Dazzle camouflage - Knowledge

476: 621: 670: 754: 1010: 3162: 187: 1026: 331: 774: 235:, agreed with Kerr that dazzle's aim was confusion rather than concealment, but disagreed about the type of confusion to be sown in the enemy's mind. What Wilkinson wanted to do was to make it difficult for an enemy to estimate a ship's type, size, speed, and heading, and thereby confuse enemy ship commanders into taking mistaken or poor firing positions. An observer would find it difficult to know exactly whether the stern or the bow was in view; and it would be correspondingly difficult to estimate whether the observed vessel was moving towards or away from the observer's position. 799: 488: 1047: 1073: 36: 277: 239: 1149:

accepted forms of a ship are broken up by masses of strongly contrasted colour, consequently making it a matter of difficulty for a submarine to decide on the exact course of the vessel to be attacked." For example, an enemy submarine might position itself poorly, leaving itself at long range or out of range altogether. Wilkinson further wrote that dazzle was designed "not for low visibility, but in such a way as to break up her form and thus confuse a submarine officer as to the course on which she was heading".

418: 141: 109:. Each ship's dazzle pattern was unique to avoid making classes of ships instantly recognisable to the enemy. The result was that a profusion of dazzle schemes was tried, and the evidence for their success was, at best, mixed. So many factors were involved that it was impossible to determine which were important, and whether any of the colour schemes were effective. Experiments were carried out on aircraft in both World Wars with little success. 261:

dropped in favour of an admittedly non-scientific approach, led by the socially well-connected Wilkinson. Kerr's explanations of the principles were clear, logical, and based on years of study, while Wilkinson's were simple and inspirational, based on an artist's perception. The decision was likely because the Admiralty felt comfortable with Wilkinson, in sharp contrast to their awkward relationship with the stubborn and pedantic Kerr.

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said "I make no claim to have invented the principle of parti-colouring, this principle was, of course, invented by nature". He agreed also that he had not suggested anywhere in his letters that his system would "create an illusion as to the course of the vessel painted". In October 1920 the Admiralty told Kerr that he was not seen as responsible for dazzle painting. In 1922 Wilkinson was awarded the sum of £2000 for the invention.

577:, but it was nonetheless adopted both in the UK and North America. In 1918, the Admiralty analysed shipping losses, but was unable to draw clear conclusions. Dazzle ships had been attacked in 1.47% of sailings, compared to 1.12% for uncamouflaged ships, suggesting increased visibility, but as Wilkinson had argued, dazzle was not attempting to make ships hard to see. Suggestively, of the ships that were struck by 541: 203:

Whether through this mixing of goals, or the Admiralty's scepticism about "any theory based upon the analogy of animals", the Admiralty claimed in July 1915 to have conducted "various trials" and decided to paint its ships in monotone grey, not adopting any of Kerr's suggestions. It had made up its mind, and all Kerr's subsequent letters achieved nothing.

311:, operated by a human to compute the range. The operator adjusted the mechanism until the two half-images of the target lined up in a complete picture. Dazzle, Sumrall argued, was intended to make that hard, as clashing patterns looked abnormal even when the two halves were aligned, something that became more important when 224:

demonstrations of his theory around the country. He had a warm welcome from Kerr in Glasgow, and was so enthused by this show of support that he avoided meeting the War Office, who he had been intending to win over, and instead sailed home, continuing to write ineffective letters to the British and American authorities.

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in 1919. About 1,256 ships were painted in dazzle between 1 March 1918 and the end of the war on 11 November that year. Among American merchantmen 2,500 tons and over, 78 uncamouflaged ships were sunk, and only 18 camouflaged ships; out of these 18, 11 were sunk by torpedoes, 4 in collisions and 3 by

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With hindsight, too many factors (choice of colour scheme; size and speed of ships; tactics used) had been varied for it to be possible to determine which factors were significant or which schemes worked best. Thayer did carry out an experiment on dazzle camouflage, but it failed to show any reliable

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Wilkinson said "The primary object of this scheme was not so much to cause the enemy to miss his shot when actually in firing position, but to mislead him, when the ship was first sighted, as to the correct position to take up. Dazzle was a method to produce an effect by paint in such a way that all

839:, in patches of black and four shades of grey. It described this as "dazzle camouflage", making the ship the first Royal Navy vessel to have such a paint scheme since the Second World War. It stated that the scheme was "more about supporting the unique identity of the squadron" than for concealment. 584:

Similarly, 41% of the dazzle ships were struck amidships, compared to 52% of the uncamouflaged. These comparisons could be taken to imply that submarine commanders had more difficulty in deciding where a ship was heading and where to aim. Furthermore, the ships painted in dazzle were larger than the

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Dazzle was created in response to an extreme need, and hosted by an organisation, the Admiralty, which had already rejected an approach supported by scientific theory: Kerr's proposal to use "parti-colouring" based on the known camouflage methods of disruptive coloration and countershading. This was

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It was not until she was within half a mile that I could make out she was one ship steering a course at right angles, crossing from starboard to port. The dark painted stripes on her after part made her stern appear her bow, and a broad cut of green paint amidships looks like a patch of water. The

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Similarly, he advised painting shaded parts of the ship white, and brightly lit parts in grey, again with smooth grading between them, making shapes and structures invisible. Kerr was thus hoping to achieve both a measure of invisibility and a degree of confusion for the enemy using a rangefinder.

