Jupiter (god) - Knowledge

3811: 1103: 1091: 410: 3639:"sky".) In this respect, he differs from his Greek equivalent Zeus (who is considered a personal god, warden and dispenser of skylight). His name reflects this idea; it is a derivative of the Indo-European word for "bright, shining sky". His residence is found atop the hills of Rome and of mountains in general; as a result, his cult is present in Rome and throughout Italy at upper elevations. Jupiter assumed atmospheric qualities; he is the wielder of lightning and the master of weather. However, Wissowa acknowledges that Jupiter is not merely a naturalistic, heavenly, supreme deity; he is in continual communication with man by means of thunder, lightning and the flight of birds (his 2373: 84: 3697: 1582: 4322:

Jupiter and Juno. These gods were the most ancient deities of every Latin town. Praeneste preserved divine filiation and infancy as the sovereign god and his paredra Juno have a mother who is the primordial goddess Fortuna Primigenia. Many terracotta statuettes have been discovered which represent a woman with a child: one of them represents exactly the scene described by Cicero of a woman with two children of different sex who touch her breast. Two of the votive inscriptions to Fortuna associate her and Jupiter: " Fortunae Iovi puero..." and "Fortunae Iovis puero..."

1046: 1748: 1566: 10521: 9261: 8959: 2824: 1079: 1413: 1071: 1444:. An inscription that is also from Praeneste, however, says that Fortuna Primigenia was Jupiter's first-born child. Jacqueline Champeaux sees this contradiction as the result of successive different cultural and religious phases, in which a wave of influence coming from the Hellenic world made Fortuna the daughter of Jupiter. The childhood of Zeus is an important theme in Greek religion, art and literature, but there are only rare (or dubious) depictions of Jupiter as a child. 11578: 1855:) of the so-called Priscan Latins and of the Albans. Their restoration aimed at grounding Roman hegemony in this ancestral religious tradition of the Latins. The original cult was reinstated unchanged as is testified by some archaic features of the ritual: the exclusion of wine from the sacrifice the offers of milk and cheese and the ritual use of rocking among the games. Rocking is one of the most ancient rites mimicking ascent to Heaven and is very widespread. At the 3775:

but the quality, method and features of his action. Consequently, the analysis of the type of action performed by Jupiter in the domains in which he operates indicates that Jupiter is a sovereign god who may act in the field of politics (as well as agriculture and war) in his capacity as such, i.e. in a way and with the features proper to a king. Sovereignty is expressed through the two aspects of absolute, magic power (epitomised and represented by the Vedic god

4362:) of the opening god of the Indoiranians, as she is represented with her head on her two sides, with the two faces looking opposite directions. The mother of the sovereign gods has thence two solidal but distinct modalities of duplicity, i.e. of having two foreheads and a double position in the genealogy. Angelo Brelich has interpreted this theology as the basic opposition between the primordial absence of order (chaos) and the organisation of the cosmos. 3004:, who had prayed to the god for his almighty help at a difficult time during the battle with the Sabines of king Titus Tatius. Dumézil opines the action of Jupiter is not that of a god of war who wins through fighting: Jupiter acts by causing an inexplicable change in the morale of the fighters of the two sides. The same feature can be detected also in the certainly historical record of the battle of the third Samnite War in 294 BC, in which consul 5099: 3783:). However, sovereignty permits action in every field; otherwise, it would lose its essential quality. As a further proof, Dumézil cites the story of Tullus Hostilius (the most belligerent of the Roman kings), who was killed by Jupiter with a lightning bolt (indicating that he did not enjoy the god's favour). Varro's definition of Jupiter as the god who has under his jurisdiction the full expression of every being ( 4943:, later also known as temple of Aesculapius)—may be significant in this respect, along with the fact that he is considered the father of Apollo, perhaps because he was depicted carrying arrows. He is also considered to be the unbearded Jupiter. The dates of his festivals support the same conclusion: they fall on 1 January, 7 March and 21 May, the first date being the recurrence of the 3693:'s view, Jovian theology (and that of the equivalent gods in other Indo-European religions) is an evolution from a naturalistic, supreme, celestial god identified with heaven to a sovereign god, a wielder of lightning bolts, master and protector of the community (in other words, of a change from a naturalistic approach to the world of the divine to a socio-political approach). 1461:, according to Ovid). After Numa skilfully avoided the requests of the god for human sacrifices, Jupiter agreed to his request to know how lightning bolts are averted, asking only for the substitutions Numa had mentioned: an onion bulb, hairs and a fish. Moreover, Jupiter promised that at the sunrise of the following day he would give to Numa and the Roman people pawns of the 1185:(his pointed hat) only when under a roof, in order to avoid showing himself naked to the sky—that is, "as if under the eyes of Jupiter" as god of the heavens. Every time the Flaminica saw a lightning bolt or heard a clap of thunder (Jupiter's distinctive instrument), she was prohibited from carrying on with her normal routine until she placated the god. 1913:, i. e. their date varied each year: the consuls and the highest magistrates were required to attend shortly after the beginning of the administration, originally on the Ides of March: the Feriae usually took place in early April. They could not start campaigning before its end and if any part of the games had been neglected or performed unritually the 1387:. All magistracies and the tribunes of the plebs had resigned in advance. The task resulted in the XII Tables, which though concerned only private law. The plebs once again retreated to the Sacer Mons: this act besides recalling the first secession was meant to seek the protection of the supreme god. The secession ended with the resignation of the 6284:" "wherefore also the triumphing commanders have all the insignia of Jupiter, the sceptre and the toga palmata'". On the interpretation of the triumphal dress and of the triumph, Larissa Bonfante has offered an interpretation based on Etruscan documents in her article : "Roman Triumphs and Etruscan Kings: the Changing Face of the Triumph" in 1871:: the rite symbolised a search for him both on earth and in heaven. The rocking as well as the customary drinking of milk was also considered to commemorate and ritually reinstate infancy. The Romans in the last form of the rite brought the sacrificial ox from Rome and every participant was bestowed a portion of the meat, rite known as 4427:, the old Jupiter of the Latins, as the original figure of this Jupiter was superseded on the Alban Mount, whereas it preserved its gruesome character in the ceremony held at the sanctuary of the Latiar Hill in Rome which involved a human sacrifice and the aspersion of the statue of the god with the blood of the victim. 4880:, or Vedius) and unwilling to discuss his identity, claiming our knowledge of this god is insufficient. Most, however, agree that Veiove is a sort of special Jupiter or anti-Iove, or even an underworld Jupiter. In other words, Veiove is indeed the Capitoline god himself, who takes up a different, diminished appearance ( 801:). The two emblems were often combined to represent the god in the form of an eagle holding in its claws a thunderbolt, frequently seen on Greek and Roman coins. As the sky-god, he was a divine witness to oaths, the sacred trust on which justice and good government depend. Many of his functions were focused on the 8753:, 1887, fascicolo 2, p. 363 ff.) at Great Saint Bernard Pass, Iuppiter Vesuvius (CIL X 3806), Iuppiter Ciminus (CIL XI 2688); the Sabine Iuppiter Cacunus (CIL IX 4876, VI 371). Outside Italy Iuppiter Culminalis in Noricum and Pannonia (CIL III 3328, 4032, 4115, 5186; Supplememtum 10303, 11673 etc.) as cited by 4888:, young and gracile), in order to be able to discharge sovereign functions over places, times and spheres that by their own nature are excluded from the direct control of Jupiter as Optimus Maximus. This conclusion is based on information provided by Gellius, who states his name is formed by adding prefix 9040:

II 85–86: "Is est locus saeptus religiose propter Iovis pueri, qui lactens cum Iunone in gremio sedens, mamma appetens, castissime colitur a matribus": "This is an enclosed place for religious reasons because of Iupiter child, who is seated on the womb with Juno suckling, directed towards the breast,

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At least for the three main functions, people in each station in life had their religious counterparts the divine figures of the sovereign god, the warrior god, and the industrius god; there were almost always two separate gods for class 1, and sometimes more than one for class 3. Over time

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Dumézil maintains that Jupiter is not himself a god of war and agriculture, although his actions and interest may extend to these spheres of human endeavour. His view is based on the methodological assumption that the chief criterion for studying a god's nature is not to consider his field of action,

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stressed Jupiter's uniqueness as the only case among Indo-European religions in which the original god preserved his name, his identity and his prerogatives. In this view, Jupiter is the god of heaven and retains his identification with the sky among the Latin poets (his name is used as a synonym for

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The three functions are interrelated with one another, overlapping to some extent; the sovereign function, although including a part that is essentially religious in nature, is involved in many ways in areas pertaining to the other two. Therefore, Jupiter is the "magic player" in the founding of the

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The Capitoline Triad was introduced to Rome by the Tarquins. Dumézil thinks it might have been an Etruscan (or local) creation based on Vitruvius' treatise on architecture, in which the three deities are associated as the most important. It is possible that the Etruscans paid particular attention to

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of the humans and not of Jupiter though, as these were located in region I of Martianus Capella' s division of Heaven, while Genius appears in regions V and VI along with Ceres, Favor (possibly a Roman approximation to an Etruscan male manifestation of Fortuna) and Pales. This is in accord with the

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which is in fact a dedication to the god of the arms of the defeated king of the enemy that happens whenever he has been killed by the king of Rome or his equivalent authority. Here too Dumézil notes the dedication has to do with regality and not with war, since the rite is in fact the offer of the

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After the destruction of Alba by king Tullus Hostilius the cult was forsaken. The god manifested his discontent through the prodigy of a rain of stones: the commission sent by the Roman senate to inquire was also greeted by a rain of stones and heard a loud voice from the grove on the summit of the

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of the year, who are required to offer a sacrifice to Jupiter on the Capitol) and the Roman soldiers (a function later attributed to Juno). King Servius Tullius, in reforming the Roman social organisation, required that every adolescent offer a coin to the goddess of youth upon entering adulthood.

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where a dedicatory inscription to Vediove has been found in 1826 on an ara. According to Pasqualini it was a deity similar to Vediove, wielder of lightningbolts and chthonic, who was connected to the cult of the founders who first inhabited the Alban Mount and built the sanctuary. Such a cult once

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is represented as milking two infants, one male and one female, namely Jove (Jupiter) and Juno. It seems fairly safe to assume that from the earliest times they were identified by their own proper names and since they got them they were never changed through the course of history: they were called

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because the deported Albans had disregarded their ancestral rites linked to the sanctuary of Jupiter. In addition to the omens, a voice was heard requesting that the Albans perform the rites. A plague followed and at last the king himself fell ill. As a consequence, the warlike character of Tullus

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Dumézil has pointed out that even though Augustine may be correct in pointing out cases in which Varro presented under the civil theology category contents that may look to belong to mythic theology, nevertheless he preserved under this heading the lore and legends ancient Romans considered their

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the most sacred form of marriage, the name of which is due to the spelt cake eaten by the spouses, rather than surmising an agricultural quality of the god: the epithet means the god was the guarantor of the effects of the ceremony, to which the presence of his flamen is necessary and that he can

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by the Etruscans because they rise and set together, are twelve in number and their names are unknown, six male and six females and are the cousellors and masters of Jupiter. Martianus states they are always in agreement among themselves. While these last gods seem to be the Penates of Jupiter,

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would be an intrinsic, fundamental feature of Indoeuropean deities of the primordial and sovereign level, as it finds a parallel in Vedic religion. The contradiction would put Fortuna both at the origin of time and into its ensuing diachronic process: it is the comparison offered by Vedic deity

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is on the other hand connected to a rite described by Cato and mentioned by Festus. Before the sowing of autumn or spring the peasant offered a banquet of roast beef and a cup of wine to Jupiter : it is natural that on such occasions he would entreat the god who has power over the weather,

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Sacred wine was obtained by the natural fermentation of juice of grapes free from flaws of any type, religious (e. g. those struck by lightning, brought into contact with corpses or wounded people or coming from an unfertilised grapeyard) or secular (by "cutting" it with old wine). Secular (or

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if "Jupiter will stop the rout of the Roman army and if afterwards the Samnite legions shall be victouriously massacred...It looked as if the gods themselves had taken side with Romans, so much easily did the Roman arms succeed in prevailing...". In a similar manner one can explain the epithet

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is one of the epithets of Jupiter. Dumézil sees the opposition Dius Fidius versus Summanus as complementary, interpreting it as typical to the inherent ambiguity of the sovereign god exemplified by that of Mitra and Varuna in Vedic religion. The complementarity of the epithets is shown in

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resorted to the scheme of asking the advice of the god by evoking his presence. He succeeded through the help of Picus and Faunus, whom he had imprisoned by making them drunk. The two gods (with a charm) evoked Jupiter, who was forced to come down to earth at the Aventine (hence named

1374:) on its summit. The fear of the wrath of Jupiter was an important element in the solution of the crisis. The consecration of the Mount probably referred to its summit only. The ritual requested the participation of both an augur (presumably Manius Valerius himself) and a pontifex. 6895:

The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionally detailed. All due care would be taken of the animals, but any that died or were stolen before the scheduled sacrifice would count as if already sacrificed. Sacred animals were already assigned to the gods, who ought to protect their own

3033:. The religious meaning of the vow is in both cases an appeal to the supreme god by a Roman chief at a time of need for divine help from the supreme god, albeit for different reasons: Fabius had remained the only political and military responsible of the Roman State after the 1614:(a castrated goat or castrated ram) (on the Ides of January). The animals were required to be white. The question of the lamb's gender is unresolved; while a sacrificial lamb for a male deity was usually male, for the vintage-opening festival the flamen Dialis sacrificed a 5181:

is documented by Plutarch, who ascribes to king Numa the construction of temples to Fides and Terminus and the delimitation of Roman territory. Ovid gives a vivid description of the rural rite at a boundary of fields of neighbouring peasants on 23 February (the day of the

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permitted a debtor to become a slave of his creditor. The plebs argued the debts had become unsustainable because of the expenses of the wars wanted by the patricians. As the senate did not accede to the proposal of a total debt remission advanced by dictator and augur

5202:. Dumézil, on the other hand, views the function of this god as associated with the legalistic aspect of the sovereign function of Jupiter. Terminus would be the counterpart of the minor Vedic god Bagha, who oversees the just and fair division of goods among citizens. 5131:(god of military valour). Victoria appears first on the reverse of coins representing Venus (driving the quadriga of Jupiter, with her head crowned and with a palm in her hand) during the first Punic War. Sometimes, she is represented walking and carrying a trophy. 2887:

because everything belongs to him. Dumézil maintains the cult usage of these epithets is not documented and that the epithet Ruminus, as Wissowa and Latte remarked, may not have the meaning given by Augustine but it should be understood as part of a series including

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on 24 February and the New Year on 1 March (when the lunar cycle was thought to coincide again with the solar cycle), and the uncertainty and change during the two winter months were over. Some scholars emphasize the traditional political significance of the day.

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within the new temple. Their stubbornness was considered a good omen; it would guarantee youth, stability and safety to Rome on its site. This legend is generally thought by scholars to indicate their strict connection with Jupiter. An inscription found near

1836:). Nonetheless a plague ensued: in the end Tullus Hostilius himself was affected and lastly killed by the god with a lightning bolt. The festival was reestablished on its primitive site by the last Roman king Tarquin the Proud under the leadership of Rome. 4843:, who presided over the male and female components of generation and the "liberation" of the semen. This complex of rites and beliefs shows that the divine couple's jurisdiction extended over fertility in general, not only that of grapes. The etymology of 4962:(the general who vowed had to stand on an arrow). It is perhaps because of the arrow and of the juvenile looks that Gellius identifies Veiove with Apollo and as a god who must receive worship in order to obtain his abstention from harming men, along with 1365:

and Manius Valerius. It was Valerius, according to the inscription found at Arezzo in 1688 and written on the order of Augustus as well as other literary sources, that brought the plebs down from the Mount, after the secessionists had consecrated it to

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for the Dialis to swear an oath. He could not have contacts with anything dead or connected with death: corpses, funerals, funeral fires, raw meat. This set of restrictions reflects the fulness of life and absolute freedom that are features of Jupiter.

4482:. The association with Jupiter may be a matter of divine relation; some scholars see him as a form of Hercules. Both Jupiter and Dius Fidius were wardens of oaths and wielders of lightning bolts; both required an opening in the roof of their temples. 5010:

was worshipped there and one found on the south tip of Tiber Island in 1854 that there was a cult to the god on the spot too. Besnier speculates that Lucius Furius had evoked the chief god of the enemy and built a temple to him in Rome outside the

1428:. After the influence of Greek culture on Roman culture, Latin literature and iconography reinterpreted the myths of Zeus in depictions and narratives of Jupiter. In the legendary history of Rome, Jupiter is often connected to kings and kingship. 5031:

Q. Marcus Ralla dedicated to Jupiter on the Capitol the two temples promised by L. Furius Purpureo, one of which was that promised during the war against the Gauls. Besnier would accept a correction to Livy's passage (proposed by Jordan) to read

4708:. Such a hypothesis was rejected as groundless by Wissowa, although he was a supporter of Liber's Jovian origin. Olivier de Cazanove contends that it is difficult to admit that Liber (who is present in the oldest calendars—those of Numa—in the 2665:

Jupiter's most ancient attested forms of cult belong to the State cult: these include the mount cult (see section above note n. 22). In Rome this cult entailed the existence of particular sanctuaries the most important of which were located on

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definition of the Penates of man being Fortuna, Ceres, Pales and Genius Iovialis and the statement in Macrobius that the Larentalia were dedicated to Jupiter as the god whence the souls of men come from and to whom they return after death.

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The Archaic Triad is a hypothetical theological structure (or system) consisting of the gods Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus. It was first described by Wissowa, and the concept was developed further by Dumézil. The three-function hypothesis of

3048:, at the beginning of the year, in the uncertain time of winter (the most ancient calendar had only ten months, from March to December). In this month Janus deifies kingship and defies Jupiter. Moreover, January sees also the presence of 5040:. Such a correction concerns the temples dedicated on the Capitol: it does not address the question of the dedication of the temple on the Island, which is puzzling, since the place is attested epigraphically as dedicated to the cult of 2834:

A group of epithets has been interpreted by Wissowa (and his followers) as a reflection of the agricultural or warring nature of the god, some of which are also in the list of eleven preserved by Augustine. The agricultural ones include

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and Zeus, the usurpation of Saturn as king of the gods by Jupiter was not viewed by the Latins as violent or hostile; Saturn continued to be revered in his temple at the foot of the Capitol Hill, which maintained the alternative name

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in his role as bestower of military victory. Jupiter, as a sovereign god, was considered as having the power to conquer anyone and anything in a supernatural way; his contribution to military victory was different from that of

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this as a sign that he would become king based on the bird, the quadrant of the sky from which it came, the god who had sent it and the fact it touched his hat (an item of clothing placed on a man's most noble part, the head).

1361:. The place is windy and was usually the site of rites of divination performed by haruspices. The senate in the end sent a delegation composed of ten members with full powers of making a deal with the plebs, of which were part 3742:

evolved into atmospheric deities; by their mastery of thunder and lightning, they expressed themselves and made their will known to the community. In Rome, Jupiter also sent signs to the leaders of the state in the form of

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of fifteen priests in the official public cult of Rome, each of whom was devoted to a particular deity. His wife, the Flaminica Dialis, had her own duties, and presided over the sacrifice of a ram to Jupiter on each of the

5067:, as the original figure of this Jupiter would have been superseded on the Alban Mount, whereas it preserved its gruesome character in the ceremony held on the sanctuary of the Latiar Hill, the southernmost hilltop of the 3076:, who as a gushing spring evokes the process of coming into being from non-being as the god of passage and change does. In this period the preeminence of Janus needs compensating on the Ides through the action of Jupiter 7320:

fell on 13 September and 13 November. The temple foundation and festival dates are 13 September for Jupiter Optimus Maximus, 13 April for Jupiter Victor, 13 June for Jupiter Invictus, and perhaps 13 January for Jupiter

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and an amnesty for the rebellious soldiers who had deserted from their camp near Mount Algidus while warring against the Volscians, abandoning the commanders. The amnesty was granted by the senate and guaranteed by the

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Although Victoria played a significant role in the religious ideology of the late Republic and the Empire, she is undocumented in earlier times. A function similar to hers may have been played by the little-known

1015:), they withdrew from the city and threatened to found their own. When they agreed to come back to Rome they vowed the hill where they had retreated to Jupiter as symbol and guarantor of the unity of the Roman 4740:

Other scholars assert that there was no Liber (other than a god of wine) within historical memory. Olivier de Cazanove argues that the domain of the sovereign god Jupiter was that of sacred, sacrificial wine

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and wine were devoted to Jupiter, since grapes were particularly susceptible to adverse weather. Dumézil describes wine as a "kingly" drink with the power to inebriate and exhilarate, analogous to the Vedic

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Juventas and Terminus were the gods who, according to legend, refused to leave their sites on the Capitol when the construction of the temple of Jupiter was undertaken. Therefore, they had to be reserved a

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of Romulus in between the two groves on the Capitol, the Tiberine island along with Faunus and Aesculapius, the kalends of January, the nones of March, and 21 May, a statue of his nonetheless stands in the

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The Roman practice of swearing by Jove to witness an oath in law courts is the origin of the expression "by Jove!"—archaic, but still in use. The name of the god was also adopted as the name of the planet

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within the framework of an agrarian Jupiter. The god also had a temple in this name on the Aventine in Rome, which was restored by Augustus and dedicated on 1 September. Here, the god was sometimes named

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arms of a king by a king: a proof of such an assumption is provided by the fact that the arms of an enemy king captured by an officer or a common soldier were dedicated to Mars and Quirinus respectively.

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however Cato' s prayer of s one of sheer offer and no request. The language suggests another attitude: Jupiter is invited to a banquet which is supposedly abundant and magnificent. The god is honoured as

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I 41: "Senatores deorum qui Penates ferebantur Tonantis ipsius quorumque nomina, quoniam publicari secretum caeleste non pertulit, ex eo quod omnia pariter repromittunt, nomen eis consensione perficit".

1257:. They were considered the only official interpreters of Jupiter's will, thence they were essential to the very existence of the Roman State as Romans saw in Jupiter the only source of state authority. 6863:

III 10. The issue of the sacrificial victims proper to a god is one of the most vexed topics of Roman religion: cf. Gérard Capdeville "Substitution de victimes dans les sacrifices d'animaux à Rome" in

4955:, which may mean "with the rite appropriate for human sacrifice". Gellius concludes by stating that this god is one of those who receive sacrifices so as to persuade them to refrain from causing harm. 2011:

the opportunity to sell in town and to be informed of religious and political edicts, which were posted publicly for three days. According to tradition, these festival days were instituted by the king

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as "the god who is in charge and has the power to generate everything" and "the rational spirit of all (therefore, everyone has their own)". Augustine concludes that Jupiter should be considered the

9266: 9264: 3755:) or his successor magistrates. The encounter between the heavenly and political, legal aspects of the deity are well represented by the prerogatives, privileges, functions and taboos proper to his 4478:(by whom important oaths are sworn), Dius Fidius is a deity established for everyday use and was charged with the protection of good faith in private affairs. Dius Fidius would thus correspond to 3185:, literally, "he who has one hundred feet"; that is, "he who has the power of establishing, of rendering stable, bestowing stability on everything", since he himself is the paramount of stability. 1859:

the rocking took place on a tree and the winner was of course the one who had swung the highest. This rite was said to have been instituted by the Albans to commemorate the disappearance of king

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Apart from being protectress of the arts and craft as Minerva Capta, who was brought from Falerii, Minerva's association to Jupiter and relevance to Roman state religion is mainly linked to the

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Dumézil, on the other hand, sees the relationship between Jupiter and Liber as grounded in the social and political relevance of the two gods (who were both considered patrons of freedom). The

4788:(dirty), and thus unusable in sacrifices. The amphor (itself not an item of sacrifice) permitted presentation of its content on a table or could be added to a sacrifice; this happened at the 9181:

10; Macrobius I 7, 27 and I 10, 4 citing a certain Mallius. See also Macrobius I 7, 3: the annalistic tradition attributed its foundation to king Tullus Hostilius. Studies by E. Gjerstad in

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upon which the relationship of the city with the gods rested." He personified the divine authority of Rome's highest offices, internal organization, and external relations. His image in the

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The Elder Tarquin is credited with introducing the Capitoline Triad to Rome, by building the so-called Capitolium Vetus. Macrobius writes this issued from his Samothracian mystery beliefs.

