1877:
1876:
1854:Geomagnetic storm
1827:
1826:
1693:
1692:
1620:
1619:
1564:Soil liquefaction
1486:Natural disasters
689:and the words of
619:Damage prevention
436:pressure gradient
420:momentum transfer
298:volcanic activity
171:hyperconcentrated
55:
16:(Redirected from
3170:
3097:Rivers by length
2932:River morphology
2834:Wetted perimeter
2739:Drainage density
2250:Headward erosion
2079:Perennial stream
1951:Blackwater river
1904:
1897:
1890:
1881:
1880:
1786:Tropical cyclone
1780:Tornado outbreak
1702:
1701:
1629:
1628:
1582:Pyroclastic flow
1574:Volcano eruption
1503:
1502:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1390:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1329:
1312:(4): 1140–1163.
1293:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1039:
1033:
1032:
996:
990:
987:
981:
969:
963:
962:
945:(1–4): 161–178.
930:
924:
923:
891:
885:
884:
857:
851:
848:
842:
841:
801:
795:
788:
782:
781:
779:
778:
772:
766:. Archived from
765:
757:
748:
741:
681:, choreographer
652:
606:
604:
603:
598:
559:drag coefficient
555:Coulomb friction
548:
546:
545:
540:
519:
517:
516:
511:
495:
493:
492:
487:
475:
473:
472:
467:
389:Progressive wave
56:
21:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3158:Landslide types
3138:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3107:Drainage basins
3088:
3022:
2961:
2937:Retention basin
2897:Erosion control
2892:Detention basin
2843:
2759:Hjulström curve
2711:
2705:
2677:
2621:Non-water flood
2578:
2550:
2496:Helicoidal flow
2482:
2383:Fluvial terrace
2378:Floating island
2304:
2179:
2171:
2162:Rhythmic spring
2096:
2088:
2069:Stream gradient
2010:
1996:River ecosystem
1961:Channel pattern
1929:
1921:
1908:
1878:
1873:
1823:
1790:
1754:Cyclonic storms
1749:
1731:
1689:
1685:Limnic eruption
1661:
1635:
1616:
1604:Natural erosion
1598:
1568:
1542:
1534:
1492:
1483:
1426:
1399:
1397:Further reading
1394:
1393:
1384:Wayback Machine
1365:
1361:
1350:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1261:"Debris Basins"
1259:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1223:
1219:
1182:
1178:
1149:(1160): 49–63.
1134:
1130:
1083:
1079:
1040:
1036:
997:
993:
988:
984:
970:
966:
931:
927:
892:
888:
858:
854:
849:
845:
802:
798:
789:
785:
776:
774:
770:
763:
759:
758:
751:
742:
738:
733:
728:
705:
671:
666:
665:
664:
661:Lahaina, Hawaii
658:
653:
621:
586:
583:
582:
573:support of the
528:
525:
524:
505:
502:
501:
496:is the density
481:
478:
477:
455:
452:
451:
402:
346:
325:
319:
302:sector collapse
290:
284:
272:
134:
109:caused by high
99:rock avalanches
85:and fragmented
58:Debris flow in
46:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3176:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2998:Stone skipping
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2882:Drop structure
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2862:Balancing lake
2859:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2789:Playfair's law
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2744:Exner equation
2741:
2736:
2731:
2729:Bradshaw model
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2616:Urban flooding
2608:
2603:
2601:Crevasse splay
2598:
2596:100-year flood
2592:
2590:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2556:Surface runoff
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2536:Stream capture
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2448:Rock-cut basin
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2290:Suspended load
2287:
2282:
2280:Secondary flow
2277:
2272:
2270:Retrogradation
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2235:Dissolved load
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2167:Spring horizon
2164:
2159:
2154:
2152:Mineral spring
2149:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2133:list in the US
2130:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2059:Stream channel
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1981:Drainage basin
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1941:Alluvial river
1937:
1935:
1923:
1922:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1773:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1699:
1698:Meteorological
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1554:Seismic hazard
1550:
1548:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1424:External links
1422:
1421:
1420:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1366:Tobias, Tobi.
1359:
1298:Allstadt, K.E.