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After the war, starting on 27 October 1919, an Admiralty committee met to determine who had priority for the invention of dazzle. Kerr was asked whether he thought Wilkinson had personally benefited from anything that he, Kerr, had written. Kerr avoided the question, implying that he had not, and

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Wilkinson advocated "masses of strongly contrasted colour" to confuse the enemy about a ship's heading. Thus, while dazzle, in some lighting conditions or at close ranges, might actually increase a ship's visibility, the conspicuous patterns would obscure the outlines of the ship's hull (though

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dazzle scheme as an example, that different mechanisms could have been at work. The contradictory patterns on the ship's funnels could imply the ship was on a different heading (as Wilkinson had said). The curve on the hull below the front funnel could seem to be a false bow wave, creating a

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Taking up the zebra example, Kerr proposed that the vertical lines of ships' masts be disrupted with irregular white bands. Hiding these would make ships less conspicuous, and would "greatly increase the difficulty of accurate range finding". However, in the same letter, Kerr also called for

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The Admiralty noted that the required camouflage would vary depending on the light, the changing colours of sea and sky, the time of day, and the angle of the sun. Thayer made repeated and desperate efforts to persuade the authorities, and in November 1915 travelled to England where he gave

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threat). Dazzle measures were used until 1945; in February 1945 the United States Navy's Pacific Fleet decided to repaint its ships in non-dazzle measures against the kamikaze threat, while the Atlantic Fleet continued to use dazzle, ships being repainted if transferred to the Pacific.

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Wilkinson said that dazzle was a "method to produce an effect by paint in such a way that all accepted forms of a ship are broken up by masses of strongly contrasted colour, consequently making it a matter of difficulty for a submarine to decide on the exact course of the vessel to be

475: 514:. Wilkinson was put in charge of a camouflage unit which used the technique on large groups of merchant ships. Over 4000 British merchant ships were painted in what came to be known as "dazzle camouflage"; dazzle was also applied to some 400 naval vessels, starting in August 1917. 528:, even without practical visual assessment protocols for improving performance by modifying designs and colours. The dazzle camouflage strategy was adopted by other navies. This led to more scientific studies of colour options which might enhance camouflage effectiveness. 402:

travelling that distance in half a second would strike 90 cm (35 in) from the intended aiming point, or 7% of the distance moved by the target. This might be enough to save lives in the dazzle-patterned vehicle, and perhaps to cause the missile to miss entirely.

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reverted to plain grey paint schemes, informing Kerr in July 1915 that "various trials had been undertaken and that the range of conditions of light and surroundings rendered it necessary to modify considerably any theory based upon the analogy of animals".

727:. A wide range of patterns were authorised, but most commonly black and white diagonal stripes were used. Most patterns were designed to hide ships in harbour or near the coast; they were often painted over with plain grey when operating in the Atlantic. 199:, the use of paint to obliterate self-shading and thus to flatten out the appearance of solid, recognisable shapes. For example, he proposed painting ships' guns grey on top, grading to white below, so the guns would disappear against a grey background. 647:, dazzle paint schemes reappeared in January 1940. These were unofficial, and competitions were often held between ships for the best camouflage patterns. The Royal Navy's Camouflage Department came up with a scheme devised by a young naval officer, 359:

argued that since Wilkinson knew it was impossible to make a ship invisible with paint, the "extreme opposite" was the answer, using conspicuous shapes and violent colour contrasts to confuse enemy submarine commanders. Willis pointed out, using the

220:, and advocating painting ships white to make them invisible. His ideas were considered by the Admiralty, but rejected along with Kerr's proposals as being "freak methods of painting ships ... of academic interest but not of practical advantage". 708:

Not all United States Navy measures involved dazzle patterns; some were simple or even totally unsophisticated, such as a false bow wave on traditional Haze Gray, or Deck Blue replacing grey over part or all of the ship (the latter to counter the

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but to make it difficult to estimate a target's range, speed, and heading. Norman Wilkinson explained in 1919 that he had intended dazzle primarily to mislead the enemy about a ship's course and so cause them to take up a poor firing position.

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In 2011, the scientist Nicholas E. Scott-Samuel and colleagues presented evidence using moving patterns on a computer that human perception of speed is distorted by dazzle patterns. However, the speeds required for

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with bold disrupting lines similar to those of their ship camouflage. The effect remained dubious, but was found to reduce the incidence of the planes being targeted by anti-aircraft gunners on their own side.

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As Buskirk claimed, less than 1% of the US merchant ships painted in dazzle were lost; but without knowing the number of non-camouflaged ships, it is not possible to calculate the comparative rates of loss.

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The abstract patterns in dazzle camouflage inspired artists including Picasso. He claimed credit for camouflage experiments, which seemed to him a quintessentially Cubist technique. In a conversation with

705:. The designs (known as Measures, each identified with a number) were not arbitrary, but were standardised in a process which involved a planning stage, then a review, and then fleet-wide implementation. 2356:

In mid-1940, Barclay prepared designs for experimental camouflage for different types of Navy combat aircraft. Evaluation tests, however, showed that pattern camouflage was of little, if any, use for the

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Eyepiece image of a warship in a naval rangefinder, image halves not yet adjusted for range. The target's masts are especially useful for rangefinding, so Kerr proposed disrupting these with white bands.