986:. His house on the Capitoline Hill was razed, and it was decreed that no patrician should ever be allowed to live there. Capitoline Jupiter represented a continuity of royal power from the 2279:

after a procession from the Capitol. The games were attributed to Tarquinius Priscus, and linked to the cult of Jupiter on the Capitol. Romans themselves acknowledged analogies with the

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mount requesting the Albans perform the religious service to the god according to the rites of their country. In consequence of this event the Romans instituted a festival of nine days (

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A dominant line of scholarship has held that Rome lacked a body of myths in its earliest period, or that this original mythology has been irrecoverably obscured by the influence of the

10004:(legal ritual action by which slaves were freed) was practised in this sanctuary : Giancarlo Susini "San Pietro in Sylvis, santuario pagense e villaggio plebano nel Ravennate" in 1396:

Quintus Furius (in Livy's version) (or Marcus Papirius) who also supervised the nomination of the new tribunes of the plebs, then gathered on the Aventine Hill. The role played by the

4851:) was explained by Émile Benveniste as formed on the IE theme *leudh- plus the suffix -es-; its original meaning is "the one of germination, he who ensures the sprouting of crops". 4716:

at Lavinium) was derived from another deity. Such a derivation would find support only in epigraphic documents, primarily from the Osco-Sabellic area. Wissowa sets the position of

4380:(power) over the forces by which anything happens in the world. Janus, however, has the privilege of being invoked first in rites, since in his power are the beginnings of things ( 3299:

Some epithets of Jupiter indicate his association with a particular place. Epithets found in the provinces of the Roman Empire may identify Jupiter with a local deity or site (see

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was itself the reason for the festival of Jupiter, or if this was another festival which happened to fall on the same day. Wissowa denies their association, since Jupiter and his

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had his shrine at the foot of the Velian Hill near those of the Di Penates and of Vica Pota, who were among the most ancient gods of the Roman community of according to Wissowa.

1212:. Other regulations concern his ritual purity and his separation from the military function; he was forbidden to ride a horse or see the army outside the sacred boundary of Rome 4931:; as such, he numbers among the infernal (or antipodal) gods. The location of his two temples in Rome—near those of Jupiter (one on the Capitoline Hill, in the low between the 4700:(association not yet been fully explained by scholars, due to the scarcity of early documentation). In the past, it was maintained that Liber was only a progressively-detached 4445:

Fides ("Faith, Trust") was one of the oldest gods associated with Jupiter. As guarantor of public faith, Fides had her temple on the Capitol (near that of Capitoline Jupiter).

4358:, being at the same time his mother and daughter, as is true for the whole group of sovereign gods to which she belongs. Moreover, Aditi is thus one of the heirs (along with 4294:, pawns of dominion, empire. In Roman traditional lore it was brought from Troy by Aeneas. Scholars though think it was last taken to Rome in the third or second century BC. 4596:' mother conceived him with a snake that was in fact Jupiter transformed. Scipio himself claimed that only he would rise to the mansion of the gods through the widest gate. 2742:

shows that it refers to lightning. A further confirmation of this interpretation is provided by the sacred meaning of lightning which is reflected in the sensitivity of the

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who ritually enacted the waning and renewal of power associated with the New Year (1 March in the old Roman calendar). A temporary vacancy of power (construed as a yearly "

1175:

The office of Flamen Dialis was circumscribed by several unique ritual prohibitions, some of which shed light on the sovereign nature of the god himself. For instance, the

4729:. Wissowa opines that the relationship existed in the concept of creative abundance through which the supposedly-separate Liber might have been connected to the Greek god 3823:(Minerva) as a goddess of destiny, in addition to the royal couple Uni (Juno) and Tinia (Jupiter). In Rome, Minerva later assumed a military aspect under the influence of 2219:("Feast of Jove"). One was held on 13 September, the anniversary of the foundation of Jupiter's Capitoline temple. The other (and probably older) festival was part of the 5194:, which maintained a religious value). This festival, however, marked the end of the year and was linked to time more directly than to space (as attested by Augustine's 2750:: while the ancient erudites thought it was connected to lightning, it is in fact related to the opening of the rervoirs of rain, as is testified by the ceremony of the 2662:

The epithets of a Roman god indicate his theological qualities. The study of these epithets must consider their origins (the historical context of an epithet's source).

3643:). Through his vigilant watch he is also the guardian of public oaths and compacts and the guarantor of good faith in the State cult. The Jovian cult was common to the 3511:

appears in Pompeii as Jupiter Meilichius. Except in representing actual cults in Italy, this is largely 19th-century usage; modern works distinguish Jupiter from Zeus.

2201:

was a "primitive military ritual" for which the adult male population assembled for purification rites, after which they ritually dispelled foreign invaders from Rome.

3250:, "to stand": "he who has power of founding, instituting everything", thence also he who bestows the power of resistance, making people, soldiers, stand firm and fast. 1485:. Plutarch gives a slightly different version of the story, writing that the cause of the miraculous drop of the shield was a plague and not linking it with the Roman 4900:"I benefit"). D. Sabbatucci has stressed the feature of bearer of instability and antithesis to cosmic order of the god, who threatens the kingly power of Jupiter as 3751:

was considered prestigious by ancient Romans; by sending his signs, Jupiter (the sovereign of heaven) communicates his advice to his terrestrial colleague: the king (

10223:

p. 91 L interprets "with a rite proper to a ceremony in honour of the deceased". G. Piccaluga at n. 15 and 21 pp. 231–232 though remarks that Gellius does not state

5368:, they included those of Jupiter, of Neptune, of the infernal gods and of mortal men. According to Varro the Penates reside in the recesses of Heaven and are called 5198:

on the role of Janus with respect to endings). Dario Sabbatucci has emphasised the temporal affiliation of Terminus, a reminder of which is found in the rite of the

2293:

resembled a triumphal procession. Wissowa and Mommsen argue that they were a detached part of the triumph on the above grounds (a conclusion which Dumézil rejects).

1465:. The following day, after throwing three lightning bolts across a clear sky, Jupiter sent down from heaven a shield. Since this shield had no angles, Numa named it 4970:. The ambivalence in the identity of Veiove is apparent in the fact that while he is present in places and times which may have a negative connotation (such as the 4780:

used for the offering to the two gods for the preservation of grapeyards, vessels and wine was obtained only by pouring the juice into amphors after pressing. The

1534:. The king attempted to perform it, but since he executed the rite improperly the god threw a lightning bolt which burned down the king's house and killed Tullus. 955:

was considered treasonous. Those suspected of harbouring monarchical ambitions were punished, regardless of their service to the state. In the 5th century BC, the

666: 11014: 4543:

is the genius of Jupiter. W. W. Fowler has cautioned that this interpretation looks to be an anachronism and it would only be acceptable to say that Sancus is a

5138:

presented a golden statuette of the goddess to Rome, the Senate had it placed in the temple of Capitoline Jupiter among the greatest (and most sacred) deities.

1804:

on the Palatine, which was often referred to by the same name. Inscriptions from the imperial age have revealed the existence of an otherwise-unknown temple of

1300:

The action of the fetials falls under Jupiter's jurisdiction as the divine defender of good faith. Several emblems of the fetial office pertain to Jupiter. The

11978: 10092: 10997: 9310:

Chicago Illinois Un. Press 2005 p. 189. The scholar thinks Dius Fidius is the Roman equivalent of Trita Apya, the companion of Indra in the slaying of Vrtra.

3507:

in Boeotia) is called Zeus Trophonius, this can be represented in English (as it would be in Latin) as Jupiter Trophonius. Similarly, the Greek cult of Zeus

4329:, raising new questions and opening new perspectives in the theology of Latin gods. Dumézil has elaborated an interpretative theory according to which this 3204:("of the light"), an epithet almost certainly related to the light or flame of lightningbolts and not to daylight, as indicated by the Jovian verses of the 1335:

is a reflection of the religiosity of the Romans. On one side, the patricians were able to naturally claim the support of the supreme god as they held the

5349:, near the Palatine, in which they were represented as a couple of male youth. They were honoured every year by the new consuls before entering office at 3044:

within the frame of his structuralistic and dialectic vision of Roman calendar, identifying oppositions, tensions and equilibria: January is the month of

5777:

Demiraj 2011, p. 70; Demiraj 2002, p. 34; Demiraj 1997, pp. 431–432; Mann 1977, p. 72; Treimer 1971, p. 32; Curtis 2017, p. 1746; Kölligan 2017, p. 2254.

4571:

Dumézil opines that the attribution of a Genius to the gods should be earlier than its first attestation of 58 BC, in an inscription which mentions the

1744:

places the temple's dedication on 27 June, but it is unclear whether this was the original date, or the rededication after the restoration by Augustus.

1269:

were a college of 20 men devoted to the religious administration of international affairs of state. Their task was to preserve and apply the fetial law

1921:. Wissowa remarks the inner linkage of the temple of the Mons Albanus with that of the Capitol apparent in the common association with the rite of the 2900:, which bears the name of Rome itself with an Etruscan vocalism preserved in inscriptions, series that would be preserved in the sacred language (cf. 10088: 6012: 3600:

provides glimpses into Varro's theological system and authentic Roman theological lore in general. According to Augustine, Varro drew on the pontiff

1948:(the midpoint of the month, with a full moon) was sacred to Jupiter, because on that day heavenly light shone day and night. Some (or all) Ides were 1751:

Altar to Jupiter on the outskirts of legionary fortress, 2nd–3rd century AD. Inscription: "Dedicated by L. Lollius Clarus for himself and his family"

8264:

Festus s. v. provorsum fulgur p. 229 M: "...; itaque Iovi Fulguri et Summano fit, quod diurna Iovis nocturna Summani fulgura habentur." as cited by

2956:. The peasant may hope he shall receive a benefit, but he does not say it. This interpretation finds support in the analogous urban ceremony of the 1681:, with Jupiter as charioteer. A large statue of Jupiter stood within; on festival days, its face was painted red. In (or near) this temple was the 883:

The Romans believed that Jupiter granted them supremacy because they had honoured him more than any other people had. Jupiter was "the fount of the

3827:(Polias). Dumézil argues that with the advent of the Republic, Jupiter became the only king of Rome, no longer merely the first of the great gods. 3678:

Wissowa considered Jupiter also a god of war and agriculture, in addition to his political role as guarantor of good faith (public and private) as

9203: 8759: 6865: 5552:

and his wife Tullia would have taken advtange of the occasion to claim publicly that Servius has lost the favour of the gods (especially Fortuna).

4819:(which marked the passage into adult citizenship by young people). Augustine relates that these festivals had a particularly obscene character: a 2723:. The concept of the sky god was already overlapped with the ethical and political domain since this early time. According to Wissowa and Dumézil 3810: 3147:, a quartz rock, is evidence in his temple on the Capitoline hill, which is said to have been the first temple in Rome, erected and dedicated by 2075:

on 19 August asked for good weather for ripening the grapes before harvest. When the grapes were ripe, a sheep was sacrificed to Jupiter and the

1530:

broke down; he resorted to religion and petty, superstitious practices. At last, he found a book by Numa recording a secret rite on how to evoke

6497:

and the Flamen Dialis were the only Roman citizens who could not be compelled to swear an oath (Aulus Gellius 10.15.31); Robin Lorsch Wildfang,

409: 11983: 3686:, respectively. His view is grounded in the sphere of action of the god (who intervenes in battle and influences the harvest through weather). 1879:) was held starting from the Capitol: the winner drank a liquor made with absynth. This competition has been compared to the Vedic rite of the 1102: 1090: 4642:

manifestation of the god or a separate god of the underworld. A statue of Summanus stood on the roof of the Temple of Capitoline Jupiter, and

9576:

Paris 1978 pp. 199–207 identify him as an aspect of Jupiter. See also A. L. Prosdocimi "'Etimologie di teonimi: Venilia, Summano, Vacuna" in

6121:

Dictionary of Roman Coins, see e.g. reverse of "Consecratio" coin of Emperor Commodus & coin of Ptolemy V Epiphanes minted c. 204–180 BC.

3022: 1793: 5687:

The colour relating to the sovereign function is white. The war function color is red, and the production / farming function color is black.

10000: 4908:

and whose presence occurs side by side to Janus' on 1 January, but also his function of helper to the growth of the young Jupiter. In 1858

2674:). The mount had two tops that were both destined to the discharge of acts of cult related to Jupiter. The northern and higher top was the 1573:, attended by his family, offers sacrifice outside the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus after his victories in Germany (late 2nd century AD). 659: 4261:

The sovereign function (1) embodied in Jupiter entailed omnipotence; thence, a domain extended over every aspect of nature and life.

3533: 1501:

had a scornful attitude towards religion. His temperament was warlike, and he disregarded religious rites and piety. After conquering the

5823: 4351: 4313:

The couple itself though cannot be reduced to a Greek apport. The association of Juno and Jupiter is of the most ancient Latin theology.

1677:) and inaugurated in the early days of the Roman Republic (13 September 509 BC). It was topped with the statues of four horses drawing a 1357:

the plebs retired on the Mount Sacer, a hill located three Roman miles to the North-northeast of Rome, past the Nomentan bridge on river

1383:, who had been charged by the Roman people with writing down the laws in use till then kept secret by the patrician magistrates and the 5264:

beside the Vedic sovereign gods Varuna and Mitra (though more closely associated with Mitra); the couple would be reflected in Rome by

4489:, oaths and respect for contracts and of the divine-sanction guarantee against their breach. Wissowa suggested that Semo Sancus is the 4258:

gods or, groups of gods might be consolidated or split, and it is unclear that there were ever any strict separations of all function.

5232:) represents an aspect of Jupiter (as the legend of her refusal to leave the Capitol Hill demonstrates. Her name has the same root as 4749:); these two types were obtained through differing fermentation processes. The offer of wine to Liber was made possible by naming the 11727: 3787:) reflects the sovereign nature of the god, as opposed to the jurisdiction of Janus (god of passages and change) on their beginning ( 3588: 1755: 1717: 584: 419: 4947:, dedicated to Janus and celebrated by the king with the sacrifice of a ram. The nature of the sacrifice is debated; Gellius states 4506:

of private residences), and the fact the temple of Sancus had no roof, suggest that the oath sworn by Dius Fidius predated that for

11139: 5292:(the personification of youth), was to control the entrance of young men into society and protect them until they reach the age of 2686: 1847: 1158:, the "market" days of a calendar cycle, comparable to a week. The couple were required to marry by the exclusive patrician ritual 1546:), an eagle swooped down, removed his hat, flew screaming in circles, replaced the hat on his head and flew away. Tarquin's wife 1520: 652: 4983:

which the ancient supposed were part of his name is itself ambivalent as it may have both an accrescitive and diminutive value.

1199: 8499: 5850: 5424:

in region XI. The disposition of these divine entities and their repetition in different locations may be due to the fact that

3037:

of P. Decius Mus, Papirius had to face an enemy who had acted with impious rites and vows, i.e. was religiously reprehensible.

1766: 771: 4854:

The relationship of Jupiter with freedom was a common belief among the Roman people, as demonstrated by the dedication of the

2283:, which Dumézil thinks can be explained by their common Etruscan origin; the magistrate in charge of the games dressed as the 1602: 11033: 10919: 7060: 7019: 6433: 5942: 5882: 5719: 2042: 1950: 916: 10914:(reprint ed.). Berkeley, California, Los Angeles, California, and London, England: The University of California Press. 928:, who surrendered the tokens of their victory at the feet of Jupiter's statue in the Capitol. Some scholars have viewed the 1223: 640: 488: 5260:(interpreted as "the youngest" by some scholars). Dumézil noted the presence of the two minor sovereign deities Bagha and 2703:

allegedly built by Romulus, restored by Augustus. The god here had no image and was represented by the sacred flintstone (

2312:

of the Ludi Plebei was the model of the Ludi Romani, but Wissowa finds the evidence for this assumption insufficient. The

10843: 9825:

Giessen 1931 p. 22 and n. 4 while acknowledging the obscurity of the etymology of this word proposed the derivation from

7610:

Paris 1969 pp. 204–208.; Paul-M. Martin "La fonction calendaire du roi de Rome et sa participation á certaines fêtes" in

5134:

A temple was dedicated to the goddess afterwards on the Palatine, testifying to her high station in the Roman mind. When

4663:

in places struck by daytime versus nighttime lightning bolts respectively. This is also consistent with the etymology of

1650: 1644: 2738:: although the Ancients, followed by some modern scholars such as Wissowa, interpreted it as referring to sunlight, the 935:

Jupiter's association with kingship and sovereignty was reinterpreted as Rome's form of government changed. Originally,

920:

of the Capitol in September. To thank him for his help, and to secure his continued support, they sacrificed a white ox

11995: 7330:

Cassius and Rutilius apud Macrobius I 16, 33. Tuditanus claimed they were instituted by Romulus and T. Tatius I 16, 32.

5364:(citing a Caesius) states that the Etruscan Penates were named Fortuna, Ceres, Genius Iovialis and Pales; according to 2257: 2003:

recurred every ninth day, dividing the calendar into a market cycle analogous to a week. Market days gave rural people

1692:

Jupiter's Capitoline Temple probably served as the architectural model for his provincial temples. When Hadrian built

1542:

When approaching Rome (where Tarquin was heading to try his luck in politics after unsuccessful attempts in his native

606: 579: 6872:

2 1971 pp. 283–323. Also G. Dumézil "Quaestiunculae indo-italicae: 11. Iovi tauro verre ariete immolari non licet" in

3531:

were the main sources on the theology of Jupiter and archaic Roman religion in general. Varro was acquainted with the

2504:). The Ancient later viewed them as entities separate from Jupiter. The terms are similar in etymology and semantics ( 12081: 12056: 11095: 10959: 10898: 6054: 5917: 5762: 5177:

Terminus is the god of boundaries (public and private), as he is portrayed in literature. The religious value of the

1732:, ancient entrance to the Palatine. Legend attributed its founding to Romulus. There may have been an earlier shrine 1273:, a complex set of procedures aimed at ensuring the protection of the gods in Rome's relations with foreign states. 6437:, "holy days", pertains to keeping a holiday, and hence means "idle, unemployed", not performing one's usual tasks. 3601: 1899:. According to different records 47 or 53 boroughs took part in the festival (the listed names too differ in Pliny 1883:: in it seventeen chariots run a phoney race which must be won by the king in order to allow him to drink a cup of 1400:

in a situation of vacation of powers is a significant element underlining the religious basis and character of the

860:

respectively. Each presided over one of the three realms of the universe: sky, the waters, and the underworld. The

589: 4862:. Later inscriptions also show the unabated popular belief in Jupiter as bestower of freedom in the imperial era. 11789: 9079:

1882 p. 200: CIL XIV 2863: ORCEVIA NUMERI/ NATIONU CRATIA/ FORTUNA DIOVO FILEA/ PRIMOCENIA/ DONOM DEDI. Cited by

4277: 2108:

on 23 April, new wine was offered to Jupiter. Large quantities of it were poured into a ditch near the temple of

2161:

as marking the expulsion of the monarchy, but the "king" of this festival may have been the priest known as the

1343:(plebeians) argued that, as Jupiter was the source of justice, they had his favor because their cause was just. 12066: 7859: 6716: 5752: 5428:

belonging to different categories (of Jupiter in region I, earthly or of mortal men in region V) are intended.

2543:). The Indo-European deity is the god from which the names and partially the theology of Jupiter, Zeus and the 2912:, as Augustine testifies in the cited passage, was the goddess of suckling babies: she was venerated near the 1917:

had to be wholly repeated. The inscriptions from the imperial age record the festival back to the time of the

12061: 12036: 1925:: since 231 BC some triumphing commanders had triumphed there first with the same legal features as in Rome. 1585: 108: 7895:

V 66: "The same peculiarity is revealed even better by the ancient name of Jupiter: since once he was named

11132: 9135:

Tre variazioni romane sul tema delle origini. I. Roma e Preneste. Una polemica religiosa nell'Italia antica

8568: 8233:

I 2, 5; CIL I 2nd p. 331: sanctuary in the Campus Martius, dedicated on 7 October according to calendaries.

5080:

superseded on the Mount would have been taken up and preserved by the Iulii, private citizens bound to the

3843: 2439: 2183:("Routing of Armies"), a day sacred to Jupiter, may similarly mark the second half of the year; before the 908: 6023: 3385:. He is depicted as standing on a bull, with a thunderbolt in his left hand, and a double ax in the right. 2645: 9220:

Alba Longa. Mito storia archeologia. Atti dell'incontro di studio, Roma-Albano laziale 27–29 gennaio 1994

8739: 6408: 5325:

The Romans considered the Penates as the gods to whom they owed their own existence. As noted by Wissowa

4346:, that shows that there is no question of choosing one of the two apparent options: as the mother of the 2696: 1820:

was the most ancient known cult of the god: it was practised since very remote times near the top of the

1796:

during the third Samnite War in 295 BC. It was probably on the Quirinal, on which an inscription reading

8757:, p. 102 and Francesca Cenerini "Scritture di santuari extraurbani tra le Alpi e gli Appennini" in 5240:, "young, youngster"); the ceremonial litter bearing the sacred goose of Juno Moneta stopped before her 12101: 11660: 11634: 9359:, 'thus according to our rites he who wishes to swear an oath by Dius Fidius he as a rule walks to the 4995: 3722:

remained confined to his distant, removed, passive role and the place of sovereign god was occupied by

3562: 2924:(more adept in his view as a breastfeeder), i.e. Rumina instead of Ruminus, might be nothing else than 2916:

and was offered only libations of milk. Here moreover Augustine cites the verses devoted to Jupiter by

2316:

were probably established in 534 BC. Their association with the cult of Jupiter is attested by Cicero.

1801: 971: 11112: 1761:

was built and dedicated by Quintus Caecilus Metellus Macedonicus after his triumph in 146 BC near the

12086: 11794: 11629: 9379:

8 (H. 109) on king Numa's vow by which he asked for the divine punishment of perjury by all the gods.

4999: 3541:") and their archaic classifications. On these two sources depend other ancient authorities, such as 3438: 1346:

The first secession was caused by the excessive debt burden on the plebs. The legal institute of the

1220:

Although he served the god who embodied the sanctity of the oath, it was not religiously permissible

7943:(the divinised sky), who denotes what is in the open air, outside the roof derives from the name of 6735:

Fortuna. Le culte de la Fortune à Rome et dans le monde romain. I Fortuna dans la religion archaïque

6656:

C. M. A. Rinolfi "Plebe, pontefice massimo, tribuni della plebe: a proposito di Livio 3.54.5–14" in

5380:

This complex concept is reflected in Martianus Capella's division of heaven, found in Book I of his

5377:

Jupiter himself along with Juno and Minerva is one of the Penates of man according to some authors.

2252:, or "black day", i. e. a day which was traditionally considered unfortunate even though it was not 789:

and his primary sacred animal is the eagle, which held precedence over other birds in the taking of

11909: 11888: 11878: 11285: 11148: 10761:(=RGVV 3. 1) Giessen 1906 pp. 38–39. On the topic see also A. L. Luschi "Cacu, Fauno e i venti' in 9393: 5454: 5183: 3854: 3546: 3406:, Jupiter equated with a Celtiberian mountain-god and worshipped as the spirit of Mount Ladicus in 2917: 1783: 1148: 948: 468: 397: 113: 10824: 10087:, pp. 70, 72–73. On the aspect of making Jupiter grow up, Turcan cites the denarii struck by 9884:

XX 3, 4; Enrico Monatanari "Funzione della sovranitá e feste del vino nella Roma repubblicana" in

4502:

Some aspects of the oath-ritual for Dius Fidius (such as proceedings under the open sky or in the

4414:. Saturn also retained primacy in matters of agriculture and money. Unlike the Greek tradition of 12031: 12026: 11893: 11125: 10783: 7723:

II p. 42 ff. puts their founding on 366 BC at the establishment of the curule aedility. Cited by

7110:

Festus s.v. prisci Latini p. : "the Latin towns that existed before the foundation of Rome".

6292: 5516:

In Roman legend Aeneas vowed all of that year's wine of Latium to Jupiter before the battle with

5308: 3706: 3613: 3212: 1354: 6499:

Rome's Vestal Virgin: A Study of Rome's Vestal Priestesses in the Late Republic and Early Empire

12091: 12071: 11721: 9809: 6157: 5671: 5483: 3524: 3362: 3315: 3026: 3005: 1892: 1824:

on which the god was venerated as the high protector of the Latin League under the hegemony of

1721: 1618:

lamb to Jupiter. This rule seems to have had many exceptions, as the sacrifice of a ram on the

1332: 1126: 998: 959: 755: 616: 10909: 10796: 9112:

pp. 311–312: "Of Aditi Daksa was born, and of Daksa Aditi, o Daksa, she who is your daughter".

