Mars (mythology) - Knowledge

715: 2231: 48: 1789: 1410: 1240: 2130: 798: 1917: 2553: 910: 2410: 3053: 7544: 1100: 1426: 1442: 885:, in the woods, an uncultivated place that if not held within bounds can threaten to overtake the fields needed for crops. Mars's character as an agricultural god may derive solely from his role as a defender and protector, or may be inseparable from his warrior nature, as the leaping of his armed priests the 4201:

141. In pre-modern agricultural societies, encroaching woodland or wild growth was a real threat to the food supply, since clearing land for cultivation required intense manual labor with minimal tools and little or no large-scale machinery. Fowler says of Mars, "As he was not localised either on the

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191: DEO MARTI MEDOCIO CAMPESIVM ET VICTORIE ALEXANDRI PII FELICIS AVGVSTI NOSI DONVM LOSSIO VEDA DE SVO POSVIT NEPOS VEPOGENI CALEDO ("To the god of the battlefields Mars Medocius, and to the victory of Alexander Pius Felix Augustus, Lossius Veda the grandson of Vepogenus Caledos, placed offering

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Votum pro bubus, uti valeant, sic facito. Marti Silvano in silva interdius in capita singula boum votum facito. Farris L. III et lardi P.39 IIII S et pulpae P. IIII S, vini S.40 III, id in unum vas liceto coicere, et vinum item in unum vas liceto coicere. Eam rem divinam vel servus vel liber licebit

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was commemorated on June 1, and the temple is attested by several inscriptions and literary sources. The sculpture group of Mars and the wolves was displayed there. Soldiers sometimes assembled at the temple before heading off to war, and it was the point of departure for a major parade of

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in one vessel, and the wine likewise in one vessel. Either a slave or a free man may make this offering. After the ceremony is over, consume the offering on the spot at once. A woman may not take part in this offering or see how it is performed. You may vow the vow every year if you wish.

1634: 2000:. The same title is given to Jupiter and to the Umbrian deity Vofionus. This triad has been compared to the Archaic Triad, with Vofionus equivalent to Quirinus. Tables I and VI describe a complex ritual that took place at the three gates of the city. After the 2398:. In Celtic settings, he is often invoked as a healer. The inscriptions indicate that Mars's ability to dispel the enemy on the battlefield was transferred to the sick person's struggle against illness; healing is expressed in terms of warding off and rescue. 788:

notes that "only Venus dominates Mars, and he never dominates her". In ancient Roman and Renaissance art, Mars is often shown disarmed and relaxed, or even sleeping, but the extramarital nature of their affair can also suggest that this peace is impermanent.

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as the birthday of Mars. In the earliest Roman calendar, March was the first month, and the god would have been born with the new year. Ovid is the only source for the story. He may be presenting a literary myth of his own invention, or an otherwise unknown

1622:), with a few observances in October, the beginning and end of the season for military campaigning and agriculture. Festivals with horse racing took place in the Campus Martius. Some festivals in March retained characteristics of new year festivals, since 3076:

Other bronzes at the sites represent the heads or horns of bulls, but the bones in the ash layers indicate that sheep, goats, and pigs were the sacrificial victims. Bronze horse-hooves were found in one sanctuary. Another site held an imported statue of

1208:, the peace-loving successor of Romulus. According to Roman tradition, the Campus Martius had been consecrated to Mars by their ancestors to serve as horse pasturage and an equestrian training ground for youths. During the 5430:, p. 92: "The identification of the two gods is a reflection of a social process. The men who till the soil as Quirites in times of peace are identical with the men who defend their country as Milites in times of war." 4149: 1135:– it follows that the animals sacrificed were most often, though not always, domestic animals normally part of the Roman diet. Gods often received castrated male animals as sacrifices, and the goddesses female 3072:

sanctuaries with extensive evidence of burnt offerings. "Mars" is fashioned as a lean, athletic nude lifting a lance and wearing a helmet, often conical; the genitals are perhaps semi-erect in some examples.

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It appears that Mars was originally a thunderer or storm deity, which explains some of his mixed traits in regards to fertility. This role was later taken in the Roman pantheon by several other gods, such as

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Mars's potential for savagery is expressed in his obscure connections to the wild woodlands, and he may even have originated as a god of the wild, beyond the boundaries set by humans, and thus a force to be

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farm or in the city, I prefer to think that he was originally conceived as a Power outside the boundary in each case, but for that very reason all the more to be propitiated by the settlers within it" (

1604:, a twelve-member priesthood of patrician youths who dressed as archaic warriors and danced in procession around the city in March. Both priesthoods extend to the earliest periods of Roman history, and 831:

is an essential characteristic of Mars. As an agricultural guardian, he directs his energies toward creating conditions that allow crops to grow, which may include warding off hostile forces of nature.

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on which he appears would have faced the Campus Martius, reminding viewers that Mars was the god whose altar Numa established there, that is, the god of Rome's oldest civic and military institutions.

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or seminude, he often wears a helmet or carries a spear as emblems of his warrior nature. Mars was among the deities to appear on the earliest Roman coinage in the late 4th and early 3rd century BCE.

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and along Hadrian's Wall. He is once identified with Silvanus. He is depicted on two votive plaques as a warrior bearing shield and spear, and on an altar as a huntsman accompanied by a dog and stag.

2016:"Father Mars" or "Mars the Father" is the form in which the god is invoked in the agricultural prayer of Cato, and he appears with this title in several other literary texts and inscriptions. 2168:

in 53 BCE. The god is depicted wearing a cuirass and helmet and standing in a "martial pose," leaning on a lance he holds in his right hand. He holds a shield in his left hand. The goddess

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treats Mars as one of several classical Roman deities who remained "cultic realities" up to his own time. Mars, and specifically Mars Ultor, was among the gods who received sacrifices from

1534:, Mars may be portrayed in a manner that resembles Ares, youthful, beardless, and often nude. In the Renaissance, Mars's nudity was thought to represent his lack of fear in facing danger. 773:. Some scenes may imply marriage, and the relationship was romanticized in funerary or domestic art in which husbands and wives had themselves portrayed as the passionate divine couple. 2179:, gave the god a new place of honor. Some rituals previously conducted within the cult of Capitoline Jupiter were transferred to the new temple, which became the point of departure for 4486:

The myth of the she-wolf, and the birth of the twins with Mars as their father, is a long and complex tradition that weaves together multiple stories about the founding of Rome. See

1838:, among the many that were read at the end of Julian's reign. As represented by Ammianus, Julian swore never to make sacrifice to Mars again—a vow kept with his death a month later. 2540:

or beer, though intoxication in Greco-Roman religion is associated with Dionysus. A reference in Pliny suggests a connection to Mars's agricultural function, with the Gaulish word

748:) caught them in the act by means of a magical snare. Although not originally part of the Roman tradition, in 217 BCE Venus and Mars were presented as a complementary pair in the 3085:. These sacred precincts were still in active use when the Roman occupation began in 123 BCE. They seem to have been astronomically oriented toward the rising or setting of the 379:

under the name of Mars. The character and dignity of Mars differs in fundamental ways from that of his Greek counterpart, who is often treated with contempt and revulsion in

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The wild animals most sacred to Mars were the woodpecker and the wolf, which in the natural lore of the Romans were said always to inhabit the same foothills and woodlands.

1361:. When the legionary standards lost to the Parthians were recovered, they were housed in the new temple. The date of the temple's dedication on May 12 was aligned with the 3019:. Anne Ross associated Thincsus with a sculpture, also from the fort, which shows a god flanked by goddesses and accompanied by a goose – a frequent companion of war gods. 3549: 504:, though this is not universally agreed upon. Scholars have varying views on whether the two gods are related, and if so how. Latin adjectives from the name of Mars are 2113:, and the phrase should perhaps be understood as "Mars and Silvanus". Women were explicitly excluded from some cult practices of Silvanus, but not necessarily of Mars. 2066:

were fairly common as honorifics for a deity, any special claim for Mars as father of the Roman people lies in the mythic genealogy that makes him the divine father of

1937:(citizen assemblies), whose oaths were required to make a treaty. As a guarantor of treaties, Mars Quirinus is thus a god of peace: "When he rampages, Mars is called 1091:, and archaeologists have found geese buried alongside warriors in graves. The goose was considered a bellicose animal because it is easily provoked to aggression. 3721: 2252:

was appended far and wide, "on monuments great and small," to the name of gods or goddesses, including Mars. The honorific marks the affiliation of a deity with

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6.860, Servius further notes: "Quirinus is the Mars who presides over peace and whose cult is maintained within the civilian realm, for the Mars of war has his

7944: 5516: 1856:, the "leaping priests" who danced ritually in armor as a prelude to war. His cult title is most often taken to mean "the Strider" or "the Marching God", from 1123:

for the god. Wild animals might be viewed as already belonging to the god to whom they were sacred, or at least not owned by human beings and therefore not

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was named for him, and in some allegorical and philosophical writings, the planet and the god are endowed with shared characteristics. In many languages,

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The union of Venus and Mars held greater appeal for poets and philosophers, and the couple were a frequent subject of art. In Greek myth, the adultery of

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facta erit, statim ibidem consumito. Mulier ad eam rem divinam ne adsit neve videat quo modo fiat. Hoc votum in annos singulos, si voles, licebit vovere.

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tradition; either way, in choosing to include the story, he emphasizes that Mars was connected to plant life and was not alienated from female nurture.

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William Van Andringa, "Religions and the Integration of Cities in the Empire in the Second Century AD: The Creation of a Common Religious Language,"

1830:, Julian sacrificed ten "very fine" bulls to Mars Ultor. The tenth bull violated ritual protocol by attempting to break free, and when killed and 2187:

to meet at the temple when deliberating questions of war and peace. The temple also became the site at which sacrifice was made to conclude the

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during the daytime for each head of cattle: 3 pounds of meal, 4½ pounds of bacon, 4½ pounds of meat, and 3 pints of wine. You may place the

1212:(509–27 BCE), the Campus was a largely open expanse. No temple was built at the altar, but from 193 BCE a covered walkway connected it to the 555:'s version of Mars' origin, he was the son of Juno alone. Jupiter had usurped the accepted function of women as mothers when he gave birth to 6680: 806: 5273:

offers two other explanations in addition. The name, he says, might also mean the vibration of a spear, for which the Greeks use the word

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who became fecund at once. Flora ritually plucked a flower, using her thumb, touched Juno's belly, and impregnated her. Juno withdrew to

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in the Republican period also lay outside the sacred boundary and was devoted to the god's warrior aspect. It was built to fulfill a vow

7070: 7693: 1668: 1576:. When Mars is pictured as a peace-bringer, his spear is wreathed with laurel or other vegetation, as on the Ara Pacis or a coin of 1572:. The spear was said to move, tremble or vibrate at impending war or other danger to the state, as was reported to occur before the 1278: 1068:

The wolf appears elsewhere in Roman art and literature in masculine form as the animal of Mars. A statue group that stood along the

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York, Michael. Romulus and Remus, Mars and Quirinus. Journal of Indo-European Studies 16:1 & 2 (Spring/Summer, 1988), 153–172.

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Augustus made the centrepiece of his new forum a large Temple to Mars Ultor, a manifestation of Mars he cultivated as the avenger

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had powers of augury that he retained when he was transformed into a woodpecker; in one tradition, Picus was the son of Mars. The

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Gradivus was one of the gods by whom a general or soldiers might swear an oath to be valorous in battle. His temple outside the

2606:. A bronze statuette depicts him as a cavalryman, armed and riding a horse which tramples a prostrate enemy beneath its hooves. 2022: 2005: 1831: 1523:(pictured at top) is similar. In this guise, Mars is presented as the dignified ancestor of the Roman people. The panel of the 1136: 6059:

3160; Rudolf Haensch, "Inscriptions as Sources of Knowledge for Religions and Cults in the Roman World of Imperial Times," in

3547: 1753: 5385: 3341: 2771:, "of the Campestres", the divinities who oversaw the parade ground, or "of the Compeses" may refer to a local place name or 2273: 2213: 2080: 1875:

by invoking Mars Gradivus as "author and support of the name 'Roman'": Gradivus is asked – along with Capitoline Jupiter and

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Jaume García Rosselló, Joan Fornés Bisquerra, and Michael Hoskin, "Orientations of the Talayotic Sanctuaries of Mallorca,"

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Larissa Bonfante, Etruscan Life and Afterlife: A Handbook of Etruscan Studies (Wayne State University Press, 1986), p. 226.