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The equivalent for naval artillery at a range of 7,000 m (7,700 yd) would require a ship to travel at 7000 × 90/70 = 9,000 km/h (4,900 kn; 5,600 mph) to achieve motion dazzle.

874: 2778: 521:. A foreman then scaled up their designs for the real thing. Painters, however, were not alone in the project. Creative people including sculptors, artists, and set designers designed camouflage. 632:

However effective dazzle camouflage may have been in World War I, it became less useful as rangefinders and especially aircraft became more advanced, and, by the time it was put to use again in

156:, drawing attention to the ship rather than hiding it. The approach was developed after Allied navies were unable to develop effective means to hide ships in all weather conditions. The British 666:. Dazzle patterns were tested on small model ships at the Royal Navy's Directorate of Camouflage in Leamington Spa; these were painted and then viewed in a shallow tank on the building's roof. 299:

In 1973, the naval museum curator Robert F. Sumrall (following Kerr) suggested a mechanism by which dazzle camouflage may have sown the kind of confusion that Wilkinson had intended for it.

1046: 460:, both as used by animals. A general order to the British fleet issued on 10 November 1914 advocated use of Kerr's approach. It was applied in various ways to British warships such as 2369: 171:

in 1914 explaining the goal was to confuse, not to conceal, by disrupting a ship's outline. Kerr compared the effect to that created by the patterns on a series of land animals, the

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to make it difficult for the enemy to gauge the shape and position of the aircraft. The camouflaged aircraft were flown in combat, but the effect was found not to be satisfactory.

1363:, Longmans, Green and Co, 1919. p. 46. "You look long and hard at this dazzle-ship. She doesn't give you any sensation of being dazzled; but she is, in some queer way, all wrong". 3436: 691: 615: 216:. Seeing the opportunity to put his theory into service, Thayer wrote to Churchill in February 1915, proposing to camouflage submarines by countershading them like fish such as 1009: 517:

All British patterns were different, first tested on small wooden models viewed through a periscope in a studio. Most of the model designs were painted by women from London's

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promoted a system of stripes and broken lines "to distort the external shape by violent colour contrasts" and confuse the enemy about the speed and dimensions of a ship.

2339: 467:, where officers noted approvingly that the pattern "increased difficulty of accurate range finding". However, following Churchill's departure from the Admiralty, the 2108: 943:

exhibited its rediscovered collection of lithographic printed plans for the camouflage of American World War I merchant ships, in an exhibition titled "Bedazzled".

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Wilkinson claimed not to have known of the zoological theories of camouflage of Kerr and Thayer, admitting only to having heard of the "old invisibility-idea" from

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The designer Adam Harvey has similarly proposed a form of camouflage reminiscent of dazzle for personal camouflage from face-detection technology, which he calls

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vehicle at a range of 70 m (77 yd), travelling at 90 km/h (56 mph). If such a dazzling target causes a 7% confusion in the observed speed, a

1025: 902:, who supervised dazzle camouflage painting in the war, created a series of canvases after the war based on his dazzle work on ships. His work later inspired 2786: 394:

are much larger than were available to First World War ships: Scott-Samuel notes that the targets in the experiment would correspond to a dazzle-patterned

3421: 1110:". It uses occlusion, covering certain facial features; transformation, altering the shape or colour of parts of the face; and a combination of the two. 898:

shortly after he first saw a painted cannon trundling through the streets of Paris he remarked, "Yes it is we who made it, that is cubism". In Britain,

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misleading impression of the ship's speed. And the striped patterns at bow and stern could create confusion about which end of the ship was which.

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painted canvases of United States Navy ships in dazzle camouflage at sea. The historian of camouflage Peter Forbes comments that the ships had a

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had developed a theory of camouflage based on countershading and disruptive coloration, which he had published in the controversial 1909 book

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proposed the application of camouflage to British warships in the First World War, outlining what he believed to be the applicable principle,

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Wilkinson, then a lieutenant commander on Royal Navy patrol duty, implemented the precursor of "dazzle" beginning with the merchantman SS

3261: 212: 2978: 2713: 2659: 2470: 3426: 3411: 2779:"The Anti-Surveillance State: Clothes and Gadgets Block Face Recognition Technology, Confuse Drones and Make You (Digitally) Invisible" 1003:, which he called "Everybody Razzle Dazzle", combining his trademark motifs (stars, targets etc.) with First World War dazzle designs. 3176: 2495: 1511:"Cubist Slugs. Review of DPM: Disruptive Pattern Material; An Encyclopedia of Camouflage: Nature – Military – Culture by Roy Behrens" 1129: 2391: 1553: 1309: 3017: 2266: 585:

uncamouflaged ships, 38% of them being over 5000 tons compared to only 13% of uncamouflaged ships, making comparisons unreliable.