8817: 7399:

XVIII 289: "This festival day was established for the placation (i. e. averting) of storms", "

5870: 4839:(evil eye). In Rome representations of the sex organs were placed in the temple of the couple 4280:, a wooden statue of Athena that could move the eyes and wave the spear. It was stored in the 2018: 1154: 83: 12046: 12041: 11940: 11837: 11493: 11412: 11160: 6680: 6156:

but the two names do cause confusion even in some passages of ancient literature; P.T. Eden,

5709: 5333:" the innermost part, most hidden recess; Dumézil though refuses Wissowa's interpretation of 4764:"profane") wine was obtained through several types of manipulation (e.g. by adding honey, or 4239: 3593: 3573: 3456: 2431: 1581: 1481:. As his only reward, Mamurius expressed the wish that his name be sung in the last of their 975: 785:

Jupiter is usually thought to have originated as a sky god. His identifying implement is the

697: 538: 478: 31: 5877:. New York City, New York and London, England: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 295, 299–300. 867:

was also a sky god who manifested himself in the daylight, usually identified with Jupiter.

11935: 11819: 11773: 11563: 11407: 11180: 10938: 6485:, "The Deconstruction of Mommsen on Festus 462/464L, or the Hazards of Interpretation", in 6349: 6208: 5345:

as they were absorbed into the Trojan legend. They had a temple in Rome at the foot of the

5093: 4235: 3495: 3262: 2336:), in which some of the highest religious authorities participated (probably including the 2149: 1506: 1129: 825: 633: 626: 17: 9071:

R. Mowat "Inscription latine sur plaque de bronze acquise à Rome par par M. A. Dutuit" in

4376:

The relation of Jupiter to Janus is problematic. Varro defines Jupiter as the god who has

2379:

bas-relief sculpture of Jupiter, holding a thunderbolt in his right hand; detail from the

2372: 8: 12051: 11973: 11779: 11665: 11639: 11498: 11347: 11337: 11300: 9226:

13, 7 = MPG XX col. 1403–1404; J. Rives "Human sacrifice among Pagans and Christians" in

5107: 4923:(Nocturnus), who ends (or begins in the Etruscan vision) the disposition of the gods. In 4811:

of March were, since earliest times, the occasion for the ceremony of the donning of the

4302:

The divine couple received from Greece its matrimonial implications, thence bestowing on

4245: 4227: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4064: 3538: 3167:

8 though, the meaning of this epithet is related to the peculiar frame used to carry the

2657: 1701: 1674: 914:

The consuls swore their oath of office in Jupiter's name, and honoured him on the annual

845: 498: 473: 255: 243: 211: 9357:

Itaque domi rituis nostri, qui per dium Fidium iurare vult, prodire solet in compluvium.

4592:'s husband in order to seduce her: J. Hubeaux sees there a reflection of the story that 982:, was accused of regal pretensions, he was executed as a traitor by being cast from the 11852: 11478: 11442: 11402: 11377: 11280: 11260: 11200: 11117: 8742:(Orelli 1220, CIL VIII 7961 and XI 5803) on the Umbrian Apennines, at Scheggia, on the 6672: 6482: 6175: 6019: 5186:. On that day, Roman pontiffs and magistrates held a ceremony at the sixth mile of the 5135: 4936: 4919:) is placed in the last case (number 16) of the outer rim of the Piacenza Liver—before 4523: 4491: 4393: 4208: 4204: 4192: 4023: 4002: 3583: 3578: 3353: 2585: 1909: 1670: 1452:

Faced by a period of bad weather endangering the harvest during one early spring, King

1282: 1114: 247: 235: 181: 10820: 5787: 5479: 4827:

they lasted a month, during which the population enjoyed bawdy jokes. The most honest

4638:

The god of nighttime lightning has been interpreted as an aspect of Jupiter, either a

3850: 3846:

advanced by Dumézil holds that in prehistory, society was divided into three classes:

3690: 3163:, the latter used for a specially solemn oath. According to Livy I 10, 5 and Plutarch 3040:

More recently Dario Sabbatucci has given a different interpretation of the meaning of

11990: 11950: 11604: 11558: 11432: 11422: 11372: 11245: 11225: 11220: 11205: 11091: 11029: 11005: 10955: 10915: 10894: 9995: 9521: 9499:

Paris 1945 pp. 81–82 and J. Aymard "Scipion l' Africain et les chiens du Capitol" in

7056: 7048: 7015: 7007: 6679:(Brill, 1980), p. 241, ascribing the view that there was no early Roman mythology to 6050: 5938: 5913: 5878: 5846: 5758: 5715: 5598: 5549: 5433: 4924: 4801: 4436: 4265:

Roman state and the fields of war, agricultural plenty, human fertility, and wealth.

4196: 4131: 4052: 4031: 3978: 3957: 3609: 3586:. Augustine's criticism of traditional Roman religion is based on Varro's lost work, 2637: 2629: 2609: 2345: 2337: 1778: 1574: 1474: 1249:

who were in charge of all inaugurations and of the performing of ceremonies known as

1140:

Jupiter was served by the patrician Flamen Dialis, the highest-ranking member of the

1020: 991: 872: 849: 621: 239: 207: 199: 195: 8505: 6737:

1982 Rome: Publications de l'Ecole Française de Rome; as reviewed by John Scheid in

5812:: 214–220 Berkeley and Los Angeles; with Zeus being the Greek equivalent of Jupiter. 5353:, because the Romans believed the Penates of that town were identical to their own. 5248:. The fact that Jupiter is related to the concept of youth is shown by his epithets 3465:, a local version of Jupiter worshipped in Spain; he was syncretised with the local 2867:. Augustine gives an explanation of the ones he lists which should reflect Varro's: 11883: 11614: 11533: 11473: 11332: 11310: 11295: 10808: 10258:

Gellius V 12. The Romans knew and offered a cult to other such deities: among them

8655: 8213:

F. Cenerini above p. 104 citing Giancarlo Susini "Iuppiter Serenus e altri dei" in

7546:(Blackwell, 1992, 1996, 2001 printing, originally published 1989 in French), p. 75. 7044: 6202:, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, pp. 19, 53–58 6189: 5967: 5905: 5901:

The Revival of the Anu Cult and the Nocturnal Fire Ceremony at Late Babylonian Uruk

5365: 5245: 5233: 5128: 4593: 4303: 4135: 4056: 3982: 3965: 3961: 3936: 3805: 3620: 3572:

One of the most important sources which preserve the theology of Jupiter and other

3254: 2621: 2531: 2301: 1762: 1693: 1666: 1658: 1627: 1589: 1498: 1362: 1181: 1109: 1063: 833: 814: 810: 751: 555: 231: 221: 203: 131: 69: 48: 4117: 1875:. Other games were held in every participant borough. In Rome a race of chariots ( 1045: 12005: 12000: 11919: 11914: 11767: 11735: 11619: 11152: 11021: 10830: 10058:

XXXIV 1963 p. 229-236; E. Gierstad "Veiovis, a pre-indoeuropean God in Rome?" in

9773: 7603: 6162: 6134: 6044: 5675: 5591: 5545: 5178: 5052:

and to Jupiter according to Ovid. The two gods may have been seen as equivalent:

4565: 4551: 4442: 4290: 3715: 3528: 3389: 2823: 2547: 2411: 2361: 2305: 2289: 2184: 2136:("King's Flight") on 24 February has often been discussed in connection with the 2032: 2012: 1945: 1654: 1570: 1425: 1007: 802: 759: 611: 456: 415: 9594:

Mitra Varuna, essai sur deux représentations indo-européennes de la souveraineté

8134:

has: "cume tonas Leucesie prai ted tremonti/ quot tibi etinei deis cum tonarem".

7101:

Macrobius I 16. This identification has though been challenged by A. Pasqualini.

4701: 3088:

Some epithets describe a particular aspect of the god, or one of his functions:

1377:

The second secession was caused by the autocratic and arrogant behaviour of the

439: 11857: 11746: 11609: 11327: 10283:

XXXIV 1963 p. 233-234 and notes 30, 31 citing Gellius V 12 and Pliny the Elder

6698: 6282:

unde etiam triumphantes habent omnia insignia Iovis, sceptrum palmatamque togam

5866: 5602: 5187: 5155: 4909: 4560: 4231: 3672: 3558: 3328: 3280: 3205: 2593: 2581: 2521: 2364:

or the deities of death (or be present at a funeral rite held at a gravesite).

2276: 2220: 2094:, this festival is assigned to Jupiter. Later Roman sources invented a goddess 2087: 2038: 1934: 1841: 1453: 1274: 1118: 1012: 940: 888: 861: 798: 775: 763: 747: 738: 683: 560: 528: 56: 8469:, "by an impious rite, a mixed slaughter of people and flock" 39, 16; 42, 6–7. 5935:

When the great abyss opened: classic and contemporary readings of Noah's flood

4704:

of Jupiter; consequently, the vintage festivals were to be attributed only to

3493:

In addition, many of the epithets of Zeus can be found applied to Jupiter, by

3080:, who plays the role of anti-Janus, i.e. of moderator of the action of Janus. 2904:

Etruscan for Roman). However many scholars have argued that the name of Rome,

1747: 1606:) offered to Jupiter were the ox (castrated bull), the lamb (on the Ides, the 1078: 1005:

demanded the right to hold political and religious office. During their first

962:

was sent into exile after he drove a chariot with a team of four white horses

12096: 12076: 12020: 11784: 11708: 11624: 11553: 11523: 11503: 11352: 11275: 11265: 11166: 11065: 6401: 6213:

Divining the Etruscan World: The Brontoscopic Calendar and Religious Practice

5504: 5103: 4951:, a female goat, although some scholars posit a ram. This sacrifice occurred 4174:

was a war goddess and / or a craftswoman before her identity was merged with

3953: 3896: 3836: 3824: 3763: 3644: 3635: 3550: 3374: 2768:. Other early epithets connected with the atmospheric quality of Jupiter are 2756: 2754:, meant to propitiate rainfall and devoted to Jupiter. and the ritual of the 2465: 2395: 2329: 2280: 2231: 2109: 1922: 1686: 1502: 1473:, he had many copies made of it to disguise the real one. He asked the smith 1040: 1026: 987: 983: 936: 925: 900: 730: 567: 549: 508: 74: 65: 10882:

La religione romana arcaica. Con un'appendice sulla religione degli Etruschi

10834: 5019:

record the festivals of Aesculapius and Vediove on the Island, while in the

4554:

as saying that "the Genius was the same entity as the Lar" in his lost work

4423:

into the time of Varro. A. Pasqualini has argued that Saturn was related to

4325:

In 1882 though R. Mowat published an inscription in which Fortuna is called

3155:

from Acron, king of the Caeninenses, and to serve as a repository for them.

1700:, a temple to Jupiter Capitolinus was erected in the place of the destroyed 782:, to establish principles of Roman religion such as offering, or sacrifice. 11847: 11842: 11804: 11701: 11250: 11190: 11009: 10578:

C. W. Atkins "Latin 'Iouiste' et le vocabulaire religieux indoeuropéen" in

9976: 9177:

VIII 357-8; Dionysius Hal. I 34; Solinus I 12; Festus p. 322 L; Tertullian

8743: 8659: 6516: 6389:

Ancient Rome: From the Early Republic to the Assassination of Julius Caesar

4143: 4035: 3442: 3338: 2989: 2512:, "daytime sky"), but differ linguistically. Wissowa considers the epithet 2210: 2163: 2083: 2059: 1969: 1209: 1193: 1160: 1070: 904: 892: 779: 767: 451: 274: 11255: 11088:

Mitra-Varuna: An essay on two Indo-European representations of sovereignty

10812: 6186:, University of Chicago Press, 1992, transl. from the 1981 French edition; 5909: 5541: 4027: 3139:, "to strike", referring to a ritual striking of ritual as illustrated in 1192:

of Jupiter may reflect the regal nature of Jupiter: he had the use of the

11599: 10891:

Archaic Roman religion: With an appendix on the religion of the Etruscans

10633:

III 4, 8–9 citing Varro: "Per quos penitus spiramus". Sabine Mac Cormack

7559: 7003: 6552: 5346: 5244:

on the festival of the goddess. Later, she was identified with the Greek

5195: 4734: 4454: 3900: 3719: 3696: 3470: 3128: 3121:, Jupiter "who calls forth " or "who is called forth "; "sender of rain". 2930:

Iuppiter omnipotens regum rerumque deumque Progenitor genetrixque deum...

2909: 2676: 2574: 2544: 2423: 2168: 2154: 2054: 1964: 1526: 1317: 1122: 1095: 806: 786: 386: 146: 11577: 10931:

A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War

6425:

flaminica quotiens tonitrua audisset feriata erat, donec placasset deos.

6303:(Harvard University Press, 2007), pp. 226–232, and expresses skepticism. 4823:

was taken to the fields on a cart, and then back in triumph to town. In

2566: 2271:; originally they were not held every year, but later became the annual 1891:. The feasting lasted for at least four days, possibly six according to 1611: 11809: 11716: 11483: 11468: 11458: 11387: 11367: 8810:

summarising this scholarly interpretation: "The lightning is Jove" cf.

7955:

that is applied to a hero descended from the race of Jupiter" and 87 M.

7596: 6891:, pp. 32–36, Vol. 1: the consecration made this a "Sacred Spring" 6387:

Matthew Dillon and Lynda Garland, "Religion in the Roman Republic", in

6258: 5449: 5072: 4967: 4584: 4411: 4407: 3508: 3500: 3346: 3300: 2746:

to the phenomenon. To the same atmospheric complex belongs the epithet

2550: 2468:

asserted these names are conceptually- and linguistically-connected to

2138: 2132: 2125: 2121: 2045:

on the Roman calendar were devoted to Jupiter than to any other deity.

1825: 1565: 1510: 794: 714: 321: 318: 11045:

La religione di Roma antica: dal calendario festivo all'ordine cosmico

9862:

XII 18, 4 mentions a sacrifice to Liber and Libera immediately before.

9318: 9316: 5972: 5959: 4347: 3131:". Feretrius was called upon to witness solemn oaths. The epithet or " 1657:

in Rome. Jupiter was worshiped there as an individual deity, and with

1326: 1277:

is the god under whose protection they act, and whom the chief fetial

11955: 11543: 11437: 8166: 8162: 6602:

XII 206; Livy I 24, 3–8; IX 5, 3; XXX 43, 9; Festus p. 321 M.; Pliny

6371: 6151: 5562: 5517: 5499:

Rome's surviving calendars provide only fragmentary evidence for the

5337:

as the storeroom of a household. As a nation the Romans honoured the

5143: 4939:

founded by Romulus stood, the other on the Tiber Island near that of

4485:

The functionality of Sancus occurs consistently within the sphere of

4314: 3701: 3554: 3407: 3382: 3370: 3358: 3069: 3065: 2562: 2399: 2376: 2189: 1960: 1864: 1697: 1543: 1437: 1379: 1305: 1304:

was the stone used for the fetial sacrifice, housed in the Temple of

1054: 932:

as embodying (or impersonating) Jupiter in the triumphal procession.

837: 762:. Jupiter was the chief deity of Roman state religion throughout the 574: 9762:

Untersuchungen über die Religion der Sklaven in Griechenland und Rom

8055:, Oxford: Clarendon Press 1882, Oxford University Press 1984, p. 274 7867: 6965:, p. 107: CIL VI 434, 435; IX 3023, 4534; X59-4; also III 1089. 6577: 5899: 4958:

The arrow is an ambivalent symbol; it was used in the ritual of the

2086:

on 11 October marked the end of the grape harvest; the new wine was

366: 11862: 11799: 11740: 11644: 11463: 11417: 11392: 11322: 11230: 11215: 11210: 11185: 9313: 9004:, pp. 73 ff, citing M. Sordi "Lavinio, Roma e il Palladio" in 7841:, p. 102, citing Gellius X 15, 12. 24; Paulus p. 87 M.; Pliny 7416: 7151:

Aglaophamus sive de theologiae mysticae Graecorum causis libri tres

7014:(in French). Vol. 3. Rome: Edizioni Quazar. pp. 159–160. 6218: 5361: 5350: 5211: 5076: 5068: 4944: 4824: 4730: 4639: 4633: 4466:

for Jupiter, and sometimes a separate entity also known in Rome as

4151: 4139: 4106: 4093: 4068: 4039: 3998: 3744: 3640: 3566: 3466: 3446: 3053: 3018: 1999: 1918: 1880: 1678: 1619: 1547: 1336: 1290: 1286: 1215: 1094:

Jupiter-Zeus with thunderbolt and sceptre in the clouds. Fresco in

965: 884: 853: 790: 523: 259: 251: 154: 9736:

Monumentum Ancyranum IV 7; CIL XI 657 Faventia; XIV 2579 Tusculum.

9355:

2001 pp. 309–311, citing Nonius Marcellus s.v. rituis (L p. 494):

6760: 4733:, although both deities might not have been originally related to 4317:

offers a glimpse into original Latin mythology: the local goddess

3056:

who is the goddess of birth and like Janus has two opposed faces,

2248:

The most ancient Roman games followed after one day (considered a

1973:

festivals fell on the Ides, as did his temple foundation rites as

11518: 11508: 11427: 11397: 11382: 11342: 11240: 11004:. London: Oxford University Press, H. Milford. pp. 293‑294. 10759:

Die Götter des Martianus Capella und der Bronzeleber von Piacenza

8734:(Martial V 22, 4; VII 73, 4). Outside Rome: Iuppiter Latiaris on 8495: 7939:

sky" tr. by J. Collart quoted by Y. Lehmann below; Paulus p. 71:"

6968: 6494: 6487:

Imperium sine fine: T. Robert S. Broughton and the Roman Republic

6196:, Manchester University Press rev. ed., pp. 24, 84, 85, 219, 225; 5320: 5261: 5167: 5003: 4963: 4959: 4877: 4871: 4754: 4589: 4579: 4470:

Dius Fidius. Wissowa argued that while Jupiter is the god of the

4463: 4318: 4268:

This hypothesis has not found widespread support among scholars.

4171: 4147: 4110: 4010: 3949: 3921: 3913: 3737: 3504: 3480: 3324: 3148: 3096: 3073: 3049: 3001: 2828: 2812:: the high antiquity of the cult is testified by the neutre form 2712: 2570: 2558: 2341: 2103: 2090:, tasted and mixed with old wine to control fermentation. In the 2070: 1907:

became an important feature of Roman political life as they were

1860: 1773: 1662: 1441: 1417: 1313: 1266: 1254: 896: 818: 743: 136: 52: 10008:

Steenbrugge 1991 pp. 395–400. Cited in F. Cenerini above p. 103.

9784:" "only that which is spilt is considered sacred..."; also Cato 9688: 7907:(Day Father); consequently the beings issued from him are named 7339:

Macrobius I 16, 30: "...flaminica Iovi arietem solet immolare";

6400:

Most of the information about the Flamen Dialis is preserved by

5670:

The work of Verrius Flaccus is preserved through the summary of

4745:), while that of Liber and Libera was confined to secular wine ( 4402:

considered Saturn the predecessor of Jupiter. Saturn reigned in

3623:

of the philosophers (useful for understanding the natural world)

3276:, "beam or shaft that supports and holds together the universe." 2065:

Three Roman festivals were connected with viniculture and wine.

844:. In the Greek-influenced tradition, Jupiter was the brother of 11945: 11687: 11681: 11594: 11528: 11513: 11488: 11270: 11195: 11113:

The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Jupiter)

10857:. Collection Latomus. Vol. 25. Bruxelles-Berchem: Latomus. 9710:

nr. 3); Vestini (CIL IX 3513; I 2nd 756 Furfo); Sabini (Jordan

9408:, p. 315, discussing G. Wissowa's and K. Latte's opinions. 8932: 8930: 8371: 8020: 8018: 7658:

Jean Gagé "La mort de Servius Tullius et le char de Tullia" in

7055:(in Italian). Vol. 3. Rome: Edizioni Quazar. p. 143. 6693: 6046:

Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages

5583: 5115: 4540: 4467: 4415: 4403: 4399: 4359: 4223: 4219: 4175: 4114: 4060: 3820: 3776: 3757: 3748: 3723: 3425: 3394: 3378: 3240:, "breastfeeder of every living being", according to Augustine. 3106: 2681: 2382: 1800:

has been found, but was eclipsed by the imperial period by the

1550: 1242: 1205: 1142: 1083: 1050: 840:, the myths and iconography of Zeus are adapted under the name 518: 513: 10884:. Milano, Rizzoli: Edizione e traduzione a cura di Furio Jesi. 10562: 10560: 10142:(translation and commentary), III 429; Bologna 1983 (reprint). 9791: 8504:. Translated by Mary Grant. pt.1, ch.2, sec.13. Archived from 8142: 8140: 7931:

has an opening in the roof, in order to allow the view of the

5980: 4912:

suggested that Veiovis may be the sinister double of Jupiter.

4288:, temple of Vesta and considered the most important among the 2883:

because he nourishes the living beings by breastfeeding them,

2820:, the lightning well dug on the spot hit by a lightning bolt. 2715:

which connect Jupiter with Mars and Quirinus are dedicated to

1412: 924:

with gilded horns. A similar sacrificial offering was made by

11814: 11538: 11362: 11317: 11305: 11290: 11235: 10011: 9984: 9645:

I Berlin 1881 pp. 195–197; E. Aust s. v. Iuppiter (Liber) in

8616:, p. 59 ff; citing Lucien Gerschel "Varron logicien" in 8402:

132; Festus s. v. daps, dapalis, dapaticum pp. 177–178 L 2nd.

7668: 7640: 7628: 7573: 6782:

III, 284–392. Festus s.v. Mamuri Veturi p. 117 L as cited by

6640:

F. Vallocchia "Manio Valerio Massimo dittatore ed augure" in

5594: 4693: 4684: 4371: 4335: 4200: 4188: 4184: 3917: 3780: 3727: 3132: 3045: 2987:

would be connected with war by the rite of the first type of

2448: 2328:

of 23 December were devoted to a major ceremony in honour of

2006: 1868: 1735: 1615: 1478: 1348: 1165: 1002: 868: 857: 503: 445: 362: 358: 333: 314: 294: 150: 10950:

Hammond, N. G. L.; Scullard, H. H., eds. (1970). "Jupiter".

9086: 8927: 8905: 8903: 8099:, p. 108, citing Festus p. 189 M. s.v. lapis; Polybius 8015: 7136:

I 18; Dionysius Hal. AR IV 49, 3; Festus p. 212 L l. 30 f.;

6859:

VI 16. Sacrifices to Jupiter are also broached in Macrobius

6090: 5810:

Myth: Its meaning and function in ancient and other cultures

4350:

she has the same type of relationship with one of his sons,

3730:. In Greek and Roman religion, instead, the homonymous gods 3437:, under this name was worshiped on the borders of northeast 2731:, in whose tiny temple on the Capitol the stone was lodged. 2386:(Roman, 2nd century), National Archaeological Museum, Madrid 1786:

near that of Jupiter Capitolinus between 26 and 22 BC.

1082:

Jupiter's head crowned with laurel and ivy. Sardonyx cameo (

943:

established, religious prerogatives were transferred to the

11695: 11548: 10640: 10557: 10533: 9920: 9706:

Inscriptions from the territory of the Frentani (Zvetaieff

9149:, p. 101 & 290. Discussed at length by Augustine, 9115: 8915: 8781: 8730:

on the Caelius (CIL VI 334); on the Quirinal the so called

8564: 8447: 8417: 8251:

CIL VI 377; III 821, 1596, 1677, 3593, 3594, 6342 cited by

8137: 7701: 6917: 5587: 5478:

Based on the tradition of dedicating Jovian temples on the

5459: 5098: 3542: 3398: 3366: 3311: 2526: 2243: 1741: 1514: 1358: 1340: 829: 722: 718: 462: 376: 344: 304: 284: 10415:

di Alba Longa" Universita' di Roma Torvergata 2012 online.

10023: 8860: 8111: 8109: 7965: 7963: 7961: 7600:

Histoire politique et psychologique de la religion romaine

7362: 6899: 4578:

A connection between Genius and Jupiter seems apparent in

4213:

whom the Romans considered agents of higher-ranking gods.

2226:, and was held on 13 November. In the 3rd century BC, the 11357: 9044: 9018: 8900: 8053:

A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language

7788:édition G. Budé vol. III 1942 Appendix V p. 153 and n. 3. 7698:) ed. G. Budé vol. III Paris 1942 Appendix V pp. 145–153. 6748: 6323: 6321: 6264:édition G. Budé vol. III 1942 Appendix V p. 153 and n. 3. 4927:'s division of heaven, he is found in region XV with the 4006: 3337:, also Jupiter Optimus Maximus, venerated throughout the 3017:, whose cult was founded in 295 BC on the battlefield of 2964:

and which was a magnificent feast accompanied by flutes.

2535: 1851:

as they were known originally, were the common festival (

354: 185: 11147: 9998:

at Bagnacavallo has led to speculation that the servile

9871:

Paulus s. v. sacrima p. 423 L; Festus p. 422 L (mutile).

