Ceres (mythology) - Knowledge

2389: 3876: 207: 2418: 2280: 1199: 2173: 1409: 64: 1555: 4517: 2095: 1685:, drawn from local and Roman elites: Cicero notes that once the new cult had been founded, its earliest priestesses "generally were either from Naples or Velia", cities allied or federated to Rome. Elsewhere, he describes Ceres' Sicilian priestesses as "older women respected for their noble birth and character". Celibacy may have been a condition of their office; sexual abstinence was, according to Ovid, required of those attending Ceres' major, nine-day festival. Her 1384:: during the same conflict, a lightning strike at her temple was expiated. A fast in her honour is recorded for 191 BC, to be repeated at 5-year intervals. After 206, she was offered at least 11 further official expiations. Many of these were connected to famine and manifestations of plebeian unrest, rather than war. From the Middle Republic onwards, expiation was increasingly addressed to her as mother to Proserpina. The last known followed 804:), the yoking of oxen and ploughing, the sowing, protection and nourishing of the young seed, and the gift of agriculture to humankind; before this, it was said, man had subsisted on acorns, and wandered without settlement or laws. She had the power to fertilize, multiply and fructify plant and animal seed, and her laws and rites protected all activities of the agricultural cycle. In January, Ceres (alongside the earth-goddess 1035: 1522:". He recommends that temples to Ceres be sited in rural areas: "in a solitary spot out of the city, to which the public are not necessarily led but for the purpose of sacrificing to her. This spot is to be reverenced with religious awe and solemnity of demeanour, by those whose affairs lead them to visit it." During the early Imperial era, soothsayers advised 1491:(Enna), her tracks were obscured by their trampling. If not for them, Ceres might have been spared the toils and grief of her lengthy search and separation, and humankind would have been spared the consequent famine. The myth is also a reminder that the gift of agriculture is a contract, and comes at a price. It brings well-being but also mortality. Enna, in 3710:, Wiley-Blackwell, 2007, p 56. For debate and challenge to Roman descriptions of the motives for this expedition, see Spaeth, 1990, pp. 182–195. Spaeth finds the expedition an attempt to justify the killing of T. Gracchus as official, right and lawful, based on senatorial speeches given soon after the killing; 1143:

Ceres' signs and iconography, like Demeter's from early Mycenae onwards, include poppies - symbolic of fertility, sleep, death and rebirth. Poppies readily grow on soil disturbed by ploughing, as in wheatfields, and bear innumerable tiny seeds. They were raised as a crop by Greek and Roman farmers,

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and an exceptionally good harvest. Roman victory and recovery could therefore be credited to Magna Mater and patrician piety: so the patricians dined her and each other at her festival banquets. In similar fashion, the plebeian nobility underlined their claims to Ceres. Up to a point, the two cults

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was reserved to respectable matrons, be they married, divorced or widowed. The process of their selection and their relationship to Ceres' older, entirely male priesthood is unknown; but they far outnumbered her few male priests, and would have been highly respected and influential figures in their

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No images of Ceres survive from her pre-Aventine cults; the earliest date to the middle Republic, and show the Hellenising influence of Demeter's iconography. Some late Republican images recall Ceres' search for Proserpina. Ceres bears a torch, sometimes two, and rides in a chariot drawn by snakes;

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As Ceres' first plough-furrow opened the earth (Tellus' realm) to the world of men and created the first field and its boundary, her laws determined the course of settled, lawful, civilised life. Crimes against fields and harvest were crimes against the people and their protective deity. Landowners

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Spaeth, 1996, pp. 36–37. Ovid offers a myth by way of explanation: long ago, at ancient Carleoli, a farm-boy caught a fox stealing chickens and tried to burn it alive. The fox escaped and fired the fields and their crops, which were sacred to Ceres. Ever since (says Ovid) foxes are punished at her

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and early Empire describe Ceres' Aventine temple and rites as conspicuously Greek. In modern scholarship, this is taken as further evidence of long-standing connections between the plebeians, Ceres and Magna Graecia. It also raises unanswered questions on the nature, history and character of these

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likens Ceres' devotion to her own offspring to that of a cow to its calf; but she is also the originator of bloody animal sacrifice, a necessity in the renewal of life. She has a particular enmity towards her own sacrificial animal, the pig. Pigs offend her by their destructive rooting-up of field

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at human impiety. In Roman histories, prodigies cluster around perceived or actual threats to the Roman state, in particular, famine, war and social disorder, and are expiated as matters of urgency. The establishment of Ceres' Aventine cult has itself been interpreted as an extraordinary expiation

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The complex and multi-layered origins of the Aventine Triad and Ceres herself allowed multiple interpretations of their relationships, beyond the humanised pattern of relations within the Triad; while Cicero asserts Ceres as mother to both Liber and Libera, consistent with her role as a mothering

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More epigraphic evidence survives for priestesses of Ceres than for any other priesthood; it shows Cerean cults as less exclusively female than contemporary Roman authors would have it; while most Cerean priestesses were assisted by females, two in the Italian province are known to have had male

1599:(Roman goddess of Peace). Augustan reliefs show her emergence, plant-like from the earth, her arms entwined by snakes, her outstretched hands bearing poppies and wheat, or her head crowned with fruits and vines. In free-standing statuary, she commonly wears a wheat-crown, or holds a wheat spray. 1256:

is open") and offerings were made there to agricultural or underworld deities, including Ceres as goddess of the fruitful earth and guardian of its underworld portals. Its opening offered the spirits of the dead temporary leave from the underworld to roam lawfully among the living, in what Warde

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forbade the magical charming of field crops from a neighbour's field into one's own, and invoked the death penalty for the illicit removal of field boundaries. An adult who damaged or stole field-crops should be hanged "for Ceres". Any youth guilty of the same offense was to be whipped or fined

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From at least the mid-republican era, an official, joint cult to Ceres and Proserpina reinforced Ceres' connection with Roman ideals of female virtue. The promotion of this cult coincides with the rise of a plebeian nobility, an increased birthrate among plebeian commoners, and a fall in the

1112:) were placed in Ceres' Temple, under the guardianship of the goddess and her aediles. Livy puts the reason bluntly: the consuls could no longer seek advantage for themselves by arbitrarily tampering with the laws of Rome. The Temple might also have offered asylum for those threatened with 1191:). They could be exorcised, but only when their death was reasonably due. For her service at burials or cremations, well-off families offered Ceres sacrifice of a pig. The poor could offer wheat, flowers, and a libation. The expected afterlife for the exclusively female initiates in the 1898:

but otherwise, their relationship is unclear. The older form of cult included both men and women, and probably remained a focus for plebeian political identity and discontent. The new form identified its exclusively females initiates and priestesses as upholders of Rome's traditional,

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When Ceres sought through all the earth with lit torches for Proserpina, who had been seized by Dis Pater, she called her with shouts where three or four roads meet; from this it has endured in her rites that on certain days a lamentation is raised at the crossroads everywhere by the

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so that they could pray to the gods "with a foreign and external knowledge, but with a domestic and civil intention"; the recruitment of respectable matrons seems to acknowledge the civic value of the cult. It was based on ancient, ethnically Greek cults to Demeter, most notably the

2910:, 4.58, "implies that Ceres established the laws for weddings as well as for other aspects of civilized life." For more on Roman attitudes to marriage and sexuality, Ceres' role at marriages and the ideal of a "chaste married life" for Roman matrons, see Staples, 1998, pp. 84–93. 881:, a god of grain-storage. After the race, foxes were released into the Circus, their tails ablaze with lighted torches, perhaps to cleanse the growing crops and protect them from disease and vermin, or to add warmth and vitality to their growth. From c.175 BC, Cerealia included 2006:, the goddess' supposed place of origin and earthly home. Some kind of religious consultation or propitiation was given, either to expiate Gracchus' murder – as later Roman sources would claim – or to justify it as the lawful killing of a would-be king or 2317:

which at its simplest translates as "without food and drink, love freezes" or "love needs food and wine to thrive" - probably proverbial and widespread in his own day. It was adopted variously as a brewer's motto, celebration, warning, and a subject of art in

1894:. The new, women-only cult to "mother and maiden" took its place alongside the old; it made no reference to Liber. Thereafter, Ceres was offered two separate and distinctive forms of official cult at the Aventine. Both might have been supervised by the male 1603:

use Ceres' image, wheat ears and garlands to advertise their connections with prosperity, the annona and the popular interest. Some Imperial coin images depict important female members of the Imperial family as Ceres, or with some of her attributes.

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Spaeth, 1996, p. 35: "The pregnant victim is a common offering to female fertility divinities and was apparently intended, on the principle of sympathetic magic, to fertilise and multiply the seeds committed to the earth." See also Cato the Elder,

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In Britain, a soldier's inscription of the 2nd century AD attests to Ceres' role in the popular syncretism of the times. She is "the bearer of ears of corn", the "Syrian Goddess", identical with the universal heavenly Mother, the Magna Mater and

3658:, who mistakes this as the first Roman cult to Ceres. His belief may reflect the high profile and ubiquity of the "reformed" cult during the later Imperial period, and possibly the fading of older, distinctively Aventine forms of her cult. 2326:

through the brewing process. Imagery that represented the profitable business of commercial brewing showed the grain-goddess as a respectable matron and Liber-Bacchus as a gentleman; a wholesome picture of moral sobriety and restraint.