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inaugurated its Camouflage Section for land use at the end of 1916. At sea in 1917, heavy losses of merchant ships to Germany's

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to make their angle and direction difficult to judge for an enemy gunner. Similarly the Royal Navy painted some of their

3287: 86:, it consisted of complex patterns of geometric shapes in contrasting colours interrupting and intersecting each other. 3851: 2636: 2323: 2062: 853: 833: 2728: 2871: 2521: 2471:"Russia is painting dark stripes on its warships to make them look smaller and confuse Ukrainian drones, says expert" 1114: 907: 1867: 1651: 1347:'A few broad stripes': Perception, Deception, and the 'Dazzle Ship' phenomenon of the First World War", pp. 190–202. 3109: 1720: 1192: 903: 246:

commander's periscope view of a merchant ship in dazzle camouflage (left) and the same ship uncamouflaged (right),

669: 124:, who supervised the camouflaging of over 2,000 ships during the First World War, painted a series of canvases of 3336: 624:

Dazzle under development: the "Outside Viewing-tank" on the roof of the Directorate of Camouflage Naval Section,

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In 2007, the art of camouflage, including the evolution of dazzle, was featured as the theme for a show at the

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Kerr thought this because, as shown in the rangefinder eyepiece image, masts provide ideal verticals to align.

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admittedly not the superstructure), disguising the ship's correct heading and making it harder to hit.

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car was painted in a scheme intended to confound rival teams' ability to analyse its aerodynamics.

825:; the pattern was described variously as "dazzle" and "disruptive". In 2021, the Royal Navy painted 3995: 3312: 3052: 2447: 1232:

was painted in a dazzle pattern, perhaps the first Royal Navy vessel to be camouflaged in this way.

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In 1940, the US Navy conducted experiments with dazzle-type camouflage for aircraft. The artist

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painted "dark stripes on its warships to make them look smaller and confuse Ukrainian drones".

856: 836: 822: 760: 740: 2313: 877:" paint scheme during a deployment to Singapore in 2013. It was also reported that during the 487: 3869: 3839: 3821: 3618: 3218: 3104: 3002: 2993: 2988: 2922: 1625: 815: 518: 461: 457: 164: 798: 3956: 3678: 3121: 3099: 2010: 1995:

Scott-Samuel, Nicholas E; Baddeley, Roland; Palmer, Chloe E; Cuthill, Innes C (June 2011).

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further reduced its effectiveness. However, it may still have confounded enemy submarines.

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has used dazzle patterns on its fleet since 2009 for recognition rather than camouflage.

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In civilian life, patterns reminiscent of dazzle camouflage are sometimes used to mask a

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Feng, Ranran; Prabhakaran, Balakrishnan (2013). "Facilitating fashion camouflage art".

2084: 2057: 2033: 1996: 1889: 1781: 1746: 1686: 1479: 1433: 1409:"The Dazzling Zoologist: John Graham Kerr and the Early Development of Ship Camouflage" 981: 966: 863: 764: 736: 724: 687: 593: 553: 106: 2197: 380:

weather was bright and visibility good; this was the best camouflage I have ever seen.

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had recorded "Venetian blue" (bluish-green, the same colour as the sea) was used for

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In the First World War, experiments were conducted on British aircraft such as the

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during trials, to make determining its exterior design difficult. During the 2015

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That dazzle did indeed work along these lines is suggested by the testimony of a

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intended dazzle camouflage to cause the enemy to take up poor firing positions

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Sumrall, Robert F. (February 1973). "Ship Camouflage (WWII): Deceptive Art".

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had sent his scout ships to gather intelligence along the coast of Britain.

1000: 962: 882: 719: 633: 496: 417: 265: 140: 69: 2660:"First world war dazzle painting revived on ships in Liverpool and London" 1885: 3684: 3636: 3496: 3352: 3274: 2751: 2198:"Directorate of Camouflage (Naval Section) at Work, Leamington Spa, 1941" 1973: 1655: 1200: 993: 821:

was painted in a 1944 pattern to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the

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designed "pattern camouflage" schemes for US Navy aircraft such as the

644: 468: 395: 356: 347:'s sister ship, in dazzle camouflage while in service as a World War I 153: 90: 2568:. Thames & Hudson with Imperial War Museum. pp. Inside cover. 2342:. US Naval History and Heritage Command. 31 March 2015. Archived from 965:

with bright multi-coloured dazzle artwork, as part of the city's 2014

581:, 43% of the dazzle ships sank, compared to 54% of the uncamouflaged. 3708: 3549: 1826: 1557: 1085: 929: 348: 318:

included such rangefinders. Patterns sometimes also included a false

315: 312: 2872:"Manchester United reveals dazzle camouflage kit for 2020/21 season" 1495: 1482:(1911). "Revealing and concealing coloration in birds and mammals". 3791: 3357: 2139:"Leamington camouflage unit to be celebrated in new art exhibition" 2001: 1103: 920:

used dazzle ships in some of his wartime compositions. In America,

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mines. No US Navy ships (all camouflaged) were sunk in the period.

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Proceedings of the 21st ACM international conference on Multimedia

2392:"New HMCS Regina paint job harkens back to Battle of the Atlantic" 806:(P233) painted in the 2021 Royal Navy version of dazzle camouflage 3930: 3902: 3827: 3196: 3181: 2055: 1949:"Inventing the Invisible Airplane – When camouflage was fine art" 1740: 1374:

Culture in Camouflage: War, Empire, and Modern British Literature

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Artists and other contributors to camouflage in the 20th century

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to make it difficult for an enemy to estimate the ship's speed.