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and Roman religion distinguished between animals that were sacred to a deity and those that were prescribed as the correct

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so strong that it can overturn oaks by pecking them until it has reached the inmost part of the tree." As the beak of the

8032: 1743:, though these festivals are not primarily dedicated to him. From 217 BCE onward, Mars was among the gods honored at the 410:

Unlike Ares, who was viewed primarily as a destructive and destabilizing force, Mars represented military power as a way

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is thought to depict the census, and may show Mars himself standing by the altar as the procession of victims advances.

349:), and in October, the months which traditionally began and ended the season for both military campaigning and farming. 7961: 2963:) in 1961. Rigonemetis is only known from this site, and it seems he may have been a god belonging to the tribe of the 2713:, a dedication to Mars Loucetius as part of this divine couple was made by a pilgrim who had come from the continental 967: 5961:(«L'Erma» di Bretschneider, 2007), p. 562. These include an inscription that was later built into the castle walls at 2230: 2188: 8047: 6597: 6245: 6217: 5243: 5174: 3596: 5650: 1964:, however, Mars and Quirinus were two separate deities, though not perhaps in origin. Each of the three had his own 4510: 2574:

is found in five inscriptions from northern England. About twenty dedications in all are known for the Celtic god

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probably means "King of the Land" or "King of the World", with the first element related to the geographical name

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often ignore the adulterous implications of their union, and take pleasure in the good-looking couple attended by

7755: 1296: 1127:. Since sacrificial meat was eaten at a banquet after the gods received their portion – mainly the entrails 997:, the practice of reading the will of the gods through watching the sky for signs. The mythological figure named 3993:(University of California Press, 2005), p. 145. The prayer is recorded in the passage on Nerio in Aulus Gellius. 7997: 6921: 6258: 6055: 6011: 6005: 5990: 5984: 5898: 5107: 5025: 4762: 4756: 2149: 1573: 1381: 1354: 1176:

known to have been carried out in ancient Rome and a rare instance of a victim the Romans considered inedible.

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of great antiquity where the prophecies were supposed to be spoken by a woodpecker perched on a wooden column.

335: 5970: 1810:, Mars was invoked under several titles, and the first Roman emperor Augustus thoroughly integrated Mars into 1314:

it underwent a major program of urban renewal, marked by monumental architecture. The Altar of Augustan Peace

8012: 6167: 1551: 1233: 970:; those who sought to harvest it were advised to do so by night, lest the woodpecker jab out their eyes. The 438:

symbolically reconciled two different traditions of Rome's founding; Venus was the divine mother of the hero

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Bronces y religión romana: actas del XI Congreso Internacional de Bronces Antiguos, Madrid, mayo-junio, 1990

7098: 6124: 4546: 3750: 2786: 2253: 2201: 1811: 963: 520: 5443:, pp. 165–171. On how Romulus became identified with Mars Quirinus, see the Dumézilian summary of Belier, 3612: 2522:, with various spellings, is attested independently in twenty additional inscriptions in northern England. 5018: 2793:, which appears in a few additional inscriptions, has been analyzed variously as "mule" and "hill, heap". 2347: 2588:

occurs in several inscriptions from Roman Britain. The cult title is probably related to the place name

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like a sun god, because the passion to act with valor was a kind of heat. He may be connected to Irish

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that record ritual protocols for carrying out public ceremonies on behalf of the city and community of

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Christian Responses to Roman Art and Architecture: The Second-Century Church amid the Spaces of Empire

2260:, many of the statues and dedications to Mars Augustus were presented by members of the priesthood or 8017: 7992: 7760: 7595: 5480:(204, edition of Lindsay) indicates there was a Roman triad of Jupiter, Mars, and Janus, each having 3082: 2648:, appears in nine inscriptions in present-day Germany and France and one in Britain, and in three as 1827: 1346:. With its public gardens, the Campus became one of the most attractive places in the city to visit. 5902:

VI.1, no. 2086 (edition of Bormann and Henzen, 1876), as translated and cited by Charlotte R. Long,

5543: 5468:, "(the god) of the people": Oliver de Cazanove, "Pre-Roman Italy, Before and Under the Romans", in 3815: 3068:) that are interpreted as representing the local Mars cult. These statuettes have been found within 1780:

remarks that the language of the Salian hymn was so archaic that it was no longer fully understood.

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Gods, Temples, and Ritual Practices: The Transformation of Religious Ideas and Values in Roman Gaul

5405: 5290: 4694: 4141: 1807: 1762:, or "Brothers of the Fields", chanted a hymn to Mars while performing their three-step dance. The 1605: 1519:, symbolizing a peace that is won by military victory. The 1st-century statue of Mars found in the 1147:, but the usual offering was the bull, singly, in multiples, or in combination with other animals. 617: 380: 2078:

In the section of his farming book that offers recipes and medical preparations, Cato describes a

1788: 993:, who abstained from eating its flesh. It was one of the most important birds in Roman and Italic 8072: 8042: 7859: 7091: 6102:(Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 238, note 11, citing Victor Ehrenberg and Arnold H.M. Jones, 5974: 5789: 5555: 4610: 4466: 4355: 4140:

On the relation of Mars's warrior aspect to his agricultural functions with respect to Dumézil's

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Mars is identified with a number of Celtic deities, some of whom are not attested independently.

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says that Mars and Neriene were celebrated together at a festival held on March 23. In the later

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The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare: Rome from the Late Republic to the Late Empire

3247: 8067: 8057: 7687: 5966: 5674:(University of Chicago Press, 1992, from the French edition of 1981), p. 146; Peter F. Dorcey, 5654: 5477: 5270: 4075:(Cambridge University Press, 1951), pp. 470–471. Onians connects the name of Mars to the Latin 3890: 3782: 3008: 2739:; see Mars Camulus above). The dedication was made between 222 and 235 CE by a self-identified 2670:, "bright, shining, flashing," hence also "lightning," alluding to either a Celtic commonplace 1224:

by the altar, and when they had finished conducting the census, the citizens were collectively

286: 6632:

Miranda J. Green. "Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend" (p. 142.) Thames and Hudson Ltd. 1997

1409: 8062: 7906: 7803: 7459: 7378: 7126: 5562:(Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 71ff. for examples of a bull offering, p. 153 on the 5233: 3331: 3143: 3060:"Mars Balearicus" is a name used in modern scholarship for small bronze warrior figures from 2664: 2564:

is found in five inscriptions scattered over a fairly wide geographical area. The Celtic god

1799: 990: 781: 7060: 5165:(Manchester University Press, 1983, 2002 rev.ed.), p. 26; Donald Strong and J.M.C. Toynbee, 4073:

The Origins of European Thought about the Body, the Mind, the Soul, the World, Time and Fate

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The spear is the instrument of Mars in the same way that Jupiter wields the lightning bolt,

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was named after Mars "because at that time all living things are stirred toward virility (

8: 8002: 7939: 7745: 7631: 7605: 7464: 7313: 7303: 7266: 5978: 5092: 3175: 3127: 2836: 2657: 2294:) of the emperor, but some inscriptions suggest personal devotion. An inscription in the 1957: 1543: 1483:, built in the last years of the 1st century BCE, Mars is a mature man with a "handsome, 1084: 1050: 898: 612: 544: 403:(Rome's ritual boundary), and built a temple to Mars Ultor as a key religious feature of 327: 163: 4853:

On Roman Time: The Codex Calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity

3415:, translated by Janet Lloyd (Indiana University Press, 2003), pp. 51–52; Robert Turcan, 2278:

were usually fulfilled within a sanctuary of Imperial cult, or in a temple or precinct (

2129: 7818: 7444: 7408: 7368: 7343: 7246: 7226: 7166: 7083: 5374: 4590: 3910: 3675: 3667: 3470: 3313: 3183: 3167: 3151: 2857: 2545: 2461: 2266: 2205: 2172:, a divine personification of vengeance, had an altar and golden statue in his temple. 2153: 1547: 1317: 1073: 698:

a series of abstract qualities, each paired with the name of a deity. The influence of

691: 572: 387:, the area of Rome that took its name from him, was supposed to have been dedicated by 177: 3716: 2828: 974:

seems to have been a particular species, but authorities differ on which one: perhaps

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Nicole Belayche, "Religious Actors in Daily Life: Practices and Related Beliefs", in

3592: 3337: 3191: 3159: 3135: 3012: 2748: 2515: 2490: 2387: 2176: 2165: 2067: 2055:("Father Mars the Victorious"), to whom the Roman army sacrificed a bull on March 1. 1973: 1949: 1876: 1693: 1531: 1391: 1370: 1358: 982: 917: 802: 797: 560: 501: 495: 435: 427: 404: 319: 253: 238: 224: 220: 197: 189: 3043:) as a curer of eye afflictions. On images, the god is depicted as a Celtic warrior. 2690:, whose name may be understood as pertaining either to "sacred privilege" or to the 1700: 132: 7849: 7580: 7499: 7439: 7276: 7261: 7039: 6816: 5323: 5158: 5029: 4418: 4259: 3699: 3582: 3065: 2653: 2502: 2323: 2180: 1993: 1969: 1953: 1916: 1868: 1819: 1589: 1362: 1339: 1292: 1213: 1120: 1002: 608: 548: 423: 372: 331: 167: 70: 6285: 3674:(University of Chicago Press, 1992, from the French edition of 1981), pp. 29, 30; 1879:, as the keeper of Rome's perpetual flame – to "guard, preserve, and protect" the 1184:

The earliest center in Rome for cultivating Mars as a deity was the Altar of Mars

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A.E. Cooley, "Beyond Rome and Latium: Roman Religion in the Age of Augustus," in

5511: 5369: 4406: 4321: 4295: 3871: 3642: 3586: 3553: 3497: 3432: 3309: 3242: 3106: 2592:, often used in Gaul for settlements at the confluence of rivers. The Celtic god 2552: 2480: 2331: 2161: 1989: 1721: 1618: 1469:, Mars is depicted as either bearded and mature, or young and clean-shaven. Even 1173: 1039: 1038:

Mars's association with the wolf is familiar from what may be the most famous of

957: 868: 844: 785: 699: 683: 654: 649: 361: 343: 339: 290: 122: 6413:, p. 85. In discussing the Celtiberian Mars Neto, Macrobius associates Mars and 5488:(University of California Press, 1966, 1973), p. 178, citing Vsevolod Basanoff, 4146:

Decayed Gods: Origin and Development of Georges Dumézil's 'idéologie tripartie'

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The Latin Language – a historical outline of its sounds, inflections, and syntax

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created the cult of "Mars the Avenger" to mark two occasions: his defeat of the

1204:. The Romans thought that this altar had been established by the semi-legendary 909: 864: 8052: 7823: 7712: 7575: 7293: 6832: 5817: 5811: 5806: 5642: 5472:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 49. It has also been argued that Vofionus corresponds to 4738: 4414: 4194: 4116: 3942: 3833:(London, 1908), p. 35f., discusses this interpretation in order to question it. 3376: 3101: 2896: 2718: 2710: 2367: 2157: 1897: 1764: 1759: 1660: 1646: 1627: 1520: 1504: 1477: 1374: 1303: 1209: 1205: 1193: 872: 836: 814: 703: 668: 600: 584: 475: 446:

who "founded" Rome several generations before Romulus laid out the city walls.