6675:, "Characteristic Traits of Ancient Roman Religion", in 5272:. Aryaman is the god of young soldiers. The function of 3626:

The civil theology of the priests (useful for the state)

2764:

and carried around in times of drought, which was named

2760:, the stone which was brought into the city through the 707: 700: 10866:. Vol. I. Translated by Krapp, Philip. U. Chicago. 10681: 10545: 10470:

Dionysius of Halicarnassus above III 69; Florus I 7, 9.

10430: 10418: 10336:

C. Volcaci C. F Har. de stipe Iovi Iurario... onimentum

10183:

Non. Mart. F(as)...]ovi artis Vediovis inter duos lucos

9739: 9623: 9448: 9423: 9288: 9276: 8949: 8947: 8945: 8836: 8824: 8646:

Pépin, J. (1956). "La théologie tripartite de Varron".

8547: 8545: 8512: 8106: 8035: 8033: 7958: 7763: 7434: 7422: 5063:

A. Pasqualini has argued that Veiovis seems related to

3445:, perhaps associated with the local tribe known as the 3095:, Jove "Holder of the Goat or Aegis", as the father of 2352:, as does Macrobius. It is unclear whether the rite of 1811: 1436:

Jupiter is depicted as the twin of Juno in a statue at

772:

Christianity became the dominant religion of the Empire

10750:

Gérard Capdeville "Les dieux de Martianus Capella" in

10635:

The Shadows of Poetry: Vergil in the Mind of Augustine

10101:

Studien zur Geschichte der Weltkrisedes 3. Jhd. n.Chr.

9411: 9333: 9011:

1982 p. 74 ff.; W. Vollgraf "Le Palladium de Rome" in

7374: 7238: 6528: 6504: 6318: 6166:(Cambridge University Press, 1984, 2002), pp. 111–112. 5056:

is an awesome and vengeful god, parallel to the Greek

4835:

with flowers, to ensure a good harvest and repeal the

2827:

A bronze statue of Jupiter, from the territory of the

2569:" originally described those born under the planet of 9994:

1976 pp. 178–182. The double presence of Jupiter and

7800:, p. 112, citing Mommsen CIL I 2nd p. 329, 335; 7343:, p. 163 & n. 42, citing A. Kirsopp Michels 4935:

and the Capitolium, between the two groves where the

3455:, under this name worshipped in the Alps, around the 3294: 2580:

Jove was the original namesake of Latin forms of the

2023:

sanctified the days by sacrificing a ram to Jupiter.

1740:, since the Jupiter cult is attested epigraphically. 1023:

and most priesthoods, but the high priest of Jupiter

10989:

Mito e Storia nell' annalistica romana delle origini

10400:

Vediovei patrei genteiles Iuliei leege Albana dicata

8942: 8542: 8030: 7864:

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

7748:, pp. 111–112, citing Livy V 41, 2; Tertullian 5960:"Jupiter, Venus and Mercury of Heliopolis (Baalbek)" 5174:, indicating that Terminus is an aspect of Jupiter. 3323:, Jupiter equated with the local god of the town of 3025:

and who received another vow again in 293 by consul

2153:(Jupiter of Boundaries) on 23 February. Later Roman 1903:

III 69 and Dionysius of Halicarnassus AR V 61). The

1293:

gods as witnesses of any potential violation of the

9900:G. Dumézil "Quaestiunculae indo-italicae" 14–16 in 9788:

CXXXII 2; CXXXIV 3; Servius IX 641; Isidore XX 2,7.

9201:A. Pasqualini "Note sull'ubicazione del Latiar" in 8009:

The Oxford Encyclopaedia of Ancient Greece and Rome

7401:

Hunc diem festum tempestatibus leniendis institutum

7350: 2939:should be understood as related to the rite of the 2680:and on it was located the observation place of the 2418:. Jove is a less common English formation based on 1724:after the third Samnite War. It was located on the 1630:, Jupiter was offered every animal born that year. 1327:

Jupiter and religion in the secessions of the plebs

1019:. Plebeians eventually became eligible for all the 10980:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome 9547:G. Capdeville "Les dieux de Martianus Capella" in 9234:II 12, 4–5; G. Pucci "Saturno: il lato oscuro" in 8530:St. Augustine, The City of God, Books 1–10, Pg 218 6945:Livy I 12; Dionysius of Halicarnassus II 59; Ovid 5937:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 110. 5741:Saturni filius, frg. 2 in the edition of Baehrens. 4876:Scholars have been often puzzled by Ve(d)iove (or 3290:, "he who has the power of conquering everything." 3083: 2967:Epithets related to warring are in Wissowa's view 10943:The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic 10893:. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press. 9714:p. 3 f.= CIL I 2nd 1838) and Campani (CIL X 3786 9363:(an unroofed space within the house)'; Macrobius 8746:, Iuppiter Poeninus (CIL 6865 ff., cfr. Bernabei 8358:Enciclopedia Italiana di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti 7296:V 47; Festus p. 290; Müller, Paulus p. 104; Ovid 6001:is thought to be the historically older form and 4896:(whose name Gellius posits as rooted in the verb 2573:(reputed to be jolly, optimistic, and buoyant in 793:and became one of the most common symbols of the 12018: 9608:, p. 107, citing CIL VI 205; X 49 and 6423. 9185:Bruxelles 1962 pp. 757–762; Filippo Coarelli in 8799: 8687:quod latus mundi nebulae malusque Iuppiter urget 7591:André Magdelain "Auspicia ad patres redeunt" in 7461:Novum vetus vinum bibo, novo veteri morbo medeor 4792:for the first grape and for ears of corn of the 2098:, probably to explain the name of the festival. 1955:, sacred to Jupiter. On the Ides, a white lamb ( 1525:in the form of a rain of stones occurred on the 813:, he was the central guardian of the state with 10949: 10911:Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its Origins 10782: 10398:CIL XIV 2387 = ILS 2988 = ILLRP 270=CIL I 807: 9166:D. Briquel "Jupiter, Saturne et le Capitol" in 8718:XVI 37, CIL VI 452); on the Viminal is known a 8377: 8083:, p. 108, citing Paulus p. 92 M.; Servius 7149:Festus s.v. oscillantes p. 194 M; C. A. Lobeck 6888: 6598:, p. 104, citing Paulus p. 92 M.; Servius 6491:Rank and Participation in the Republican Senate 6489:(Franz Steiner, 1996), p. 85; Francis X. Ryan, 6224: 5329:is an adjective, meaning "those of or from the 5071:in Rome, which involved a human sacrifice. The 5027:and his grandson. Livy records that in 192 BC, 4892:(here denoting "deprivation" or "negation") to 3710:is that it represents the presence of Jupiter. 2691:and to it headed the monthly procession of the 2422:, the stem of oblique cases of the Latin name. 1638: 1253:. Their creation was traditionally ascribed to 10853:Dumézil, G. (1956). "III Fortuna Primigenia". 8467:nefando sacro, mixta hominum pecudumque caedes 7533:originally meant not "the people", but "army". 4986:Maurice Besnier has remarked that a temple to 2707:). The most ancient known rites, those of the 1895:, one day for each of the six Latin and Alban 1626:demonstrates. During one of the crises of the 1281:invokes in the rite concluding a treaty. If a 1034: 970:—an honour reserved for Jupiter himself. When 11133: 10928: 9578:Studi linguistici in onore di Vittore Pisani 9073:Mem. de la Soc. nat. des Antiquités de France 8811: 8179:Paulus s. v. p. 94 L 2nd; p. 2 M; Tertullian 7674: 7646: 7579: 7526: 7138:Scholiasta Bobiensis ad Ciceronis pro Plancio 6355: 5711:The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy 4539:G. Wissowa advanced the hypothesis that Semo 3410:, northwest Iberia, preserved in the toponym 3393:, "Jupiter of the country", a title given to 3377:as god of war and victory, especially on the 3224:because of his strength, according to Cicero 2456:Older forms of the deity's name in Rome were 2410:("father") and came to replace the Old Latin 2115: 660: 10996:Platner, Samuel Ball; Ashby, Thomas (1929). 10995: 10819: 9353:Revue internationale de droit de l'Antiquité 8909: 8024: 7235:, p. 110. CIL 2011–2022; XIV 2236–2248. 5486:, which states on the Ides of January (13): 4858:to the god after the first secession of the 2960:, from which the god derives the epithet of 1712:There were two temples in Rome dedicated to 1669:. The building was supposedly begun by king 10794: 10411:A. Pasqualini "Le basi documenatarie della 10281:Studi e Materiali di Storia delle Religioni 10056:Studi e Materiali di Storia delle Religioni 9886:Studi e Materiali di Storia delle Religioni 9797: 9757: 9694: 9677: 9675: 9658: 8748:Rendiconti della Regia Accademia dei Lincei 7612:Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l' Ouest 7192: 5714:. Oxford University Press. pp. 296–7. 4242:, only fit into the system via contrivance 974:, whose defense of the Capitol against the 939:; after the monarchy was abolished and the 691: 631: 565: 30:"Jove" redirects here. For other uses, see 11140: 11126: 11042: 11002:A topographical dictionary of ancient Rome 10977: 10907: 10637:University of California Press 1998 p. 77. 10527: 10323:I O M IUR D(e) C(onscriptorum) S(ententia) 10219:Wissowa on the grounds of Paulus's glossa 10080: 9210:1999 2 p[. 784–785 citing M. Malavolta "I 8808:. University of Chicago Press. p. 62, 8539:St. Augustine, The City of God, Books 1–10 8478: 7618: 6721: 6703: 6677:Pietas: Selected Studies in Roman Religion 6169: 5986: 5871:"Chapter Twenty: Near Eastern Connections" 5631:cume tonas, Leucesie, prai ted tremonti... 5507:believes that every Ide was sacred to him. 4354:, the minor sovereign. who represents the 4306:the role of tutelary goddess of marriage ( 3310:, Jupiter equated with the Egyptian deity 3105:, Jupiter as the sky or heavens; see also 2695:. On the southern top was to be found the 2446:(meaning "O Father Sky-god"; nominative: * 1297:. He can then declare war within 33 days. 1285:ensues, the fetial calls upon Jupiter and 667: 653: 82: 10986: 9001: 8977: 8285:is tentatively included in this group by 8042:, vol. 9, Leipzig: Brockhaus 1931, p. 520 7690:Paris 1958 p. 348, developing Jean Bayet 7215:London 1875 s. v. Feriae p. 529: Niebuhr 7213:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 7121:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 6936:, p. 107; Livy X 36, 1 and 37, 15 f. 6200:Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend 5971: 5300:(i.e. of serving the state as soldiers). 4588:, in which Jupiter takes up the looks of 4547:, as it appears from the Iguvine Tables. 4499:is a development of the Imperial period. 4495:of Jupiter, but the concept of a deity's 3794: 1513:and deported its inhabitants to Rome. As 1477:to make the copies, and gave them to the 774:. In Roman mythology, he negotiates with 9672: 9351:O. Sacchi "Il trivaso del Quirinale" in 9173:2. 1981 pp. 131–162; Varro V 42; Vergil 8347:as protector and increaser of the flock. 7660:Revue belge de philologie et d' histoire 7043: 6989:, p. 108 and n. 1 citing Vitruvius 6180:Robert Schilling, "Rome", pp. 44 and 63, 5845:. Oxford University Press. p. 171. 5097: 4528:Augustine quotes Varro who explains the 4410:reenacted every year at the festival of 4183:The list omits most minor deities (e.g. 3809: 3695: 2822: 2371: 1746: 1707: 1580: 1564: 1469:; because in it resided the fate of the 1411: 1101: 1089: 1077: 1069: 1044: 11064: 10982:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. 10888: 10879: 10870: 10861: 10852: 10841: 10687: 10675: 10646: 10594:, p. 135, citing Servius Danielis 10591: 10566: 10551: 10539: 10436: 10424: 10017: 9926: 9745: 9667:De Liberi apud Romanos cultu capita duo 9662: 9629: 9617: 9605: 9589: 9492: 9454: 9429: 9405: 9327: 9294: 9282: 9270: 9251: 9247: 9146: 9121: 9105: 9092: 9080: 9050: 9024: 8965: 8953: 8936: 8921: 8894: 8878: 8866: 8842: 8830: 8787: 8775: 8754: 8674: 8613: 8609: 8518: 8453: 8423: 8340: 8286: 8265: 8252: 8158: 8146: 8127: 8115: 8096: 8080: 8064: 7981: 7969: 7951:, epithet of the flamen of Jupiter and 7888: 7838: 7797: 7781: 7769: 7745: 7724: 7707: 7555: 7502: 7486: 7452: 7440: 7428: 7412: 7392: 7380: 7368: 7340: 7313: 7289: 7265: 7244: 7232: 7208: 7080: 6986: 6974: 6962: 6933: 6905: 6818:Prodigi e divinazione nell' antica Roma 6804: 6783: 6766: 6627:V writes of "Crustumerian secession" (" 6595: 6583: 6534: 6522: 6510: 6339: 6327: 6312: 6273: 6254: 6096: 6069: 6042: 6005:, to have arosen through the so-called 5865: 5288:In Dumézil's analysis, the function of 4384:), the appearance of Jupiter included. 3700:One interpretation of the lightning in 2476:; he compares the analogous formations 2048: 14: 12019: 11051: 11015:"Aedes Iovis Optimi Maximi Capitolini" 10978:Littlewood, R. Joy (2010). "Fortune". 10937: 10757:1996 3 p. 285 citing Carl Olof Thulin 10382:Maurice Besnier "Jupiter Jurarius" in 10168:. Fasti Praenestini CIL I 2nd p. 231: 10084: 10029: 9495:, p. 435, referencing J. Hubeaux 9417: 9339: 8482: 8071:V 47 and Festus p. 290 M. s.v. Idulia. 7860:"Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans" 7622: 6754: 6194:The Etruscan Language: An Introduction 5932: 5821: 5561:Most common in poetry, for its useful 5488:Iovi Statori c(ircenses) m(issus) XXIV 5482:. This assumption is supported by the 4271: 3479:, Jupiter equated with the Celtic god 3369:weather and war god. From the time of 3135:" is probably connected with the verb 2142:on 5 July, a day holy to Jupiter. The 11121: 11020: 10968: 10786:; North, J.A.; Price, S.R.F. (1998). 10607:Piso apud Dionysius of Halicarnassus 10384:Mélanges d'archéologie et d' histoire 9204:Mélanges de l'École française de Rome 9041:very chastely worshipped by mothers". 8760:Mélanges de l'École française de Rome 8691:ut glaciet nives puro numine Iuppiter 8645: 7634: 7617:1976 2 pp. 239–244 part. p. 241; and 7356: 6866:Mélanges de l'École française de Rome 6250: 6237: 6038: 6036: 6018:. Cornell Phonetics Lab. Ithaca, NY: 6010: 5957: 5750: 5707: 3779:) and lawful right (by the Vedic god 3489:, Jupiter as a god of high mountains. 3000:was first attributed by tradition to 2187:, the months were named numerically, 1967:and sacrificed to him. Jupiter's two 1928: 1720:was built and dedicated in 294 BC by 1339:of the State. On the other side, the 1308:, as was their sceptre. Sacred herbs 1031:remained the preserve of patricians. 737: 10829:. Vol. I–IV. Paris: Gallimard. 9367:III 11, 5 on the use of the private 9308:Vedic and Indo-European Sacred Space 9137:Pubbl. dell'Univ. di Roma 1955–1956. 8990:Illic imperium fore ubi et Palladium 8984:pignus nostrae salutis atque imperii 7866:(4th ed.). 2000. Archived from 7608:Rome et la Méditerranée occcidentale 7219:II p. 35 citing Livy V 42, Plutarch 7002: 6525:, pp. 94–96, 169, 192, 502–504. 6178:, "Etruscan Daemonology", p. 41, and 6131:Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia 6043:de Vaan, Michiel (31 October 2018). 5897: 5840: 5110:) and (reverse) Victory, standing (" 4831:were supposed to publicly crown the 3220:because of the benefits he bestows, 3115:, "Heavenly" or "Celestial Jupiter". 3029:before a battle against the Samnite 2367: 2112:, which was located on the Capitol. 2079:cut the first of the grape harvest. 1812:Iuppiter Latiaris and Feriae Latinae 1537: 1407: 1106:Decor Fragment of a triumphal arch: 878: 424:sacrificing at the Temple of Jupiter 10279:G. Piccaluga "L' anti-Juppiter" in 9665:, p. 120 and A. Schnegelsberg 8494: 8289:, p. 105 n. 4. Cfr. Augustine 7517:IV, 863 ff; Paulus p. 65 and 374 M. 7474:Fêtes romaines d' été et d' automne 6493:(Franz Steiner, 1998), p. 165. The 6346:VI 90, 1; Festus s.v. p. 414 L 2nd. 6198:Nancy Thomson de Grummond, (2006), 6124: 4297: 3799: 3747:in addition to thunder. The art of 3270:, patron and defender of boundaries 3052:who appears as an anti-Jupiter, of 1645:Temple of Jupiter (Capitoline Hill) 1492: 1125:through its claws; in reference to 824:The Romans regarded Jupiter as the 27:Chief deity of Roman state religion 24: 11576: 11078: 10855:Déesses latines et mythes vediques 10289:Non et simulacrum Veiovis in arce? 10054:G. Piccaluga "L' anti-Iupiter" in 9989:Rivista di studi italiani e latini 8677:cites three passages from Horace, 8006: 7345:The Calendar of the Roman Republic 6820:Roma 1973. Citing Livy I 34, 8–10. 6739:Revue de l' histoire des religions 6479:item iurare Dialem fas numquam est 6342:citing Dionysius of Halicarnassus 6291:1970 pp. 49–66 and tables I–VIII. 6276:, p. 259 note 4: cf. Servius 6215:Cambridge University Press, p. 62. 6033: 6013:"Observations on the littera rule" 5565:, and in the expression "By Jove!" 5528:Wissowa had already connected the 5382:De Nuptiis Mercurii et Philologiae 4994:Lucius Furius Purpureo before the 3630: 3579:The City of God against the Pagans 3295:Syncretic or geographical epithets 3151:to commemorate his winning of the 2944:interrupt with a clap of thunder. 2520:is the etymological equivalent of 2267:The games of September were named 2258:Glossary of ancient Roman religion 1316:, had to be taken from the nearby 607:Glossary of ancient Roman religion 25: 12113: 11106: 10971:Roman Gods: A Conceptual Approach 10933:. University of California Press. 10908:Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy (1980) . 10801:Revue de l'histoire des religions 10752:Revue de l'histoire des religions 9549:Revue de l'histoire des religions 9404:4. Suppl., 4, 1951, pp. 163–168; 9326:1909 s.v. Semo Sancus col. 3654; 9168:Revue de l'histoire des religions 8816:. Yale University Press. p. 8806:: Interpreting the Hidden Subject 8481:, as summarized in the review by 8364:Leipzig 1847 XII p. 488; F. Kort 8360:vol. XXIX p. 589; A. W. Schlegel 7455:, pp. 101–102, citing Varro 7053:Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae 7012:Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae 6315:citing Livy V 23, 6 and VI 17, 5. 5307:was promised in 207 BC by consul 5000:Celtic Cenomani of Cisalpine Gaul 4979:. Moreover, the initial particle 2879:because he nourishes everything, 2651: 1689:, on which oaths could be sworn. 1447: 1074:Statue of Jupiter, Vatican, Rome. 11054:Revue del'histoire des religions 10797:"Jupiter, Liber et le vin latin" 10744: 10727: 10710: 10693: 10652: 10623: 10614: 10601: 10585: 10572: 10508: 10495: 10482: 10473: 10464: 10451: 10442: 10405: 10392: 10376: 10363: 10354: 10341: 10328: 10303: 10294: 10273: 10252: 10243: 10234: 10213: 10192: 10175: 10158: 10145: 10132: 10119: 10106: 10074: 10065: 10048: 10035: 9961: 9945: 9932: 9907: 9894: 9874: 9865: 9852: 9815: 9803: 9767: 9751: 9730: 9721: 9700: 9669:Dissertation Marburg 1895 p. 40. 9652: 9635: 9611: 9599: 9583: 9566: 9557: 9541: 9528: 9509: 9477: 9460: 9435: 9382: 9345: 9300: 9241: 9222:Roma 1996 pp. 257–273; Eusebius 9195: 9160: 9140: 9127: 9098: 9065: 9056: 9030: 8995: 8980:, pp. 73 ff, citing Cicero 8971: 8888: 8872: 8848: 8793: 8769: 8696: 8668: 8639: 8626: 8603: 8586: 8574: 8558: 8533: 8524: 8488: 8472: 8459: 8438: 8429: 8405: 8392: 8383: 8350: 8334: 8325: 8312: 8296: 8271: 8258: 8245: 8236: 8223: 8207: 8186: 8173: 8152: 8121: 8090: 8074: 8058: 8045: 8000: 7987: 7975: 7882: 7852: 7832: 7823: 7807: 7791: 7784:, p. 181 citing Jean Bayet 7775: 7739: 7730: 7713: 7680: 7652: 7595:Bruxelles 1964 527 ff. See also 7585: 7549: 7536: 7520: 7496: 7479: 7466: 7446: 7272:I 15, 14 and 18, Iohannes Lydus 7268:, p. 101, citing Macrobius 7123:London 1875 s. v. Feriae p. 529. 7047:(1997). "Iuppiter Invictus". In 6550:I 21, 1; Livy I 32, 4. See also 6391:(Routledge, 2005), pp. 127, 345. 5794:(online ed.). 31 July 2024. 5681: 5664: 5636: 5624: 5608: 5568: 5555: 5535: 5522: 5510: 4619:. Genius Iovialis is one of the 3830: 2908:, meant in fact woman's breast. 2816:and the use of the term for the 2734:Another most ancient epithet is 2215:There were two festivals called 2015:. The high priestess of Jupiter 1420:, with eagle and globe, 62–79 AD 1416:Jupiter in a wall painting from 1164:, which included a sacrifice of 994:who paid their respects to him. 408: 10952:The Oxford Classical Dictionary 9230:LXXXV 1995 pp. 65–85; Iustinus 9218:a Roma" in A. Pasqualini (ed.) 9062:CIL XIV 2868 and 2862 (mutile). 8648:Revue des études augustiniennes 8612:, "Remarques preliminaires" X; 8583:II, 2525; Toutain. 1920. 143ff. 8343:, p. 105 n. 4 understands 7752:13; Dionysius of Halicarnassus 7406: 7386: 7333: 7324: 7307: 7283: 7259: 7250: 7226: 7202: 7195:, p. 252 cites A. Alföldi 7186: 7177: 7156: 7143: 7126: 7113: 7104: 7095: 7086: 7069: 7037: 7028: 6996: 6980: 6956: 6939: 6927: 6911: 6889:Beard, North & Price (1998) 6882: 6849: 6836: 6823: 6810: 6807:, p. 175 citing Livy I 31. 6798: 6789: 6772: 6727: 6709: 6686: 6666: 6650: 6634: 6617: 6589: 6568: 6559: 6540: 6471: 6462: 6449: 6440: 6413: 6394: 6381: 6365: 6333: 6306: 6295:rehearses various views of the 6267: 6243: 6230: 6225:Beard, North & Price (1998) 6140: 6115: 6102: 6078:Zu den römischen Reiterscheiben 6063: 6049:. Leiden; Boston. p. 315. 5992: 5951: 5926: 5891: 5621:of the Phocean god Ζευς Ούριος. 5493: 5472: 3084:Epithets denoting functionality 2492:(nocturnal lightning bolt) and 2464:. The 19th-century philologist 2360:would not be involved with the 1168:bread to Jupiter Farreus (from 821:. His sacred tree was the oak. 11052:Turcan, Robert (1989). "n/a". 10775: 10229:immolaturque ritu humano capra 10006:Mélanges offertes à G. Sanders 9782:solum quod inferetur sacrum... 9760:, p. 248 cites Fr. Bömer 9727:Fasti Arvales ad 1. September. 9592:, pp. 184–185 citing his 8814:Painting in Renaissance Venice 8714:V 152, Paulus p. 87 M., Pliny 8683:manet sub Iove frigido venator 8356:Bruno Migliorini s.v. Roma in 7006:(1997). "Iuppiter Tonans". In 6745:1: pp. 67–68 (Comptes rendus). 6184:Roman and European Mythologies 5873:. In Foley, John Miles (ed.). 5859: 5834: 5815: 5798: 5780: 5771: 5744: 5735: 5701: 4448: 3397:after his death, according to 2875:(means, relief) to the needy, 2300:took place in November in the 2204: 1673:, completed by the last king ( 13: 1: 11070:Religion und Kultus der Römer 11026:A Companion to Roman Religion 10875:(2nd ed.). Paris: Payot. 10873:La religion romaine archaïque 10795:de Cazanove, Olivier (1988). 10790:. Cambridge University Press. 10720:III 40, 3; Martianus Capella 10170:Aescu]lapio Vediovi in insula 9708:Sylloge inscriptionum Oscarum 9371:as an altar mentioned in the 8378:Hammond & Scullard (1970) 7544:The Cults of the Roman Empire 7211:, p. 109; L. Schmitz in 6586:, pp. 502–504 & 169. 5958:Kropp, Andreas J. M. (2010). 5843:Indo-European Poetry and Myth 5751:Keats, John (26 April 2007). 5694: 5190:(ancient border of the Roman 4218:Several nature gods, such as 3857:as applied to Roman religion 3612:of the poets (useful for the 3258:, sender of nocturnal thunder 3023:Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges 2786:tempestatium divinarum potens 2727:seems to be inseparable from 2319: 1794:Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges 1595: 990:, and conferred power to the 951:. Nostalgia for the kingship 109:Imperial cult of ancient Rome 10929:Forsythe, Gary (2005–2006). 10788:Religions of Rome: A History 10043:Römische Religionsgeschichte 9987:published by G. Zecchini in 9847:Corpus Glossatorum Latinorum 9812:apud Festus s. v., p. 474 L. 8067:, p. 108, citing Varro 7927:. This is why the temple of 7919:(day) hence the expressions 7891:, p. 100, citing Varro 7505:, p. 102, citing Varro 7395:, p. 101, citing Pliny 7292:, p. 101, citing Varro 6149:should not be confused with 5830:, Rupa & Co, p. 236 5754:Selected Poems: Keats: Keats 5455:Planets in astrology#Jupiter 5360:is more defined in Etruria: 4558:. probably referring to the 3589:Antiquitates Rerum Divinarum 3159:was therefore equivalent to 2796:and, referred to lightning, 2026: 1782:). Augustus constructed the 1639:Temple of Capitoline Jupiter 1289:, the heavenly, earthly and 7: 10954:. Oxford University Press. 10457:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 10371:Aeculapio Vediovi in insula 10099:mentioned by A. Alföldi in 10045:Munich 1960 p. 81 and n. 3. 9969:...curatores Iovi Libertati 9849:II p. 264: απαρχη γλεύκους. 9712:Analecta epigraphica latina 9572:E. and A. L. Prosdocimi in 6769:, pp. 51–52 & 197. 6546:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 5875:A Companion to Ancient Epic 5822:Basham, A. L., ed. (1986), 5808:: 18–31; Kirk, G.S. (1970) 5645:is a superlative formed on 5443: 5205: 5149: 5087: 4675:(the time before morning). 4627: 4472:Fides Publica Populi Romani 3514: 3459:, where he had a sanctuary. 3373:, he was popular among the 3216:("the best and greatest"). 2426:studies identify the form * 2264:of September and November. 1992: 1440:that showed them nursed by 1331:The role of Jupiter in the 1035:Flamen and Flaminica Dialis 871:is usually regarded as his 852:, the Roman equivalents of 10: 12118: 11635:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 11574: 11072:. Munich: C. H. Beck'sche. 11043:Sabbatucci, Dario (1988). 9764:I Wiesbaden 1957 p. 127 f. 8881:, p. 271 citing Ovid 8702:On the Esquiline lies the 8322:132; Paulus s. v. p. 51 M. 8200:CIL VI 431, 433; XI 6312; 8025:Platner & Ashby (1929) 7476:, Paris, 1975, pp. 97–108. 7199:Ann Arbor 1965 p. 33 n. 6. 7083:, citing CIL VI 2004–2009. 7075:Protocols of a sacerdotal 5617:has been recognized as an 5548:occurred on this date, as 5318: 5314: 5209: 5153: 5122:Victoria was connected to 5091: 5060:, the avenger of perjury. 5002:. An inscription found at 4869: 4682: 4631: 4521: 4452: 4434: 4391: 4369: 4158: 3989: 3927: 3875: 3834: 3803: 3563:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 3519: 2699:of the god: the shrine of 2655: 2553:derive or have developed. 2241: 2208: 2119: 2116:Regifugium and Poplifugium 2030: 1932: 1802:Temple of Jupiter Invictus 1792:had a temple dedicated by 1642: 1633: 1586:Colossal statue of Jupiter 1505:with the duel between the 1312:, sometimes identified as 1260: 1196:, and was the only priest 1179:may remove his clothes or 1108:The Emperor's Guards, The 1038: 88:A marble statue of Jupiter 29: 11966: 11928: 11902: 11871: 11830: 11758: 11674: 11653: 11630:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 11587: 11451: 11176: 11159: 10582:Paris, 1975, pp. 527–535. 10206:(Esq. Caer. Ven. Maff.); 9497:Les grands mythes de Rome 9487:VI 1, 6. Silius Italicus 9392:VII 13, referencing also 8988:Ad Aeneidem II 188, 16: " 8800:Salvatore Settis (1990). 8007:Müller, H. F. "Jupiter". 7300:I, 56 and 588; Macrobius 7197:Early Rome and the Latins 6977:, p. 198 & n. 1. 6629:a secessione Crustumerina 6501:(Routledge, 2006), p. 69. 5933:Pleins, J. David (2010). 5828:The Wonder that was India 5767:– via Google Books. 5311:and dedicated in 191 BC. 5075:had gentilician cults at 4865: 4517: 4387: 4248:as an agricultural god). 2804:, later as nomen agentis 2460:("day/sky-father"), then 2146:followed the festival of 1426:Greek narrative tradition 1232: 382: 372: 350: 340: 327: 310: 300: 290: 280: 270: 265: 227: 217: 191: 177: 172: 160: 142: 130: 122: 101: 93: 81: 63: 46: 41: 12082:Metamorphoses characters 12057:Kings in Roman mythology 11889:Rape of the Sabine Women 11090:. New York: Zone Books. 10707:V 696; VII 705; VIII 21. 10319:Atti dei Lincei, Memorie 10103:Darmstadt 1067 p. 112 f. 9915:Le culte de Cérès à Rome 9839:Onomata Latina et Graeca 9580:Milano 1969 pp. 777–802. 9394:Quintus Valerius Soranus 9228:Journal of Roman Studies 9153:VII 9 and 10. Also Ovid 8992:"; Festus s.v. p. 152 L. 8726:V 51, Festus p. 376); a 7786:Les annales de Tite Live 7692:Les annales de Tite Live 7688:Le culte de Cérès á Rome 6477:Aulus Gellius, 10.15.5: 6286:Journal of Roman Studies 6262:Les annales de Tite Live 6137:, Haydock, 1995, p. 215. 6072:, p. citing Pliny 5465: 5436:masculine equivalent of 4915:The god (under the name 4753:(grape juice) stored in 4678: 4661:fulgur Summanum conditum 4430: 4365: 3855:trifunctional hypothesis 3663:(Oscan, in Umbrian only 3604:'s tripartite theology: 2918:Quintus Valerius Soranus 2584:now known in English as 2171:") occurred between the 1863:, in the battle against 1784:Temple of Jupiter Tonans 1431: 978:had earned him the name 328:Indo-European equivalent 11894:Battle of Lacus Curtius 10969:Lipka, Michael (2009). 10703:III 40. Cf. also Lucan 10204:XII Kal. Iun. NP Agonia 9973:Iovi Obsequenti publice 9917:Paris 1958 pp. 160–162. 9904:XXXIX 1961 pp. 261–274. 9491:XIII 400–413. Cited by 9183:Mélanges Albert Grenier 9110:Mariages indo-européens 8368:Heidelberg 1843 p.32-3. 7696:AUC libri qui supersunt 7153:Königsberg 1829 p. 585. 7119:L. Schmitz in W. Smith 6610:I 8, 8 par. 1; Servius 6606:XXII 5; Marcianus apud 5792:Encyclopædia Britannica 5412:(again) in region VII; 5341:: Dionysius calls them 5309:Marcus Livius Salinator 5084:by their Alban origin. 4696:through his epithet of 3499:. Thus, since the hero 3316:Roman conquest of Egypt 3213:Jupiter Optimus Maximus 3191:("Lightning Jupiter"), 3127:, who carries away the 2237: 2197:(the tenth month). The 1959:) was led along Rome's 1939: 1767:the restored temple of 1651:Jupiter Optimus Maximus 1560: 1517:tells the story, omens 1355:Manius Valerius Maximus 1188:Some privileges of the 1055:Augustan Altar of Peace 937:Rome was ruled by kings 709: 702: 351:Mesopotamian equivalent 11581: 11149:Ancient Roman religion 10987:Montanari, E. (1990). 10864:Archaic Roman Religion 9983:" from Cremella sopra 9902:Revue d' études latins 9810:Marcus Antistius Labeo 9254:, p. 348; Cicero 8897:, pp. 23, 133–134 8856:De Civitate Dei VII 9. 