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Scott-Samuel, Nicholas E.; Baddeley, Roland; Palmer, Chloe E.;

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World War II ship camouflage measures of the United States Navy

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Dazzle's effectiveness was highly uncertain at the time of the

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Newly discovered dazzle plans at Rhode Island School of Design

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campaign led to new desire for camouflage. The marine painter

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Catalogue of US Navy World War II ships in Dazzle Camouflage

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Camouflage: the history of concealment and deception in war

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Naval camouflage, 1914–1945: a complete visual reference.

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Wilkinson, Norman (4 April 1939). "Letters. Camouflage".

2714:"Razzle Dazzle Mersey Ferry unveiled by Sir Peter Blake" 2286: 1307: 1298: 1062:

in 2014 to commemorate the use of dazzle in World War I

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of a moonlit convoy wearing his dazzle camouflage, 1918

2850:"Sea Shepherd Fleet Gets Ready for Upcoming Campaigns" 2580:"Fleet Library Special Collections: Dazzle Camouflage" 1842:"The Development of Naval Camouflage 1914–1945 Part I" 1717:"How did an artist help Britain fight the war at sea?" 1279:. Thames and Hudson / Imperial War Museum. p. 74. 448:

which he called "parti-colouring". He argued both for

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Contested Objects: Material Memories of the Great War

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Transactions of the Illuminating Engineering Society

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Two American ships in dazzle camouflage, painted by

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similarly painted a series of dazzle ship canvases.

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List of countries that prohibit camouflage clothing