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Ceres maintained the boundaries between the realms of the living and the dead, and was an essential presence at funerals. Given acceptable rites and sacrifice, she helped the deceased into the afterlife as an underworld shade, or deity

2072:; and plebeian nobles and aediles used them to point out their ancestral connections with plebeians as commoners. In the decades of Civil War that ushered in the Empire, such images and dedications proliferate on Rome's coinage: 1358:

suggest rites to Ceres as the guardian deity of seed-corn in the establishment of cities, and as a door-warden of the afterlife, which was co-ruled during the winter months by her daughter Proserpina, queen-companion to

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Whether or not Numa existed, the antiquity of Ceres' Italic cult is attested by the threefold inscription of her name c.600 BC on a Faliscan jar; the Faliscans were close neighbours of Rome. See Spaeth, 1996, pp. 4, 5,

2064:("he who stores the grain") claim his rule (a military dictatorship) as regenerative and divinely justified. Popularists used her name and attributes to appeal their guardianship of plebeian interests, particularly the 1202:

During her long, torch-lit search for her daughter, Proserpina, Ceres drinks water given her by Hecuba, and is mocked by the boy, Askalabos, for spilling some of it. She will transform him into a lowly "star-lizard' or

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associations: the Triad itself may have been a self-consciously Roman cult formulation based on Greco-Italic precedents. When a new form of Cerean cult was officially imported from Magna Graecia, it was known as the

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as part of Rome's foundation; Plutarch compares it to pits dug by Etruscan colonists, containing soil brought from their parent city, used to dedicate the first fruits of the harvest. Warde Fowler speculates the

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Benko, pp. 112–114: see also pp. 31, 51, citing Apuleius, Metamorphoses, 11.2, in which Isis reveals to Lucius that she, Ceres and Proserpina, Artemis and Venus are all aspects of the one "Heavenly Queen"; cf

903:, invoked Ceres (and probably Tellus) along with twelve specialised, minor assistant-gods to secure divine help and protection at each stage of the grain cycle, beginning shortly before the Feriae Sementivae. 3290: 1257:

Fowler describes as 'holidays, so to speak, for the ghosts'. The days when the mundus was open were among the very few occasions that Romans made official contact with the collective spirits of the dead, the

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deity, Varro's more complex theology groups her functionally with Tellus, Terra, Venus (and thus Victoria) and with Libera as a female aspect of Liber. No native Roman myths of Ceres are known. According to

2157:, a junior partner to Ceres and the Imperial family. The traditional, Cerean virtues of provision and nourishment were symbolically extended to Imperial family members; some coinage shows Claudius' mother 1097:, which established the office and person of plebeian aediles and tribunes as inviolate representatives of the Roman people. Tribunes were legally immune to arrest or threat, and the lives and property of 1066:, Ceres' own mother in Imperial guise and a bountiful genetrix in her own right. Several of Ceres' ancient Italic precursors are connected to human fertility and motherhood; the Pelignan goddess 1817:, a male celebrant wore Greek-style vestments, and remained bareheaded before the deity, or else wore a wreath. While Ceres' original Aventine cult was led by male priests, her "Greek rites" ( 1396:, and Ceres-with-Proserpina, who were all given expiatory cult. Champlin (2003) perceives the expiations to Vulcan and Ceres in particular as attempted populist appeals by the ruling emperor, 1116:

by patrician magistrates. Ceres' temple, games and cult were at least part-funded by fines imposed on those who offended the laws placed under her protection; the poet Vergil later calls her

1495:, had strong mythological connections with Ceres and Proserpina, and was the site of Ceres most ancient sanctuary. Flowers were said to bloom throughout the year on its "miraculous plain". 1648:

had minor or occasional priestly functions at Ceres' Aventine Temple and were responsible for its management and financial affairs including collection of fines, the organisation of

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after the failure of crops and consequent famine. In Livy's history, Ceres is among the deities placated after a remarkable series of prodigies that accompanied the disasters of the

3062:, 8.74.195 in Sebesta, Judith Lynn; Bonfante, Larissa, eds. (1994). The World of Roman Costume: Wisconsin Studies in Classics. The University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299138509. 1766:. The famine ended and Rome's plebeian citizen-soldiery co-operated in the conquest of the Latins. Postumius' vow was fulfilled in 493 BC: Ceres became the central deity of the new 3528:

Spaeth, 1996, pp. 4–5, 9, 20 (historical overview and Aventine priesthoods), 84–89 (functions of plebeian aediles), 104–106 (women as priestesses): citing among others Cicero,

1332:(when no official meetings could be held). Some modern scholars seek to explain this as the later introduction and accommodation of Greek elements, grafted onto the original 3490:

Most modern scholarship assumes Cerean priestesses celibate during their term of office but the evidence is inconclusive. See Schultz, 2006, pp. 75–78, for full discussion.

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Spaeth, 1990, pp. 1, 33, 182. See also Spaeth, 1996, pp. 1–4, 33–34, 37. Spaeth disputes the identification of Ceres with warlike, protective Umbrian deities named on the

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reflected a social and political divide, but when certain prodigies were interpreted as evidence of Ceres' displeasure, the senate appeased her with a new festival, the

1093:. Her Aventine Temple served the plebeians as cult centre, legal archive, treasury and possibly law-court; its foundation was contemporaneous with the passage of the 3832:, in Hildegard Temporini, Wolfgang Haase (eds), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, Part 2, Volume 17, Walter de Gruyter, 1981, pp. 905–5, footnote 372 1, 1. 2255:

During the Late Imperial era, Ceres gradually "slips into obscurity"; the last known official association of the Imperial family with her symbols is a coin issue of

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to Ceres is thought to have been an ancient Italic practice. In Festus, "Praemetium that which was measured out beforehand for the sake of tasting it beforehand".

2567: 2455: 2271:, no coinage shows Ceres' image. Even so, an initiate of her mysteries is attested in the 5th century AD, after the official abolition of all non-Christian cults. 2146:. Another has been variously identified in modern scholarship as Tellus, Venus, Pax or Ceres, or in Spaeth's analysis, a deliberately broad composite of them all. 463: 2212:, showing that the goddess, the emperor and his spouse are conjointly responsible for agricultural prosperity and the all-important provision of grain. A coin of 3778:

Spaeth argues for the identification of the central figure in the Ara Pacis relief as Ceres. It is more usually interpreted as Tellus. See Spaeth, 1996, 127–134.

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Santos, R. de Mambro, "The Beer of Bacchus. Visual Strategies and Moral Values in Hendrick Goltzius’ Representations of Sine Cerere et Libero Friget Venus", in

1657: 4917: 1007:, which bore many fruits and hence symbolised fertility". The adult males of the wedding party waited at the groom's house. A wedding sacrifice was offered to 3718:, Paris, Librairie C. Klincksieck, 1958. Le Bonniec interprets the consultation as an attempt to compensate the plebs and their patron goddess for the murder. 2076:, his opponents, his assassins and his heirs alike claimed the favour and support of Ceres and her plebeian proteges, with coin issues that celebrate Ceres, 3698:

Both interpretations are possible. On the whole, Roman sources infer the expedition as expiatory; for background, see Valerius Maximus, 1.1.1., and Cicero,

3269:, Harvard University Press, 2003, pp. 191–4: this expiation is usually said to be at the Aventine Temple. Champlin prefers the mundus (at or very near the 1160:, or "Ceres' poppy", which eases pain and brings sleep - the deepest sleep of all being death. Poppies are often woven into Ceres' wheat-stalk crown, the 2236:

command. Even then, "her care for mankind continues and the world can rejoice in the warmth of her daughter Proserpina: in Imperial flesh, Proserpina is

3792: 1886:, was acknowledged as Ceres' oldest, most authoritative cult centre, and Libera was recognised as Proserpina, Roman equivalent to Demeter's daughter 2582: 1130:

who allowed their flocks to graze on public land were fined by the plebeian aediles, on behalf of Ceres and the people of Rome. Ancient laws of the

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describes these goddesses as "partners in labour"; Ceres provides the "cause" for the growth of crops, while Tellus provides them a place to grow.

1216: 3629:, Routledge, 1995, p. 264, for Greek models as a likely basis in the development of plebeian political and religious identity from an early date. 3751:

The plebeian L. Assius Caeicianus, identifies his plebeian ancestry and duties to Ceres on a denarius issue, c.102 BC. Spaeth, 1996, pp. 97–100.

206: 4922: 3027:, Vol. 2, Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd., 1998, p. 83: citing Pliny, Natural History, 28.17–18; Seneca, Natural Questions, 4.7.2 1740:

In 496 BC, against a background of economic recession and famine in Rome, imminent war against the Latins and a threatened secession by Rome's

1990:. Civil unrest spilled into violence; Gracchus and many of his supporters were murdered by their conservative opponents. At the behest of the 1094: 1015:. Varro describes the sacrifice of a pig as "a worthy mark of weddings" because "our women, and especially nurses" call the female genitalia 1183:). Those whose death was premature, unexpected or untimely were thought to remain in the upper world, and haunt the living as a wandering, 456: 2792:

A plebeian aedile, C. Memmius, claims credit for Ceres' first ludi scaeneci. He celebrated the event with the dole of a new commemorative

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partly for their fibrous stems and for the food value of their seeds Where the poppy capsule alone is shown, this probably belongs to the

1240:("the world of Ceres") was a hemispherical pit or underground vault in Rome, now lost. It was usually sealed by a stone lid known as the 3515:

A Roman matron was any mature woman, married or unmarried, usually but not exclusively of the upper class. While females could serve as

846: 2397: 4666: 1810: 1802: 381: 216: 4078: 2115: 996: 783:, agricultural and human fertility. Throughout the Roman era, Ceres' name was synonymous with grain and, by extension, with bread. 3460:

Responsibility for the provision of grain and popular games lent the aedileship a high and politically useful public profile. See

1931:, facing the Aventine Hill. Like Ceres, Cybele was a form of Graeco-Roman earth goddess. Unlike her, she had mythological ties to 1376: 1328: 1023:(1996) believes Ceres may have been included in the sacrificial dedication, because she is closely identified with Tellus and, as 1372: 449: 3171:: M. Humm, "Le mundus et le Comitium : représentations symboliques de l'espace de la cité," Histoire urbaine, 2, 10, 2004. 3907:. I Tatti Renaissance Library. Vol. 1. Translated by Virginia Brown. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. xi. 3613:

were written in Greek; according to later historians, they had recommended the inauguration of Roman cult to the Greek deities

1780:, whose enterprise as tenant farmers, estate managers, agricultural factors and importers was a mainstay of Roman agriculture. 1715:

whose establishment and rites were supposedly also innovations of Numa. Her affinity and joint cult with Tellus, also known as

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M. Humm, "Le mundus et le Comitium : représentations symboliques de l'espace de la cité," Histoire urbaine, 2, 10, 2004.