8812:Peter Humfrey (1997). 8660:10.1484/J.REA.5.103923 8305:CIL XII 336. Apuleius 7637:, p. 33, note 96. 7558:, p. 102, citing 7049:Steinby, Eva Margareta 7008:Steinby, Eva Margareta 6188:Giuliano Bonfante and 6087:1952 p. 188 and n. 11. 5788:"Baal (ancient deity)" 5672:Sextus Pompeius Festus 5649:, the ancient form is 5484:calendar of Philocalus 5119: 4647:inscriptions found on 4170:It is unclear whether 3815: 3795:Relation to other gods 3789:penes Ianum sunt prima 3785:penes Iovem sunt summa 3711: 3525:Marcus Terentius Varro 3027:Lucius Papirius Cursor 3006:Marcus Atilius Regulus 2920:, while hypothesising 2831: 2697:most ancient sanctuary 2387: 2185:Julian calendar reform 1765:. It was connected to 1752: 1722:Marcus Atilius Regulus 1592: 1578: 1497:Throughout his reign, 1421: 1333:conflict of the orders 1323:for their ritual use. 1208:and had a seat in the 1204:who was preceded by a 1137: 1099: 1087: 1075: 1067: 999:Conflict of the Orders 949:patrician ruling class 756:ancient Roman religion 692: 687: 632: 617:Ancient Greek religion 566: 12067:Deities in the Aeneid 11580: 10939:Fowler, William Warde 10862:Dumézil, G. (1970) . 10826:Jupiter Mars Quirinus 10813:10.3406/rhr.1988.1888 9981:Iuppiter Impetrabilis 9953:Revue d'études latins 9951:"Liber et liberi" in 9501:Revue d'études latins 9466:CIL IX 3513 from the 9187:La Parola del Passato 8854:Varro apud Augustine 8161:, p. 168 citing 7816:V 36 and Paulus s.v. 7721:Römischen Forschungen 6874:Revue d'études latins 6257:, p. 181 citing 6227:, p. 59, Vol. 1. 6182:both in (1981, 1992) 5910:10.1163/9789004364943 5904:. Brill. p. 41. 5708:Evans, James (1998). 5601:, a deity similar to 5544:thinks the murder of 5388:in region I with the 5101: 4284:, inner penus of the 3995:production of wealth 3844:Indo-European society 3813: 3699: 3594:Christian apologetics 3592:. Although a work of 3457:Great St Bernard Pass 2935:In Dumézil's opinion 2826: 2438:, and ultimately the 2430:as deriving from the 2375: 2275:and were held in the 2193:(the fifth month) to 1750: 1708:Other temples in Rome 1600:Sacrificial victims ( 1584: 1568: 1415: 1105: 1093: 1081: 1073: 1048: 431:Practices and beliefs 114:Polytheistic religion 32:Jove (disambiguation) 12062:Mythological rapists 12037:Sky and weather gods 11774:Interpretatio graeca 11086:Dumézil, G. (1988). 10998:"Juppiter Feretrius" 10889:Dumézil, G. (1996). 10880:Dumézil, G. (1977). 10871:Dumézil, G. (1974). 10842:Dumézil, G. (1948). 10737:III 40 4; Macrobius 10674:II 296: as cited by 10448:Livy XXVII 2, 10–12. 10093:Valerian the younger 10062:9, 4 1973 pp. 35–42. 10020:, p. 188 n. 44. 9250:, pp. 100–101; 9224:De laude Constantini 8939:, pp. 172, 175. 7984:, p. 100, n. 2. 7845:XVIII 119; Plutarch 7802:Rǒmische Forschungen 7675:Forsythe (2005–2006) 7647:Forsythe (2005–2006) 7593:Hommage á Jean Bayet 7580:Forsythe (2005–2006) 7527:Forsythe (2005–2006) 7489:, p. 173; Ovid 6356:Forsythe (2005–2006) 6253:, pp. 263–271; 6209:Jean MacIntosh Turfa 6099:, p. 215 n. 58. 5989:, pp. 150, 158. 5898:Krul, Julia (2018). 5841:West, M. L. (2007). 5386:Di Consentes Penates 5094:Victoria (mythology) 5015:. On 1 January, the 4790:auspicatio vindamiae 4768:; using raisins, or 4712:and in the month of 4692:was associated with 4657:fulgur Dium conditum 3496:interpretatio romana 3331:(modern North Italy) 2230:became similar to a 2049:Viniculture and wine 1806:Iuppiter Propugnator 1507:Horatii and Curiatii 1370:and built an altar ( 1061:wearing the pointed 901:Rome's ancient kings 809:was located. In the 634:Interpretatio Graeca 627:Gallo-Roman religion 281:Canaanite equivalent 11974:Classical mythology 11795:Theology of victory 11640:Kings of Alba Longa 11028:. Wiley-Blackwell. 10848:. Paris: Gallimard. 10670:III 4, 11; Servius 10649:, pp. 311–312. 10580:Mélanges Benveniste 10569:, pp. 185–186. 10542:, pp. 186–187. 10311:Supplementa Italica 10225:sacrificium humanum 10221:humanum sacrificium 10114:Römische Mythologie 10083:, as summarized by 10071:Aulus Gellius V 12. 10032:, pp. 121–122. 9929:, pp. 331–332. 9697:, p. 247 n. 4. 9643:Rõmische Mythologie 9574:Etrennes M. Lejeune 9563:Macrobius I 10, 16. 9104:Ṛg-Veda X 72, 4–5; 8924:, pp. 137–165. 8910:Dumézil (1941–1948) 8790:, pp. 103–108. 8740:Iuppiter Appenninus 8456:, pp. 174–175. 8426:, pp. 105–108. 8366:Römische Geschichte 8149:, pp. 167–168. 8130:, p. 167. The 8040:Der Große Brockhaus 7829:Macrobius I 10, 11. 7710:, pp. 485–486. 7371:, pp. 101–102. 7316:, p. 101: the 7278:Quaestiones Romanae 6908:, pp. 258–261. 6757:, pp. 223–225. 6457:Quaestiones Romanae 6029:on 17 October 2016. 5384:, which places the 5006:in 1888 shows that 4800:) at the temple of 4599:Among the Etruscan 4327:daughter of Jupiter 4272:Jupiter and Minerva 3858: 3335:Jupiter Capitolinus 3234:, "sender of rain". 3175:, itself from verb 2658:Epithets of Jupiter 2588:(originally called 2442:vocative compound * 2256:, see also article 2157:misinterpreted the 1756:A second temple of 1702:Temple in Jerusalem 1675:Tarquinius Superbus 1509:, Tullus destroyed 1402:tribunicia potestas 1172:, "wheat, grain"). 383:Messapic equivalent 373:Egyptian equivalent 291:Etruscan equivalent 271:Albanian equivalent 11582: 10666:XXIX 2; Macrobius 10315:addimenta al CIL V 10285:Naturalis Historia 10227:but only states... 10138:Ferruccio Bernini 9975:" CIL XI 658 from 9971:" CIL XI 657 and " 9798:de Cazanove (1988) 9758:de Cazanove (1988) 9695:de Cazanove (1988) 9659:de Cazanove (1988) 9474:at Furfo, Samnium. 9375:; Granius Flaccus 9238:LVIII 1992 p. 5-7. 9124:, p. 91 n. 3. 8778:, pp. 100–101 8716:Naturalis historia 8708:Iuppiter Fagutalis 8465:Livy X 29, 12–17; 8202:Iuppiter Pluvialis 7843:Naturalis historia 7756:VII 72. Marquardt 7602:Paris 1957 p. 99; 7511:Naturalis historia 7193:de Cazanove (1988) 7172:Naturalis historia 6720:1.60, as cited by 6702:2.85, as cited by 6673:Hendrik Wagenvoort 6614:VIII 641; XII 120. 6604:Naturalis historia 6483:Robert E.A. Palmer 6299:as god or king in 6176:Massimo Pallottino 6074:Naturalis Historia 6020:Cornell University 5852:978-0-19-928-075-9 5804:West, M.L. (1966) 5674:and his epitomist 5657:, cf. the epithet 5599:Germanic mythology 5276:is to protect the 5136:Hieron of Syracuse 5120: 4655:s reciting either 4524:Genius (mythology) 4512:Iuppiter Feretrius 4406:during a mythical 4394:Saturn (mythology) 3975:raids and conquest 3871:Example Roman god 3849: 3816: 3767:and his wife, the 3712: 3584:Augustine of Hippo 3463:Jupiter Solutorius 3354:Jupiter Dolichenus 3263:Jupiter Terminalus 3183:Jupiter Centumpeda 3157:Iuppiter Feretrius 3008:vowed a temple to 2969:Iuppiter Feretrius 2871:because he brings 2832: 2729:Iuppiter Feretrius 2717:Iuppiter Feretrius 2701:Iuppiter Feretrius 2388: 1965:Capitoline Citadel 1929:Religious calendar 1910:feriae conceptivae 1901:Naturalis historia 1753: 1671:Tarquinius Priscus 1593: 1579: 1442:Fortuna Primigenia 1422: 1306:Iuppiter Feretrius 1283:declaration of war 1245:were a college of 1138: 1100: 1088: 1076: 1068: 953:(affectatio regni) 926:triumphal generals 469:funerary practices 12102:Kings of the gods 12014: 12013: 11991:Etruscan religion 11605:Romulus and Remus 11588:Legendary figures 11572: 11571: 11221:Castor and Pollux 11035:978-1-4051-2943-5 10921:978-0-520-04106-6 10768:1991 pp. 105–117. 10735:Adversus Nationes 10718:Adversus Nationes 10701:Adversus nationes 10528:Sabbatucci (1988) 10389:1898 pp. 287–289. 10249:Gellius V 12, 12. 10081:Sabbatucci (1988) 9913:Henri Le Bonniec 9891:1983 pp. 242–262. 9800:, p. 248 ff. 9661:, p. cites 9536:Adversus Nationes 9522:Somnium Scipionis 9506:1953 pp. 111–116. 9470:of the temple of 9396:; H. Wagenvoort " 9306:Roger D. Woodard 9027:, pp. 71–78. 8869:, p. 274 ff. 8766:1992 1 pp. 94–95. 8720:Iuppiter Viminius 8479:Sabbatucci (1988) 8220:1971 pp. 175–177. 8051:Walter W. Skeat, 7750:De corona militis 7686:Henri Le Bonniec 7665:1963 1 pp. 25–62. 7621:, as reviewed by 7619:Sabbatucci (1988) 7562:XLVII 18 and the 7062:978-88-7140-096-9 7045:Coarelli, Filippo 7021:978-88-7140-096-9 6879:1961 pp. 242–257. 6795:Plutarch Numa 18. 6722:Littlewood (2010) 6704:Littlewood (2010) 6344:Roman Antiquities 6301:The Roman Triumph 6076:X 16. A. Alföldi 5987:Fontenrose (1980) 5973:10.4000/syria.681 5944:978-0-19-973363-7 5884:978-1-4051-0524-8 5721:978-0-19-509539-5 5582:, is named after 5550:Tarquin the Proud 5390:Favores Opertanei 5106:head of Jupiter ( 5065:Iuppiter Latiaris 5054:Iuppiter Iurarius 5046:Fasti Praenestini 5042:Iuppiter Iurarius 5017:Fasti Praenestini 5008:Iuppiter Iurarius 4996:battle of Cremona 4990:was dedicated by 4941:Iuppiter Iurarius 4925:Martianus Capella 4772:; by boiling, or 4644:Iuppiter Summanus 4556:De Indigitamentis 4550:Censorinus cites 4536:of the universe. 4437:Fides (mythology) 4425:Iuppiter Latiaris 4255: 4254: 4053:Castor and Pollux 3958:Castor and Pollux 3621:physical theology 3487:Jupiter Uxellinus 3431:Jupiter Parthinus 3321:Jupiter Brixianus 3268:Iuppiter Terminus 3125:Jupiter Feretrius 3113:Jupiter Caelestis 2981:Iuppiter Invictus 2508:, "daylight" and 2396:vocative compound 2368:Name and epithets 2348:marks the day as 2346:Fasti Praenestini 2338:Flamen Quirinalis 1818:Iuppiter Latiaris 1808:on the Palatine. 1575:Capitoline Museum 1538:Tarquin the Elder 1475:Mamurius Veturius 1408:Myths and legends 879:Role in the state 725:), also known as 677: 676: 622:Etruscan religion 580:agricultural gods 479:mystery religions 425: 392: 391: 16:(Redirected from 12109: 12087:Capitoline Triad 11884:Founding of Rome 11654:Legendary beings 11615:Tullus Hostilius 11452:Abstract deities 11311:Lares Familiares 11174: 11173: 11142: 11135: 11128: 11119: 11118: 11101: 11073: 11061: 11048: 11039: 11013: 10992: 10983: 10974: 10965: 10946: 10934: 10925: 10904: 10885: 10876: 10867: 10858: 10849: 10838: 10816: 10791: 10769: 10748: 10742: 10731: 10725: 10714: 10708: 10697: 10691: 10685: 10679: 10662:V 144; Plutarch 10660:De Lingua Latina 10656: 10650: 10644: 10638: 10627: 10621: 10620:Livy XXXV 36, 5. 10618: 10612: 10609:Rom. Antiquities 10605: 10599: 10589: 10583: 10576: 10570: 10564: 10555: 10549: 10543: 10537: 10531: 10525: 10519: 10512: 10506: 10499: 10493: 10486: 10480: 10477: 10471: 10468: 10462: 10459:Rom. Antiquities 10455: 10449: 10446: 10440: 10434: 10428: 10422: 10416: 10409: 10403: 10396: 10390: 10380: 10374: 10367: 10361: 10358: 10352: 10345: 10339: 10332: 10326: 10321:V 1888 n. 1272: 10309:Ettore Pais CIL 10307: 10301: 10298: 10292: 10277: 10271: 10256: 10250: 10247: 10241: 10238: 10232: 10217: 10211: 10196: 10190: 10179: 10173: 10162: 10156: 10149: 10143: 10136: 10130: 10123: 10117: 10110: 10104: 10078: 10072: 10069: 10063: 10052: 10046: 10039: 10033: 10027: 10021: 10015: 10009: 9965: 9959: 9949: 9943: 9936: 9930: 9924: 9918: 9911: 9905: 9898: 9892: 9878: 9872: 9869: 9863: 9856: 9850: 9819: 9813: 9807: 9801: 9795: 9789: 9771: 9765: 9755: 9749: 9743: 9737: 9734: 9728: 9725: 9719: 9704: 9698: 9692: 9686: 9679: 9670: 9656: 9650: 9649:II column 661 f. 9639: 9633: 9627: 9621: 9615: 9609: 9603: 9597: 9596:Paris 1940–1948. 9587: 9581: 9570: 9564: 9561: 9555: 9545: 9539: 9532: 9526: 9513: 9507: 9481: 9475: 9464: 9458: 9452: 9446: 9439: 9433: 9427: 9421: 9415: 9409: 9398:Genius a genendo 9386: 9380: 9349: 9343: 9337: 9331: 9330:, p. 131 f. 9324:Roschers Lexicon 9320: 9311: 9304: 9298: 9292: 9286: 9280: 9274: 9268: 9259: 9256:De Natura Deorum 9245: 9239: 9199: 9193: 9164: 9158: 9144: 9138: 9131: 9125: 9119: 9113: 9102: 9096: 9090: 9084: 9083:, p. 71 ff. 9069: 9063: 9060: 9054: 9053:, p. 96 ff. 9048: 9042: 9034: 9028: 9022: 9016: 9002:Montanari (1990) 8999: 8993: 8982:Pro Scauro 48: " 8978:Montanari (1990) 8975: 8969: 8963: 8957: 8951: 8940: 8934: 8925: 8919: 8913: 8907: 8898: 8892: 8886: 8876: 8870: 8864: 8858: 8852: 8846: 8840: 8834: 8828: 8822: 8821: 8809: 8797: 8791: 8785: 8779: 8773: 8767: 8732:Capitolium Vetus 8728:Iuppiter Caelius 8724:De Lingua Latina 8712:De Lingua Latina 8700: 8694: 8672: 8666: 8663: 8643: 8637: 8630: 8624: 8607: 8601: 8590: 8584: 8578: 8572: 8562: 8556: 8549: 8540: 8537: 8531: 8528: 8522: 8516: 8510: 8509: 8492: 8486: 8476: 8470: 8463: 8457: 8451: 8445: 8442: 8436: 8433: 8427: 8421: 8415: 8409: 8403: 8396: 8390: 8387: 8381: 8375: 8369: 8354: 8348: 8338: 8332: 8329: 8323: 8316: 8310: 8300: 8294: 8293:VII 11 & 12. 8275: 8269: 8262: 8256: 8249: 8243: 8240: 8234: 8227: 8221: 8211: 8205: 8198:Iuppiter Serenus 8190: 8184: 8177: 8171: 8156: 8150: 8144: 8135: 8125: 8119: 8113: 8104: 8094: 8088: 8078: 8072: 8069:De Lingua Latina 8062: 8056: 8049: 8043: 8037: 8028: 8022: 8013: 8012: 8004: 7998: 7991: 7985: 7979: 7973: 7967: 7956: 7893:De Lingua Latina 7886: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7875: 7856: 7850: 7836: 7830: 7827: 7821: 7811: 7805: 7795: 7789: 7779: 7773: 7767: 7761: 7758:Staatsverwaltung 7743: 7737: 7734: 7728: 7717: 7711: 7705: 7699: 7684: 7678: 7672: 7666: 7656: 7650: 7644: 7638: 7632: 7626: 7589: 7583: 7577: 7571: 7564:Fasti Amiternini 7553: 7547: 7540: 7534: 7524: 7518: 7513:XVIII 287; Ovid 7507:De Lingua Latina 7500: 7494: 7483: 7477: 7470: 7464: 7457:De Lingua Latina 7450: 7444: 7438: 7432: 7426: 7420: 7410: 7404: 7390: 7384: 7378: 7372: 7366: 7360: 7354: 7348: 7337: 7331: 7328: 7322: 7311: 7305: 7294:De Lingua Latina 7287: 7281: 7276:III 7, Plutarch 7263: 7257: 7256:Livy XLII 21, 7. 7254: 7248: 7242: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7206: 7200: 7190: 7184: 7181: 7175: 7168:De Lingua Latina 7160: 7154: 7147: 7141: 7130: 7124: 7117: 7111: 7108: 7102: 7099: 7093: 7090: 7084: 7073: 7067: 7066: 7041: 7035: 7032: 7026: 7025: 7000: 6994: 6984: 6978: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6954: 6949:VI, 793; Cicero 6943: 6937: 6931: 6925: 6915: 6909: 6903: 6897: 6886: 6880: 6857:De Lingua Latina 6853: 6847: 6840: 6834: 6827: 6821: 6814: 6808: 6802: 6796: 6793: 6787: 6776: 6770: 6764: 6758: 6752: 6746: 6731: 6725: 6713: 6707: 6690: 6684: 6670: 6664: 6658:Diritto @ Storia 6654: 6648: 6642:Diritto @ Storia 6638: 6632: 6621: 6615: 6593: 6587: 6581: 6575: 6572: 6566: 6563: 6557: 6544: 6538: 6532: 6526: 6520: 6514: 6508: 6502: 6475: 6469: 6468:Livy XXVII 8, 8. 6466: 6460: 6453: 6447: 6444: 6438: 6417: 6411: 6398: 6392: 6385: 6379: 6369: 6363: 6353: 6347: 6337: 6331: 6325: 6316: 6310: 6304: 6271: 6265: 6247: 6241: 6234: 6228: 6222: 6216: 6190:Larissa Bonfante 6173: 6167: 6144: 6138: 6128: 6122: 6119: 6113: 6106: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6040: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6022:. Archived from 6017: 5996: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5819: 5813: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5784: 5778: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5748: 5742: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5705: 5688: 5685: 5679: 5668: 5662: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5615:Iuppiter Serenus 5612: 5606: 5572: 5566: 5559: 5553: 5539: 5533: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5497: 5491: 5476: 5414:Secundanus Pales 5366:Nigidius Figulus 4776:). However, the 4667:, deriving from 4607:who comes after 4594:Scipio Africanus 4462:is considered a 4344:Enemy of Bondage 4298:Juno and Fortuna 4249: 4214: 4179: 4164: 4163: 4049:animal husbandry 3859: 3848: 3814:Capitoline Triad 3806:Capitoline Triad 3800:Capitoline Triad 3769:flaminica Dialis 3647:under the names 3534:libri pontificum 3453:Jupiter Poeninus 3418:Jupiter Laterius 3341:at sites with a 3274:Jupiter Tigillus 3255:Jupiter Summanus 3202:Jupiter Lucetius 3171:to the god, the 2898:Iuppiter Ruminus 2744:flaminica Dialis 2668:Mons Capitolinus 2596:). These became 2488:, as opposed to 2394:originated as a 2308:argued that the 2302:Circus Flaminius 2092:Fasti Amiternini 2019:Flaminica Dialis 1779:porticus Metelli 1763:Circus Flaminius 1694:Aelia Capitolina 1667:Capitoline Triad 1624:flaminica Dialis 1590:Hermitage Museum 1532:Iuppiter Elicius 1493:Tullus Hostilius 1459:Iuppiter Elicius 1398:pontifex maximus 1394:pontifex maximus 1368:Jupiter Territor 1363:Menenius Agrippa 1279:(pater patratus) 1113:, featured in a 1110:Praetorian Guard 909:Imperial honours 903:and the highest 899:associated with 834:Latin literature 811:Capitoline Triad 752:king of the gods 741: 739:[ˈjɔwɪs] 713:"father", thus " 712: 705: 695: 669: 662: 655: 637: 571: 556:Capitoline Triad 414: 412: 402: 394: 393: 341:Norse equivalent 311:Hindu equivalent 301:Greek equivalent 86: 70:Capitoline Triad 49:King of the Gods 39: 38: 21: 12117: 12116: 12112: 12111: 12110: 12108: 12107: 12106: 12017: 12016: 12015: 12010: 12006:Myth and ritual 12001:Greek mythology 11962: 11924: 11920:Pignora imperii 11915:Parabiago Plate 11898: 11867: 11826: 11760: 11754: 11736:Sibylline Books 11670: 11649: 11620:Servius Tullius 11583: 11568: 11447: 11163: 11155: 11146: 11109: 11104: 11098: 11085: 11081: 11079:Further reading 11076: 11036: 10991:. Roma: Ateneo. 10962: 10922: 10901: 10778: 10773: 10772: 10749: 10745: 10732: 10728: 10715: 10711: 10698: 10694: 10686: 10682: 10657: 10653: 10645: 10641: 10628: 10624: 10619: 10615: 10606: 10602: 10590: 10586: 10577: 10573: 10565: 10558: 10550: 10546: 10538: 10534: 10526: 10522: 10516:De Civitate Dei 10513: 10509: 10500: 10496: 10487: 10483: 10478: 10474: 10469: 10465: 10456: 10452: 10447: 10443: 10435: 10431: 10423: 10419: 10410: 10406: 10397: 10393: 10381: 10377: 10368: 10364: 10359: 10355: 10346: 10342: 10333: 10329: 10308: 10304: 10299: 10295: 10278: 10274: 10257: 10253: 10248: 10244: 10240:Livy VIII 9, 6. 10239: 10235: 10218: 10214: 10197: 10193: 10180: 10176: 10163: 10159: 10153:De Architectura 10150: 10146: 10140:Ovidio. I Fasti 10137: 10133: 10124: 10120: 10112:Ludwig Preller 10111: 10107: 10089:Manius Fonteius 10079: 10075: 10070: 10066: 10060:Opuscola Romana 10053: 10049: 10040: 10036: 10028: 10024: 10016: 10012: 9966: 9962: 9958:1936 pp. 52–58. 9950: 9946: 9940:De Civitate Dei 9937: 9933: 9925: 9921: 9912: 9908: 9899: 9895: 9879: 9875: 9870: 9866: 9857: 9853: 9820: 9816: 9808: 9804: 9796: 9792: 9786:De Agri Cultura 9774:Trebatius Testa 9772: 9768: 9756: 9752: 9744: 9740: 9735: 9731: 9726: 9722: 9705: 9701: 9693: 9689: 9683:De Civitate Dei 9680: 9673: 9657: 9653: 9647:Roscher lexicon 9641:Ludwig Preller 9640: 9636: 9628: 9624: 9616: 9612: 9604: 9600: 9588: 9584: 9571: 9567: 9562: 9558: 9554:1996 3. p. 285. 9546: 9542: 9533: 9529: 9514: 9510: 9482: 9478: 9472:Iuppiter Liber 9465: 9461: 9453: 9449: 9440: 9436: 9428: 9424: 9416: 9412: 9390:De Civitate Dei 9387: 9383: 9350: 9346: 9338: 9334: 9321: 9314: 9305: 9301: 9293: 9289: 9281: 9277: 9269: 9262: 9246: 9242: 9200: 9196: 9165: 9161: 9145: 9141: 9132: 9128: 9120: 9116: 9108:, p. and 9103: 9099: 9091: 9087: 9070: 9066: 9061: 9057: 9049: 9045: 9035: 9031: 9023: 9019: 9015:1938 pp. 34 ff. 9000: 8996: 8976: 8972: 8964: 8960: 8952: 8943: 8935: 8928: 8920: 8916: 8908: 8901: 8893: 8889: 8877: 8873: 8865: 8861: 8853: 8849: 8841: 8837: 8829: 8825: 8798: 8794: 8786: 8782: 8774: 8770: 8701: 8697: 8673: 8669: 8644: 8640: 8634:De Civitate Dei 8631: 8627: 8623:1958 pp. 65–72. 8608: 8604: 8591: 8587: 8579: 8575: 8569:Ab urbe condita 8563: 8559: 8553:De Civitate Dei 8550: 8543: 8538: 8534: 8529: 8525: 8517: 8513: 8508:on 1 June 2013. 8493: 8489: 8477: 8473: 8464: 8460: 8452: 8448: 8443: 8439: 8435:Livy I 12, 4–6. 8434: 8430: 8422: 8418: 8410: 8406: 8400:De Agri Cultura 8397: 8393: 8389:Servius IV 339. 8388: 8384: 8376: 8372: 8362:Sämtliche Werke 8355: 8351: 8339: 8335: 8330: 8326: 8320:De Agri Cultura 8317: 8313: 8301: 8297: 8291:De Civitate Dei 8279:De Civitate Dei 8276: 8272: 8263: 8259: 8250: 8246: 8241: 8237: 8231:De Architectura 8228: 8224: 8212: 8208: 8191: 8187: 8178: 8174: 8157: 8153: 8145: 8138: 8126: 8122: 8114: 8107: 8095: 8091: 8079: 8075: 8063: 8059: 8050: 8046: 8038: 8031: 8023: 8016: 8005: 8001: 7992: 7988: 7980: 7976: 7968: 7959: 7887: 7883: 7873: 7871: 7870:on 1 March 2009 7858: 7857: 7853: 7847:Quaest. Romanae 7837: 7833: 7828: 7824: 7812: 7808: 7796: 7792: 7780: 7776: 7768: 7764: 7744: 7740: 7735: 7731: 7718: 7714: 7706: 7702: 7685: 7681: 7673: 7669: 7657: 7653: 7645: 7641: 7633: 7629: 7604:Jacques Heurgon 7590: 7586: 7578: 7574: 7554: 7550: 7542:Robert Turcan, 7541: 7537: 7529:, p. 136. 7525: 7521: 7501: 7497: 7484: 7480: 7471: 7467: 7451: 7447: 7439: 7435: 7427: 7423: 7411: 7407: 7391: 7387: 7379: 7375: 7367: 7363: 7355: 7351: 7347:1967 pp. 84–89. 7338: 7334: 7329: 7325: 7312: 7308: 7288: 7284: 7264: 7260: 7255: 7251: 7243: 7239: 7231: 7227: 7217:History of Rome 7207: 7203: 7191: 7187: 7183:Pliny XXVII 45. 7182: 7178: 7161: 7157: 7148: 7144: 7131: 7127: 7118: 7114: 7109: 7105: 7100: 7096: 7091: 7087: 7074: 7070: 7063: 7042: 7038: 7033: 7029: 7022: 7001: 6997: 6991:De Architectura 6985: 6981: 6973: 6969: 6961: 6957: 6944: 6940: 6932: 6928: 6916: 6912: 6904: 6900: 6887: 6883: 6854: 6850: 6841: 6837: 6828: 6824: 6815: 6811: 6803: 6799: 6794: 6790: 6777: 6773: 6765: 6761: 6753: 6749: 6732: 6728: 6714: 6710: 6691: 6687: 6683:and his school. 6671: 6667: 6655: 6651: 6639: 6635: 6622: 6618: 6594: 6590: 6582: 6578: 6573: 6569: 6564: 6560: 6545: 6541: 6533: 6529: 6521: 6517: 6509: 6505: 6476: 6472: 6467: 6463: 6454: 6450: 6446:Livy I 20, 1–2. 6445: 6441: 6418: 6414: 6399: 6395: 6386: 6382: 6370: 6366: 6354: 6350: 6338: 6334: 6326: 6319: 6311: 6307: 6272: 6268: 6248: 6244: 6235: 6231: 6223: 6219: 6207: 6197: 6192:, (1983, 2003) 6187: 6181: 6179: 6174: 6170: 6163:Apocolocyntosis 6145: 6141: 6135:The Book People 6129: 6125: 6120: 6116: 6107: 6103: 6095: 6091: 6068: 6064: 6057: 6041: 6034: 6026: 6015: 6009:-rule. Compare 5997: 5993: 5985: 5981: 5966:(87): 229–264. 5956: 5952: 5945: 5931: 5927: 5920: 5896: 5892: 5885: 5867:Burkert, Walter 5864: 5860: 5853: 5839: 5835: 5820: 5816: 5806:Hesiod Theogony 5803: 5799: 5786: 5785: 5781: 5776: 5772: 5765: 5749: 5745: 5740: 5736: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5706: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5682: 5676:Paul the Deacon 5669: 5665: 5641: 5637: 5629: 5625: 5613: 5609: 5592:Old High German 5573: 5569: 5560: 5556: 5546:Servius Tullius 5540: 5536: 5527: 5523: 5515: 5511: 5498: 5494: 5477: 5473: 5468: 5446: 5356:The concept of 5339:Penates publici 5323: 5317: 5224:(also known as 5214: 5208: 5179:boundary marker 5158: 5152: 5124:Iuppiter Victor 5096: 5090: 5038:aedes duae Iovi 5023:Ovid speaks of 4874: 4868: 4784:was considered 4687: 4681: 4636: 4630: 4605:Genius Iovialis 4566:Mutunus Tutunus 4552:Granius Flaccus 4526: 4520: 4457: 4451: 4443:personification 4439: 4433: 4396: 4390: 4374: 4368: 4356:Creative Energy 4300: 4291:pignora imperii 4274: 4243: 4217: 4212: 4182: 4169: 4161: 4160: 4128:human fertility 3839: 3833: 3808: 3802: 3797: 3691:Georges Dumézil 3633: 3631:Jovian theology 3610:mythic theology 3602:Mucius Scaevola 3598:The City of God 3559:patristic texts 3537:("books of the 3529:Verrius Flaccus 3522: 3517: 3477:Jupiter Taranis 3412:Codos de Ladoco 3404:Jupiter Ladicus 3390:Jupiter Indiges 3365:, originally a 3297: 3238:Jupiter Ruminus 3232:Jupiter Pluvius 3143:, of which the 3119:Jupiter Elicius 3086: 3010:Iuppiter Stator 2998:Iuppiter Stator 2977:Iuppiter Victor 2973:Iuppiter Stator 2914:ficus ruminalis 2894:Ruminalis ficus 2660: 2654: 2490:fulgur Summanum 2412:nominative case 2390:The Latin name 2370: 2322: 2290:pompa circensis 2246: 2240: 2213: 2207: 2128: 2118: 2051: 2035: 2033:Roman festivals 2029: 2013:Servius Tullius 1995: 1985:and (possibly) 1975:Optimus Maximus 1942: 1937: 1931: 1814: 1790:Iuppiter Victor 1758:Iuppiter Stator 1714:Iuppiter Stator 1710: 1696:on the site of 1665:as part of the 1655:Capitoline Hill 1647: 1641: 1636: 1598: 1571:Marcus Aurelius 1563: 1540: 1495: 1450: 1434: 1410: 1329: 1263: 1239:augures publici 1235: 1043: 1037: 881: 803:Capitoline Hill 673: 612:Roman mythology 594: 590:divine emperors 575:underworld gods 533: 529:Fratres Arvales 483: 426: 423: 416:Marcus Aurelius 400: 398: 118: 89: 59: 57:diurnal thunder 51: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12115: 12105: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12032:Planetary gods 12029: 12027:Jovian deities 12012: 12011: 12009: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11987: 11986: 11976: 11970: 11968: 11964: 11963: 11961: 11960: 11959: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11938: 11932: 11930: 11926: 11925: 11923: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11906: 11904: 11900: 11899: 11897: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11875: 11873: 11869: 11868: 11866: 11865: 11860: 11858:Pythagoreanism 11855: 11853:Peripateticism 11850: 11845: 11840: 11834: 11832: 11828: 11827: 11825: 11824: 11823: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11770: 11764: 11762: 11756: 11755: 11753: 11752: 11751: 11750: 11747:The Golden Ass 11738: 11733: 11732: 11731: 11719: 11714: 11713: 11712: 11705: 11693: 11692: 11691: 11678: 11676: 11672: 11671: 11669: 11668: 11666:Barnacle goose 11663: 11657: 11655: 11651: 11650: 11648: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11610:Numa Pompilius 11607: 11602: 11597: 11591: 11589: 11585: 11584: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11569: 11567: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11455: 11453: 11449: 11448: 11446: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11314: 11313: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11177: 11171: 11157: 11156: 11145: 11144: 11137: 11130: 11122: 11116: 11115: 11108: 11107:External links 11105: 11103: 11102: 11096: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11074: 11066:Wissowa, Georg 11062: 11049: 11040: 11034: 11024:, ed. (2007). 