388: 384: 310: 298: 53: 5788:(University of Chicago Press, 1992, from the French edition of 1981), p. 135; 3781:

p. 79 in the translation of Norman O. Brown (Bobbs-Merrill, 1953); 921 in the

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that affect metal, a threat to both iron farm implements and weaponry. In the

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of the Roman state were presented on couches as if present and participating.

7986: 7750: 7674: 7590: 7519: 7489: 7469: 7318: 7241: 7231: 7132: 7074:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 760–761. 7065: 6792: 5169:(Yale University Press, 1976, 1988), p. 33; Fred S. Kleiner, introduction to 5011: 4881:(University of Chicago Press, 1992, from the French edition of 1981), p. 135 4779: 4079:, "male" (p. 178), as had Isidore of Seville, saying that the month of March 4006:(University of Chicago Press, 1992, from the French edition of 1981), p. 147. 3855: 3742: 3578: 3508: 3086: 2855:

was depicted in a relief from Roman Britain without armor, in the guise of a

2814: 2706: 2686:). The name is given as an epithet of Mars. The consort of Mars Loucetius is 2438: 2434: 2426: 2422: 2395: 2138: 2031: 1880: 1823: 1744: 1717: 1569: 1516: 1302:

The Campus Martius continued to provide venues for equestrian events such as

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26 (1960) 101–128; "Estatuillas de bronce de Mallorca: Mars Balearicus," in

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Celia E. Schultz, "Juno Sospita and Roman Insecurity in the Social War", in

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is known, and a link between Mars's epithet and the Irish legendary surgeon

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Votive plaque inscribed to Mars Alator from the Barkway hoard, Roman Britain

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was sung by Mars's priests the Salii while they moved twelve sacred shields

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A nude statue of Mars in a garden setting, depicted on a wall painting from

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directly from his forehead (or mind). Juno sought the advice of the goddess

7813: 7808: 7770: 7667: 7216: 7156: 6676: 5830: 5658: 5596: 4487: 4093:(eo tempore cuncta animantia agantur ad marem et ad concumbendi voluptatem) 4017:

The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 B.C.–A.D. 250: Ritual, Space, and Decoration

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was where armies gathered. The archaic priesthood of Mars Gradivus was the

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was also interpreted as equivalent to several other Roman gods, including

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In addition to his cult titles at Rome, Mars appears in a large number of

934:

is sacred to Mars because "it is a courageous and spirited bird and has a

629: 7565: 6756:; Molly Miller, "Matriliny by Treaty: The Pictish Foundation-Legend," in 6687:(Boydell Press, 1997, 2000, originally published 1994 in German), p. 207. 6398: 6175:(Boydell & Brewer, 1997, originally published in German 1994), p. 11. 6120: 5868: 5822: 5282: 5144:

1.6.40, as cited by Frances Hickson Hahn, in "Performing the Sacred", in

5022: 4594: 3408: 3364: 3203: 3119: 2964: 2900: 2839:

and Neptune. The name may have meant "catcher", hence a fisher or hunter.

2790: 2732: 2430: 2351: 1447: 1415:

Medieval representation of Mars. Sitting on a rainbow with a sword and a

1327: 687: 513: 431: 216: 7543: 5610:

A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War

3991:

A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War

3603:; some of the older literature assumes an Indo-European form closer to * 2624:). Among the votives are images of children offering doves. His consort 2093: 1706:, an obscure type of observance held at other times for various deities; 576: 7775: 7682: 7449: 7434: 7424: 7353: 7333: 5637: 5137: 3524: 3504: 3500: 3226: 3016: 2904: 2862: 2736: 2533: 2239: 2204:, Mars Ultor was the first god to receive a sacrifice, followed by the 1921: 1777: 1577: 1508: 1484: 1470: 1069: 1022: 741: 611:, occurred on the first day of Mars's month, which is also marked on a 604: 443: 411: 315: 5821:, driving a nail into the wall of the Capitoline temple. According to 5737: 5735: 3889:

in origin. The Sabines themselves, Gellius says, thought the word was

1487:" face, and a short curly beard and moustache. His helmet is a plumed 1299:

from war booty. It housed a colossal statue of Mars and a nude Venus.

1099: 7921: 7509: 7403: 6356:

Miranda Alhouse-Green, "Gallo-British Deities and Their Shrines," in

6016: 4690: 4382: 3089: 2956: 2937: 2878: 2874: 2810: 2740: 2640: 2629: 2578:, mainly made by Roman military personnel, and confined to northwest 2363: 2335: 2288:, altars to Mars Augustus might be set up to further the well-being ( 2284:) consecrated specifically to Mars. As with other deities invoked as 2209: 2134: 2110: 1740: 1736: 1689: 1616:

The festivals of Mars cluster in his namesake month of March (Latin:

1593: 1555: 1488: 1466: 1124: 1109:, a sacrifice of a pig, ram, and bull, led by a priest with his head 947: 762: 737: 524: 463: 419: 376: 5514:, "Some Indo-European Prayers: Cato's Lustration of the Fields", in 3213:

being the Old English form of the Proto-Germanic war god *Tîwaz, or

7828: 7765: 7706: 7610: 7429: 7383: 7358: 7288: 7196: 7181: 7176: 7151: 7059: 6451: 5732: 5402:

Mars enim cum saevit Gradivus dicitur, cum tranquillus est Quirinus

4982: 4974: 4374: 4271: 3875: 3540: 3516: 3305: 3278: 3026: 2998: 2888: 2846: 2782: 2772: 2687: 2671: 2602:

is an equestrian Mars attested only on a votive from Martlesham in

2593: 2575: 2529: 2391: 2257: 2145: 1961: 1928: 1890: 1885: 1656: 1637: 1560: 1311: 1199: 1139:; Mars, however, regularly received intact males. Mars did receive 1012: 927: 894: 820: 810: 777: 745: 706:

may have caused Roman writers to treat these pairs as "marriages."

400: 396: 201: 185: 109: 6115:

The chief priest of the three Dacian provinces dedicated an altar

4326: 3989:(University of Illinois Press, 2006), pp. 113–114; Gary Forsythe, 3747:

Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de famille et prénoms de France

3318:

Colossal statue of Mars Ultor also known as Pyrrhus – Inv. Scu 58.

2951:("King of the Sacred Grove"). A dedication to Rigonemetis and the 2887:

is found in two inscriptions, the earliest most likely the one at

2183:

as they left for military campaigns abroad. Augustus required the

2175:

The Temple of Mars Ultor, dedicated in 2 BCE in the center of the

2008:

were sacrificed at each gate. Mars Grabovius received three oxen.

1822:, the only emperor to reject Christianity after the conversion of 7484: 7474: 7393: 7363: 7348: 7308: 7206: 7001:(Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1993), p. 57ff. 6671: 6667: 5833:

under Augustus, and the ritual moved to the Temple of Mars Ultor.

5423: 5265: 4398: 3926: 3886: 3694:, "The Saeculum Novum of Augustus and its Etruscan Antecedents", 3123: 3078: 3069: 3061: 2988: 2984: 2974: 2928: 2892: 2714: 2696: 2625: 2617: 2603: 2579: 2565: 2379: 2327: 2280: 2261: 1864: 1802:

bronze of the early 4th century BCE, probably depicting a warrior

1771: 1432: 1416: 1343: 1225: 1150:

The two most distinctive animal sacrifices made to Mars were the

1062: 1058: 1054: 1005: 719: 676: 664: 556: 181: 93: 6127:

center sometime between 238 and 244 AD; Edmondson, "The Cult of

2849:, and possibly a temple. He may be a local counterpart to Lenus. 2322:

appears in inscriptions at sites throughout the Empire, such as

1425: 942:

contained the god's power to ward off harm, it was carried as a

776:

The uniting of deities representing Love and War lent itself to

667:

has a reference to Mars greeting Nerio, his wife. A source from

512:, from which derive English "martial" (as in "martial arts" or " 7911: 7653: 7647: 7560: 7494: 7479: 7454: 7236: 7161: 6840: 6808: 6753: 6749: 6679:

or space defined for religious purposes, and later a building:

5871:

55.10.2; Nicole Belyache, "Religious Actors in Daily Life," in

5595:(London, 1984, 1995), p. 27, citing the military calendar from 5533:(Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 217, especially note 38. 5410: 5295: 4699: 4576:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 283; C. Bennett Pascal, "October Horse", 4428:(University of Chicago Press, 1992), pp. 96–97 and 105, note 7. 3774: 3647:

Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages

3616: 3608: 3532: 3238: 3040: 3035:. A Celtic healer-god invoked at the curative spring shrine at 2955:(spirit) of the Emperor inscribed on a stone was discovered at 2868: 2832: 2806: 2469: 2457: 1997: 1965: 1905: 1597: 1592:, who was one of the three major priests in the fifteen-member 1512: 1333: 1229: 1032: 943: 607:, a festival celebrated by married women in honor of Juno as a 580: 439: 193: 5717: 3419:(Routledge, 2001; originally published in French 1998), p. 79. 3252: 3214: 1441: 395:; in Republican times it was a focus of electoral activities. 7780: 7504: 7328: 7283: 7271: 7256: 7201: 6748:

A Saint Medocus is recorded in the early 16th century as the

6414: 5999: 5962: 5932:(Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 247; Duncan Fishwick, 5473: 4966: 4909:

Imperium and Cosmos: Augustus and the Northern Campus Martius

4827:

Imperium and Cosmos: Augustus and the Northern Campus Martius

4045:, speech 5, chapter 8, as summarized in the entry on "Mars", 3790: 3459:

Imperium and Cosmos: Augustus and the Northern Campus Martius

3036: 2952: 2909: 2760: 2621: 2613: 2596:

is thought to have functions pertaining to water and healing.

2343: 2312: 2290: 2235: 2169: 1933: 1852: 1633: 1601: 1565: 1515:

is somewhat damaged at this spot, he appears to hold a spear

1262: 1028: 998: 994: 951: 886: 766: 663:, "man"). In the early 3rd century BCE, the comic playwright 633: 516:") and personal names such as "Marcus", "Mark" and "Martin". 257: 234: 212: 127: 7079:

The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Mars)

7012:

Journal of History of Astronomy, Archaeoastronomy Supplement

4953:

5.425, with Mars specified as Gradivus and Neptune named as

2923: 2678:, the "thunder feat"), or the aura of a divinized hero (the 2445:

has been interpreted variously as "Huntsman" or "Cherisher".

1776:

throughout the city in a procession. In the 1st century AD,

563:

on how to do the same. Flora obtained a magic flower (Latin

7661: 7514: 5510:

The Indo-European character of this prayer is discussed by

5229: 5215: 5111:

6.2104); Frances Hickson Hahn, "Performing the Sacred", in

4716: 4541: 4521: 3806: 3704:

Etruscan Life and Afterlife: A Handbook of Etruscan Studies

3591:. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. pp. 630–631. 3479: 3232: 2827:

has a possible connection to the Irish mythological figure

2818: 2537: 2383: 2295: 1920:

Mars celebrated as peace-bringer on a Roman coin issued by

1835: 1640:, issued 88 BCE, depicting the helmeted head of Mars, with 1455: 1451: 1385: 1140: 1130: 1019:

who served as their guide animal during a ritual migration

935: 848: 733: 590: 552: 540: 536: 368: 364: 267: 75: 6104:

Documents Illustrating the Reigns of Augustus and Tiberius

4103:(Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 128. In antiquity, 2568:

appears independently in one votive inscription from Rome.

1747:, a banquet given for deities who were present as images. 694:. Her name appears with that of Mars in an archaic prayer 7323: 3749:, Larousse, Paris 1980. p. 420. New completed edition by 3015:, where his name is linked with two goddesses called the 2306:, the preserver of his own body, said to have been vowed 1588:

The high priest of Mars in Roman public religion was the

277: 7113: 6819:

and Eugene N. Lane (Augsburg Fortress, 1992), pp. 76–77.