2752:"Formula One Testing:Tom Clarkson's Jerez Round-Up" 2444:"USS Freedom due at Pearl on way home to San Diego" 1478: 946:In 2014, the Centenary Art Commission backed three 651:, a wildlife artist, which were developed into the 2315:Camouflage Australia: Art, nature, science and war 2190: 2158: 1676: 1484:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 992:was commissioned to design exterior paintwork for 988:, to commemorate the use of dazzle, a century on. 524:Wilkinson's dazzle camouflage was accepted by the 152:At first glance, dazzle seems an unlikely form of 2633:"SJ3489 : Dazzle Ship, Canning Graving Dock" 1640:. Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences: 35–39. 1289: 928:look, their designs succeeding as avant-garde or 3987: 1330:, Oxford University Press, 2011, vol. 1, p. 401. 242:Claimed effectiveness: Artist's conception of a 2807: 1823:"Secret history: how surrealism can win a war," 325: 112:Dazzle attracted the notice of artists such as 2154: 2152: 2132: 2130: 2056:Stevens, M.; Yule, D.H.; Ruxton, G.D. (2008). 427:displaying a coat of dazzle camouflage in 1918 3053: 2974:The development of naval camouflage 1914–1945 2468: 2318:. Sydney University Press. pp. 186–188. 2049: 1406: 1339:Saunders, Nicholas J.; Cornish, Paul. (eds). 1076:Red Bull RB11 racing car in camouflage livery 491:Official report on a camouflaged ship in 1918 2902:Dazzled and Deceived: Mimicry and Camouflage 2332: 2289:German Naval Camouflage Volume One 1939–1941 2241: 1997:"Dazzle Camouflage Affects Speed Perception" 1988: 1972: 1747:"Dazzle Camouflage Affects Speed Perception" 1618: 1407:Murphy, Hugh; Bellamy, Martin (April 2009). 859:has been painted in this Dazzle Camouflage. 548:, finished in a naval black and white scheme 79:, though with a rejected prior claim by the 3262:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom 2657: 2563: 2149: 2127: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1274: 692:camouflage painting program in World War II 213:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom 3427:Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate 3412:Camouflage clothing in Trinidad and Tobago 3060: 3046: 2948:Ship Shape: A Dazzle Camouflage Sourcebook 1968: 1966: 1308:Campbell-Johnson, Rachel (21 March 2007). 1270: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1258: 294: 128:after the war, based on his wartime work. 3643:Six-Color Desert Pattern (Chocolate Chip) 2749: 2496:"Omd Discography | Albums 1980 - 84" 2384: 2161:United States Naval Institute Proceedings 2083: 2032: 2022: 1780: 1770: 1710: 1708: 1545: 1543: 1531: 1472: 1402: 1400: 1398: 660:Admiralty Intermediate Disruptive Pattern 3012:Destroyer Escort Historical Museum: USS 2218: 2173: 1609: 1587: 1578: 1564: 1444: 1379: 1071: 797: 763:in experimental "pattern camouflage" by 668: 619: 539: 486: 474: 416: 329: 275: 237: 185: 139: 72:and afterwards. Credited to the British 34: 2372:. US Naval History and Heritage Command 2106: 2100: 1963: 1926:"Camouflage during the First World War" 1376:. Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 46. 1255: 662:came into use, followed in 1944 by the 3988: 2370:"NH 96165 Douglas TBD-1 torpedo Plane" 2136: 1946: 1705: 1654:. Navy Yard Associates. Archived from 1624: 1540: 1508: 1395: 1328:The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art 271: 3041: 3028:US Navy PT Boats in Dazzle Camouflage 2776: 2711: 2630: 2311: 2235: 2058:"Dazzle coloration and prey movement" 1865: 1679:Ship Camouflage (WWII): Deceptive Art 788: 535: 431: 2726: 2545:. Naval History and Heritage Command 2264: 1677:Sumrall, Robert F. (February 1973). 1161:Dazzle-ships in Drydock at Liverpool 1033:Dazzle-ships in Drydock at Liverpool 939:. In 2009, the Fleet Library at the 793: 135: 93:, the intention of dazzle is not to 3786:Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform 2287:Asmussen, John; Leon, Eric (2012). 1502: 1343:, Routledge, 2014. Jonathan Black: 592:The American data were analysed by 13: 3003:"Fighting the U-Boat with Paint", 2994:"She's All Dressed Up For Peace", 2937: 2687:"HMS President Dazzle Ship London" 2543:""A Fast Convoy" by Burnell Poole" 2063:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 1714: 723:first used camouflage in the 1940 14: 4017: 3177:As evidence for natural selection 3024:painted in 1945 Dazzle camouflage 2962: 2812:. MM '13. ACM. pp. 793–802. 2712:Jones, Catherine (2 April 2015). 2639:from the original on 22 June 2018 2522:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 2512: 2246:. Navy Department Bureau of Ships 2242:Brand, C. L. (26 February 1945). 1866:Paulk, Ann Bronwyn (April 2003). 1839: 1554:"Now you see it... Now you don't" 1115:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society 908:Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark 3288:Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola 3160: 3110:Coincident disruptive coloration 2340:"McClelland Barclay (1891-1943)" 1721:British Broadcasting Corporation 1509:Wright, Patrick (23 June 2005). 1132:that resembled a dazzle design. 1045: 1024: 1008: 783:in experimental camouflage, 1940 772: 752: 589:advantage over plain paintwork. 568: 384: 2864: 2842: 2801: 2770: 2743: 2720: 2705: 2679: 2651: 2624: 2598: 2572: 2557: 2535: 2506: 2488: 2462: 2436: 2410: 2362: 2305: 2280: 2258: 2212: 2167: 1940: 1918: 1909: 1900: 1859: 1833: 1815: 1806: 1797: 1734: 1670: 1644: 1525: 1357:Newbolt, Sir Henry John Newbolt 1235: 1219: 1210: 1186: 1176: 1167: 948:dazzle camouflage installations 612:Ship camouflage in World War II 600: 452:(following the American artist 3858:Operational Camouflage Pattern 3324:Adaptive Coloration in Animals 3067: 2777:Burns, Janet (21 April 2015). 2727:Rabe, Mattias (9 March 2015). 2469:Mia Jankowicz (July 5, 2023). 