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Rituals in Ink: A Conference on Religion and Literary Production in Ancient Rome Held at Stanford University in February 2002

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reflects on Ceres' heartbroken search for her lost daughter, and her encounter with the worst and most degraded of humanity.

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The older forms of Aventine rites to Ceres remain uncertain. Most Roman cults were led by men, and the officiant's head was

820: 437: 285: 3791:, in Hildegard Temporini, Wolfgang Haase (eds), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, Part 2, Volume 17, pp. 894–5. 2252:, virgin mother of the gods. She is peace and virtue, and inventor of justice: she weighs "Life and Right" in her scale. 1531: 768: 3274: 3093:, 2.36. As initiates of mystery religions were sworn to secrecy, very little is known of their central rites or beliefs. 4934: 2866: 2313: 1388:. The cause or causes of the fire remained uncertain, but its disastrous extent was taken as a sign of offense against 588: 403: 376: 3740:, in Hildegard Temporini, Wolfgang Haase (eds), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, Part 2, Volume 17, p. 795. 3106:, 2, 1912, pp. 25–26: Warde Fowler notes the possibility that pigs were offered: also (pp. 35–36) seed-corn, probably 4024: 3979: 3961: 3912: 3741: 2615: 1748: 1430:, by which Roman deities were identified with their Greek counterparts, she was an equivalent to Demeter, one of the 1417: 817:. This was almost certainly held before the annual sowing of grain. The divine portion of sacrifice was the entrails 510: 386: 3589: 4970: 4728: 2471: 2422: 3265:

For the circumstances of this expiation, and debate over the site of the Cerean expiation, see Edward Champlin,

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For discussion of the duties, legal status and immunities of plebeian tribunes and aediles, see Andrew Lintott,

1890:. Their joint cult recalls Demeter's search for Persephone, after the latter's abduction into the underworld by 3807: 3448: 2672: 2409: 1995: 1278: 1113: 3285:

C.M.C. Green, "Varro's Three Theologies and their influence on the Fasti", in Geraldine Herbert-Brown, (ed).,

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shows Ceres on one side, and on the other a ploughman with yoked oxen: the images, accompanied by the legend

1569:, and Ceres enthroned on the reverse, a commemoration by a moneyer in 56 BC of a Cerialia, perhaps her first 1031:, the bride and groom shared a cake made of far, the ancient wheat-type particularly associated with Ceres. 4975: 4071: 3354: 3342: 3236: 2980: 661: 77: 1519: 1506:(c.80 – 15 BC) describes the "Temple of Ceres near the Circus Maximus" (her Aventine Temple) as typically 1195:

may have been somewhat different; they were offered "a method of living" and of "dying with better hope".

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of September was attended by pilgrims from all over the region; this feast was also the same day as the

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Benko, Stephen, The virgin goddess: studies in the pagan and Christian roots of mariology, BRILL, 2004.

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of 287 BC extended plebeian laws to the city and all its citizens. The official decrees of the Senate (

4051: 2417: 4985: 4980: 4733: 4568: 3224: 3168: 2401: 581: 2688:, and Gantz' identification of Ceres as one of six figures shown on a terracotta plaque at Etruscan 1059:(nourishing); in the early Imperial era she becomes an Imperial deity, and receives joint cult with 4995: 4990: 4848: 4827: 4817: 4224: 4087: 2903: 2854: 2826: 2806: 2796:; his claim to have given "the first Cerealia" represents this innovation. See Spaeth, 1996, p. 88. 1900: 1675:

Otherwise, in Rome and throughout Italy, as at her ancient sanctuaries of Henna and Catena, Ceres'

1530:. It contained an ancient wooden cult statue of the goddess, which he replaced. Though this was an 904: 841:(a pig, offered before harvesting). Before the harvest, she was offered a propitiary grain sample ( 668: 577: 477: 265: 194: 46:

Goddess of agriculture, fertility, grains, the harvest, motherhood, the earth, and cultivated crops

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Spaeth, 1996, p. 70, citing Pliny the elder, Historia naturalis, 18.3.13 on the Twelve Tables and

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The relationship between the reigning emperor, empress and Ceres was formalised in titles such as

1767: 5005: 4832: 4064: 2846: 539:, fertility and motherly relationships. She was originally the central deity in Rome's so-called 2322:

Europe, especially the north and the Dutch Republic. Ceres represented the grains that produced

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shared functional and conceptual similarities with certain types of underground "pit altar" or

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as a reflection or inversion of the dome of the upper heavens. Di Luzio observes that the Roman

5010: 4660: 3219:, the penates, and agricultural and underworld deities, see W. Warde Fowler, "Mundus Patet" in 2463: 2446: 413: 2279: 1628:("The Brothers of the Fields"); rural versions of these rites were led as private cult by the 1616:, also served Tellus and was usually plebeian by ancestry or adoption. Her public cult at the 4879: 4776: 4432: 4351: 4099: 3519:, few were chosen, and those were selected as young maidens from families of the upper class. 2288: 748: 736: 632: 335: 275: 4000:

Women's Religious Activity in the Roman Republic (Studies in the History of Greece and Rome)

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The beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c.1000–264 BC)

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The beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c.1000–264 BC)

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The evidence for the temple as asylum is inconclusive; discussion is in Spaeth, 1996, p. 84.

1947:. The establishment of official Roman cult to Magna Mater coincided with the start of a new 1514:

of wood, rather than stone. This species of temple is "clumsy, heavy roofed, low and wide,

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derives from Ceres' association with edible grains. Whereas Ceres represents food, her son

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Imperial theology conscripted Rome's traditional cults as the divine upholders of Imperial

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Funerary statue of an unknown woman, depicted as Ceres holding wheat. Mid 3rd century AD. (

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In Roman bridal processions, a young boy carried Ceres' torch to light the way; "the most

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sickle, torches, wheat-sheaf, crown of wheatstalks, cornucopia with fruits, cereals, poppy

8: 4912: 4718: 4604: 4578: 4437: 4286: 4276: 4239: 2467: 2352: 2233: 2201: 1463: 1447: 1063: 295: 270: 138: 2562: 4791: 4417: 4381: 4341: 4316: 4219: 4199: 4139: 4056: 3900: 2459: 2341: 2229: 2172: 1759: 1612:

Ceres was served by several public priesthoods. Some were male; her senior priest, the

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crops under her protection; and in the myth of Proserpina's abduction on the plains of

1439: 1408: 1393: 1385: 1246:. On August 24, October 5 and November 8, it was opened with the official announcement 116: 4929: 4889: 4543: 4497: 4371: 4361: 4311: 4184: 4159: 4144: 4020: 3975: 3957: 3908: 3204: 2862: 2668: 2611: 2268: 2256: 2048:, who founded an Eleusinian cult centre in Rome itself. In Late Republican politics, 1979: 1855: 1523: 1459: 1027:(law-bearer), she "bears the laws" of marriage. In the most solemn form of marriage, 639: 532: 418: 146: 142: 3890:, ed. E. Canone and L. Spruit, 2012, Olschki Editore, Florence, pp. 21 ff, 26-27, 29 3319:

Dennis Feeney, "Sacrificial Ritual in Roman Poetry", in Barchiesi, Rüpke, Stephens,

2388: 1554: 1539: 1526:

to restore an ancient, "old and narrow" temple to Ceres, at his rural property near

5000: 4822: 4553: 4472: 4412: 4271: 4249: 4234: 2154: 2107: 1956: 1940: 1835: 1686: 1455: 1431: 1413: 1389: 1381: 1346: 1086: 828: 616: 596: 487: 352: 134: 2094: 1546:. Pliny considered this rebuilding a fulfillment of his civic and religious duty. 845:). Ovid tells that Ceres "is content with little, provided that her offerings are 73: 4944: 4939: 4858: 4853: 4706: 4674: 4558: 4091: 4005: 3951: 3947: 3610: 3247:, Wiley-Blackwell, 2007, p 296; if expiatory, it may have been a once-only event. 2882: 2709: 2693: 2685: 2658: 2631: 2241: 2123: 1991: 1020: 874: 732: 604: 552: 408: 253: 212: 69: 63: 2764:, Volume 16, Part 3, de Gruyter, 1986, p. 1947, citing Ovid, Fasti, 4.411 - 416. 1895: 236: 4796: 4685: 4548: 4266: 3992:, 97, Greece in Rome: Influence, Integration, Resistance, 1995, pp. 15–31. 3686: 3516: 3461: 3432: 3049:; cf the terms of punishment for violation of the sancrosancticity of Tribunes. 2434: 2221: 2153:' reformed the grain supply and created its embodiment as an Imperial goddess, 2028:

became increasingly popular during the late Republic. Early Roman initiates at

1843: 1838:, around 205 BC, an officially recognised joint cult to Ceres and her daughter 1771: 1745: 1708: 1629: 1625: 1212: 1184: 870: 834: 646: 599:

of Greek mythology. The Romans saw her as the counterpart of the Greek goddess

544: 523: 357: 325: 2474:, all of which have historical links with agriculture and agricultural trade. 1591:(chest) that conceals the objects of her mystery rites. Sometimes she holds a 1336:

rites. The rites of August 24 were held between the agricultural festivals of

4959: 4723: 4647: 4563: 4492: 4462: 4442: 4291: 4214: 4204: 4105: 3995: 3208: 2814: 2539: 2522: 2158: 2073: 2056:

used coinage to propagate their competing claims to Ceres' favour. A coin of

2041: 1847: 1784: 1763: 1677: 1596: 1242: 1131: 1105: 909: 883: 592: 364: 346: 305: 54: 3215:, see Spaeth, 1996, pp. 5, 18, 31, 63-5. For further connection between the 2114:(horns of Plenty); enthroned Ceres holds grain-ears and torch; between is a 551:

in what Romans described as "the Greek rites of Ceres". Her seven-day April

4786: 4781: 4743: 4640: 4189: 4129: 3571: 2365: 2216:(reigned AD 96–98) acknowledges Rome's dependence on the princeps' gift of 1987: 1983: 1860: 1850:) along with Greek priestesses to serve it. In Rome, this was known as the 1792: 1543: 1435: 1351: 1122: 248: 4194: 3025:

Athlone History of Witchcraft and Magic in Europe: Ancient Greece and Rome

2347:

Ceres appears briefly to bless the wedding of Ferdinand and Miranda, in a

2336:, a collection of biographies of historical and mythological women by the 2118:(grain measure) on a garlanded altar; in the background is a ship's stern. 873:, whose starting point lay below and opposite to her Aventine Temple; the 4538: 3985: 2978:

were placed at the Aventine Temple more or less at its foundation (Livy,

2898:

Spaeth, 1996, pp. 5, 6, 44–47. ; the relevant passage from Varro is

2705: 2483: 2357: 2319: 2260: 2098:

Emperors claimed a partnership with Ceres in grain provision, as in this

1924: 1904: 1716: 1576: 1341: 1145: 1008: 805: 780: 731:

Archaic cults to Ceres are well-evidenced among Rome's neighbours in the

4516: 2188:(right), god of wine, freedom and male fertility, identified with Greek 1672:

in general, and the maintenance of Rome's streets and public buildings.

1317:

of the Roman state. In the oldest known Roman calendar, the days of the

4748: 4655: 4422: 4407: 4397: 4326: 4306: 4032:

From Good Goddess to vestal virgins: sex and category in Roman religion

3622: 2225: 2111: 2099: 2012: 1887: 1868: 1839: 1720: 1719:(Mother Earth) may have developed at this time. Much later, during the 1617: 1511: 1507: 1451: 1262: 813: 744: 573: 548: 168: 164: 101: 1434:

of Greek religion and mythology; this made Ceres one of Rome's twelve

4894: 4482: 4376: 3760:

Spaeth, 1996, pp. 97–100, with further coin images between pp. 32–44.

3499:

See Schultz, pp. 75–78: also Schultz, Celia E., Harvey, Paul, (Eds),

2135: 2053: 2049: 1503: 1467: 1360: 1337: 1266: 1004: 779:, "to bear, bring forth, produce", because the goddess was linked to 612: 568: 371: 3435:

was thought to have instituted the flamines, so Ceres' service by a

1806:(Greek rite) of Ceres, and was distinct from her older Roman rites. 4801: 4738: 4679: 4583: 4402: 4356: 4331: 4261: 4169: 4154: 4149: 4124: 3655: 3618: 2793: 2526: 2518: 2493: 2405: 2369: 2337: 2189: 2150: 2131: 2127: 2078: 2007: 1986:

and appealed directly to the popular assembly to pass his proposed

1952: 1928: 1774:. She was also – or became – the patron goddess of the 1704: 1592: 1562: 1558: 1515: 1180: 1074: 857: 853: 752: 556: 320: 97: 2813:, 1.21. Cited in Spaeth, 1996, p. 36. Servius cites the historian 2220:(corn dole) to the masses. Under Nerva's later dynastic successor 4457: 4447: 4366: 4336: 4321: 4281: 4179: 3614: 3270: 2308: 2304: 2185: 2181: 2045: 2029: 1976: 1972: 1965: 1944: 1864: 1681:

and her joint cult with Proserpina were invariably led by female

1621: 1600: 1566: 1322: 1301: 1290: 1188: 1090: 1068: 756: 702: 600: 528: 183: 160: 3716:

Le culte de Cérès à Rome. Des origines à la fin de la République

4884: 4626: 4620: 4533: 4467: 4452: 4427: 4209: 4134: 3953:

Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages

3306: 3301: 2845: 2831:

Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie

2517:

Various candidates for its location include the site of Rome's

2498: 2488: 2454:

In the US, Ceres is one of the three "goddess offices" held in

2441: 2377: 2348: 2296: 2130:

began the restoration of Ceres' Aventine Temple; his successor

2037: 2003: 1936: 1920: 1883: 1788: 1712: 1645: 1580: 1492: 1219:. From an original in the collection of Alfred and Isabel Bader 1120:(Law-bearing Ceres), a translation of Demeter's Greek epithet, 1039: 1034: 900: 878: 860: 740: 536: 315: 310: 3859:

Spaeth, 1996, pp. 30, 62, citing EE 4.866 for the 5th century

3727:

Spaeth, 1996, pp. 13, citing Cicero, Balbus, 55.5., and p. 60.

3369:, 9.39: cited by Oliver de Cazanove, in Rüpke, Jörg (Editor), 1470:. Ceres' known mythology is indistinguishable from Demeter's: 681:- ('belonging to Ceres') can also be reconstructed from Oscan 499: 496: 4753: 4477: 4301: 4256: 4244: 4229: 4174: 4052:

The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Ceres)

3988:, "Graeco Ritu: A Typically Roman Way of Honoring the Gods," 3931:

Oxford University Press. pp. 120–125. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.

3847: 3200: 2760:

Linderski, J., in Wolfgang Haase, Hildegard Temporini (eds),

2689: 2300: 2213: 2193: 2139: 2057: 2033: 1891: 1776: 1755: 1751: 1741: 1633: 1274: 810: 808:) was offered spelt wheat and a pregnant sow, at the movable 797: 764: 566:(Ceres' games). She was also honoured in the May lustration ( 540: 300: 242: 156: 31: 3794:: Ceres Augusta can be considered, along with Pax, Libertas 3128:

Festus p. 261 L2, citing's Cato's commentaries on civil law.

2642: 2640: 2404:. On this $ 10 note she reclines on a cotton bale holding a 2330:

Ceres is featured both as a goddess and Queen of Sicilly in

2126:(peace) and prosperity, for the benefit of all. The emperor 1211:'s, Metamorphoses V, lines 449-450. Oil-paint on copper, by 990: 4634: 4487: 2984:, 3.55.13) is implausible. See Spaeth, 1996, pp. 86–87, 90. 2323: 2103: 1999: 1932: 1879: 1724: 1669: 1571: 1527: 1488: 1483: 1397: 1208: 1204: 865: 856:, was held from mid to late April. It was organised by her 561: 259: 130: 4008:, "The Goddess Ceres and the Death of Tiberius Gracchus", 3439:

suggested her oldest Roman cult as one of great antiquity.

3243:; but see also Viet Rosenberger, in Rüpke, Jörg (Editor), 3141:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016, pp. 113-114 1656:(care and jurisdiction) included, or came to include, the 4296: 3706:, cited by Olivier de Cazanove, in Rüpke, Jörg (Editor), 3163:

See Spaeth, pp. 63–5: W. Warde Fowler, "Mundus Patet" in

2637: 2429:

An aria in praise of Ceres is sung in Act 4 of the opera

1443: 1060: 120: 4086: 3637: 3635: 2833:(Leipzig: Teubner, 1890–94), vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 187–233. 2568:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

2456:

The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry

2307:) represents wine and "good living". The Roman comedian 1919:, patrician senators imported cult to the Greek goddess 1878:

From the end of the 3rd century BC, Demeter's temple at

1152:, the "sleep-bearing poppy"). The Roman poet Vergil, in 1047:

birthrate among patrician families. The late Republican

3929:

Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements.

3645:

and its relation to Ceres' cult, see Scheid, pp. 15–31.

2941:

1. Heidelberg, for connections between Ceres, Pelignan

3058:

Stone, S., p. 39, and note 9, citing Pliny the Elder,

2208:. On coinage, various emperors and empresses wear her 1871:, whose cults and myths also provided a basis for the 1783:

Much of Rome's grain was imported from territories of

1518:

ornamented with statues of clay or brass, gilt in the

887:(theatrical religious events) through April 12 to 18. 3632: 3287:

Ovid's Fasti: historical readings at its bimillennium

3211:, her earthly precedence over the underworld and the 2861:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 11. 2204:

mater agrorum ("The august mother of the fields) and

2134:

completed it. Of the several figures on the Augustan

511: 502: 493: 3787:

Spaeth, 1996, pp. 26, 30. See also Fears, J. Rufus,

3685:

Spaeth, 1996, pp. 14, 94–97. See also the legend of

3139:

A Place at the Altar. Priestesses in Republican Rome

1703:

Roman tradition credited Ceres' eponymous festival,

3239:, 36.37.4-5. Livy describes the fast as a cyclical 1620:, or "perambulation of fields" identified her with 1269:). This possibly secondary or late function of the 490: 2937:Spaeth, 1996, pp. 42–43, citing Vetter, E., 1953, 2421:The 3-storey faceless depiction of Ceres atop the 2196:. Ceres (left) is usually identified as his mother 1795:describe as Ceres' "earthly home". Writers of the 1207:(Latin; stellio) as punishment. The episode is in 913:, names used to invoke specific divine functions. 1273:is first attested in the Late Republican Era, by 4957: 3888:Emblemi in Olanda e Italia tra XVI e XVII secolo 2376:. Two years later, the newly discovered element 1510:, having widely spaced supporting columns, with 1412:Ceres with cereals, a late 18th century work by 1350:, and those of November 8 took place during the 1011:on the bride's behalf; a sow is the most likely 3830:The Cult of Virtues and Roman Imperial Ideology 3789:The Cult of Virtues and Roman Imperial Ideology 3738:The Cult of Virtues and Roman Imperial Ideology 3550:). See Schultz, p. 72 and footnote 90 (p. 177). 1735: 3532:, 2.4.108; Valerius Maximus, 1.1.1; Plutarch, 3384:Foreign Cults in Rome: Creating a Roman Empire 2667:. Oxford University Press, 1995. pp. 127-128. 2016:who had offended Ceres' laws against tyranny. 1313:) for seed-grain, later becoming the symbolic 4072: 3641:Spaeth, 1996, pp. 4, 6–13. For discussion of 2542:used by the pontifices to alleviate droughts. 2224:, Imperial theology represents the death and 1668:), the organisation and management of public 759:inscription of c. 600 BC asks her to provide 584:. She is usually depicted as a mature woman. 457: 3203:, broadly equivalent to Dis Pater and Greek 3089:Spaeth, 1996, pp. 60–61, 66; citing Cicero, 3036:Cereri necari, literally "killed for Ceres". 2841: 2839: 1707:, to Rome's second king, the semi-legendary 1640:, a priest dedicated to Ceres' rites of the 728:, which would match the other Italic forms. 667:('nourishment, grain'), a derivative of the 4002:, University of North Carolina Press, 2006. 3846:, "Queen of Heaven", the Romanised form of 3503:, Yale Classical Studies, 2006, pp. 52–53: 3289:, Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 78–80. 2716:, Wiley-Blackwell, 2007, p 264; and Varro, 2138:, one doubles as a portrait of the Empress 1247: 1215:and workshop, copy circa 1605, held by the 1073:has been identified with the Roman goddess 877:at the far end of the Circus was sacred to 428: 362: 4079: 4065: 3199:is an entrance to the underworld realm of 3006:, Routledge, 1995, p. 264, citing Vergil, 2805:Ceres' 12 assistant deities are listed in 2762:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 1321:are marked as C(omitiales) (days when the 1174:Roman funerary practices § Sacrifices 771:. Ancient Roman etymologists thought that 767:wheat), which was a dietary staple of the 464: 450: 62: 4010:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 3899: 3323:, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004, pp. 14, 15. 3225:available online at Bill Thayer's website 3169:available online at Bill Thayer's website 2836: 1698: 1164:, worn by her priestesses and devotees. 991:Marriage, human fertility and nourishment 796:Ceres was credited with the discovery of 791: 3893: 3481:, 2.4.99. The translations are Spaeth's. 3386:(Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 144. 2416: 2278: 2171: 2093: 1910: 1652:and probably the Cerealia itself. Their 1553: 1407: 1375:were abnormal phenomena that manifested 1197: 1033: 786: 701:- ('with grain, Cerrus') is attested in 622: 3946: 3600:Wiseman, 1995, p. 133 and notes 20, 22. 2646: 2412:, National Museum of American History. 2311:(c. 195/185 – c. 159 BC) uses the line 1829: 1711:. Ceres' senior, male priesthood was a 14: 4958: 3990:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 3974:, p. 89-90. NTC Publishing 1990. 2859:Religions of Rome: Volume 1: A History 2747:Spaeth, 1996, pp. 35–39: the offer of 2602: 2600: 2184:, 1st century. Nude Greco-Roman deity 1664:) and later the plebeian grain doles ( 1354:. As a whole, the various days of the 1223: 869:). It opened with a horse-race in the 576:festival: at harvest-time: and during 4060: 3798:, as one of several Imperial Virtues. 3413:Spaeth, p. 37, illustrated at fig. 7. 2525:, within the city's ritual boundary ( 1951:(cycle of years). It was followed by 1403: 944:, "He who traces the first ploughing" 932:, "He who ploughs with a wide furrow" 587:Ceres is the only one of Rome's many 522: 3676:Spaeth, 1996, pp. 13, 15, 60, 94–97. 2817:(late 3rd century BC) as his source. 2628:Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia 2400:In the US, Ceres appears on several 1813:by a fold of his toga. In the Roman 1532:unofficial and privately funded cult 547:, then was paired with her daughter 221:sacrificing at the Temple of Jupiter 4019:, University of Texas Press, 1996. 3102:W. Warde Fowler, "Mundus Patet" in 2939:Handbuch der italienischen Dialekte 2597: 2380:was named after the dwarf planet. 2259:(AD 193–211), showing his empress, 2240:", empress-wife of Pius' successor 1693: 1293:, used in Demeter's Thesmophoria. 24: 4515: 4041:, Cambridge University Press, 1995 3654:Spaeth, 1996, pp. 4, 6–13, citing 3353:Vitruvius, On Architecture, 1.7.2 3341:Vitruvius, On Architecture, 3.1.5 2621: 2314:sine Cerere et Baccho friget Venus 1824: 1549: 1344:; those of October 5 followed the 1085:Ceres was patron and protector of 999:for wedding torches came from the 837:describes the offer to Ceres of a 833:In a rural, agricultural context, 724:'good Cerus'), might also reflect 404:Glossary of ancient Roman religion 25: 5022: 4045: 3256:Spaeth, 1996, pp. 14–15, 65–7(?). 2610:, p. 89-90. NTC Publishing 1990. 1998:to Ceres' ancient cult centre at 1927:(The Great Mother) within Rome's 1730: 1418:Nymphenburg Porcelain Manufactory 1325:met). Later authors mark them as 3972:Who's Who in Classical Mythology 2962:, Oxford University Press, 1999, 2608:Who's Who in Classical Mythology 2387: 2019: 1935:, and thus to the Trojan prince 1903:-dominated social hierarchy and 1575:, presented by an earlier Gaius 986:, "He who distributes the grain" 825:presented in an earthenware pot 486: 205: 3937: 3921: 3880: 3866: 3853: 3835: 3822: 3813: 3801: 3781: 3772: 3763: 3754: 3745: 3730: 3721: 3692: 3679: 3670: 3661: 3648: 3603: 3594: 3578: 3563: 3553: 3539: 3522: 3509: 3493: 3484: 3467: 3454: 3442: 3425: 3416: 3407: 3398: 3389: 3376: 3373:, Wiley-Blackwell, 2007, p. 56. 3359: 3347: 3335: 3326: 3313: 3294: 3279: 3259: 3250: 3229: 3189: 3177: 3157: 3144: 3131: 3122: 3113: 3096: 3083: 3074: 3065: 3052: 3039: 3030: 3013: 2996: 2987: 2968: 2952: 2931: 2922: 2913: 2892: 2875: 2820: 2799: 2786: 2776: 2767: 2754: 2741: 2532: 2511: 2472:Chicago Board of Trade Building 2440:A misanthropic poem recited by 2423:Chicago Board of Trade Building 2232:as Ceres' return to Olympus by 2089: 1915:A year after the import of the 1854:; its priestesses were granted 1051:(Mother Ceres) is described as 3473:Spaeth, 104-5, citing Cicero, 3431:Rome's legendary second King, 3310:, 4.609. Cited in Spaeth, 107. 3185:French language, full preview. 3173:French language, full preview. 2723: 2699: 2678: 2652: 2575: 2555: 2410:National Numismatic Collection 2303:(later indistinguishable from 1607: 1601:Moneyers of the Republican era 1296:Roman tradition held that the 1077:(associated with childbirth). 907:lists these deities among the 890: 13: 1: 3708:A Companion to Roman Religion 3371:A Companion to Roman Religion 3245:A Companion to Roman Religion 2714:A Companion to Roman Religion 2549: 2449:, (part 1, Book 3, chapter 3) 1366: 926:, "He who prepares the earth" 3769:Spaeth, 1996, pp. 6–8, 86ff. 3501:Religion in Republican Italy 3119:Cited in Macrobius, 1.16.18. 2433:(first performance 1863) by 2364:In 1801, a newly discovered 2050:aristocratic traditionalists 1736:Ceres and the Aventine Triad 1309:as Rome's first storehouse ( 1281:understood the shape of the 1135:double the value of damage. 974:, "He who carries the grain" 775:derived from the Latin verb 677:The Proto-Italic adjective * 78:National Museum of Roman Art 27:Roman goddess of agriculture 7: 2960:Violence in Republican Rome 2477: 2444:in Dostoevsky's 1880 novel 1939:, mythological ancestor of 1821:) were exclusively female. 1538:), its annual feast on the 1300:had been dug and sealed by 1167: 1156:, 1.212, describes this as 1099:those who violated this law 980:, "He who stores the grain" 863:and included circus games ( 747:, less certainly among the 595:, Rome's equivalent to the 10: 5027: 4574:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 4513: 4015:Spaeth, Barbette Stanley, 3355:available at penelope. edu 3343:available at penelope. edu 2287:on a French coin of 1873 ( 2044:were initiated, including 1955:'s defeat, the end of the 1638:sacerdos Cerialis mundalis 1587:or she sits on the sacred 1498: 1386:Rome's Great Fire of 64 AD 1171: 1138: 716:denoting the creator (cf. 638:('with grain, Ceres'; cf. 29: 4905: 4867: 4841: 4810: 4769: 4697: 4613: 4592: 4569:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 4526: 4390: 4115: 4098: 3207:. For more on Ceres as a 3019:Ogden, in Valerie Flint, 2974:Livy's proposal that the 2462:. Statues of her top the 2458:. She is depicted on the 2274: 1842:was brought to Rome from 1772:new-built Aventine temple 1744:(citizen commoners), the 1454:by Jupiter and sister of 179: 174: 152: 126: 112: 107: 93: 85: 61: 51: 44: 39: 4828:Rape of the Sabine Women 4006:Spaeth, Barbette Stanley 3625:. See also Cornell, T., 3223:, 2, (1912), pp. 25–33: 3221:Journal of Roman Studies 3167:, 2, (1912), pp. 25–33: 3165:Journal of Roman Studies 3104:Journal of Roman Studies 3080:Spaeth, 1996, pp. 55–63. 