11018: 10993: 10984: 10975: 10966: 10960: 10947: 10935: 10926: 10920: 10905: 10899: 10886: 10877: 10868: 10859: 10850: 10845:Mitra – Varuna 10839: 10817: 10807:(3): 245–265. 10792: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10771: 10770: 10763:Studi Etruschi 10743: 10726: 10709: 10692: 10690:, p. 313. 10688:Dumézil (1977) 10680: 10678:, p. 313. 10676:Dumézil (1977) 10651: 10647:Dumézil (1977) 10639: 10622: 10613: 10600: 10592:Wissowa (1912) 10584: 10571: 10567:Dumézil (1977) 10556: 10554:, p. 135. 10552:Wissowa (1912) 10544: 10540:Dumézil (1977) 10532: 10520: 10507: 10494: 10481: 10472: 10463: 10450: 10441: 10439:, p. 413. 10437:Dumézil (1977) 10429: 10427:, p. 408. 10425:Dumézil (1977) 10417: 10404: 10391: 10375: 10362: 10353: 10340: 10327: 10302: 10293: 10272: 10251: 10242: 10233: 10212: 10191: 10181:Fasti Praen.: 10174: 10157: 10144: 10131: 10118: 10105: 10097:Iovi crescenti 10073: 10064: 10047: 10034: 10022: 10018:Dumézil (1977) 10010: 9960: 9944: 9931: 9927:Dumézil (1977) 9919: 9906: 9893: 9873: 9864: 9851: 9814: 9802: 9790: 9776:apud Arnobius 9766: 9750: 9748:, p. 106. 9746:Wissowa (1912) 9738: 9729: 9720: 9699: 9687: 9671: 9663:Wissowa (1912) 9651: 9634: 9632:, p. 185. 9630:Dumézil (1977) 9622: 9618:Wissowa (1912) 9610: 9606:Wissowa (1912) 9598: 9590:Dumézil (1977) 9582: 9565: 9556: 9540: 9527: 9508: 9493:Dumézil (1977) 9485:Noctes Atticae 9483:Aulus Gellius 9476: 9459: 9457:, p. 243. 9455:Wissowa (1912) 9447: 9434: 9432:, p. 318. 9430:Dumézil (1977) 9422: 9420:, p. 189. 9410: 9406:Dumézil (1977) 9381: 9373:ius Papirianum 9344: 9342:, p. 139. 9332: 9328:Wissowa (1912) 9322:G. Wissowa in 9312: 9299: 9297:, p. 103. 9295:Wissowa (1912) 9287: 9285:, p. 189. 9283:Dumézil (1977) 9275: 9271:Dumézil (1974) 9260: 9252:Dumézil (1996) 9248:Wissowa (1912) 9240: 9216:feriae Latinae 9194: 9192:1977 p. 215 f. 9159: 9147:Dumézil (1977) 9139: 9126: 9122:Dumézil (1956) 9114: 9106:Dumézil (1996) 9097: 9093:Dumézil (1956) 9085: 9081:Dumézil (1996) 9064: 9055: 9051:Dumézil (1956) 9043: 9029: 9025:Dumézil (1956) 9017: 8994: 8970: 8966:Dumézil (1970) 8958: 8954:Dumézil (1948) 8941: 8937:Dumézil (1970) 8926: 8922:Dumézil (1970) 8914: 8899: 8895:Wissowa (1912) 8887: 8879:Dumézil (1977) 8871: 8867:Dumézil (1977) 8859: 8847: 8845:, p. 171. 8843:Dumézil (1977) 8835: 8833:, p. 239. 8831:Dumézil (1996) 8823: 8792: 8788:Wissowa (1912) 8780: 8776:Wissowa (1912) 8768: 8755:Wissowa (1912) 8695: 8675:Wissowa (1912) 8667: 8638: 8625: 8614:Dumézil (1977) 8610:Dumézil (1974) 8602: 8585: 8573: 8557: 8541: 8532: 8523: 8521:, p. 168. 8519:Dumézil (1977) 8511: 8487: 8471: 8458: 8454:Dumézil (1996) 8446: 8444:Livy X 36, 11. 8437: 8428: 8424:Wissowa (1912) 8416: 8404: 8391: 8382: 8380:, p. 940. 8370: 8349: 8341:Wissowa (1912) 8333: 8324: 8311: 8295: 8287:Wissowa (1912) 8270: 8266:Wissowa (1912) 8257: 8255:, p. 107. 8253:Wissowa (1912) 8244: 8235: 8222: 8206: 8185: 8172: 8159:Dumézil (1977) 8151: 8147:Dumézil (1977) 8136: 8132:carmen Saliare 8128:Dumézil (1977) 8120: 8118:, p. 169. 8116:Dumézil (1977) 8105: 8097:Wissowa (1912) 8089: 8081:Wissowa (1912) 8073: 8065:Wissowa (1912) 8057: 8044: 8029: 8027:, p. 293. 8014: 8011:. p. 161. 7999: 7997:from Aquileia. 7986: 7982:Wissowa (1912) 7974: 7972:, p. 100. 7970:Wissowa (1912) 7957: 7889:Wissowa (1912) 7881: 7851: 7839:Wissowa (1912) 7831: 7822: 7820:p. 122 M. 7806: 7798:Wissowa (1912) 7790: 7782:Dumézil (1977) 7774: 7772:, p. 488. 7770:Dumézil (1977) 7762: 7746:Wissowa (1912) 7738: 7729: 7727:, p. 111. 7725:Wissowa (1912) 7712: 7708:Dumézil (1977) 7700: 7694:(Titus Livius 7679: 7677:, p. 132. 7667: 7651: 7649:, p. 192. 7639: 7627: 7584: 7582:, p. 137. 7572: 7556:Wissowa (1912) 7548: 7535: 7519: 7503:Wissowa (1912) 7495: 7487:Dumézil (1977) 7478: 7465: 7453:Wissowa (1912) 7445: 7443:, p. 102. 7441:Wissowa (1912) 7433: 7431:, p. 173. 7429:Dumézil (1977) 7421: 7413:Wissowa (1912) 7405: 7393:Wissowa (1912) 7385: 7383:, p. 174. 7381:Dumézil (1977) 7373: 7369:Wissowa (1912) 7361: 7349: 7341:Dumézil (1977) 7332: 7323: 7314:Wissowa (1912) 7306: 7290:Wissowa (1912) 7282: 7266:Wissowa (1912) 7258: 7249: 7247:, p. 110. 7245:Wissowa (1912) 7237: 7233:Wissowa (1912) 7225: 7209:Wissowa (1912) 7201: 7185: 7176: 7155: 7142: 7134:De Divinatione 7125: 7112: 7103: 7094: 7092:Livy I 31 1–8. 7085: 7081:Wissowa (1912) 7068: 7061: 7036: 7027: 7020: 6995: 6987:Wissowa (1912) 6979: 6975:Wissowa (1912) 6967: 6963:Wissowa (1912) 6955: 6938: 6934:Wissowa (1912) 6926: 6910: 6906:Dumézil (1977) 6898: 6881: 6848: 6835: 6822: 6809: 6805:Dumézil (1977) 6797: 6788: 6784:Dumézil (1977) 6771: 6767:Dumézil (1977) 6759: 6747: 6726: 6724:, p. 212. 6708: 6706:, p. 212. 6699:De divinatione 6685: 6665: 6663:2006 (online). 6649: 6647:2008 (online). 6633: 6616: 6596:Wissowa (1912) 6588: 6584:Dumézil (1977) 6576: 6574:Livy I 32, 10. 6567: 6558: 6539: 6537:, p. 104. 6535:Wissowa (1912) 6527: 6523:Dumézil (1977) 6515: 6513:, p. 147. 6511:Dumézil (1977) 6503: 6470: 6461: 6448: 6439: 6427:The adjective 6412: 6393: 6380: 6364: 6358:, p. 159 6348: 6340:Dumézil (1977) 6332: 6330:, p. 177. 6328:Dumézil (1977) 6317: 6313:Dumézil (1977) 6305: 6274:Dumézil (1977) 6266: 6255:Dumézil (1977) 6242: 6229: 6217: 6168: 6139: 6123: 6114: 6101: 6097:Dumézil (1977) 6089: 6070:Dumézil (1974) 6062: 6055: 6032: 6011:Weiss (2010). 5991: 5979: 5950: 5943: 5925: 5918: 5890: 5883: 5858: 5851: 5833: 5814: 5797: 5779: 5770: 5763: 5757:. Penguin UK. 5743: 5734: 5720: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5680: 5663: 5635: 5623: 5607: 5603:Jupiter Tonans 5567: 5554: 5534: 5521: 5509: 5492: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5445: 5442: 5404:in region VI; 5316: 5313: 5207: 5204: 5188:Via Laurentina 5156:Terminus (god) 5151: 5148: 5089: 5086: 4910:Ludwig Preller 4870:Main article: 4867: 4864: 4849:Loifer, Loifir 4847:(archaic form 4743:vinum inferium 4725:and sometimes 4718:Iuppiter Liber 4706:Iuppiter Liber 4680: 4677: 4632:Main article: 4629: 4626: 4561:Lar Familiaris 4522:Main article: 4519: 4516: 4508:Iuppiter Lapis 4476:Iuppiter Lapis 4453:Main article: 4450: 4447: 4435:Main article: 4432: 4429: 4392:Main article: 4389: 4386: 4370:Main article: 4367: 4364: 4299: 4296: 4282:penus interior 4273: 4270: 4253: 4252: 4251: 4250: 4215: 4180: 4156: 4155: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4121: 4104: 4101: 4097: 4096: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4071: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4042: 4021: 4018: 4014: 4013: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3976: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3903: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3835:Main article: 3832: 3829: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3716:Vedic religion 3680:Iuppiter Lapis 3673:Iguvine Tables 3632: 3629: 3628: 3627: 3624: 3617: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3491: 3490: 3484: 3474: 3460: 3450: 3428: 3415: 3401: 3386: 3350: 3332: 3329:Cisalpine Gaul 3318: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3288:Jupiter Victor 3285: 3281:Jupiter Tonans 3277: 3271: 3259: 3251: 3244:Jupiter Stator 3241: 3235: 3229: 3209: 3206:carmen Saliare 3199: 3189:Jupiter Fulgur 3186: 3180: 3161:Iuppiter Lapis 3122: 3116: 3110: 3103:Jupiter Caelus 3100: 3093:Jove Aegiochus 3085: 3082: 3031:legio linteata 2740:carmen Saliare 2725:Iuppiter Lapis 2721:Iuppiter Lapis 2656:Main article: 2653: 2652:Major epithets 2650: 2522:ancient Greece 2369: 2366: 2321: 2318: 2277:Circus Maximus 2239: 2236: 2221:Plebeian Games 2206: 2203: 2117: 2114: 2050: 2047: 2043:fixed holidays 2039:Republican era 2028: 2025: 1994: 1991: 1941: 1938: 1935:Roman calendar 1930: 1927: 1842:feriae Latinae 1813: 1810: 1798:Diovei Victore 1709: 1706: 1683:Iuppiter Lapis 1649:The Temple of 1643:Main article: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1597: 1594: 1562: 1559: 1539: 1536: 1494: 1491: 1449: 1448:Numa Pompilius 1446: 1433: 1430: 1409: 1406: 1328: 1325: 1275:Iuppiter Lapis 1262: 1259: 1234: 1231: 1039:Main article: 1036: 1033: 1013:general strike 1011:(similar to a 976:invading Gauls 972:Marcus Manlius 880: 877: 776:Numa Pompilius 744:god of the sky 675: 674: 672: 671: 664: 657: 649: 646: 645: 644: 643: 638: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 601: 600: 599:Related topics 596: 595: 593: 592: 587: 585:childhood gods 582: 577: 572: 563: 561:Aventine Triad 558: 553: 545: 542: 541: 535: 534: 532: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 495: 492: 491: 485: 484: 482: 481: 476: 471: 466: 459: 454: 449: 442: 436: 433: 432: 428: 427: 413: 405: 404: 390: 389: 384: 380: 379: 374: 370: 369: 352: 348: 347: 342: 338: 337: 329: 325: 324: 312: 308: 307: 302: 298: 297: 292: 288: 287: 282: 278: 277: 272: 268: 267: 263: 262: 229: 225: 224: 219: 215: 214: 193: 189: 188: 179: 175: 174: 170: 169: 162: 158: 157: 147:Lightning bolt 144: 140: 139: 134: 128: 127: 124: 120: 119: 117: 116: 111: 105: 103: 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 87: 79: 78: 64:Member of the 61: 60: 53:God of the sky 47: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12114: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12092:Dii Consentes 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12072:Jupiter (god) 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12024: 12022: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11985: 11982: 11981: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11971: 11969: 11965: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11943: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11933: 11931: 11927: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11907: 11905: 11901: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11876: 11874: 11870: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11835: 11833: 11829: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11807: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11780:Imperial cult 11778: 11776: 11775: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11765: 11763: 11761:and practices 11757: 11749: 11748: 11744: 11743: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11730: 11729: 11725: 11724: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11711: 11710: 11709:Metamorphoses 11706: 11704: 11703: 11699: 11698: 11697: 11694: 11690: 11689: 11685: 11684: 11683: 11680: 11679: 11677: 11673: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11658: 11656: 11652: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11625:Ancus Marcius 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11592: 11590: 11586: 11579: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11554:Tranquillitas 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11456: 11454: 11450: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11312: 11309: 11308: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11178: 11175: 11172: 11169: 11168: 11167:Dii Consentes 11162: 11158: 11154: 11150: 11143: 11138: 11136: 11131: 11129: 11124: 11123: 11120: 11114: 11111: 11110: 11099: 11097:0-942299-13-2 11093: 11089: 11084: 11083: 11071: 11067: 11063: 11059: 11055: 11050: 11046: 11041: 11037: 11031: 11027: 11023: 11019: 11016: 11011: 11007: 11003: 10999: 10994: 10990: 10985: 10981: 10976: 10972: 10967: 10963: 10961:0-19-860641-9 10957: 10953: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10936: 10932: 10927: 10923: 10917: 10913: 10912: 10906: 10902: 10900:0-8018-5481-4 10896: 10892: 10887: 10883: 10878: 10874: 10869: 10865: 10860: 10856: 10851: 10847: 10846: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10827: 10823:(1941–1948). 10822: 10818: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10793: 10789: 10785: 10781: 10780: 10767: 10764: 10760: 10756: 10753: 10747: 10740: 10736: 10730: 10723: 10719: 10713: 10706: 10702: 10696: 10689: 10684: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10661: 10655: 10648: 10643: 10636: 10632: 10626: 10617: 10610: 10604: 10597: 10593: 10588: 10581: 10575: 10568: 10563: 10561: 10553: 10548: 10541: 10536: 10529: 10524: 10517: 10511: 10504: 10498: 10491: 10485: 10476: 10467: 10460: 10454: 10445: 10438: 10433: 10426: 10421: 10414: 10408: 10401: 10395: 10388: 10385: 10379: 10372: 10369:Cfr. above: " 10366: 10360:Livy XXXV 41. 10357: 10350: 10344: 10337: 10331: 10324: 10320: 10316: 10312: 10306: 10300:Livy XXXI 21. 10297: 10290: 10286: 10282: 10276: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10255: 10246: 10237: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10216: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10195: 10189:III, 429–430. 10188: 10184: 10178: 10171: 10167: 10161: 10154: 10148: 10141: 10135: 10128: 10122: 10115: 10109: 10102: 10098: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10085:Turcan (1989) 10082: 10077: 10068: 10061: 10057: 10051: 10044: 10038: 10031: 10030:Fowler (1899) 10026: 10019: 10014: 10007: 10003: 10002: 9997: 9993: 9990: 9986: 9982: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9964: 9957: 9954: 9948: 9941: 9935: 9928: 9923: 9916: 9910: 9903: 9897: 9890: 9887: 9883: 9877: 9868: 9861: 9860:De Re Rustica 9855: 9848: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9818: 9811: 9806: 9799: 9794: 9787: 9783: 9779: 9775: 9770: 9763: 9759: 9754: 9747: 9742: 9733: 9724: 9717: 9716:Iovi Liber(o) 9713: 9709: 9703: 9696: 9691: 9684: 9678: 9676: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9655: 9648: 9644: 9638: 9631: 9626: 9620:, CIL VI 206. 9619: 9614: 9607: 9602: 9595: 9591: 9586: 9579: 9575: 9569: 9560: 9553: 9550: 9544: 9537: 9531: 9524: 9523: 9518: 9512: 9505: 9502: 9498: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9480: 9473: 9469: 9463: 9456: 9451: 9444: 9443:De Die Natali 9438: 9431: 9426: 9419: 9418:Fowler (1899) 9414: 9407: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9391: 9385: 9378: 9377:indigitamenta 9374: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9348: 9341: 9340:Fowler (1899) 9336: 9329: 9325: 9319: 9317: 9309: 9303: 9296: 9291: 9284: 9279: 9272: 9267: 9265: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9244: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9213: 9209: 9206: 9205: 9198: 9191: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9169: 9163: 9156: 9152: 9148: 9143: 9136: 9130: 9123: 9118: 9111: 9107: 9101: 9094: 9089: 9082: 9078: 9074: 9068: 9059: 9052: 9047: 9039: 9038:De nat. Deor. 9033: 9026: 9021: 9014: 9010: 9007: 9003: 8998: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8974: 8967: 8962: 8955: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8938: 8933: 8931: 8923: 8918: 8911: 8906: 8904: 8896: 8891: 8885:III, 815–832. 8884: 8880: 8875: 8868: 8863: 8857: 8851: 8844: 8839: 8832: 8827: 8819: 8815: 8807: 8803: 8796: 8789: 8784: 8777: 8772: 8765: 8762: 8761: 8756: 8752: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8699: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8671: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8642: 8635: 8629: 8622: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8606: 8599: 8595: 8589: 8582: 8577: 8570: 8566: 8561: 8554: 8548: 8546: 8536: 8527: 8520: 8515: 8507: 8503: 8502: 8497: 8491: 8484: 8483:Turcan (1989) 8480: 8475: 8468: 8462: 8455: 8450: 8441: 8432: 8425: 8420: 8413: 8408: 8401: 8395: 8386: 8379: 8374: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8353: 8346: 8342: 8337: 8328: 8321: 8315: 8308: 8304: 8299: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8274: 8268:, p. 107 8267: 8261: 8254: 8248: 8242:CIL XII 1807. 8239: 8232: 8226: 8219: 8216: 8210: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8189: 8182: 8176: 8169: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8155: 8148: 8143: 8141: 8133: 8129: 8124: 8117: 8112: 8110: 8102: 8098: 8093: 8086: 8082: 8077: 8070: 8066: 8061: 8054: 8048: 8041: 8036: 8034: 8026: 8021: 8019: 8010: 8003: 7996: 7990: 7983: 7978: 7971: 7966: 7964: 7962: 7954: 7950: 7947:, as well as 7946: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7885: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7855: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7835: 7826: 7819: 7815: 7810: 7803: 7799: 7794: 7787: 7783: 7778: 7771: 7766: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7742: 7736:Livy I 35, 9. 7733: 7726: 7722: 7716: 7709: 7704: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7683: 7676: 7671: 7664: 7661: 7655: 7648: 7643: 7636: 7631: 7624: 7623:Turcan (1989) 7620: 7616: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7598: 7594: 7588: 7581: 7576: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7552: 7545: 7539: 7532: 7528: 7523: 7516: 7512: 7509:VI 16; Pliny 7508: 7504: 7499: 7492: 7488: 7482: 7475: 7469: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7449: 7442: 7437: 7430: 7425: 7418: 7414: 7409: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7389: 7382: 7377: 7370: 7365: 7359:, p. 36. 7358: 7353: 7346: 7342: 7336: 7327: 7319: 7315: 7310: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7286: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7262: 7253: 7246: 7241: 7234: 7229: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7205: 7198: 7194: 7189: 7180: 7173: 7170:VI 25; Pliny 7169: 7165: 7159: 7152: 7146: 7139: 7135: 7129: 7122: 7116: 7107: 7098: 7089: 7082: 7078: 7072: 7064: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7040: 7031: 7023: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 6999: 6992: 6988: 6983: 6976: 6971: 6964: 6959: 6952: 6948: 6942: 6935: 6930: 6923: 6919: 6914: 6907: 6902: 6894: 6893:(ver sacrum). 6890: 6885: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6862: 6858: 6852: 6845: 6839: 6832: 6826: 6819: 6813: 6806: 6801: 6792: 6786:, p. 197 6785: 6781: 6775: 6768: 6763: 6756: 6755:Fowler (1899) 6751: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6733:J. Champeaux 6730: 6723: 6719: 6718: 6712: 6705: 6701: 6700: 6695: 6692:Described by 6689: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6669: 6662: 6659: 6653: 6646: 6643: 6637: 6630: 6626: 6625:Lingua Latina 6623:Varro in his 6620: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6592: 6585: 6580: 6571: 6565:Livy I 24, 8. 6562: 6556: 6554: 6549: 6543: 6536: 6531: 6524: 6519: 6512: 6507: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6474: 6465: 6458: 6452: 6443: 6436: 6435: 6431:, related to 6430: 6426: 6422: 6416: 6410: 6407: 6403: 6402:Aulus Gellius 6397: 6390: 6384: 6377: 6373: 6368: 6361: 6357: 6352: 6345: 6341: 6336: 6329: 6324: 6322: 6314: 6309: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6270: 6263: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6246: 6240:, p. 58. 6239: 6233: 6226: 6221: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6201: 6195: 6191: 6185: 6177: 6172: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6136: 6132: 6127: 6118: 6111: 6105: 6098: 6093: 6086: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6066: 6058: 6056:9789004167971 6052: 6048: 6047: 6039: 6037: 6025: 6021: 6014: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5995: 5988: 5983: 5974: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5954: 5946: 5940: 5936: 5929: 5921: 5919:9789004364936 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5902: 5894: 5886: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5854: 5848: 5844: 5837: 5829: 5825: 5818: 5811: 5807: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5774: 5766: 5764:9780141936918 5760: 5756: 5755: 5747: 5738: 5723: 5717: 5713: 5712: 5704: 5700: 5684: 5677: 5673: 5667: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5639: 5632: 5627: 5620: 5619:interpretatio 5616: 5611: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5571: 5564: 5558: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5538: 5531: 5525: 5519: 5513: 5506: 5502: 5496: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5475: 5471: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5400:in region V; 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5378: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5354: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5213: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5173: 5172:Iuppiter Ter. 5169: 5164: 5157: 5147: 5145: 5139: 5137: 5132: 5130: 5125: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5085: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4863: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4747:vinum spurcum 4744: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4686: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4625: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4574: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4546: 4545:Genius Iovius 4542: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4525: 4515: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4446: 4444: 4441:The abstract 4438: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4295: 4293: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4269: 4266: 4262: 4259: 4247: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4103:manual crafts 4102: 4099: 4098: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4020:crop farming 4019: 4016: 4015: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3954:Pallas Athena 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3905: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3845: 3838: 3837:Archaic Triad 3831:Archaic Triad 3828: 3826: 3825:Athena Pallas 3822: 3812: 3807: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3765: 3764:flamen Dialis 3760: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3739: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3692: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3645:Italic people 3642: 3637: 3636:Georg Wissowa 3625: 3622: 3618: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3574:Roman deities 3570: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3551:Aulus Gellius 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3497: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424:, the god of 3423: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3375:Roman legions 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3308:Jupiter Ammon 3306: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3289: 3286: 3284:, "thunderer" 3283: 3282: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3249: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3141:foedus ferire 3138: 3134: 3130: 3129:spoils of war 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3089: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2802:Fulgur Fulmen 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2757:lapis manalis 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2659: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2494:flamen Dialis 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2466:Georg Wissowa 2463: 2459: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2440:Indo-European 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2385: 2384: 2378: 2374: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2330:Acca Larentia 2327: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2245: 2235: 2233: 2232:lectisternium 2229: 2225: 2224:(Ludi Plebei) 2222: 2218: 2212: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2151: 2145: 2141: 2140: 2135: 2134: 2127: 2123: 2113: 2111: 2110:Venus Erycina 2107: 2105: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2078: 2077:flamen Dialis 2074: 2072: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2056: 2053:Festivals of 2046: 2044: 2040: 2034: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2014: 2010: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1952: 1947: 1936: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1873:carnem petere 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1843: 1837: 1835: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1770: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1749: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1737: 1731: 1730:Porta Mugonia 1727: 1723: 1719: 1718:the first one 1715: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1687:Jupiter Stone 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1653:stood on the 1652: 1646: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1535: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1429: 1427: 1419: 1414: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1350: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1324: 1322: 1321: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1271:(ius fetiale) 1268: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1219: 1217: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1201: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1156: 1150: 1146: 1144: 1135: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1104: 1097: 1092: 1085: 1080: 1072: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1041:Flamen Dialis 1032: 1030: 1028: 1027:Flamen Dialis 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1009: 1004: 1000: 995: 993: 989: 985: 984:Tarpeian Rock 981: 977: 973: 969: 967: 961: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 933: 931: 927: 923: 919: 918: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 895:Capitol bore 894: 890: 886: 876: 875:counterpart. 