6450:, the form of Celtic spoken by the Celts who settled in 5957:

in the Third Century A.D.: A New Votive Dedication," in

4181:(University of California Press, 2005), p. 127; Fowler, 3633:

and the agricultural cults of Mars difficult to explain.

3241:, the Babylonian god associated with the planet Mars in 2489:

is attested by a single dedicatory inscription found at

1867:

addresses him as "the most implacable of the gods," but

1065:. The woodpecker also brought nourishment to the twins. 30:

God of war, guardian of agriculture and the Roman people

6995:

Boletín del Seminario de Estudios de Arte y Arqueología

4385:

lists the woodpecker among delicacies on Greek tables (

3363:

Later represented in the astronomical and astrological

1696:(perhaps the "old Mars" of the old year) is driven out; 5517:

How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics

5065:

Christopher Smith, "The Religion of Archaic Rome", in

1758:

are rarely preserved, but Mars is invoked in two. The

1685:

March 14: a second Equirria, again with chariot races;

1196:("Field of Mars") outside the sacred boundary of Rome 1027:

undertaken as a rite of Mars. In the territory of the

7054: 6813:

Paganism and Christianity, 100–425 C.E.: A Sourcebook

6015:

II/5, 773) at Singili(a) Barba (Cerro del Castillón,

4885:

The figure is sometimes identified only as a warrior.

3761: 3759: 3607:, and see a connection with the Indic wind gods, the 3477:, the originator or founder of the Roman people as a 2616:

Mars, had a major healing cult at the capital of the

954:

bites. The bird of Mars also guarded a woodland herb

5676:

The Cult of Silvanus: A Study in Roman Folk Religion

5285:

is the highest military honor; see Carole Newlands,

5277:; others locate the origin of Gradivus in the grass 4442:

The Cult of Silvanus: A Study in Roman Folk Religion

636:

or Neriene, "Valor." She represents the vital force

6925:

4581; E. Birley, "Deities of Roman Britain," p. 48.