3071:Spaeth, 1996, pp.128-129 2928:Spaeth, 1996, 103 - 106. 2827:Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher 2634:, Haydock, 1995, p. 215. 2538:Apparently not the same 2504: 1217:Museo Nacional del Prado 1101:were forfeit to Ceres. 735:, including the ancient 708:. The spelling of Latin 30:Not to be confused with 4833:Battle of Lacus Curtius 4017:The Roman goddess Ceres 4012:, Vol. 39, No. 2, 1990. 1923:and established her as 1834:Towards the end of the 1080: 938:, "He who plants seeds" 899:a priest, probably the 591:to be listed among the 572:) of the fields at the 4971:Agricultural goddesses 4520: 4088:Ancient Roman religion 3534:De Mulierum Virtutibus 2773:Wiseman, 1995, p. 137. 2464:Missouri State Capitol 2447:The Brothers Karamazov 2426: 2292: 2197: 2119: 1994:, the senate sent the 1941:Rome's founding father 1699:Archaic and Regal eras 1583: 1481: 1420: 1248: 1220: 1043: 852:Ceres' main festival, 792:Agricultural fertility 712:, a masculine form of 478:ancient Roman religion 429: 414:Ancient Greek religion 363: 4519: 3927:Emsley, John (2011). 3819:Spaeth, 1996, p. 101. 3332:Spaeth, 1996, p. 129. 2881:Spaeth, 1996, citing 2420: 2408:. Cropped image from 2282: 2267:. After the reign of 2175: 2097: 1911:Ceres and Magna Mater 1852:ritus graecus Cereris 1819:ritus graecus Cereris 1624:, and was led by the 1557: 1472: 1411: 1201: 1037: 787:Cults and cult themes 697:). A masculine form * 674:, meaning 'to feed'. 623:Etymology and origins 559:included the popular 228:Practices and beliefs 18:Convector (mythology) 4713:Interpretatio graeca 3275:Google-books preview 2811:On Vergil's Georgics 2664:How to Kill a Dragon 2593:on November 3, 2014. 2333:De Mulieribus Claris 2238:Faustina the Younger 2106:, garlanded. Right: 2026:Eleusinian mysteries 1943:and first patrician 1873:Eleusinian mysteries 1830:Ceres and Proserpina 1791:, which later Roman 1787:, particularly from 1632:. An inscription at 1427:interpretatio romana 589:agricultural deities 431:Interpretatio Graeca 424:Gallo-Roman religion 4976:Fertility goddesses 4913:Classical mythology 4734:Theology of victory 4579:Kings of Alba Longa 4039:Remus: a Roman myth 3901:Boccaccio, Giovanni 3505:googlebooks preview 3422:Spaeth, pp. 97–102. 3404:Spaeth, pp. 28, 68. 3395:Spaeth, pp. 11, 61. 3365:Pliny the Younger, 3110:, from the harvest. 2649:, pp. 110–111. 2587:Oxford Dictionaries 2468:Vermont State House 2353:William Shakespeare 2285:Eugène-André Oudiné 2142:, who wears Ceres' 2032:in Greece included 1797:late Roman Republic 1754:a temple to Ceres, 1630:heads of households 1371:In Roman theology, 1055:(progenitress) and 769:Mediterranean world 662:Proto-Indo-European 660:), ultimately from 4521: 4034:, Routledge, 1998. 4030:Staples, Ariadne, 3714:Henri Le Bonniec, 3477:, 55, and Cicero, 2908:On Vergil's Aeneid 2887:Historia Naturalis 2460:Seal of New Jersey 2427: 2342:Giovanni Boccaccio 2293: 2230:Faustina the Elder 2198: 2192:and Rome's native 2120: 2040:; thereafter many 1721:early Imperial era 1584: 1421: 1404:Myths and theology 1261:(the others being 1221: 1150:papaver somniferum 1044: 950:, "He who harrows" 920:, "He who ploughs" 266:funerary practices 68:Seated Ceres from 4966:Ceres (mythology) 4953: 4952: 4930:Etruscan religion 4544:Romulus and Remus 4527:Legendary figures 4511: 4510: 4160:Castor and Pollux 3996:Schultz, Celia E. 3828:Fears, J. Rufus, 3736:Fears, J. Rufus, 3584:Spaeth, 1996, pp. 2736:porca praecidanea 2351:at the ending of 2269:Claudius Gothicus 2257:Septimius Severus 1980:Tiberius Gracchus 1856:Roman citizenship 1690:own communities. 1687:public priesthood 1524:Pliny the Younger 839:porca praecidanea 720:'creator bonus', 524:[ˈkɛreːs] 474: 473: 419:Etruscan religion 377:agricultural gods 276:mystery religions 222: 189: 188: 80:, 1st century AD) 16:(Redirected from 5018: 4986:Nature goddesses 4981:Mother goddesses 4823:Founding of Rome 4593:Legendary beings 4554:Tullus Hostilius 4391:Abstract deities 4250:Lares Familiares 4113: 4112: 4081: 4074: 4067: 4058: 4057: 3967: 3948:de Vaan, Michiel 3932: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3897: 3891: 3884: 3878: 3873:Oxford Languages 3870: 3864: 3857: 3851: 3839: 3833: 3826: 3820: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3785: 3779: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3752: 3749: 3743: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3719: 3696: 3690: 3683: 3677: 3674: 3668: 3665: 3659: 3652: 3646: 3639: 3630: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3592: 3582: 3576: 3567: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3548:Magistri Cereris 3543: 3537: 3526: 3520: 3513: 3507: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3482: 3471: 3465: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3429: 3423: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3387: 3380: 3374: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3330: 3324: 3317: 3311: 3298: 3292: 3283: 3277: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3248: 3241:ieiunium Cereris 3233: 3227: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3161: 3155: 3148: 3142: 3137:DiLuzio, M. J., 3135: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3111: 3100: 3094: 3087: 3081: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3063: 3056: 3050: 3043: 3037: 3034: 3028: 3017: 3011: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2985: 2976:senatus consulta 2972: 2966: 2956: 2950: 2943:Angitia Cerealis 2935: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2911: 2900:Rerum Rusticarum 2896: 2890: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2843: 2834: 2824: 2818: 2803: 2797: 2790: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2771: 2765: 2758: 2752: 2745: 2739: 2727: 2721: 2703: 2697: 2682: 2676: 2659:Watkins, Calvert 2656: 2650: 2644: 2635: 2625: 2619: 2604: 2595: 2594: 2589:. Archived from 2579: 2573: 2572: 2559: 2543: 2536: 2530: 2515: 2391: 2102:of 66 AD. Left: 1992:Sibylline oracle 1962:ieiunium Cereris 1957:Second Punic War 1836:Second Punic War 1694:Cult development 1646:plebeian aediles 1432:Twelve Olympians 1414:Dominik Auliczek 1382:Second Punic War 1347:Ieiunium Cereris 1251: 1114:arbitrary arrest 1110:senatus consulta 968:, "He who reaps" 962:, "He who weeds" 597:Twelve Olympians 526: 521: 514: 509: 508: 505: 504: 501: 498: 495: 492: 466: 459: 452: 434: 368: 353:Capitoline Triad 211: 209: 199: 191: 190: 180:Greek equivalent 66: 37: 36: 21: 5026: 5025: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5016: 5015: 4996:Roman goddesses 4991:Earth goddesses 4956: 4955: 4954: 4949: 4945:Myth and ritual 4940:Greek mythology 4901: 4863: 4859:Pignora imperii 4854:Parabiago Plate 4837: 4806: 4765: 4699: 4693: 4675:Sibylline Books 4609: 4588: 4559:Servius Tullius 4522: 4507: 4386: 4102: 4094: 4085: 4048: 4037:Wiseman, T.P., 3964: 3940: 3935: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3898: 3894: 3885: 3881: 3871: 3867: 3858: 3854: 3840: 3836: 3827: 3823: 3818: 3814: 3806: 3802: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3697: 3693: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3653: 3649: 3640: 3633: 3611:Sibylline Books 3608: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3583: 3579: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3554: 3544: 3540: 3527: 3523: 3514: 3510: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3472: 3468: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3437:flamen cerialis 3430: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3381: 3377: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3318: 3314: 3299: 3295: 3284: 3280: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3237:Ab Urbe Condita 3234: 3230: 3195:In Festus, the 3194: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3162: 3158: 3149: 3145: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3101: 3097: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3060:Natural History 3057: 3053: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3018: 3014: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2981:Ab Urbe Condita 2973: 2969: 2957: 2953: 2949:and childbirth. 