2223:. Snyder and Short Enterprises 2137:Rodger, James (20 July 2016). 1366: 1350: 1333: 1320: 1283: 1152: 1142: 862:For concealment purposes, the 501:unrestricted submarine warfare 406: 120:like himself had invented it. 1: 3655:Australian Disruptive Pattern 2984:Camoupedia: dazzle camouflage 2852:. Sea Shepherd. 15 April 2011 2731:(in Swedish). Teknikens Värld 1634:The Brooklyn Museum Quarterly 1294:. Seeley Service. p. 79. 1248: 1067: 941:Rhode Island School of Design 285: 229:Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve 64:that was used extensively in 3919:Diffused lighting camouflage 3804:Universal Camouflage Pattern 3437:USN WWII camouflage measures 2658:Brown, Mark (14 July 2014). 2119:(5): 225–229. Archived from 2107:Buskirk, Harold Van (1919). 2024:10.1371/journal.pone.0020233 1772:10.1371/journal.pone.0020233 1361:Submarine and Anti-Submarine 628:. James Yunge-Bateman, 1943. 436:In 1914, Kerr persuaded the 326:Disguising heading and speed 68:, and to a lesser extent in 7: 3864:Netherlands Fractal Pattern 3798:Tactical Assault Camouflage 3631:Disruptive Pattern Material 2631:Dixon, David (1 May 2015). 2174:Warneke, Jon; Herne, Jeff. 879:Russian invasion of Ukraine 730: 679:wearing Measure 5, a false 438:First Lord of the Admiralty 105:in the UK, and then by the 10: 4022: 2893: 1951:. Air & Space Magazine 1290:Wilkinson, Norman (1969). 1106:"by creating an 'anti-face 906:'s cover and the title of 664:Admiralty Standard Schemes 609: 410: 101:Dazzle was adopted by the 45:in dazzle camouflage, 1918 25: 18: 3948: 3911: 3890: 3883: 3772: 3727:Camouflage Central-Europe 3721:Desert Camouflage Pattern 3597: 3568: 3518: 3461: 3454: 3445: 3394: 3385: 3345: 3273: 3234: 3227: 3169: 3158: 3137:Multi-spectral camouflage 3075: 2905:. Yale University Press. 2221:"USN Camouflage Measures" 2176:"Royal Navy Colour Chips" 1158:For example, Wadsworth's 980:, anchored since 1922 at 16:Family of ship camouflage 3313:Johann Georg Otto Schick 3007:(April 1919), pp. 17–19. 2989:Razzle dazzle camouflage 2916:Williams, David (2001). 2448:Honolulu Star Advertiser 2267:"Bismarck Paint Schemes" 1606:Forbes, 2009. pp. 98–100 1135: 703:-class aircraft carriers 605: 400:rocket propelled grenade 301:Coincidence rangefinders 19:Not to be confused with 3703:Desert Night Camouflage 3256:Abbott Handerson Thayer 2998:(February 1919), p. 55. 2818:10.1145/2502081.2502121 2291:. Seaforth Publishing. 1575:Forbes, 2009. pp. 90–91 1469:Forbes, 2009. pp. 87–89 954:covered the pilot ship 888: 562:Felixstowe flying boats 295:Disrupting rangefinding 282:coincidence rangefinder 249:Encyclopædia Britannica 208:Abbott Handerson Thayer 3248:The Colours of Animals 3242:Edward Bagnall Poulton 3132:Multi-scale camouflage 2899:Forbes, Peter (2009). 2076:10.1098/rspb.2008.0877 1626:Murphy, Robert Cushman 1515:London Review of Books 1490:(Article 8): 119–231. 1430:10.25071/2561-5467.330 1120:English football team 1100:computer vision dazzle 1077: 857:offshore patrol vessel 837:offshore patrol vessel 823:Battle of the Atlantic 807: 761:Douglas TBD Devastator 741:Douglas TBD Devastator 683: 629: 549: 492: 484: 428: 382: 352: 291: 253: 227:The marine artist and 191: 149: 89:Unlike other forms of 46: 3840:Multi-Terrain Pattern 3822:Airman Battle Uniform 3619:Rhodesian Brushstroke 3219:Underwater camouflage 3105:Disruptive coloration 2923:Naval Institute Press 2200:. Imperial War Museum 1928:. Imperial War Museum 1915:Williams, 2001. p. 40 1906:Williams, 2001. p. 35 1886:10.1353/mod.2003.0035 1075: 866:littoral combat ship 801: 672: 623: 610:Further information: 543: 519:Royal Academy of Arts 490: 478: 458:disruptive coloration 444:, to adopt a form of 420: 411:Further information: 377: 351:, from September 1915 333: 279: 241: 189: 165:disruptive camouflage 143: 38: 3957:Dazzled and Deceived 3122:Distractive markings 3100:Counter-illumination 2564:Newark, Tim (2007). 1615:Forbes, 2009. p. 92. 1417:The Northern Mariner 1275:Newark, Tim (2007). 1088:testing period, the 781:Brewster F2A Buffalo 745:Brewster F2A Buffalo 206:The American artist 28:Dazzle Ships (album) 3846:Australian Multicam 3649:U.S. "M81" Woodland 3407:Aircraft camouflage 3402:Military camouflage 3115:Disruptive eye mask 2693:on 15 February 2015 2586:on 16 November 2011 2070:(1651): 2639–2643. 2015:2011PLoSO...620233S 1873:Modernism/modernity 1812:Forbes, 2009. p. 88 1803:Forbes, 2009. p. 87 1763:2011PLoSO...620233S 1652:"Robert F. Sumrall" 1630:"Marine camouflage" 1584:Forbes, 2009. p. 97 1480:Roosevelt, Theodore 1392:Forbes, 2009. p. 96 1310:"Camouflage at IWM" 937:Imperial War Museum 812:Royal Canadian Navy 446:military camouflage 272:Possible mechanisms 116:, who claimed that 3963:Stealth technology 3473:Splittertarnmuster 3368:Thomas N. Sherratt 3020:2018-12-10 at the 2950:. Bobolink Books. 2450:. 13 December 2013 2398:. 11 November 2019 2312:Elias, A. (2011). 2143:Coventry Telegraph 1658:on 18 January 2016 1078: 982:Blackfriars Bridge 969:art festival; and 967:Liverpool Biennial 864:United States Navy 846:and most recently 808: 789:Since World War II 765:McClelland Barclay 737:McClelland Barclay 725:Norwegian campaign 688:United States Navy 684: 654:Western Approaches 630: 594:Harold Van Buskirk 554:Royal Flying Corps 550: 536:Royal Flying Corps 493: 485: 432:British Royal Navy 429: 353: 292: 254: 192: 150: 107:United States Navy 47: 4006:Dazzle camouflage 3983: 3982: 3944: 3943: 3940: 3939: 3879: 3878: 3691:Camouflage Daguet 3564: 3563: 3417:Dazzle camouflage 3381: 3380: 3283:Mary Taylor Brush 3127:Motion camouflage 3095:Active camouflage 2956:978-0-9713244-7-3 2931:978-1-55750-496-8 2911:978-0-300-17896-8 2827:978-1-4503-2404-5 2716:. Liverpool Echo. 2612:on 9 October 2014 2298:978-1-84832-142-7 1830:. 8 January 2006. 1743:Cuthill, Innes C. 1681:. pp. 67–81. 