4494:(Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. xiii, 73ff. 4019:(University of California Press, 1991), pp. 156–157 2845:had an altar dedicated by a junior army officer at 2020:is among the several gods invoked in the ritual of 1380:A large statue of Mars was part of the short-lived 5859:(Cambridge University Press, 2007), vol. 2, p. 15. 5373: 4894:Jonathan Williams, "Religion and Roman Coins", in 4475:The Significance of Certain Colors in Roman Ritual 3756: 3577: 3320:" Capitolini.information. Accessed 8 October 2016. 2121:may have been "an emanation or offshoot" of Mars. 1015:were supposed to have derived their name from the 780:, especially since the lovers were the parents of 5705:The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic 3917:(Cambridge University Press, 1970, 2009), p. 167. 3831:The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic 3684:Studies in Roman Literature, Culture and Religion 3461:(University of Wisconsin Press, 2006), pp. 11–12. 2997:. A fusion of Mars with the Celtic god Teutates ( 2973:. "Mars the Victorious" appears among the Celtic 1179: 7984: 6700:, edited by John Koch (ABC-Clio, 2006), p. 1192. 6405:II.18.1 (1986), pp. 43, 68; Delamarre, entry on 6002:of Augustus" made a dedication to Mars Augustus 5855:Harry Sidebottom, "International Relations," in 4032:(Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 284–287. 3987:Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult 3901:, meaning the sinews and ligaments of the limbs. 2088:Make an offering to Mars Silvanus in the forest 2051:other epithets were sometimes appended, such as 1713:, a purification of the deploying army March 23; 1384:, which was built in 62 CE but dismantled after 718:Mars caresses Venus enthroned. Wall-painting in 519:Mars may ultimately be a thematic reflex of the 322:guardian, a combination characteristic of early 6984:(University of Texas Press, 1993, 1998), p. 42. 6938:(University of California Press, 1979), p. 141. 6894:(University of California Press, 1974), p. 384. 6795:; Fishwick, "Imperial Cult in Britain," p. 219. 6782:(Cornell University Press, 1970, 1985), p. 212. 5612:(University of California Press, 2005), p. 168. 4855:(University of California Press, 1990), p. 122. 4829:(University of Wisconsin Press, 2006), pp. 7–8. 4677:Katja Moede, "Reliefs, Public and Private", in 4643:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 245. 2544:referring to a type of wheat; a medieval Latin 1968:(specialized priest), but the functions of the 1076:in 295 BCE, the appearance of the wolf of Mars 6658:(Éditions Errance, 2003), 2nd edition, p. 200. 6343:918, 948, 970, 1784, 2044, as cited by Maier, 5193:(University of California Press, 1987), p. 26. 5124:Hahn, "Performing the Sacred", p. 237, citing 5080:Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic 4911:(University of Wisconsin Press, 2006), p. 114. 4784:Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic 4641:A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome 4091:) and to the pleasures of sexual intercourse" 3985:(London, 1922), p. 150–154; Roger D. Woodard, 3846:(Cornell University Press, 1995), pp. 105–106. 3399:(Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 47–48. 3047: 2701:, and who is also identified with the goddess 2216:to offer Mars Ultor a bull with gilded horns. 1735:Mars was also honored by chariot races at the 740:had been exposed to ridicule when her husband 543:, Mars is usually considered to be the son of 399:shifted the focus of Mars' cult to within the 7099: 6769:Fishwick, "Imperial Cult in Britain," p. 219. 6735:Duncan Fishwick, "Imperial Cult in Britain," 5520:(Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 197–213. 5501:O. de Cazanove, "Pre-Roman Italy," pp. 49–50. 3802: 3800: 3706:(Wayne State University Press, 1986), p. 226. 3333:The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy 3114:derives. In the most ancient Roman calendar, 3100:Mars gave his name to the third month in the 2674:between battles and thunderstorms (Old Irish 2514:is named in five inscriptions in the area of 1373:of war. The date continued to be marked with 1357:and of the military disaster suffered at the 1072:showed Mars in the company of wolves. At the 342:were held in March, the month named for him ( 6588:Jones, Barri & Mattingly, David (1990). 6286:"Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers" 5293:says that grass was sacred to Mars (note to 5173:(Wadsworth, 2007, 2010 "enhanced edition"), 4286:3.37) calls the woodpecker the bird of Mars. 4107:was thought to be related etymologically to 3983:The Religious Experience of the Roman People 2156:in 42 BCE, and the negotiated return of the 2029:Father Mars is the regular recipient of the 1931:("citizens" or "civilians") as divided into 1720:, with a chariot race and Rome's only known 6760:(Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 159. 5919:(Cambridge University Press, 1978), p. 230. 5748:(Multimedia presentation). Yale University. 5228: 4617:(Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 153. 3336:. Oxford University Press. pp. 296–7. 3128:named for the planet Mars or the god of war 2302:who dedicated a statue to Mars Augustus as 1692:, a new year festival when a figure called 1530:Particularly in works of art influenced by 1080:was a sign that Roman victory was to come. 527:, having originally a thunderer character. 7106: 7092: 7014:31 (2000), pp. 58–64 (especially note 10) 6726:(Taylor & Francis, 1984, 2005), p. 61. 6417:, a Roman deity identified with Dionysus ( 6403:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 6212:(p. 66). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6157:(Amsterdam University Press, 1998), p. 79. 5829:, p. 108), this duty was transferred to a 5796:(Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 80. 5289:(Cornell University Press, 1995), p. 106. 4597:, "Sacrifices for Gods and Ancestors", in 4099:5.33.5, translation by Stephen A. Barney, 3797: 3696:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 3229:, an Iberian war god syncretised with Mars 2528:appears in a single votive inscription at 2456:appears in an inscription from modern-day 1952:was identified with Mars Quirinus. In the 889:was meant to quicken the growth of crops. 859:, "savage" or "feral" like a wild animal. 46: 6956:Symbol and Image in Celtic Religious Art, 6905:Symbol and Image in Celtic Religious Art, 6879:Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture 6849:Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture 6698:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia 6696:Helmut Birkham, entry on "Loucetius," in 6685:Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture 6628: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6614:Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture 6577:Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture 6564:Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture 6524:Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture 6508:Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture 6492:Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture 6387:Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture 6371:Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture 6345:Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture 6316:Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture 6273:Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture 6189:Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture 6173:Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture 4786:(Cornell University Press, 1981), p. 127. 4473:I.14.5, as noted by Mary Emma Armstrong, 4049:(Harvard University Press, 2010), p. 564. 1783: 1399: 391:, the peace-loving semi-legendary second 16:Roman god of war, guardian of agriculture 6232: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6106:(Oxford University Press, 1955), no. 43. 5104:The hymn is preserved in an inscription 4742:(Degrassi 463), as cited by Richardson, 4278:21; also named as sacred to Mars in his 3874:and is supposed to be the origin of the 3051: 2983:. At a site within the territory of the 2907:, Somerset, he received a bronze plaque 2551: 2408: 2229: 2128: 1915: 1787: 1632: 1611: 1238: 1143:under a few of his cult titles, such as 1098: 1088: 1011:also means "woodpecker", and the Italic 908: 796: 713: 4342:A.H. Krappe, "Picus Who Is Also Zeus", 3134:(literally, 'Mars's Day'), survived in 3025:. A fusion of Mars with the Celtic god 2425:by an inscription found on an altar at 2382:. Mars appears with great frequency in 2342:(with a date of 6–7 AD) in present-day 1927:Mars Quirinus was the protector of the 1558:called the spear of Mars was kept in a 1049:suckled his infant sons when they were 493:It has been explained as deriving from 7985: 6619: 5981:) in Baetica; and a statue at Isturgi 5426:outside that realm." See also Belier, 5368: 5163:The Etruscan Language: An Introduction 4628:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 4578:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 4477:(George Banta Publishing, 1917), p. 6. 4360:Birds in the ancient world from A to Z 3629:However, this makes the appearance of 2945:is "supreme ruler" or "king of kings". 2921:), found in later Celtic languages as 2805:was a Celtiberian god at Acci (modern 2357: 2141:has been scanned and a video produced. 1908:, and that he loved her passionately. 1626:was originally the first month of the 1216:, near the office and archives of the 1094: 754:, a public banquet at which images of 682:Nerio probably originates as a divine 418:of the Roman people. In Rome's mythic 7087: 6791:Perhaps related to Campesie Fells in 6223: 6210:Hadrian's Wall East of the North Tyne 5460:, "(the god) of the community of men 5357:The Marriage of Philology and Mercury 5287:Playing with Time: Ovid and the Fasti 4455:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 4453:John Greppin, entry on "woodpecker", 4101:The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville 3844:Playing with Time: Ovid and the Fasti 3588:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 3329: 3316:in Rome, Italy. Capitoline Museums. " 2935:, "king" or more precisely "ruler". 2374:, and more rarely in literary texts, 2105:is a single entity has been doubted. 1448:A stylised "spear and shield of Mars" 1220:. Newly elected censors placed their 1031:, another Italic people, Mars had an 855:, the Arval Brothers invoked Mars as 675:, Neriene came to be identified with 652:in origin and is equivalent to Latin 309: 6971:(Facts on File, 1994, 2004), p. 297. 6206:Great Britain, Volume I, Fascicule 1 5965:, Portugal; dedications at Ipagrum ( 5202:Ammianus Marcellinus 24.6.17; Rike, 4937:, p. 564, citing Sebastiano Erizzo, 4766:3139, 3144, as cited by Richardson, 4626:C. Bennett Pascal, "October Horse", 4424:; Schilling, "Roman Divination", in 3670:, "Religion in Pre-Roman Italy", in 3429:Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia 2917:(very common at the end of names as 1826:. In 363 AD, in preparation for the 1537: 1295:was built around 133 BCE, funded by 1087:, the goose was associated with the 839:called on Mars to drive off "rust" 6592:(p. 275). Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 6522:602, 933, 1017, 2015, 2024; Maier, 6458:was a kind of beverage; Delamarre, 6290:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature 5934:The imperial cult in the Latin West 5441:The Archaic Community of the Romans 5376:The Archaic Community of the Romans 5250:, with note by Valerie M. Warrior, 3915:The Archaic Community of the Romans 3056:Bronze statuette of Mars Balearicus 2433:votive plaque that was part of the 1900:says that the wife of Gradivus was 1377:as late as the mid-4th century AD. 1144: 1061:the throne from their grandfather, 792: 599:, his long-form poetic work on the 485:). The oldest recorded Latin form, 13: 7542: 6952:Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise 6656:Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise 6411:Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise 6401:, "The Deities of Roman Britain," 6329:Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise 6171:1055, as cited by Bernhard Maier, 6100:Emperor Worship and Roman Religion 5904:The Twelve Gods of Greece and Rome 5745:Augustus Assembles His Marble City 5341:Roman Religion in Valerius Maximus 4530:The Significance of Certain Colors 3636: 3446:War and Peace in the Ancient World 3422: 3095: 2991:was the consort of Mars Smertrius. 2895:, France) in the territory of the 2628:is also found with the Celtic god 2536:. The Celtic epithet may refer to 2479:"world, land". The Saturnian moon 1814:. The 4th-century Latin historian 989:The woodpecker was revered by the 877: 648:of Mars. Her name was regarded as 14: 8089: 7048: 6967:Lesley Adkins and Roy A. Adkins, 6780:The Religions of the Roman Empire 6758:Ireland in Early Mediaeval Europe 6296:from the original on May 27, 2010 5949:Jonathan Edmondson, "The Cult of 5760:Roman Gods: A Conceptual Approach 5718:"Statue of Mars Ultor, Balmuildy" 5670:Robert Schilling, "Silvanus", in 5032:); Veit Rosenberger, "Republican 5000:Roman Gods: A Conceptual Approach 4981:29.1 (a rather muddled account); 4528:, p. 189, note 6, and Armstrong, 4457:(Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997), p. 648. 3413:An Introduction to Roman Religion 3186:). In Irish (Gaelic), the day is 2117:, however, thought that the wild 2084:to promote the health of cattle: 1979: 1057:, who feared them because he had 904: 709: 466:and poetic usage also appears as 65:Mavors, Mavorte (archaic, poetic) 7033: 7020: 7004: 6993:G. Llompart, "Mars Balearicus," 6987: 6974: 6969:Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome 6961: 6941: 6928: 6910: 6897: 6884: 6871: 6854: 6822: 6798: 6785: 6772: 6763: 6742: 6729: 6716: 6703: 6690: 6661: 6648: 6635: 6603: 6582: 6569: 6553: 6541: 6529: 6513: 6497: 6465: 6440: 6424: 6392: 6376: 6363: 6350: 6334: 6331:(Éditions Errance, 2003), p. 68. 