2936: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2897: 2893: 2883:Pliny the Elder 2880: 2876: 2869: 2844: 2837: 2825: 2821: 2804: 2800: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2759: 2755: 2746: 2742: 2734:, 134, for the 2728: 2724: 2704: 2700: 2694:Poggio Civitate 2686:Iguvine Tablets 2683: 2679: 2657: 2653: 2645: 2638: 2632:The Book People 2626: 2622: 2605: 2598: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2546: 2537: 2533: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2480: 2415: 2414: 2413: 2399: 2394: 2393: 2392: 2374:named after her 2277: 2242:Marcus Aurelius 2228:of the Empress 2092: 2022: 1971:In 133 BC, the 1929:sacred boundary 1913: 1896:flamen Cerialis 1832: 1827: 1825:Middle Republic 1762:on or near the 1738: 1733: 1713:minor flaminate 1701: 1696: 1614:flamen cerialis 1610: 1552: 1550:Images of Ceres 1501: 1406: 1369: 1238:Caereris mundus 1234:mundus cerialis 1230: 1176: 1170: 1158:Cereale papaver 1141: 1083: 1021:Barbette Spaeth 997:auspicious wood 993: 956:, "He who digs" 901:Flamen Cerialis 895:In the ancient 893: 794: 789: 689:), and Umbrian 652:'Cererī' < * 625: 578:Roman marriages 519: 512: 489: 485: 470: 409:Roman mythology 391: 387:divine emperors 372:underworld gods 330: 326:Fratres Arvales 280: 223: 220: 213:Marcus Aurelius 197: 195: 81: 70:Emerita Augusta 47: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5024: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5006:Food goddesses 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4915: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4877: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4804: 4799: 4797:Pythagoreanism 4794: 4792:Peripateticism 4789: 4784: 4779: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4709: 4703: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4691: 4690: 4689: 4686:The Golden Ass 4677: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4658: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4644: 4632: 4631: 4630: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4607: 4605:Barnacle goose 4602: 4596: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4549:Numa Pompilius 4546: 4541: 4536: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4253: 4252: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4096: 4095: 4084: 4083: 4076: 4069: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4047: 4046:External links 4044: 4043: 4042: 4035: 4028: 4013: 4003: 3993: 3983: 3970:Room, Adrian, 3968: 3962: 3944: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3933: 3920: 3913: 3892: 3879: 3865: 3861:mystes Cereris 3852: 3844:Juno Caelestis 3834: 3821: 3812: 3800: 3780: 3771: 3762: 3753: 3744: 3729: 3720: 3691: 3687:Claudia Quinta 3678: 3669: 3667:Scheid, p. 23. 3660: 3647: 3631: 3602: 3593: 3577: 3562: 3552: 3538: 3521: 3517:Vestal Virgins 3508: 3492: 3483: 3466: 3462:Cursus honorum 3453: 3441: 3424: 3415: 3406: 3397: 3388: 3375: 3358: 3346: 3334: 3325: 3312: 3293: 3278: 3258: 3249: 3228: 3188: 3176: 3156: 3143: 3130: 3121: 3112: 3095: 3082: 3073: 3064: 3051: 3038: 3029: 3012: 2995: 2986: 2967: 2951: 2930: 2921: 2919:Benko, p. 177. 2912: 2891: 2874: 2868:978-0521316828 2867: 2835: 2819: 2798: 2785: 2775: 2766: 2753: 2740: 2732:On Agriculture 2722: 2698: 2677: 2651: 2636: 2620: 2606:Room, Adrian, 2596: 2574: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2531: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2479: 2476: 2435:Hector Berlioz 2396: 2395: 2386: 2385: 2384: 2383: 2382: 2276: 2273: 2222:Antoninus Pius 2178:Villa Carmiano 2165:, wearing the 2091: 2088: 2082:(liberty) and 2021: 2018: 1973:plebeian noble 1912: 1909: 1844:Southern Italy 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1770:, housed in a 1737: 1734: 1732: 1731:Republican era 1729: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1666:frumentationes 1626:Arval Brethren 1609: 1606: 1595:, a symbol of 1551: 1548: 1520:Tuscan fashion 1500: 1497: 1438:, daughter of 1405: 1402: 1368: 1365: 1352:Plebeian Games 1229: 1222: 1213:Adam Elsheimer 1185:vengeful ghost 1172:Main article: 1169: 1166: 1140: 1137: 1118:legifera Ceres 1082: 1079: 1025:Ceres legifera 992: 989: 988: 987: 981: 975: 969: 963: 957: 951: 945: 939: 933: 927: 921: 897:sacrum cereale 892: 889: 871:Circus Maximus 866:ludi circenses 835:Cato the Elder 793: 790: 788: 785: 624: 621: 545:Aventine Triad 472: 471: 469: 468: 461: 454: 446: 443: 442: 441: 440: 435: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 398: 397: 396:Related topics 393: 392: 390: 389: 384: 382:childhood gods 379: 374: 369: 360: 358:Aventine Triad 355: 350: 342: 339: 338: 332: 331: 329: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 292: 289: 288: 282: 281: 279: 278: 273: 268: 263: 256: 251: 246: 239: 233: 230: 229: 225: 224: 210: 202: 201: 187: 186: 181: 177: 176: 172: 171: 154: 150: 149: 128: 124: 123: 114: 110: 109: 105: 104: 95: 91: 90: 87: 83: 82: 72:, present-day 67: 59: 58: 52:Member of the 49: 48: 45: 42: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5023: 5012: 5011:Dii Consentes 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4840: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4719:Imperial cult 4717: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4700:and practices 4696: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4650: 4649: 4648:Metamorphoses 4645: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4591: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4564:Ancus Marcius 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4518: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4493:Tranquillitas 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4106:Dii Consentes 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4077: 4075: 4070: 4068: 4063: 4062: 4059: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4040: 4036: 4033: 4029: 4026: 4025:0-292-77693-4 4022: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3980:0-8442-5469-X 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3963:9789004167971 3959: 3955: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3930: 3924: 3916: 3914:0-674-01130-9 3910: 3906: 3902: 3896: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3869: 3862: 3856: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3831: 3825: 3816: 3809: 3804: 3797: 3793: 3790: 3784: 3775: 3766: 3757: 3748: 3742: 3739: 3733: 3724: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3695: 3688: 3682: 3673: 3664: 3657: 3651: 3644: 3643:ritus graecus 3638: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3597: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3574: 3573: 3566: 3556: 3549: 3542: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3487: 3480: 3479:Contra Verres 3476: 3470: 3463: 3457: 3450: 3445: 3438: 3434: 3428: 3419: 3410: 3401: 3392: 3385: 3379: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3329: 3322: 3316: 3309: 3308: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3262: 3253: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3209:liminal deity 3206: 3202: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3160: 3153: 3147: 3140: 3134: 3125: 3116: 3109: 3105: 3099: 3092: 3086: 3077: 3068: 3061: 3055: 3048: 3047:cereri necari 3042: 3033: 3026: 3022: 3016: 3009: 3005: 3002:Cornell, T., 2999: 2990: 2983: 2982: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2925: 2916: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2888: 2884: 2878: 2870: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2816: 2815:Fabius Pictor 2812: 2808: 2802: 2795: 2789: 2779: 2770: 2763: 2757: 2750: 2744: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2719: 2718:Lingua Latina 2715: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2648: 2643: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2617: 2616:0-8442-5469-X 2613: 2609: 2603: 2601: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2578: 2570: 2569: 2564: 2558: 2554: 2541: 2540:Lapis manalis 2535: 2528: 2524: 2523:Palatine Hill 2520: 2514: 2510: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2419: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2402:CSA banknotes 2398: 2390: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2334: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2265:corona spicea 2262: 2258: 2253: 2251: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2210:corona spicea 2207: 2206:Ceres Augusta 2203: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2168: 2167:corona spicea 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2145: 2144:corona spicea 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2080: 2075: 2074:Julius Caesar 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2020:Late Republic 2017: 2015: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1996:quindecimviri 1993: 1989: 1985: 1982:bypassed the 1981: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1917:ritus cereris 1908: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1848:Magna Graecia 1845: 1841: 1837: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1815:ritus graecus 1812: 1807: 1805: 1804: 1803:ritus graecus 1798: 1794: 1793:mythographers 1790: 1786: 1785:Magna Graecia 1781: 1779: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1764:Aventine Hill 1761: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1679: 1678:ritus graecus 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1650:ludi Cerealia 1647: 1643: 1639: 1636:names a male 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1536:sacra privata 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1428: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1364: 1362: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1277:. The jurist 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1244: 1243:lapis manalis 1239: 1235: 1227: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1200: 1196: 1194: 1193:sacra Cereris 1190: 1186: 1182: 1175: 1165: 1163: 1162:corona spicea 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1136: 1133: 1132:Twelve Tables 1127: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1106:Lex Hortensia 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1089:, rights and 1088: 1087:plebeian