1292:A Brush with Life 1122:Manchester United 794:Renewed naval use 442:Winston Churchill 309:optical mechanism 169:Winston Churchill 167:, in a letter to 144:Depiction of how 136:Intended purposes 60:, is a family of 56:(in the U.S.) or 50:Dazzle camouflage 4013: 3888: 3887: 3459: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3392: 3391: 3298:Norman Wilkinson 3293:John Graham Kerr 3232: 3231: 3164: 3152:Urban camouflage 3062: 3055: 3048: 3039: 3038: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2883: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2785:. Archived from 2774: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2689:. Archived from 2683: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2608:. Archived from 2602: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2582:. Archived from 2576: 2570: 2569: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2519: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2498:. Archived from 2492: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2475:Business Insider 2466: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2353: 2351: 2346:on 13 March 2015 2336: 2330: 2329: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2265:Asmussen, John. 2262: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2156: 2147: 2146: 2134: 2125: 2124: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2087: 2053: 2047: 2046: 2036: 2026: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1970: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1944: 1938: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1922: 1916: 1913: 1907: 1904: 1898: 1897: 1863: 1857: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1837: 1831: 1819: 1813: 1810: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1784: 1774: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1712: 1703: 1702: 1696: 1692: 1690: 1682: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1628:(January 1917). 1622: 1616: 1613: 1607: 1604: 1585: 1582: 1576: 1573: 1562: 1561:. 10 March 2007. 1547: 1538: 1537: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1506: 1500: 1499: 1476: 1470: 1467: 1442: 1441: 1413: 1404: 1393: 1390: 1377: 1370: 1364: 1354: 1348: 1346: 1337: 1331: 1326:Marter, Joan M. 1324: 1318: 1317: 1305: 1296: 1295: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1272: 1242: 1239: 1233: 1225:In August 1917, 1223: 1217: 1214: 1208: 1190: 1184: 1180: 1174: 1171: 1165: 1156: 1150: 1146: 1109: 1060:Tobias Rehberger 1049: 1038:Edward Wadsworth 1028: 1012: 971:Tobias Rehberger 952:Carlos Cruz-Diez 900:Edward Wadsworth 776: 756: 505:Norman Wilkinson 481:Norman Wilkinson 290: 287: 233:Norman Wilkinson 161:John Graham Kerr 146:Norman Wilkinson 122:Edward Wadsworth 84:John Graham Kerr 77:Norman Wilkinson 52:, also known as 4021: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4011: 4010: 3996:Ship camouflage 3986: 3985: 3984: 3979: 3968:Cloaking device 3936: 3907: 3875: 3774: 3768: 3679:Type 87 (China) 3599: 3593: 3560: 3534:(1917 aircraft) 3526:Camouflage tree 3514: 3485:Rauchtarnmuster 3464: 3441: 3432:Ship camouflage 3377: 3341: 3337:Timothy O'Neill 3332:Geoffrey Barkas 3269: 3223: 3165: 3156: 3147:Snow camouflage 3142:Self-decoration 3071: 3066: 3022:Wayback Machine 3005:Popular Science 2996:Popular Science 2965: 2944:Behrens, Roy R. 2940: 2938:Further reading 2896: 2891: 2890: 2881: 2879: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2855: 2853: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2828: 2806: 2802: 2792: 2790: 2775: 2771: 2761: 2759: 2750:Clarkson, Tom. 2748: 2744: 2734: 2732: 2725: 2721: 2710: 2706: 2696: 2694: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2670: 2668: 2656: 2652: 2642: 2640: 2629: 2625: 2615: 2613: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2589: 2587: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2562: 2558: 2548: 2546: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2524: 2517: 2511: 2507: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2479: 2477: 2467: 2463: 2453: 2451: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2427: 2425: 2424:. 27 April 2021 2416: 2415: 2411: 2401: 2399: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2375: 2373: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2349: 2347: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2326: 2310: 2306: 2299: 2285: 2281: 2271: 2269: 2263: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2240: 2236: 2226: 2224: 2217: 2213: 2203: 2201: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2181: 2179: 2178:. 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(2012). 2939: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2914: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2863: 2841: 2826: 2800: 2769: 2742: 2719: 2704: 2678: 2650: 2623: 2606:"Dazzle Ships" 2597: 2571: 2556: 2534: 2513:Kelly, Gemey. 2505: 2502:on 2001-04-18. 2487: 2461: 2435: 2409: 2383: 2361: 2331: 2325:978-1920899738 2324: 2304: 2297: 2279: 2257: 2234: 2219:Short, Randy. 2211: 2189: 2166: 2148: 2126: 2123:on 2016-03-04. 2099: 2048: 1987: 1962: 1939: 1917: 1908: 1899: 1880:(2): 402–404. 1858: 1832: 1821:Fisher, Mark. 1814: 1805: 1796: 1733: 1704: 1669: 1643: 1617: 1608: 1586: 1577: 1563: 1539: 1524: 1501: 1471: 1443: 1424:(2): 171–192. 1394: 1378: 1365: 1349: 1332: 1319: 1297: 1282: 1253: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1234: 1218: 1209: 1185: 1175: 1166: 1151: 1140: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1130:2020–21 season 1069: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1051: 1044: 1042: 1030: 1023: 1021: 1014: 1007: 958:Edmund Gardner 910:'s 1983 album 896:Gertrude Stein 890: 887: 795: 792: 790: 787: 786: 785: 778: 771: 769: 758: 751: 732: 729: 690:implemented a 658:. 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