6321: 6308: 6278: 6265: 6251: 6194: 6178: 6160: 6147: 6134: 6109: 6092: 6079: 6066: 6048: 6035: 6022: 5959:Culto imperial: politica y poder 5943: 5922: 5909: 5891: 5878: 5862: 5849: 5836: 5799: 5792:, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price, 5778: 5765: 5752: 5710: 5694: 5681: 5664: 5628: 5615: 5602: 5585: 5569: 5558:, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price, 5549: 5536: 5523: 5504: 5495: 5484:as a title; C. Scott Littleton, 5450: 5433: 5395: 5362: 5346: 5333: 5317: 5302: 5269:. The second-century grammarian 4907:Paul Rehak and John G. Younger, 4613:, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price, 4243:A Critical History of Early Rome 4179:A Critical History of Early Rome 3722:The American Heritage Dictionary 3457:Paul Rehak and John G. Younger, 3395:, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price, 3271: 2743:, jointly honoring Mars and the 2727:appears on a bronze plaque at a 2219: 2073: 2004:were taken, two groups of three 1911: 1841: 1440: 1424: 1408: 334:, and was pre-eminent among the 6643:Animals in Celtic Life and Myth 6142:Animals in Celtic Life and Myth 5794:Religions of Rome: A Sourcebook 5560:Religions of Rome: A Sourcebook 5328:auctor ac stator Romani nominis 5257: 5221: 5209: 5196: 5179: 5151: 5131: 5118: 5098: 5085: 5072: 5059: 5047: 5005: 4992: 4960: 4944: 4927: 4914: 4901: 4888: 4871: 4858: 4845: 4832: 4819: 4802: 4789: 4773: 4749: 4726: 4710: 4684: 4671: 4662: 4646: 4633: 4620: 4615:Religions of Rome: A Sourcebook 4604: 4583: 4566: 4561:Animals in Celtic Life and Myth 4553: 4535: 4515: 4500: 4480: 4460: 4447: 4431: 4392: 4368: 4349: 4336: 4315:27.60. Pliny names the herb as 4305: 4289: 4265: 4248: 4235: 4218: 4209: 4188: 4171: 4154: 4134: 4065: 4052: 4035: 4022: 4009: 3996: 3972: 3952: 3936: 3920: 3904: 3849: 3836: 3820: 3768: 3736: 3709: 3661: 3652: 3571: 3558: 3490: 3464: 2212:from the 2nd century records a 1297:Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus 1234:"Altar" of Domitius Ahenobarbus 920:from an altar to Venus and Mars 881:for a ritual to be carried out 6240:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. 6202:Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani 5786:Roman and European Mythologies 5672:Roman and European Mythologies 5542:For the text of this vow, see 5380:. Cambridge University Press. 5235:The History of Rome, Books 1–5 5042:A Companion to Roman Religion, 4879:Roman and European Mythologies 4589:As did Neptune, Janus and the 4524:22.1.12, as cited by Wiseman, 4426:Roman and European Mythologies 4162:Roman and European Mythologies 4004:Roman and European Mythologies 4002:Robert Schilling, "Venus", in 3672:Roman and European Mythologies 3451: 3438: 3402: 3386: 3370: 3357: 3323: 3298: 2548:says it was used to make beer. 2501:probably means "Supreme One" ( 2401: 2197:("man's toga") around age 14. 1716:October 15: the ritual of the 1600:. Mars was also served by the 1583: 1574:assassination of Julius Caesar 1568:, the former residence of the 1322:was located there, as was the 1310:, but under the first emperor 1247:in the Forum of Augustus, Rome 1228:with a suovetaurilia there. A 1180:Temples and topography in Rome 784:. The Renaissance philosopher 1: 6866:Celts and the Classical World 6074:A Companion to Roman Religion 6061:A Companion to Roman Religion 5873:A Companion to Roman Religion 5825:(55.10.4, as cited by Lipka, 5486:The New Comparative Mythology 5470:A Companion to Roman Religion 5252:The History of Rome Books 1–5 5232:; Warrior, Valerie M (1884). 5187:Apex Omnium: Religion in the 5146:A Companion to Roman Religion 5113:A Companion to Roman Religion 5067:A Companion to Roman Religion 4896:A Companion to Roman Religion 4877:Robert Schilling, "Mars", in 4866:New Topographical Dictionary, 4814:New Topographical Dictionary, 4768:New Topographical Dictionary, 4744:New Topographical Dictionary, 4721:New Topographical Dictionary, 4705:New Topographical Dictionary, 4679:A Companion to Roman Religion 4630:85 (1981), pp. 263, 268, 277. 4599:A Companion to Roman Religion 4574:A Companion to Roman Religion 3963:Commentum in Horatium Flaccum 3862:13.23. Gellius says the word 3308:original that in turn used a 3259: 2789:. The name of the Celtic god 2378:a local deity by means of an 2124: 2011: 1644:driving a two-horse chariot ( 1156:, a triple offering of a pig 843:, with its double meaning of 723: 535:Like Ares who was the son of 7040:Online Etymology Dictionary. 6358:A Companion to Roman Britain 5953:and Roman Imperial Power at 5930:Religion in Republican Italy 5815:was charged with the ritual 5544:The invocation of Decius Mus 5531:Religion in Republican Italy 5456:Etymologically, Quirinus is 4230:Religions of Rome: A History 4131:drives us to do everything." 3397:Religions of Rome: A History 3383:. Allyn & Bacon, Boston. 3379:, Charles E. Bennett (1907) 3291: 3007:. A form of Mars invoked at 2865:and holding a libation bowl 2483:is named after this epithet. 2133:A statue to Mars Ultor from 2047:, or often a bull alone. To 1992:, bronze tablets written in 1901: 1495:. He wears a military cloak 853:surviving text of their hymn 801:A relief depicting Mars and 761:Scenes of Venus and Mars in 744:(whose Roman equivalent was 613:calendar from late antiquity 7: 6936:The People of Roman Britain 5955:Augusta Emerita (Lusitania) 5906:(Brill, 1987), pp. 130–131. 5678:(Brill, 1992), pp. 8–9, 49. 5657:, Bill Thayer's edition at 5091:Marked as such only on the 3552:September 10, 2017, at the 3503:of the name is as follows: 3220: 2785:inscriptions pertaining to 2298:records the gratitude of a 968:female reproductive systems 489:is likely of foreign origin 10: 8094: 8033:She-wolf (Roman mythology) 7601:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 7540: 6892:The Towns of Roman Britain 6868:(Routledge, 1987), p. 260. 6847:343–345 (Allones); Maier, 6360:(Blackwell, 2004), p. 215. 6144:(Routledge, 1992), p. 198. 6063:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 182. 5784:Robert Schilling, "Mars," 5126:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 4681:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 170. 4653:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 4601:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 264. 4563:(Routledge, 1992), p. 126. 4438:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 4215:Schilling, "Mars", p. 135. 3365:symbol for the planet Mars 2223: 2191:of young men assuming the 2160:that had been lost to the 1679: 1419:, he "excites men to war". 1288:held annually on July 15. 962:used for treatment of the 930:notes that the woodpecker 623: 354:influence of Greek culture 336:Roman army's military gods 7932: 7894: 7868: 7837: 7796: 7724: 7640: 7619: 7596:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 7553: 7417: 7142: 7125: 6724:Religion in Roman Britain 6590:An Atlas of Roman Britain 5805:For instance, during the 5593:Religion in Roman Britain 5343:(Routledge, 2002), p. 88. 4797:Festivals and Ceremonies, 4760:6.473, 474 = 30774, 485; 4413:10.18. Named also in the 4362:(Routledge, 2007), p. 63 4148:(Brill, 1991), pp. 88–91 3698:II.16.3 (1986), p. 2574; 3448:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 15. 3367:, and the male gender (♂) 3248:Planets in astrology#Mars 3118:was the first month. The 2035:, the sacrifice of a pig 1976:are hard to distinguish. 1941:, but when he's at peace 1731:("purification of arms"). 686:of Mars's power, as such 603:. It may explain why the 273: 263: 249: 244: 230: 208: 173: 159: 154: 140:, Temple of Mars Invictus 104: 89: 81: 69: 61: 45: 35: 28: 23: 8048:Metamorphoses characters 7855:Rape of the Sabine Women 6385:278, as cited by Maier, 6187:218, as cited by Maier, 6085:Edmondson, "The Cult of 6041:Edmondson, "The Cult of 6028:Edmondson, "The Cult of 5406:Maurus Servius Honoratus 5339:Hans-Friedrich Mueller, 5291:Maurus Servius Honoratus 4580:85 (1981), pp. 268, 277. 4144:, see Wouter W. Belier, 4142:Trifunctional hypothesis 4060:The Classical Tradition, 3435:, Haydock, 1995, p. 215. 3417:The Gods of Ancient Rome 3312:of the 4th century BCE. 3264: 2304:conservator corporis sui 2119:god of the wood Silvanus 2111:without connecting words 1808:Classical Roman religion 1550:the scythe or sickle. A 1388:'s suicide and disgrace 1291:A temple to Mars in the 1251:The main Temple of Mars 823:as a kind of life force 593:tells this story in the 530: 52:Statue of Mars from the 7860:Battle of Lacus Curtius 7071:Encyclopædia Britannica 7028:The Classical Tradition 6200:Phillips, E.J. (1977). 6119:, for the wellbeing of 5975:Las Cabezas de San Juan 5254:(Hackett, 2006), p. 31. 4935:The Classical Tradition 4851:Michele Renee Salzman, 4668:Livy 40.45.8, 1.44.1–2. 4467:Dionysius Halicarnassus 4440:1.31; Peter F. Dorcey, 4356:William Geoffrey Arnott 4047:The Classical Tradition 4028:Laura Salah Nasrallah, 3475:Romanae gentis auctorem 3310:Hellenistic Greek model 3283:Archaeological evidence 3209:and means 'Tiw's Day', 2725:Mars Medocius Campesium 2556:A bronze Mars from Gaul 2310:, "by the order of the 2308:ex iussu numinis ipsius 2234:Fragmentary dedication 1450:is also the symbol for 1355:murder of Julius Caesar 1324:Obelisk of Montecitorio 690:in Latin are generally 449: 434:. His love affair with 144:October Horse sacrifice 7547: 7115:Ancient Roman religion 6954:, pp. 260–261; Green, 5967:Aguilar de la Frontera 5707:(London, 1908), p. 55. 5655:Loeb Classical Library 5478:Sextus Pompeius Festus 5476:, because an entry in 5271:Sextus Pompeius Festus 5238:. Hackett Publishing. 5171:A History of Roman Art 5157:Guiliano Bonfante and 4973:frg. 254* (Cardauns); 4160:Schilling, "Mars", in 3893:in origin, from νεῦρα 3783:Loeb Classical Library 3686:(Brill, 1956), p. 219 3649:, Brill, 2008, p. 366. 3255:, the Norse god of war 3057: 3009:Housesteads Roman Fort 2913:. The Gaulish element 2763:has been conjectured. 2557: 2414: 2242: 2238:to Mars Augustus from 2158:Roman battle standards 2142: 2107:Invocations of deities 2099: 1924: 1803: 1784:Name and cult epithets 1651: 1400:Iconography and symbol 1271:in 388 BCE during the 1248: 1113: 1103:The procession of the 921: 835:The priesthood of the 817: 813:, Italy, 250–150 BCE, 729: 383:. Mars's altar in the 371:were reinterpreted in 302: 287:ancient Roman religion 108:February 27, March 14 7998:Deities in the Aeneid 7546: 7056:Fowler, William Warde 6839:13.3101 and 3102, at 6292:. USGS Astrogeology. 5917:Conquerors and Slaves 5762:(Brill, 2009), p. 91. 5742:Diana E. E. Kleiner. 5002:(Brill, 2009), p. 88. 4939:On Ancient Medallions 4639:Lawrence Richardson, 4444:(Brill, 1992), p. 33. 3678:, "The Origin of the 3330:Evans, James (1998). 3110:, from which English 3055: 2751:. A Celto-Latin name 2555: 2460:, in the province of 2412: 2233: 2132: 2109:are often list-like, 2086: 1919: 1883:, the peace, and the 1791: 1636: 1612:Festivals and rituals 1365:of the constellation 1242: 1121:sacrificial offerings 1102: 1042:, the story of how a 912: 800: 727: 20 BC – 50s AD 717: 659:"manly virtue" (from 609:goddess of childbirth 575:) and tested it on a 215:and others including 8013:Mythological rapists 7740:Interpretatio graeca 7061:"Mars (deity)" 6947:Delamarre, entry on 6864:1.19; David Rankin, 6807:13.3148 and 3149 at 6739:15.4 (1961), p. 219. 6562:986 and 987; Maier, 6238:Pagan Celtic Britain 5973:) and at Conobaria ( 5701:William Warde Fowler 5689:The Cult of Silvanus 5579:, "Religions of Rome 5314:9.4. See also 7.695. 5028:(because Caesar was 4933:Entry on "Mars", in 4840:Imperium and Cosmos, 4204:Religious Experience 4183:Religious Experience 3979:William Warde Fowler 3842:Carole E. Newlands, 3827:William Warde Fowler 3751:Marie-Thérèse Morlet 2767:may be an error for 2729:Romano-Celtic temple 2226:Augustus (honorific) 2115:William Warde Fowler 1816:Ammianus Marcellinus 1330:to form the pointer 1273:Gallic siege of Rome 1245:Temple of Mars Ultor 1089:Celtic forms of Mars 704:anthropomorphic gods 442:, celebrated as the 430:through his rape of 7940:Classical mythology 7761:Theology of victory 7606:Kings of Alba Longa 6236:Ross, Anne (1967). 5979:province of Seville 5971:province of Córdoba 5818:clavi figendi causa 5651:English translation 5464:," and Vofionus is 5093:Chronography of 354 5054:Imperium and Cosmos 4922:Imperium and Cosmos 4920:Rehak and Younger, 4812:36.26; Richardson, 4719:6.5.7; Richardson, 4703:1.292; Richardson, 4492:Remus: A Roman Myth 4346:9.4 (1941), p. 241. 4058:Entry on "Mars" in 3198:. The English word 2899:. At the site of a 2663:likely derive from 2358:Provincial epithets 2208:of the emperor. An 2150:assassins of Caesar 1984:Mars is invoked as 1532:the Greek tradition 1517:garlanded in laurel 1275:. The founding day 1232:from the so-called 1095:Sacrificial animals 521:Proto-Indo-European 474:), is cognate with 414:, and was a father 326:. He is the son of 250:Etruscan equivalent 7548: 6752:for St. Madoes in 6713:out of his own "). 6654:Xavier Delamarre, 6327:Xavier Delamarre, 5691:, pp. 9 and 105ff. 4736:6.191–192 and the 4164:, p. 135; Palmer, 3911:Robert E.A. Palmer 3676:Hendrik Wagenvoort 3668:Massimo Pallottino 3471:Isidore of Seville 3444:Kurt A. Raaflaub, 3314:Capitoline Museums 3083:Egyptian physician 3058: 2861:carrying a double 2781:is invoked in two 2558: 2462:Gallia Narbonensis 2415: 2338:) in Roman Spain; 2267:Sodales Augustales 2243: 2143: 1925: 1904:, the daughter of 1828:Siege of Ctesiphon 1804: 1652: 1507:ornamented with a 1318:Ara Pacis Augustae 1249: 1114: 1074:Battle of Sentinum 922: 818: 769:or multiple Loves 730: 502:Etruscan child-god 8023:Agricultural gods 7980: 7979: 7957:Etruscan religion 7571:Romulus and Remus 7554:Legendary figures 7538: 7537: 7187:Castor and Pollux 6675:was originally a 5773:Divine Qualities, 5623:Playing with Time 5490:Les dieux Romains 5387:978-0-521-07702-6 5353:Martianus Capella 4987:Adversus nationes 4951:Martianus Capella 4657:Roman Antiquities 4471:Roman Antiquities 4166:Archaic Community 4111:, "life." Varro ( 3343:978-0-19-509539-5 3136:Romance languages 3048:"Mars Balearicus" 2881:in southern Gaul. 2877:is found also at 2831:. The Celtic god 2749:Severus Alexander 2638:. The Celtic god 2518:. The Celtic god 2512:Mars Belatucadrus 2388:Continental Celts 2352:province of Dacia 2202:Imperial holidays 2177:Forum of Augustus 2166:Battle of Carrhae 2068:Romulus and Remus 2053:Mars Pater Victor 1974:Flamen Quirinalis 1860:, "step, march." 