874: 870: 866: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 828:of the Greek 827: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 783: 781: 778:, the second 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 711: 706:"day, sky" + 704: 699: 694: 689: 685: 681: 670: 665: 663: 658: 656: 651: 650: 648: 647: 642: 639: 636: 635: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 604: 603: 602: 598: 597: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 570: 569: 568:Indigitamenta 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 551: 550:Dii Consentes 547: 546: 544: 543: 540: 537: 536: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 496: 494: 493: 490: 487: 486: 480: 477: 475: 474:imperial cult 472: 470: 467: 465: 464: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 447: 443: 441: 438: 437: 435: 434: 430: 429: 421: 417: 411: 407: 406: 403: 396: 395: 388: 385: 381: 378: 375: 371: 368: 364: 360: 356: 353: 349: 346: 343: 339: 336: 335: 330: 326: 323: 320: 316: 313: 309: 306: 303: 299: 296: 293: 289: 286: 283: 279: 276: 273: 269: 264: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 230: 226: 223: 220: 216: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 194: 190: 187: 183: 180: 176: 171: 167: 163: 159: 156: 152: 148: 145: 141: 138: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 115: 112: 110: 107: 106: 104: 100: 96: 92: 85: 80: 77: 76: 75:Dii Consentes 71: 67: 66:Archaic Triad 62: 58: 54: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 12047:Justice gods 12042:Thunder gods 11910:Gubernaculum 11879:Golden Bough 11848:Neoplatonism 11843:Epicureanism 11772: 11745: 11726: 11707: 11700: 11686: 11191:Anna Perenna 11165: 11087: 11069: 11057: 11053: 11044: 11025: 11017:pp. 297‑302. 11001: 10988: 10979: 10970: 10951: 10942: 10930: 10910: 10890: 10881: 10872: 10863: 10854: 10844: 10825: 10804: 10800: 10787: 10765: 10762: 10758: 10754: 10751: 10746: 10738: 10734: 10729: 10721: 10717: 10712: 10704: 10700: 10695: 10683: 10671: 10667: 10663: 10659: 10654: 10642: 10634: 10630: 10625: 10616: 10608: 10603: 10595: 10587: 10579: 10574: 10547: 10535: 10523: 10515: 10510: 10502: 10497: 10489: 10484: 10475: 10466: 10461:III 69, 5–6. 10458: 10453: 10444: 10432: 10420: 10412: 10407: 10399: 10394: 10386: 10383: 10378: 10370: 10365: 10356: 10348: 10343: 10335: 10334:CIL I 1105: 10330: 10322: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10305: 10296: 10288: 10284: 10280: 10275: 10267: 10263: 10259: 10254: 10245: 10236: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10215: 10207: 10203: 10202:V, 721–722. 10199: 10194: 10186: 10182: 10177: 10169: 10165: 10160: 10152: 10147: 10139: 10134: 10126: 10121: 10113: 10108: 10100: 10096: 10095:of the type 10076: 10067: 10059: 10055: 10050: 10042: 10037: 10025: 10013: 10005: 9999: 9991: 9988: 9980: 9977:Bagnacavallo 9972: 9968: 9963: 9955: 9952: 9947: 9939: 9934: 9922: 9914: 9909: 9901: 9896: 9888: 9885: 9881: 9876: 9867: 9859: 9854: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9834: 9830: 9826: 9822: 9821:Fr. Altheim 9817: 9805: 9793: 9785: 9781: 9777: 9769: 9761: 9753: 9741: 9732: 9723: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9702: 9690: 9682: 9666: 9654: 9646: 9642: 9637: 9625: 9613: 9601: 9593: 9585: 9577: 9573: 9568: 9559: 9551: 9548: 9543: 9535: 9530: 9520: 9517:De Republica 9516: 9511: 9503: 9500: 9496: 9488: 9484: 9479: 9471: 9467: 9462: 9450: 9442: 9437: 9425: 9413: 9401: 9397: 9389: 9384: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9352: 9347: 9335: 9323: 9307: 9302: 9290: 9278: 9255: 9243: 9235: 9232:Apologeticum 9231: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9189: 9186: 9182: 9179:Apologeticum 9178: 9174: 9170: 9167: 9162: 9154: 9150: 9142: 9134: 9129: 9117: 9109: 9100: 9088: 9076: 9072: 9067: 9058: 9046: 9037: 9032: 9020: 9012: 9008: 9005: 8997: 8989: 8985: 8981: 8973: 8961: 8917: 8890: 8882: 8874: 8862: 8855: 8850: 8838: 8826: 8813: 8805: 8802:Giorgione's 8801: 8795: 8783: 8771: 8763: 8758: 8750: 8747: 8744:Via Flaminia 8736:Mons Albanus 8735: 8731: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8698: 8690: 8689:; III 10, 7 8686: 8682: 8678: 8670: 8651: 8647: 8641: 8636:IV 27; VI 5. 8633: 8628: 8620: 8617: 8605: 8597: 8593: 8588: 8580: 8576: 8560: 8552: 8535: 8526: 8514: 8506:the original 8500: 8490: 8485:, p. 70 8474: 8466: 8461: 8449: 8440: 8431: 8419: 8414:CIL VI 3696. 8411: 8407: 8399: 8394: 8385: 8373: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8352: 8344: 8336: 8331:CIL VI 3696. 8327: 8319: 8314: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8290: 8282: 8278: 8273: 8260: 8247: 8238: 8230: 8225: 8217: 8214: 8209: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8188: 8181:Apologeticum 8180: 8175: 8165: 8154: 8131: 8123: 8100: 8092: 8084: 8076: 8068: 8060: 8052: 8047: 8039: 8008: 8002: 7994: 7989: 7977: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7884: 7874:27 September 7872:. Retrieved 7868:the original 7863: 7854: 7846: 7842: 7834: 7825: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7801: 7793: 7785: 7777: 7765: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7741: 7732: 7720: 7715: 7703: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7682: 7670: 7662: 7659: 7654: 7642: 7635:Lipka (2009) 7630: 7625:, p. 71 7614: 7611: 7607: 7599: 7592: 7587: 7575: 7568:feriae Iovis 7567: 7563: 7551: 7543: 7538: 7530: 7522: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7498: 7490: 7481: 7473: 7472:G. Dumézil, 7468: 7460: 7456: 7448: 7436: 7424: 7408: 7400: 7396: 7388: 7376: 7364: 7357:Lipka (2009) 7352: 7344: 7335: 7326: 7317: 7309: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7285: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7261: 7252: 7240: 7228: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7204: 7196: 7188: 7179: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7158: 7150: 7145: 7137: 7133: 7128: 7120: 7115: 7106: 7097: 7088: 7076: 7071: 7052: 7039: 7030: 7011: 7004:Gros, Pierre 6998: 6990: 6982: 6970: 6958: 6950: 6946: 6941: 6929: 6921: 6913: 6901: 6892: 6884: 6876: 6873: 6869: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6851: 6843: 6838: 6830: 6825: 6817: 6812: 6800: 6791: 6779: 6774: 6762: 6750: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6729: 6715: 6711: 6697: 6688: 6676: 6668: 6660: 6657: 6652: 6644: 6641: 6636: 6628: 6624: 6619: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6591: 6579: 6570: 6561: 6551: 6547: 6542: 6530: 6518: 6506: 6498: 6490: 6486: 6478: 6473: 6464: 6456: 6451: 6442: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6415: 6406:Attic Nights 6405: 6396: 6388: 6383: 6375: 6367: 6359: 6351: 6343: 6335: 6308: 6300: 6296: 6288: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6269: 6261: 6251:Rüpke (2007) 6245: 6238:Rüpke (2007) 6232: 6220: 6212: 6203: 6199: 6193: 6183: 6171: 6161: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6130: 6126: 6117: 6109: 6104: 6092: 6084: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6065: 6045: 6024:the original 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5982: 5963: 5953: 5934: 5928: 5900: 5893: 5874: 5861: 5842: 5836: 5827: 5817: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5791: 5782: 5773: 5753: 5746: 5737: 5725:. Retrieved 5710: 5703: 5683: 5666: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5630: 5626: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5579: 5575: 5570: 5557: 5537: 5529: 5524: 5512: 5500: 5495: 5487: 5474: 5437: 5429: 5425: 5422:Favor Pastor 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5379: 5373: 5369: 5357: 5355: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5324: 5304: 5303:A temple to 5302: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5287: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5241: 5237: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5215: 5199: 5191: 5176: 5171: 5162: 5159: 5140: 5133: 5123: 5121: 5111: 5082:sacra Albana 5081: 5064: 5062: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5034:aedes Veiovi 5033: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5007: 4998:against the 4991: 4987: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4957: 4952: 4948: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4914: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4859: 4855: 4853: 4848: 4844: 4841:Liber Libera 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4813:toga virilis 4812: 4808: 4806: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4762: 4757: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4739: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4697: 4689: 4688: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4637: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4598: 4583: 4577: 4573:Iovis Genius 4572: 4570: 4559: 4555: 4549: 4544: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4527: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4501: 4496: 4490: 4486: 4484: 4480:Zeus Pistios 4479: 4475: 4471: 4459: 4458: 4440: 4424: 4420: 4397: 4381: 4377: 4375: 4355: 4343: 4339: 4330: 4326: 4324: 4312: 4308:Iuno Pronuba 4307: 4301: 4289: 4286:aedes Vestae 4285: 4281: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4260: 4256: 4159: 4154:(late add.) 4144:Mater Matuta 3881:sovereignty 3840: 3817: 3788: 3784: 3773: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3752: 3735: 3731: 3713: 3705: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3677: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3655:(Latin) and 3652: 3648: 3634: 3597: 3587: 3577: 3571: 3532: 3523: 3494: 3492: 3486: 3476: 3462: 3452: 3443:Upper Moesia 3434: 3430: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3403: 3388: 3352: 3342: 3339:Roman Empire 3334: 3320: 3307: 3298: 3287: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3253: 3247: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3226:Pro Domo Sua 3225: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3172: 3169:spolia opima 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3153:spolia opima 3152: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3102: 3092: 3087: 3077: 3064:(also named 3061: 3057: 3041: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3014: 3009: 2997: 2996: 2990:spolia opima 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2966: 2961: 2958:epulum Iovis 2957: 2953: 2948: 2947:The epithet 2946: 2941:confarreatio 2940: 2936: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2762:Porta Capena 2761: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2709:spolia opima 2708: 2704: 2700: 2693:sacra Idulia 2692: 2684: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2641: 2633: 2625: 2617: 2616:in Italian, 2613: 2605: 2604:in Spanish, 2601: 2597: 2589: 2579: 2555: 2540: 2534: 2525: 2517: 2516:noteworthy. 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2474:Diovis Pater 2473: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2435: 2432:Proto-Italic 2427: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2391: 2389: 2380: 2357: 2353: 2350:feriae Iovis 2349: 2333: 2325: 2323: 2313: 2309: 2297: 2295: 2288: 2284: 2272: 2268: 2266: 2261: 2253: 2249: 2247: 2228:epulum Iovis 2227: 2223: 2217:epulum Iovis 2216: 2214: 2211:Epulum Jovis 2198: 2194: 2188: 2180: 2178: 2172: 2164:rex sacrorum 2162: 2158: 2155:antiquarians 2147: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2129: 2102: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2084:Meditrinalia 2081: 2076: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2052: 2036: 2016: 2004: 1998: 1996: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1968: 1956: 1949: 1943: 1914: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1888: 1884: 1876: 1872: 1856: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1838: 1833: 1830: 1822:Mons Albanus 1821: 1817: 1816:The cult of 1815: 1805: 1797: 1789: 1788: 1777: 1768: 1757: 1754: 1733: 1729: 1728:, below the 1725: 1713: 1711: 1691: 1682: 1648: 1623: 1607: 1601: 1599: 1556: 1541: 1531: 1518: 1496: 1486: 1482: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1451: 1435: 1423: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1378: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1347: 1345: 1330: 1319: 1309: 1301: 1299: 1294: 1278: 1270: 1264: 1250: 1246: 1238: 1236: 1221: 1213: 1197: 1194:curule chair 1189: 1187: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1169: 1161:confarreatio 1159: 1153: 1141: 1139: 1133: 1107: 1062: 1058: 1024: 1021:magistracies 1016: 1006: 996: 988:Regal period 979: 963: 956: 952: 944: 934: 929: 921: 915: 913: 882: 864: 841: 823: 805:, where the 784: 780:king of Rome 770:eras, until 734: 726: 698:Proto-Italic 679: 678: 548: 461: 444: 420:head covered 401:ancient Rome 334:Dyḗus-ph₂tḗr 332: 165: 102:Venerated in 73: 36: 11984:Persecution 11936:Gallo-Roman 11728:Res divinae 11600:Rhea Silvia 11060:(1): 69–73. 11022:Rüpke, Jörg 10821:Dumézil, G. 10784:Beard, Mary 10776:Works cited 10672:Ad Aeneidem 10530:, p. . 10479:CIL XI 351. 10351:I, 291–295. 10129:I, 291–294. 10116:I p. 262 f. 10041:Kurt Latte 9843:novum vinum 9823:Terra Mater 9778:Ad nationes 9441:Censorinus 9273:, p. . 9151:City of God 9133:A. Brelich 9095:, chapt. 3. 9075:5me Ser. 3 8986:"; Servius 8968:, p. . 8685:; I 22, 20 8654:: 265–294. 8501:Astronomica 8215:Epigraphica 8204:CIL XI 324. 8085:Ad Aeneidem 7993:CIL V 783: 7929:Dius Fidius 7925:Dius Fidius 7754:Antiq. Rom. 7560:Cassius Dio 7493:IV, 863 ff. 7318:epula Iovis 7274:De Mensibus 7164:Pro Plancio 7034:CIL VI 438. 6951:Catilinaria 6846:I, 587–588. 6553:ius gentium 6297:triumphator 6249:Scheid, in 6110:Ad Aeneidem 5532:to Jupiter. 5432:may be the 5347:Velian Hill 5343:Trojan gods 5282:novi togati 5216:Along with 5114:" below in 5058:Zeus Orkios 5036:instead of 4953:rito humano 4929:dii publici 4796:on a dish ( 4735:viticulture 4615:and before 4603:there is a 4468:Semo Sancus 4460:Dius Fidius 4455:Dius Fidius 4449:Dius Fidius 4162:TABLE NOTES 4118:Polytechnea 3901:Dius Fidius 3868:Description 3865:Subfunction 3720:Dyaus Pitar 3684:Dius Fidius 2910:Diva Rumina 2782:Tonitrualis 2766:Aquaelicium 2752:Nudipedalia 2711:and of the 2687:auguraculum 2600:in French, 2575:temperament 2530:and of the 2486:fulgur Dium 2458:Dieus-pater 2436:Djous Patēr 2314:Ludi Plebei 2298:Ludi Plebei 2285:triumphator 2273:Ludi Romani 2262:Epula Iovis 2205:Epula Iovis 2169:interregnum 2068:The rustic 2055:viniculture 2037:During the 1970:epula Iovis 1957:ovis idulis 1769:Iuno Regina 1608:ovis idulis 1551:interpreted 1527:Alban Mount 1499:King Tullus 1123:thunderbolt 1121:grasping a 1096:Herculaneum 1017:res publica 997:During the 992:magistrates 980:Capitolinus 957:triumphator 930:triumphator 787:thunderbolt 489:Priesthoods 399:Religion in 266:Equivalents 126:The heavens 94:Other names 12052:Roman gods 12021:Categories 11929:Variations 11831:Philosophy 11810:Capitolium 11717:Propertius 11484:Averruncus 11469:Aeternitas 11459:Abundantia 11388:Proserpina 10739:Saturnalia 10722:De Nuptiis 10668:Saturnalia 10664:Coriolanus 10631:Saturnalia 10629:Macrobius 10514:Augustine 10287:XVI 216: " 10151:Vitruvius 10001:manumissio 9938:Augustine 9858:Columella 9835:brevissima 9681:Augustine 9468:lex templi 9388:Augustine 9365:Saturnalia 9361:compluvium 8681:: I 1, 25 8632:Augustine 8600:"Ladicus") 8594:Dictionary 8551:Augustine 8277:Augustine 8229:Vitruvius 8103:III 25, 6. 7995:Iovi Diano 7935:i. e. the 7905:Dies Pater 7903:, that is 7818:ludi magni 7597:Jean Bayet 7270:Saturnalia 7166:23; Varro 6861:Saturnalia 6831:Saturnalia 6829:Macrobius 6421:Saturnalia 6419:Macrobius 6376:Saturnalia 6360:et passim. 6293:Mary Beard 6259:Jean Bayet 6236:Orlin, in 6211:, (2012), 6158:commentary 5727:4 February 5695:References 5580:Donnerstag 5530:Poplifugia 5450:Ver sacrum 5358:di Penates 5319:See also: 5210:See also: 5200:regifugium 5184:Terminalia 5154:See also: 5102:Coin with 5092:See also: 5073:gens Iulia 4968:Averruncus 4906:Centumpeda 4856:Mons Sacer 4837:fascinatio 4794:praemetium 4702:hypostasis 4683:See also: 4585:Amphitryon 4504:compluvium 4412:Saturnalia 4408:Golden Age 3946:protection 3895:Jupiter / 3804:See also: 3509:Meilichios 3501:Trophonius 3347:Capitolium 3314:after the 3301:syncretism 3193:Fulgurator 2810:Fulminator 2806:Fulgurator 2590:Iovis Dies 2551:Dyaus Pita 2545:Indo-Aryan 2539:(genitive 2532:Teutonics' 2496:(based on 2444:Dyēu-pəter 2424:Linguistic 2402:vocative * 2362:underworld 2354:parentatio 2320:Larentalia 2269:Ludi Magni 2260:) the two 2242:See also: 2209:See also: 2199:Poplifugia 2181:Poplifugia 2173:Regifugium 2159:Regifugium 2144:Regifugium 2139:Poplifugia 2133:Regifugium 2126:Poplifugia 2122:Regifugium 2120:See also: 2031:See also: 1961:Sacred Way 1933:See also: 1826:Alba Longa 1628:Punic Wars 1610:) and the 1596:Sacrifices 1511:Alba Longa 1385:sacerdotes 1247:sacerdotes 1130:equivalent 1057:, showing 1049:Detail of 889:Republican 826:equivalent 795:Roman army 764:Republican 742:), is the 715:sky father 499:Pontifices 322:Dyaus Pita 319:Brihaspati 166:dies Jovis 164:Thursday ( 11956:Mithraism 11941:Mysteries 11790:Palladium 11768:Festivals 11544:Securitas 11494:Concordia 11438:Vertumnus 11256:Dīs Pater 11153:mythology 10835:18718505M 10733:Arnobius 10716:Arnobius 10705:Pharsalia 10699:Arnobius 10611:IV 15, 5. 10488:Plutarch 9942:VII 3, 1. 9827:sacerrima 9780:VII 31: " 9538:IV 40, 2. 9534:Arnobius 9519:VI 13: = 9402:Mnemosyne 8192:Apuleius 8167:Satyricon 8163:Petronius 8101:Historiae 8087:VIII 641. 7901:Diespiter 7814:In Verrem 7804:II 45, 4. 7419:II 12, 4. 7415:, citing 7304:I 15, 16. 7077:collegium 6993:III 1, 5. 6896:property. 6816:R. Bloch 6681:W.F. Otto 6548:Rom. Ant. 6455:Plutarch 6423:I 16, 8: 6372:Macrobius 6204:et passim 6152:Dis pater 6147:Diespiter 5824:"Jupiter" 5578:, German 5542:Jean Gagé 5518:Mezentius 5430:Favor(es) 5374:Complices 5370:Consentes 5144:Vica Pota 5044:, in the 4809:Liberalia 4710:Liberalia 4582:' comedy 4421:Saturnius 4340:Not-Bound 4315:Praeneste 4278:Palladium 4028:Dīs Pater 3933:warriors 3910:religious 3702:Giorgione 3555:Macrobius 3408:Gallaecia 3383:Carnuntum 3371:Vespasian 3165:Marcellus 3066:Antevorta 3062:Postvorta 2985:Feretrius 2790:Serenator 2778:Tempestas 2774:Imbricius 2670:(earlier 2646:Provençal 2563:adjective 2462:Diéspiter 2434:vocable * 2428:Iou-pater 2400:Old Latin 2377:Neo-Attic 2334:Larentina 2250:dies ater 2190:Quintilis 2148:Iuppiter 2096:Meditrina 2027:Festivals 1919:decemvirs 1877:quadrigae 1865:Mezentius 1853:panegyris 1698:Jerusalem 1544:Tarquinii 1438:Praeneste 1389:decemviri 1380:decemviri 1310:(sagmina) 1098:, 1–37 AD 1053:from the 1003:plebeians 1001:, Rome's 922:(bos mas) 865:Diespiter 838:Roman art 832:, and in 760:mythology 717:" Greek: 457:festivals 173:Genealogy 11996:Glossary 11967:See also 11863:Stoicism 11838:Cynicism 11800:Pomerium 11759:Concepts 11741:Apuleius 11661:She-wolf 11645:Hersilia 11564:Victoria 11464:Aequitas 11418:Summanus 11408:Silvanus 11393:Quirinus 11323:Libertas 11286:Hercules 11231:Cloacina 11216:Carmenta 11211:Bona Dea 11186:Angerona 11181:Agenoria 11068:(1912). 10973:. Brill. 10941:(1899). 10741:III 4 9. 10505:II, 679. 10413:leggenda 10155:IV 8, 4. 9882:Origines 9880:Isidore 8704:sacellum 8307:De Mundo 8303:Frugifer 8281:VII 11. 8196:37; cf. 8194:De Mundo 7921:sub diuo 7911:(gods), 7760:III 508. 7719:Mommsen 7221:Camillus 6924:I, 201f. 6429:feriatus 6108:Servius 6082:Germania 6003:Iuppiter 5869:(2005). 5659:Opitulus 5655:opitumus 5576:Thursday 5574:English 5444:See also 5434:Etruscan 5362:Arnobius 5351:Lavinium 5305:Iuventas 5298:iuniores 5290:Iuventas 5274:Iuventas 5270:Iuventas 5266:Terminus 5254:Iuuentus 5242:sacellum 5226:Iuventus 5222:Iuventas 5218:Terminus 5212:Iuventas 5206:Iuventas 5196:apologia 5163:sacellum 5150:Terminus 5104:laureate 5088:Victoria 5077:Bovillae 5069:Quirinal 5013:pomerium 4988:Iuppiter 4945:Agonalia 4829:matronae 4825:Lavinium 4774:defrutum 4755:amphoras 4731:Dionysos 4727:Libertas 4690:Iuppiter 4665:Summanus 4653:bidental 4640:chthonic 4634:Summanus 4628:Summanus 4378:potestas 4236:Silvanus 4152:Bona Dea 4140:Quirinus 4107:Vulcanus 4094:Portunus 4078:commerce 4069:Hercules 4040:Quirinus 4024:Saturnus 4003:Saturnus 3999:Quirinus 3892:judicial 3884:Jupiter 3862:Function 3745:auspices 3641:auspices 3567:Plutarch 3539:Pontiffs 3515:Theology 3447:Partheni 3439:Dalmatia 3435:Partinus 3422:Latiaris 3173:feretrum 3054:Carmenta 3019:Sentinum 2926:Iuppiter 2869:Opitulus 2849:Frugifer 2837:Opitulus 2818:bidental 2736:Lucetius 2672:Tarpeius 2638:Friulian 2630:Galician 2610:Romanian 2586:Thursday 2392:Iuppiter 2381:Moncloa 2342:pontiffs 2340:and the 2287:and the 2195:December 2150:Terminus 2000:nundinae 1993:Nundinae 1983:Invictus 1897:decuriae 1887:, i. e. 1881:vajapeya 1867:king of 1834:nundinae 1726:Via Nova 1679:quadriga 1620:Nundinae 1569:Emperor 1548:Tanaquil 1521:prodigia 1487:imperium 1471:imperium 1463:imperium 1337:auspices 1318:citadel 1291:chthonic 1287:Quirinus 1216:pomerium 1200:sacerdos 1155:nundinae 1143:flamines 1132:form of 1117:with an 1059:flamines 1008:secessio 966:quadriga 960:Camillus 941:Republic 905:consular 893:Imperial 885:auspices 873:Etruscan 854:Poseidon 791:auspices 768:Imperial 693:Iuppiter 524:Epulones 519:Fetiales 514:Flamines 509:Vestales 440:libation 260:Hercules 252:Juventas 228:Children 192:Siblings 155:oak tree 72:and the 11979:Decline 11903:Objects 11805:Temples 11785:Charity 11519:Laverna 11509:Fortuna 11499:Feronia 11428:Veritas 11398:Salacia 11383:Priapus 11368:Penates 11348:Neptune 11343:Minerva 11338:Mercury 11301:Jupiter 11241:Dea Dia 11206:Bellona 11161:Deities 11010:1061481 10596:Eclogae 10268:Mefitis 10210:(Ven.). 10208:Vediovi 10185:; Ovid 9996:Feronia 9718:Capua). 9685:VII 21. 9515:Cicero 9157:I, 126. 9036:Cicero 8804:Tempest 8722:(Varro 8710:(Varro 8679:Carmina 8618:Latomus 8592:Smith, 8571:Book 1. 8555:VII 11. 8496:Hyginus 8345:Pecunia 8283:Pecunia 7945:Iupiter 7915:(god), 7531:Populus 7321:Stator. 7174:III 69. 7162:Cicero 7132:Cicero 7051:(ed.). 7010:(ed.). 6608:Digesta 6495:Vestals 6278:Eclogae 6160:on the 6112:II 374. 6007:littera 5999:Iūpiter 5651:optumus 5643:Optimus 5505:Wissowa 5438:Fortuna 5426:Penates 5418:Fortuna 5327:Penates 5321:Penates 5315:Penates 5294:iuvenes 5278:iuvenes 5262:Aryaman 5258:Ioviste 5168:Ravenna 5108:obverse 5050:Vediove 5029:duumvir 5025:Jupiter 5004:Brescia 4992:praetor 4964:Robigus 4960:devotio 4882:iuvenis 4878:Veiovis 4872:Vejovis 4833:phallus 4821:phallus 4786:spurcum 4778:sacrima 4758:sacrima 4621:Penates 4609:Fortuna 4601:Penates 4590:Alcmena 4580:Plautus 4464:theonym 4319:Fortuna 4246:Feronia 4228:Feronia 4172:Minerva 4148:Minerva 4111:Minerva 4090:Neptune 4086:Feronia 4082:Mercury 4065:Neptune 4011:Penates 3979:Bellona 3950:Minerva 3922:Fortuna 3914:Veiovis 3851:Dumézil 3707:Tempest 3671:in the 3669:Iupater 3614:theatre 3547:Servius 3520:Sources 3505:Lebadea 3481:Taranis 3467:Iberian 3359:Doliche 3357:, from 3343:Capitol 3325:Brescia 3246:, from 3222:Maximus 3218:Optumus 3197:Fulgens 3149:Romulus 3097:Aegipan 3074:Iuturna 3070:Porrima 3050:Veiovis 3035:devotio 3002:Romulus 2949:Dapalis 2937:Farreus 2885:Pecunia 2881:Ruminus 2861:Dapalis 2857:Pecunia 2853:Farreus 2845:Ruminus 2829:Treveri 2794:Serenus 2770:Pluvius 2748:Elicius 2713:fetials 2622:Catalan 2614:giovedì 2582:weekday 2571:Jupiter 2559:Jupiter 2398:of the 2344:). The 2306:Mommsen 2281:triumph 2104:Vinalia 2101:At the 2088:pressed 2071:Vinalia 2041:, more 1963:to the 1923:triumph 1893:Niebuhr 1861:Latinus 1774:portico 1772:with a 1663:Minerva 1634:Temples 1622:by the 1603:hostiae 1588:in the 1483:carmina 1418:Pompeii 1314:vervain 1267:fetials 1261:Fetials 1255:Romulus 1251:auguria 1149:college 1134:Jupiter 897:regalia 846:Neptune 842:Jupiter 819:Minerva 807:citadel 748:thunder 696:, from 688:Iūpiter 680:Jupiter 641:Decline 539:Deities 504:Augures 452:temples 256:Minerva 244:Angelos 240:Bellona 218:Consort 212:Neptune 178:Parents 137:Jupiter 42:Jupiter 11946:Cybele 11872:Events 11820:Celtic 11688:Aeneid 11682:Virgil 11595:Aeneas 11529:Pietas 11514:Fontus 11489:Caelus 11479:Annona 11474:Africa 11443:Vulcan 11403:Saturn 11378:Pomona 11281:Genius 11271:Faunus 11261:Egeria 11201:Aurora 11196:Apollo 11094: 11032: 11008: 10958: 10918: 10897: 10833: 10658:Varro 10598:IV 50. 10518:VII 7. 10264:Tussis 10260:Febris 9841:s.v.: 9489:Punica 9258:II 61. 9214:delle 9175:Aeneis 7949:Dialis 7937:caelum 7897:Diovis 7459:VI 21 7417:Digest 7059: 7018: 6855:Varro 6833:III 6. 6694:Cicero 6612:Aeneis 6600:Aeneis 6434:feriae 6280:X 27 " 6053: 5941: 5916: 5881: 5849: 5761: 5718: 5584:Thunor 5501:Feriae 5410:Genius 5398:Genius 5236:(from 5230:Iuunta 5170:reads 5116:relief 4972:asylum 4937:asylum 4921:Cilens 4902:Stator 4886:parvus 4866:Veiove 4817:libera 4782:mustum 4770:passum 4766:mulsum 4751:mustum 4649:puteal 4541:Sancus 4534:genius 4530:genius 4518:Genius 4497:genius 4492:genius 4416:Cronus 4404:Latium 4400:Latins 4388:Saturn 4360:Savitr 4348:Aditya 4338:, the 4331:aporia 4244:(e.g. 4224:Dianna 4220:Aurora 4209:Pomona 4205:Phobos 4193:Deimos 4176:Athena 4125:3 (e) 4115:Athena 4100:3 (d) 4075:3 (c) 4061:Faunus 4046:3 (b) 4036:Tellus 4017:3 (a) 3972:2 (b) 3943:2 (a) 3907:1 (b) 3889:1 (a) 3821:Menrva 3777:Varuna 3758:flamen 3749:augury 3732:*Diou- 3724:Varuna 3503:(from 3426:Latium 3395:Aeneas 3379:Danube 3137:ferire 3107:Caelus 3078:Stator 3072:), of 3058:Prorsa 3042:Stator 3015:Victor 2954:summus 2902:Rumach 2890:Rumina 2814:Fulgur 2798:Fulgur 2682:augurs 2618:dijous 2602:jueves 2567:jovial 2561:; 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