1288:
1278:
1267:on 27 May 2016
1252:
1245:
1217:
1176:
1128:
1077:
1034:
991:
982:
964:
939:Acta Mechanica
925:
886:
875:(3): 280–293.
861:Hubert Chanson
852:
843:
796:
783:
749:
735:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
722:
717:
711:
704:
701:
670:
667:
655:
654:
647:
646:
645:
620:
617:
596:
593:
590:
538:
535:
532:
509:
485:
465:
462:
459:
426:is reduced by
406:mixture theory
401:
398:
394:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
374:dilatant fluid
345:
342:
321:Main article:
318:
315:
286:Main article:
283:
280:
271:
268:
177:than about 25
133:
130:
95:bulk densities
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3175:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3153:Geomorphology
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3079:Surface water
3077:
3075:
3074:Sacred waters
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3059:Riparian zone
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3044:Body of water
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:Riverboarding
2991:
2989:
2988:River surfing
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:and modelling
2708:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2673:Return period
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2633:Flood control
2631:
2629:
2628:Flood barrier
2626:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2260:Palaeochannel
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2220:Granular flow
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1966:Channel types
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1946:Braided river
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1849:Meteor shower
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1647:Coastal flood
1645:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1418:
1417:0-374-12890-1
1414:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1388:
1387:Village Voice
1385:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1355:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1282:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1248:
1246:3-540-20726-0
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1196:(7): L07406.
1195:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1137:R. A. Bagnold
1132:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:Geomorphology
1038:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:Geomorphology
995:
986:
980:, 25, 483–495
979:
978:
973:
968:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
929:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
896:"Debris Flow"
890:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
856:
847:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
800:
793:
787:
773:on 2013-06-03
769:
762:
756:
754:
746:
740:
736:
721:
718:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
700:
698:
697:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
662:
657:
651:
644:
640:
633:
629:
625:
616:
614:
610:
594:
591:
588:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
563:limiting case
560:
556:
552:
536:
533:
530:
521:
507:
499:
483:
463:
460:
457:
449:
445:
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3117:Flash floods
3069:River cruise
2966:River sports
2819:Stream gauge
2804:Rouse number
2794:Relief ratio
2643:Flood-meadow
2574:Urban runoff
2488:Fluvial flow
2473:River valley
2443:River island
2408:Meander scar
2323:Alluvial fan
2265:Progradation
2224:
2140:Karst spring
2084:Winterbourne
2039:Chalk stream
2001:River source
1976:Distributary
1844:Impact event
1832:Astronomical
1766:Thunderstorm
1761:Bomb cyclone
1625:Hydrological
1594:Volcanic ash
1559:Seismic risk
1529:
1507:Mass wasting
1406:
1403:McPhee, John
1370:
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1269:. Retrieved
1265:the original
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775:. Retrieved
768:the original
739:
694:
687:Harry Partch
683:David Gordon
678:
674:
672:
641:
637:
571:hydrodynamic
522:
448:shear stress
410:
403:
395:
366:viscoplastic
347:
326:
313:, Colombia.
291:
273:
247:debris cones
244:
212:
196:
187:
175:
167:woody debris
135:
122:Vargas State
115:
107:liquefaction
79:Debris flows
78:
77:
18:Debris flows
2978:Fly fishing
2902:Fish ladder
2887:Daylighting
2606:Flash flood
2569:First flush
2516:Plunge pool
2240:Downcutting
2225:Debris flow
2200:Aggradation
2074:Stream pool
1859:Solar flare
1745:Megadrought
1705:Temperature
1678:Megatsunami
1657:Storm surge
1652:Flash flood
1530:Debris flow
1286:pp.149-162.
691:John McPhee
378:thixotropic
338:entrainment
306:pyroclastic
219:floodplains
188:yamatsunami
128:, in 1999.
66:, July 2013
36:2010 storms
3142:Categories
3084:Wild river
2764:Hydrograph
2754:Hack's law
2719:Baer's law
2663:Inundation
2648:Floodplain
2588:stormwater
2546:Whitewater
2418:Oxbow lake
2255:Knickpoint
2230:Deposition
2123:Hot spring
2064:Streamflow
2054:Stream bed
1971:Confluence
1540:Earthquake
1498:Geological
1271:30 January
1050:: 107992.