1694:Mamurius Veturius 1546:the trident, and 1538:The spear of Mars 1392:damnatio memoriae 1359:Battle of Carrhae 983:Dryocopus martius 918:Romulus and Remus 756:twelve major gods 428:Romulus and Remus 283: 282: 239:Romulus and Remus 56:, 2nd century CE 8085: 8018:Tutelary deities 7993:Mars (mythology) 7850:Founding of Rome 7620:Legendary beings 7581:Tullus Hostilius 7418:Abstract deities 7277:Lares Familiares 7140: 7139: 7108: 7101: 7094: 7085: 7084: 7075: 7063: 7042: 7037: 7031: 7024: 7018: 7008: 7002: 6991: 6985: 6978: 6972: 6965: 6959: 6945: 6939: 6934:Anthony Birley, 6932: 6926: 6914: 6908: 6901: 6895: 6888: 6882: 6875: 6869: 6858: 6852: 6826: 6820: 6817:Ramsay MacMullen 6802: 6796: 6789: 6783: 6776: 6770: 6767: 6761: 6746: 6740: 6733: 6727: 6720: 6714: 6707: 6701: 6694: 6688: 6665: 6659: 6652: 6646: 6639: 6633: 6630: 6617: 6607: 6601: 6586: 6580: 6573: 6567: 6557: 6551: 6545: 6539: 6533: 6527: 6517: 6511: 6506:6.32574; Maier, 6501: 6495: 6469: 6463: 6444: 6438: 6428: 6422: 6396: 6390: 6380: 6374: 6367: 6361: 6354: 6348: 6338: 6332: 6325: 6319: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6282: 6276: 6269: 6263: 6255: 6249: 6234: 6221: 6198: 6192: 6182: 6176: 6164: 6158: 6151: 6145: 6138: 6132: 6113: 6107: 6096: 6090: 6083: 6077: 6070: 6064: 6052: 6046: 6039: 6033: 6026: 6020: 5969:, in the modern 5947: 5941: 5926: 5920: 5913: 5907: 5895: 5889: 5882: 5876: 5866: 5860: 5853: 5847: 5840: 5834: 5803: 5797: 5782: 5776: 5769: 5763: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5739: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5714: 5708: 5698: 5692: 5685: 5679: 5668: 5662: 5632: 5626: 5619: 5613: 5606: 5600: 5589: 5583: 5573: 5567: 5553: 5547: 5540: 5534: 5527: 5521: 5508: 5502: 5499: 5493: 5454: 5448: 5437: 5431: 5399: 5393: 5391: 5379: 5370:Palmer, R. E. A. 5366: 5360: 5350: 5344: 5337: 5331: 5324:Valerius Maximus 5321: 5315: 5306: 5300: 5261: 5255: 5249: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5200: 5194: 5183: 5177: 5159:Larissa Bonfante 5155: 5149: 5135: 5129: 5122: 5116: 5102: 5096: 5089: 5083: 5076: 5070: 5063: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5036:Controlling the 5030:pontifex maximus 5009: 5003: 4996: 4990: 4964: 4958: 4948: 4942: 4931: 4925: 4918: 4912: 4905: 4899: 4892: 4886: 4875: 4869: 4862: 4856: 4849: 4843: 4836: 4830: 4823: 4817: 4806: 4800: 4793: 4787: 4777: 4771: 4753: 4747: 4730: 4724: 4714: 4708: 4688: 4682: 4675: 4669: 4666: 4660: 4650: 4644: 4637: 4631: 4624: 4618: 4608: 4602: 4587: 4581: 4570: 4564: 4557: 4551: 4539: 4533: 4519: 4513: 4504: 4498: 4484: 4478: 4464: 4458: 4451: 4445: 4435: 4429: 4396: 4390: 4372: 4366: 4353: 4347: 4340: 4334: 4319:in Greek, Latin 4309: 4303: 4293: 4287: 4269: 4263: 4260:Nigidius Figulus 4252: 4246: 4239: 4233: 4222: 4216: 4213: 4207: 4192: 4186: 4175: 4169: 4158: 4152: 4138: 4132: 4113:De lingua latina 4069: 4063: 4056: 4050: 4039: 4033: 4026: 4020: 4015:John R. Clarke, 4013: 4007: 4000: 3994: 3976: 3970: 3956: 3950: 3940: 3934: 3924: 3918: 3908: 3902: 3853: 3847: 3840: 3834: 3824: 3818: 3804: 3795: 3772: 3766: 3763: 3754: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3713: 3707: 3700:Larissa Bonfante 3692:John F. Hall III 3665: 3659: 3656: 3650: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3619:on July 24, 2011 3615:. Archived from 3602: 3575: 3569: 3562: 3556: 3494: 3488: 3468: 3462: 3455: 3449: 3442: 3436: 3426: 3420: 3406: 3400: 3390: 3384: 3374: 3368: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3327: 3321: 3302: 3285: 3275: 3081:, the legendary 3066:Balearic Islands 2949:Mars Rigonemetis 2809:). According to 2721:to seek healing. 2612:, or more often 2454: 2453: 2390:, as well as in 2324:Hispania Baetica 1970:Flamen Martialis 1954:Capitoline Triad 1869:Valerius Maximus 1703:Agonium Martiale 1688:March 14 or 15: 1672:("birthday"), a 1666:March 1: Mars's 1650:) on the reverse 1590:Flamen Martialis 1444: 1428: 1412: 1363:heliacal setting 1340:Solarium Augusti 1326:, imported from 1293:Circus Flaminius 1267:made by a Titus 1214:Porta Fontinalis 1111:ritually covered 793:Essential nature 728: 725: 585:shore of Marmara 426:, Mars fathered 381:Greek literature 373:Roman literature 313: 308: 274:Norse equivalent 264:Greek equivalent 50: 21: 20: 8093: 8092: 8088: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8083: 8082: 8038:Martian deities 7983: 7982: 7981: 7976: 7972:Myth and ritual 7967:Greek mythology 7928: 7890: 7886:Pignora imperii 7881:Parabiago Plate 7864: 7833: 7792: 7726: 7720: 7702:Sibylline Books 7636: 7615: 7586:Servius Tullius 7549: 7534: 7413: 7129: 7121: 7112: 7051: 7046: 7045: 7038: 7034: 7025: 7021: 7009: 7005: 6992: 6988: 6980:Miranda Green, 6979: 6975: 6966: 6962: 6946: 6942: 6933: 6929: 6915: 6911: 6902: 6898: 6889: 6885: 6876: 6872: 6859: 6855: 6827: 6823: 6803: 6799: 6790: 6786: 6778:John Ferguson, 6777: 6773: 6768: 6764: 6747: 6743: 6734: 6730: 6721: 6717: 6708: 6704: 6695: 6691: 6666: 6662: 6653: 6649: 6640: 6636: 6631: 6620: 6608: 6604: 6587: 6583: 6574: 6570: 6558: 6554: 6546: 6542: 6534: 6530: 6518: 6514: 6502: 6498: 6470: 6466: 6445: 6441: 6435:Natural History 6431:Pliny the Elder 6429: 6425: 6397: 6393: 6381: 6377: 6368: 6364: 6355: 6351: 6339: 6335: 6326: 6322: 6313: 6309: 6299: 6297: 6284: 6283: 6279: 6270: 6266: 6256: 6252: 6235: 6224: 6199: 6195: 6183: 6179: 6165: 6161: 6152: 6148: 6140:Miranda Green, 6139: 6135: 6114: 6110: 6097: 6093: 6089:," pp. 541–575. 6084: 6080: 6071: 6067: 6053: 6049: 6040: 6036: 6027: 6023: 5948: 5944: 5936:(Brill, 2005), 5927: 5923: 5915:Keith Hopkins, 5914: 5910: 5896: 5892: 5883: 5879: 5867: 5863: 5854: 5850: 5841: 5837: 5804: 5800: 5783: 5779: 5770: 5766: 5758:Michael Lipka, 5757: 5753: 5741: 5740: 5733: 5723: 5721: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5699: 5695: 5686: 5682: 5669: 5665: 5633: 5629: 5620: 5616: 5608:Gary Forsythe, 5607: 5603: 5590: 5586: 5574: 5570: 5554: 5550: 5541: 5537: 5528: 5524: 5512:Calvert Watkins 5509: 5505: 5500: 5496: 5455: 5451: 5438: 5434: 5400: 5396: 5388: 5367: 5363: 5351: 5347: 5338: 5334: 5322: 5318: 5307: 5303: 5262: 5258: 5246: 5226: 5222: 5214: 5210: 5201: 5197: 5184: 5180: 5156: 5152: 5136: 5132: 5123: 5119: 5103: 5099: 5090: 5086: 5077: 5073: 5064: 5060: 5052: 5048: 5010: 5006: 4998:Michael Lipka, 4997: 4993: 4965: 4961: 4949: 4945: 4941:(1559), p. 120. 4932: 4928: 4919: 4915: 4906: 4902: 4893: 4889: 4876: 4872: 4863: 4859: 4850: 4846: 4837: 4833: 4824: 4820: 4810:Natural History 4807: 4803: 4794: 4790: 4778: 4774: 4754: 4750: 4731: 4727: 4715: 4711: 4689: 4685: 4676: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4651: 4647: 4638: 4634: 4625: 4621: 4609: 4605: 4588: 4584: 4571: 4567: 4559:Miranda Green, 4558: 4554: 4547:Ab Urbe Condita 4540: 4536: 4520: 4516: 4508:Life of Romulus 4505: 4501: 4485: 4481: 4465: 4461: 4452: 4448: 4436: 4432: 4411:Natural History 4397: 4393: 4387:Deipnosophistae 4379:Roman Questions 4373: 4369: 4354: 4350: 4341: 4337: 4329:), also called 4313:Natural History 4310: 4306: 4300:Natural History 4294: 4290: 4280:Life of Romulus 4276:Roman Questions 4270: 4266: 4256:Roman Questions 4253: 4249: 4240: 4236: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4210: 4193: 4189: 4177:Gary Forsythe, 4176: 4172: 4159: 4155: 4139: 4135: 4070: 4066: 4057: 4053: 4040: 4036: 4027: 4023: 4014: 4010: 4001: 3997: 3977: 3973: 3957: 3953: 3941: 3937: 3925: 3921: 3909: 3905: 3883:Claudian family 3881:as used by the 3854: 3850: 3841: 3837: 3825: 3821: 3805: 3798: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3757: 3741: 3737: 3727: 3725: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3680:Ludi Saeculares 3666: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3643:Michiel de Vaan 3641: 3637: 3622: 3620: 3611: 3599: 3576: 3572: 3563: 3559: 3554:Wayback Machine 3498:classical Latin 3495: 3491: 3469: 3465: 3456: 3452: 3443: 3439: 3433:The Book People 3427: 3423: 3407: 3403: 3391: 3387: 3375: 3371: 3362: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3328: 3324: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3288: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3243:astral theology 3223: 3098: 3096:On the calendar 3050: 2829:Nuada Airgetlám 2644:, Latinized as 2600:Mars Corotiacus 2451: 2450: 2421:is attested in 2404: 2376:identified with 2360: 2228: 2222: 2189:rite of passage 2127: 2076: 2014: 1990:Iguvine Tablets 1982: 1914: 1844: 1786: 1722:horse sacrifice 1680:his mother Juno 1678:also sacred to 1663:or horse races; 1614: 1606:patrician birth 1586: 1540: 1511:. Although the 1463: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1452:the planet Mars 1445: 1437: 1436: 1429: 1421: 1420: 1413: 1402: 1308:Imperial period 1243:Remains of the 1182: 1174:horse sacrifice 1097: 1078:(Martius lupus) 907: 869:book on farming 795: 786:Marsilio Ficino 726: 712: 700:Greek mythology 684:personification 626: 587:for the birth. 533: 500:the name of an 452: 412:to secure peace 358:identified with 311:[maːrs] 306: 146: 141: 135: 130: 120:(birthday) and 113: 57: 31: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8091: 8081: 8080: 8075: 8073:Cattle deities 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8043:Planetary gods 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7953: 7952: 7942: 7936: 7934: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7926: 7925: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7904: 7898: 7896: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7872: 7870: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7841: 7839: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7831: 7826: 7824:Pythagoreanism 7821: 7819:Peripateticism 7816: 7811: 7806: 7800: 7798: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7790: 7789: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7736: 7730: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7718: 7717: 7716: 7713:The Golden Ass 7704: 7699: 7698: 7697: 7685: 7680: 7679: 7678: 7671: 7659: 7658: 7657: 7644: 7642: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7634: 7632:Barnacle goose 7629: 7623: 7621: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7576:Numa Pompilius 7573: 7568: 7563: 7557: 7555: 7551: 7550: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7535: 7533: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7421: 7419: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7143: 7137: 7123: 7122: 7111: 7110: 7103: 7096: 7088: 7082: 7081: 7076: 7066:Chisholm, Hugh 7050: 7049:External links 7047: 7044: 7043: 7032: 7019: 7003: 6986: 6973: 6960: 6940: 6927: 6909: 6896: 6883: 6870: 6853: 6821: 6797: 6784: 6771: 6762: 6741: 6728: 6722:Martin Henig, 6715: 6702: 6689: 6681:Bernhard Maier 6660: 6647: 6634: 6618: 6602: 6581: 6568: 6552: 6540: 6528: 6512: 6496: 6464: 6439: 6423: 6391: 6375: 6362: 6349: 6333: 6320: 6307: 6277: 6264: 6250: 6222: 6193: 6177: 6159: 6146: 6133: 6108: 6098:Ittai Gradel, 6091: 6078: 6065: 6047: 6034: 6021: 5942: 5921: 5908: 5890: 5888:, pp. 111–112. 5877: 5861: 5848: 5835: 5798: 5777: 5764: 5751: 5731: 5720:. May 11, 2018 5709: 5693: 5680: 5663: 5643:Cato the Elder 5627: 5614: 5601: 5591:Martin Henig, 5584: 5568: 5548: 5535: 5522: 5503: 5494: 5449: 5432: 5394: 5386: 5361: 5345: 5332: 5316: 5301: 5281:, because the 5256: 5244: 5220: 5208: 5195: 5178: 5150: 5130: 5117: 5097: 5084: 5071: 5058: 5046: 5004: 4991: 4959: 4943: 4926: 4913: 4900: 4887: 4870: 4857: 4844: 4831: 4818: 4801: 4788: 4772: 4748: 4739:Fasti Antiates 4725: 4709: 4683: 4670: 4661: 4645: 4632: 4619: 4603: 4582: 4565: 4552: 4534: 4514: 4499: 4479: 4459: 4446: 4430: 4417:(6a, 1–7), as 4415:Iguvine Tables 4391: 4367: 4348: 4335: 4304: 4288: 4264: 4247: 4234: 4217: 4208: 4199:On Agriculture 4187: 4170: 4168:, pp. 113–114. 4153: 4133: 4115:5.64, quoting 4064: 4051: 4034: 4021: 4008: 3995: 3971: 3951: 3943:Johannes Lydus 3935: 3919: 3903: 3848: 3835: 3819: 3796: 3767: 3755: 3735: 3708: 3660: 3651: 3635: 3597: 3579:Mallory, J. P. 3570: 3557: 3489: 3463: 3450: 3437: 3421: 3401: 3385: 3369: 3356: 3342: 3322: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3250: 3245: 3236: 3230: 3222: 3219: 3102:Roman calendar 3097: 3094: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3044: 3030: 3020: 3013:Hadrian's Wall 3002: 2992: 2981:Mars Smertrius 2978: 2968: 2946: 2885:Mars Rigisamus 2882: 2853:Mars Olloudius 2850: 2840: 2822: 2794: 2776: 2722: 2719:Gallia Belgica 2707:Romano-British 2636:Mars Loucetius 2633: 2607: 2597: 2583: 2569: 2550: 2549: 2523: 2516:Hadrian's Wall 2509: 2484: 2446: 2403: 2400: 2359: 2356: 2221: 2218: 2126: 2123: 2075: 2072: 2013: 2010: 1981: 1980:Mars Grabovius 1978: 1913: 1910: 1898:Late Antiquity 1896:A source from 1893:at the time). 1871:concludes his 1843: 1840: 1792:The so-called 1785: 1782: 1765:Carmen Saliare 1760:Arval Brothers 1733: 1732: 1725: 1714: 1707: 1697: 1686: 1683: 1664: 1628:Roman calendar 1613: 1610: 1608:was required. 