laws 1078: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1065: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 985: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 967: 964: 961: 960:Subruncinator 958: 955: 952: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 934: 931: 928: 925: 922: 919: 916: 915: 914: 912: 911: 910:indigitamenta 906: 902: 898: 888: 886: 885: 884:ludi scaenici 880: 876: 872: 868: 867: 862: 859: 855: 850: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 830: 824: 822: 816: 815: 812: 807: 803: 800:wheat (Latin 799: 784: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 755:. An archaic 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 729: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 675: 673: 670: 666: 663: 659: 655: 651: 648: 644: 641: 637: 634: 630: 620: 618: 614: 611:for Ceres in 610: 609:reinterpreted 606: 602: 598: 594: 593:Dii Consentes 590: 585: 583: 582:funeral rites 579: 575: 571: 570: 565: 563: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 525: 517: 516: 507: 483: 479: 467: 462: 460: 455: 453: 448: 447: 445: 444: 439: 436: 433: 432: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 401: 400: 399: 395: 394: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 367: 366: 365:Indigitamenta 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 348: 347:Dii Consentes 344: 343: 341: 340: 337: 334: 333: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 293: 291: 290: 287: 284: 283: 277: 274: 272: 271:imperial cult 269: 267: 264: 262: 261: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 244: 240: 238: 235: 234: 232: 231: 227: 226: 218: 214: 208: 204: 203: 200: 193: 192: 185: 182: 178: 173: 170: 166: 162: 158: 155: 151: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 129: 125: 122: 118: 115: 111: 106: 103: 99: 96: 92: 88: 84: 79: 75: 74:Mérida, Spain 71: 65: 60: 57: 56: 55:Dii Consentes 50: 43: 38: 33: 19: 4849:Gubernaculum 4818:Golden Bough 4787:Neoplatonism 4782:Epicureanism 4711: 4684: 4665: 4646: 4639: 4625: 4164: 4130:Anna Perenna 4104: 4038: 4031: 4016: 4009: 3999: 3989: 3986:Scheid, John 3971: 3952: 3938:Bibliography 3928: 3923: 3905:Famous Women 3904: 3895: 3887: 3882: 3872: 3868: 3860: 3855: 3837: 3829: 3824: 3815: 3803: 3795: 3788: 3783: 3774: 3765: 3756: 3747: 3737: 3732: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3681: 3672: 3663: 3650: 3642: 3626: 3605: 3596: 3580: 3575:, 1.673–684. 3570: 3565: 3555: 3547: 3546:assistants ( 3541: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3511: 3500: 3495: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3456: 3444: 3436: 3427: 3418: 3409: 3400: 3391: 3383: 3382:Eric Orlin, 3378: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3349: 3337: 3328: 3320: 3315: 3305: 3296: 3286: 3281: 3266: 3261: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3231: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3196: 3191: 3179: 3164: 3159: 3151: 3146: 3138: 3133: 3124: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3090: 3085: 3076: 3067: 3059: 3054: 3046: 3041: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2989: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2959: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2924: 2915: 2907: 2899: 2894: 2886: 2877: 2858: 2830: 2822: 2810: 2801: 2788: 2778: 2769: 2761: 2756: 2748: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2717: 2713: 2701: 2680: 2662: 2654: 2647:de Vaan 2008 2627: 2623: 2607: 2591:the original 2586: 2577: 2566: 2557: 2534: 2513: 2453: 2445: 2439: 2430: 2428: 2366:dwarf planet 2363: 2356: 2346: 2331: 2329: 2312: 2294: 2289:3rd Republic 2264: 2254: 2246: 2217: 2209: 2205: 2199: 2176:Fresco from 2166: 2149:The emperor 2148: 2143: 2121: 2110:stands with 2090:Imperial era 2077: 2070:frumentarium 2069: 2065: 2061: 2023: 2011: 1988:land-reforms 1970: 1968:of Ceres"). 1961: 1948: 1916: 1914: 1877: 1861:Thesmophoria 1851: 1833: 1818: 1814: 1808: 1801: 1782: 1775: 1749:A. Postumius 1739: 1702: 1682: 1676: 1674: 1665: 1661: 1658:grain supply 1653: 1649: 1641: 1637: 1613: 1611: 1588: 1585: 1570: 1544:Epulum Jovis 1535: 1502: 1482: 1476: 1473: 1450:, mother of 1446:, sister of 1436:Di Consentes 1425: 1422: 1377:divine anger 1370: 1355: 1345: 1333: 1326: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1297: 1295: 1286: 1282: 1270: 1258: 1253: 1249:mundus patet 1241: 1237: 1233: 1231: 1225: 1192: 1177: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1142: 1128: 1123:thesmophoros 1121: 1117: 1109: 1103: 1084: 1067: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1045: 1029:confarreatio 1028: 1024: 1016: 1000: 994: 983: 977: 971: 965: 959: 953: 947: 941: 935: 929: 923: 917: 908: 905:W.H. Roscher 896: 894: 882: 875:turning post 864: 851: 842: 838: 826: 818: 809: 801: 795: 776: 772: 760: 733:Regal period 730: 725: 722:duonus Cerus 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 676: 671: 664: 657: 653: 649: 642: 635: 633:Proto-Italic 628: 626: 586: 567: 560: 481: 475: 345: 258: 241: 217:head covered 198:ancient Rome 53: 4923:Persecution 4875:Gallo-Roman 4667:Res divinae 4539:Rhea Silvia 3300:Servius on 2855:Simon Price 2710:Rüpke, Jörg 2706:John Scheid 2484:Corn mother 2431:The Trojans 2358:The Tempest 2320:Renaissance 2261:Julia Domna 2112:cornucopiae 2086:(victory). 2054:popularists 1925:Magna Mater 1717:Terra Mater 1608:Priesthoods 1512:architraves 1342:Opiconsivia 1146:opium poppy 1095:Lex Sacrata 1049:Ceres Mater 891:Helper gods 718:Cerus manus 631:stems from 537:grain crops 533:agriculture 286:Priesthoods 196:Religion in 175:Equivalents 4960:Categories 4868:Variations 4770:Philosophy 4749:Capitolium 4656:Propertius 4423:Averruncus 4408:Aeternitas 4398:Abundantia 4327:Proserpina 3702:, 2.4.108 3623:Persephone 3475:Pro Balbus 3150:Plutarch, 3091:de Legibus 2964:pp. 92–101 2902:, 2.4.10. 2851:John North 2847:Mary Beard 2749:praemetium 2712:(Editor), 2673:0195085957 2550:References 2470:, and the 2338:Florentine 2226:apotheosis 2100:sestertius 2062:"conditor" 2013:homo sacer 1888:Persephone 1869:Persephone 1840:Proserpina 1683:sacerdotes 1618:Ambarvalia 1561:picturing 1508:Araeostyle 1452:Proserpina 1367:Expiations 1329:religiosus 1263:Parentalia 1001:spina alba 930:Imporcĭtor 849:" (pure). 843:praemetium 814:Sementivae 745:Sabellians 658:ker-es-ēi- 617:literature 574:Ambarvalia 549:Proserpina 296:Pontifices 169:Proserpina 102:Ambarvalia 4895:Mithraism 4880:Mysteries 4729:Palladium 4707:Festivals 4483:Securitas 4433:Concordia 4377:Vertumnus 4195:Dīs Pater 4092:mythology 3956:. 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The 1642:mundus 1581:aedile 1493:Sicily 1440:Saturn 1394:Vulcan 1356:mundus 1334:mundus 1319:mundus 1307:mundus 1298:mundus 1287:mundus 1283:mundus 1271:mundus 1254:mundus 1252:("the 1226:mundus 1040:Louvre 1017:porcus 1013:victim 1009:Tellus 1003:, the 966:Mĕssor 879:Consus 811:Feriae 806:Tellus 777:gerere 741:Oscans 737:Latins 726:Cerrus 695:śerfie 693:(fem. 685:(fem. 656:< * 636:*kerēs 520:Latin: 165:Libera 117:Saturn 86:Symbol 4754:Cella 4661:Varro 4641:Fasti 4614:Texts 4498:Terra 4478:Salus 4443:Fides 4372:Vesta 4362:Venus 4312:Pluto 4302:Orcus 4257:Liber 4245:Lares 4230:Janus 4215:Flora 4205:Fauna 4185:Diana 4175:Cupid 4165:Ceres 3848:Tanit 3572:Fasti 3536:, 26. 3205:Pluto 3201:Orcus 3154:, 11. 2708:, in 2690:Murlo 2505:Notes 2301:Liber 2250:Virgo 2214:Nerva 2194:Liber 2140:Livia 2058:Sulla 2034:Sulla 2000:Henna 1892:Hades 1882:, in 1777:plebs 1768:Triad 1756:Liber 1752:vowed 1742:plebs 1670:games 1634:Capua 1589:kiste 1489:Henna 1460:Vesta 1327:dies 1315:penus 1311:penus 1275:Varro 1189:Lemur 847:casta 798:spelt 773:ceres 765:spelt 714:Ceres 710:Cerus 706:śerfe 691:śerfi 650:kerrí 647:Oscan 643:ceres 629:Cerēs 482:Ceres 243:votum 157:Liber 147:Pluto 143:Vesta 40:Ceres 32:Keres 4890:Isis 4635:Ovid 4488:Spes 4473:Roma 4272:Mars 4267:Luna 4235:Juno 4190:Dies 4090:and 4021:ISBN 3976:ISBN 3958:ISBN 3909:ISBN 3621:and 3609:The 3433:Numa 3267:Nero 2863:ISBN 2669:ISBN 2612:ISBN 2372:was 2324:beer 2104:Nero 2068:and 2052:and 2036:and 2024:The 2010:, a 1975:and 1966:fast 1933:Troy 1880:Enna 1867:and 1758:and 1725:Ovid 1709:Numa 1654:cure 1572:ludi 1540:Ides 1528:Como 1484:Ovid 1466:and 1456:Juno 1442:and 1398:Nero 1390:Juno 1340:and 1279:Cato 1265:and 1232:The 1224:The 1209:Ovid 1205:newt 1104:The 1081:Laws 1057:alma 829:olla 821:exta 751:and 743:and 669:root 615:and 607:was 580:and 562:Ludi 515:-eez 513:SEER 260:ludi 135:Juno 119:and 4463:Pax 4352:Sol 4297:Ops 4292:Nox 3808:CIL 3590:44. 3449:CIL 3273:). 3108:far 2466:, 2368:or 2124:Pax 2002:in 1863:to 1597:Pax 1579:as 1468:Dis 1444:Ops 1361:Dis 1236:or 1061:Ops 802:far 761:far 555:of 543:or 531:of 497:ɪər 476:In 121:Ops 4962:: 3998:, 3634:^ 3617:, 3588:, 3304:, 3023:, 2945:, 2906:, 2885:, 2853:; 2849:; 2838:^ 2829:, 2809:, 2661:. 2639:^ 2630:, 2599:^ 2585:. 2565:. 2437:. 2291:). 2244:. 2180:, 2169:. 1964:(" 1907:. 1875:. 1723:, 1462:, 1458:, 1400:. 1392:, 1363:. 1126:. 831:). 739:, 645:, 619:. 535:, 518:, 500:iː 480:, 163:, 145:, 141:, 137:, 133:, 100:, 4109:) 4103:( 4080:e 4073:t 4066:v 4027:. 3982:. 3966:. 3917:. 3863:. 3850:. 3689:. 3586:8 3464:. 2871:. 2738:. 2696:) 2692:( 2675:. 2618:. 2529:) 2425:. 1660:( 1534:( 1479:. 1187:( 1179:( 1148:( 1042:) 827:( 823:) 819:( 763:( 506:/ 503:z 494:s 491:ˈ 488:/ 484:( 465:e 458:t 451:v 219:) 215:( 167:/ 159:/ 76:( 34:. 20:)

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