1007:: 107431.
816:: 104135.
777:2013-10-18
726:References
579:lubricated
432:frictional
350:kinematics
329:jökulhlaup
323:Jökulhlaup
317:Jökulhlaup
276:geological
185:is called
103:landslides
3054:Limnology
3003:Triathlon
2973:Canyoning
2942:Revetment
2872:Check dam
2784:Main stem
2541:Waterfall
2428:Point bar
2413:Mouth bar
2353:Billabong
2300:Water gap
2295:Wash load
2275:Saltation
2195:Anabranch
2118:Holy well
2006:Tributary
1869:Hypernova
1864:Supernova
1812:Firestorm
1727:Heat wave
1722:Ice storm
1717:Cold wave
1520:Avalanche
1515:Landslide
1344:197584816
1336:1553-040X
1306:Geosphere
1072:239137775
1029:225111202
959:122217532
906:: 57–77.
838:251268686
709:Colluvium
632:Medeu Dam
589:γ
575:particles
531:γ
508:γ
484:γ
476:), where
464:γ
461:−
400:Two-phase
197:mountain
183:landslide
126:Venezuela
2857:Aqueduct
2724:Baseflow
2691:Effluent
2368:Cut bank
2333:Avulsion
2210:Bed load
2190:Abrasion
1819:ARkStorm
1807:Wildfire
1712:Blizzard
1612:Sinkhole
1380:Archived
1372:New York
1354:70203874
1171:98030586
1123:17779815
1115:16011934
720:Rheology
703:See also
609:granular
428:buoyancy
415:and the
354:dynamics
260:outcrops
223:friction
147:boulders
138:sediment
3034:Aquifer
3027:Related
2983:Rafting
2511:Meander
2506:Log jam
2468:Thalweg
2373:Estuary
2245:Erosion
2182:erosion
2094:Springs
2049:Current
2016:Streams
1956:Channel
1919:springs
1915:streams
1802:Derecho
1776:Tornado
1737:Drought
1673:Tsunami
1525:Mudflow
1314:Bibcode
1233:Bibcode
1198:Bibcode
1151:Bibcode
1095:Bibcode
1052:Bibcode
1009:Bibcode
908:Bibcode
818:Bibcode
714:Illhorn
567:gravity
551:viscous
444:mixture
380:, etc.)
370:Bagnold
362:Bingham
334:moraine
264:sorting
199:tsunami
179:degrees
151:mudflow
2829:WAFLEX
2701:Sewage
2584:Floods
2526:Riffle
2521:Rapids
2463:Strath
2433:Ravine
2358:Canyon
2113:Geyser
2044:Coulee
2029:Bourne
2024:Arroyo
1927:Rivers
1911:Rivers
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957:
836:
628:Almaty
613:motion
424:stress
372:-type
352:, and
311:Armero
274:Other
252:levees
91:stream
64:France
40:Ladakh
2927:Levee
2912:Flume
2867:Canal
2611:Flood
2531:Shoal
2398:Gully
2393:Gulch
2363:Chine
2348:Bayou
2205:Armor
2157:Ponor
1932:lists
1795:Other
1666:Other
1633:Flood
1587:Lahar
1340:S2CID
1167:S2CID
1119:S2CID
1068:S2CID
1025:S2CID
955:S2CID
834:S2CID
771:(PDF)
764:(PDF)
731:Notes
693:from
498:ratio
417:fluid
413:solid
294:lahar
288:Lahar
282:Lahar
270:Types
2957:Weir
2922:Leat
2586:and
2478:Wadi
2438:Rill
2403:Glen
2388:Gill
2338:Bank
2180:and
2145:list
2128:list
2099:list
2034:Burn
1917:and
1770:Hail
1638:List
1545:List
1413:ISBN
1348:USGS
1332:ISSN
1273:2013
1241:ISBN
1111:PMID
440:drag
404:The
231:silt
227:sand
155:sand
143:clay
87:rock
83:soil
2877:Dam
2343:Bar
2318:Ait
1322:doi
1206:doi
1159:doi
1147:225
1103:doi
1091:363
1060:doi
1048:396
1017:doi
1005:372
947:doi
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877:doi
873:132
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814:232
217:or
193:山津波
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