1585: 1582: 1539: 1536: 1521:Forum of Nerva 1478:Altar of Peace 1446: 1439: 1438: 1430: 1423: 1422: 1414: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1304:chariot racing 1210:Roman Republic 1206:Numa Pompilius 1194:Campus Martius 1181: 1178: 1145:Mars Grabovius 1125:theirs to give 1096: 1093: 906: 905:Sacred animals 903: 837:Arval Brothers 815:British Museum 794: 791: 711: 710:Venus and Mars 708: 669:late antiquity 625: 622: 618:archaic Italic 601:Roman calendar 573:masculine word 532: 529: 451: 448: 444:Trojan refugee 385:Campus Martius 338:. Most of his 281: 280: 275: 271: 270: 265: 261: 260: 251: 247: 246: 242: 241: 232: 228: 227: 210: 206: 205: 175: 171: 170: 161: 157: 156: 152: 151: 128:Salian priests 106: 102: 101: 91: 87: 86: 85:spear, shield 83: 79: 78: 73: 67: 66: 63: 59: 58: 54:Forum of Nerva 51: 43: 42: 36:Member of the 33: 32: 29: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8090: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8068:Horse deities 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8058:Dii Consentes 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7951: 7948: 7947: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7931: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7909: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7893: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7867: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7836: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7795: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7746:Imperial cult 7744: 7742: 7741: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7727:and practices 7723: 7715: 7714: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7696: 7695: 7691: 7690: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7677: 7676: 7675:Metamorphoses 7672: 7670: 7669: 7665: 7664: 7663: 7660: 7656: 7655: 7651: 7650: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7639: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7618: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7591:Ancus Marcius 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7552: 7545: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7520:Tranquillitas 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7416: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7141: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7133:Dii Consentes 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7109: 7104: 7102: 7097: 7095: 7090: 7089: 7086: 7080: 7077: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7053: 7052: 7041: 7036: 7029: 7023: 7017: 7013: 7007: 7000: 6996: 6990: 6983: 6977: 6970: 6964: 6957: 6953: 6950: 6944: 6937: 6931: 6924: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6906: 6900: 6893: 6890:John Wacher, 6887: 6880: 6874: 6867: 6863: 6857: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6825: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6801: 6794: 6793:Stirlingshire 6788: 6781: 6775: 6766: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6745: 6738: 6732: 6725: 6719: 6711: 6706: 6699: 6693: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6673: 6669: 6664: 6657: 6651: 6644: 6638: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6615: 6611: 6606: 6599: 6598:1-84217-067-8 6595: 6591: 6585: 6578: 6572: 6565: 6561: 6556: 6549: 6544: 6537: 6532: 6525: 6521: 6516: 6509: 6505: 6500: 6493: 6490:2166; Maier, 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6468: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6443: 6436: 6432: 6427: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6395: 6388: 6384: 6379: 6372: 6366: 6359: 6353: 6346: 6342: 6337: 6330: 6324: 6317: 6311: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6281: 6274: 6268: 6261: 6260: 6254: 6247: 6246:0-902357-03-4 6243: 6239: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6219: 6218:0-19-725954-5 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6190: 6186: 6181: 6174: 6170: 6169: 6163: 6156: 6150: 6143: 6137: 6130: 6129:Mars Augustus 6126: 6125:imperial cult 6122: 6118: 6112: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6088: 6087:Mars Augustus 6082: 6075: 6069: 6062: 6058: 6057: 6051: 6044: 6043:Mars Augustus 6038: 6031: 6030:Mars Augustus 6025: 6018: 6014: 6013: 6008: 6007: 6001: 5997: 5994:II/7, 56). A 5993: 5992: 5987: 5986: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5951:Mars Augustus 5946: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5925: 5918: 5912: 5905: 5901: 5900: 5894: 5887: 5881: 5874: 5870: 5865: 5858: 5852: 5845: 5839: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5802: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5781: 5774: 5768: 5761: 5755: 5747: 5746: 5738: 5736: 5719: 5713: 5706: 5702: 5697: 5690: 5684: 5677: 5673: 5667: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5631: 5624: 5618: 5611: 5605: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5578: 5572: 5565: 5564:suovetaurilia 5561: 5557: 5552: 5545: 5539: 5532: 5526: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5507: 5498: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5446: 5442: 5436: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5412: 5407: 5403: 5398: 5389: 5383: 5378: 5377: 5371: 5365: 5358: 5354: 5349: 5342: 5336: 5329: 5325: 5320: 5313: 5312: 5305: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5247: 5245:1-60384-381-7 5241: 5237: 5236: 5231: 5224: 5217: 5212: 5205: 5199: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5147: 5143: 5142:Institutiones 5139: 5134: 5127: 5121: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5101: 5094: 5088: 5081: 5075: 5068: 5062: 5055: 5050: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5013: 5012:Aulus Gellius 5008: 5001: 4995: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4940: 4936: 4930: 4923: 4917: 4910: 4904: 4897: 4891: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4867: 4861: 4854: 4848: 4841: 4835: 4828: 4822: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4799:pp. 127, 164. 4798: 4792: 4785: 4781: 4780:H.H. Scullard 4776: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4758: 4752: 4745: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4729: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4706: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4680: 4674: 4665: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4642: 4636: 4629: 4623: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4586: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4562: 4556: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4463: 4456: 4450: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4345: 4339: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4244: 4238: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4212: 4205: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4184: 4180: 4174: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4137: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4119:) notes that 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4061: 4055: 4048: 4044: 4038: 4031: 4025: 4018: 4012: 4005: 3999: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3856:Aulus Gellius 3852: 3845: 3839: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3801: 3793: 3792: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3762: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3743:Albert Dauzat 3739: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3712: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3655: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3632: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3598:1-884964-98-2 3594: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3509:vocative case 3506: 3502: 3499: 3493: 3486: 3482: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3460: 3454: 3447: 3441: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3366: 3360: 3345: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3326: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3297: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3270: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3205: 3202:derives from 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3103: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3087:constellation 3084: 3080: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3054: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3033:Mars Vorocius 3031: 3028: 3024: 3023:Mars Visucius 3021: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3005:Mars Thincsus 3003: 3000: 2996: 2995:Mars Teutates 2993: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2891:(present-day 2890: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2870: 2864: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2815:radiant crown 2812: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2787:Imperial cult 2784: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2747:(Victory) of 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2642: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2620:(present-day 2619: 2615: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2586:Mars Condatis 2584: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2572:Mars Cocidius 2570: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2554: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2526:Mars Braciaca 2524: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2447: 2444: 2440: 2439:Hertfordshire 2436: 2435:Barkway hoard 2432: 2428: 2427:South Shields 2424: 2423:Roman Britain 2420: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2348:Sarmizegetusa 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2320:Mars Augustus 2317: 2315: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2270:. These vows 2269: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2254:Imperial cult 2251: 2247: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2220:Mars Augustus 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2196: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2140: 2139:Antonine Wall 2136: 2131: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2103:Mars Silvanus 2098: 2095: 2091: 2085: 2083: 2082: 2074:Mars Silvanus 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2033: 2032:suovetaurilia 2027: 2025: 2024: 2019: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1923: 1918: 1912:Mars Quirinus 1909: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1889:(the emperor 1888: 1887: 1882: 1881:state of Rome 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1842:Mars Gradivus 1839: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1824:Constantine I 1821: 1817: 1813: 1812:Imperial cult 1809: 1801: 1797: 1796: 1790: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1773: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1755: 1748: 1746: 1745:lectisternium 1742: 1738: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1718:October Horse 1715: 1712: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1699:March 17: an 1698: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1655:February 27: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1570:Kings of Rome 1567: 1563: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1535: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1443: 1434: 1427: 1418: 1411: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1335: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1319: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1286:Roman cavalry 1282: 1280: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1264: 1258: 1256: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1222:curule chairs 1219: 1218:Roman censors 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1201: 1195: 1191: 1189: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1170:October Horse 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1153:suovetaurilia 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1132: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1117:Ancient Greek 1112: 1108: 1107: 1106:suovetaurilia 1101: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 991:Latin peoples 987: 985: 984: 979: 978: 977:Picus viridis 973: 972:picus Martius 969: 965: 961: 959: 953: 949: 945: 941: 940:picus Martius 937: 933: 929: 925: 919: 915: 911: 902: 900: 896: 890: 888: 884: 880: 879: 878:Mars Silvanus 874: 870: 866: 860: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 833: 830: 826: 822: 816: 812: 808: 804: 799: 790: 787: 783: 779: 774: 772: 768: 764: 759: 757: 753: 752: 751:lectisternium 747: 743: 739: 735: 721: 716: 707: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 680: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 656: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 621: 619: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 597: 592: 588: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 528: 526: 522: 517: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 497: 492: 488: 484: 480: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 408: 406: 405:his new forum 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 363: 359: 355: 350: 348: 347: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 312: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 279: 276: 272: 269: 266: 262: 259: 255: 252: 248: 243: 240: 236: 233: 229: 226: 222: 218: 214: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 176: 172: 169: 165: 162: 158: 153: 150: 145: 139: 134: 129: 125: 124: 119: 118: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 92: 88: 84: 80: 77: 74: 72: 68: 64: 60: 55: 49: 44: 41: 40: 39:Dii Consentes 34: 27: 22: 19: 8063:Bear deities 7876:Gubernaculum 7845:Golden Bough 7814:Neoplatonism 7809:Epicureanism 7738: 7711: 7692: 7673: 7666: 7652: 7298: 7157:Anna Perenna 7131: 7069: 7035: 7027: 7022: 7011: 7006: 6998: 6994: 6989: 6982:Celtic Myths 6981: 6976: 6968: 6963: 6955: 6951: 6948: 6943: 6935: 6930: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6904: 6899: 6891: 6886: 6878: 6873: 6865: 6861: 6856: 6848: 6844: 6836: 6828: 6824: 6815:, edited by 6812: 6804: 6800: 6787: 6779: 6774: 6765: 6757: 6744: 6736: 6731: 6723: 6718: 6709: 6705: 6697: 6692: 6684: 6677:sacred grove 6670: 6663: 6655: 6650: 6642: 6637: 6613: 6612:213; Maier, 6609: 6605: 6589: 6584: 6576: 6571: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6547: 6543: 6535: 6531: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6510:, pp. 56–57. 6507: 6503: 6499: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6460:Dictionnaire 6459: 6455: 6442: 6434: 6426: 6418: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6394: 6389:, pp. 42–43. 6386: 6382: 6378: 6370: 6365: 6357: 6352: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6328: 6323: 6315: 6310: 6298:. Retrieved 6289: 6280: 6272: 6267: 6257: 6253: 6237: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6196: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6172: 6166: 6162: 6154: 6149: 6141: 6136: 6128: 6116: 6111: 6103: 6099: 6094: 6086: 6081: 6073: 6068: 6060: 6054: 6050: 6042: 6037: 6029: 6024: 6010: 6003: 5995: 5989: 5982: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5924: 5916: 5911: 5903: 5897: 5893: 5885: 5880: 5872: 5864: 5856: 5851: 5843: 5838: 5826: 5816: 5810: 5801: 5793: 5785: 5780: 5772: 5767: 5759: 5754: 5744: 5722:. Retrieved 5712: 5704: 5696: 5688: 5683: 5675: 5671: 5666: 5659:LacusCurtius 5646: 5636:faciat. Ubi 5634: 5630: 5622: 5617: 5609: 5604: 5597:Dura-Europos 5592: 5587: 5580: 5576: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5551: 5538: 5530: 5525: 5515: 5506: 5497: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5452: 5445:Decayed Gods 5444: 5440: 5435: 5428:Decayed Gods 5427: 5419: 5409: 5401: 5397: 5375: 5364: 5356: 5348: 5340: 5335: 5327: 5319: 5309: 5304: 5294: 5286: 5278: 5274: 5264: 5259: 5251: 5234: 5227:Livy, 1.20, 5223: 5211: 5204:Apex Omnium, 5203: 5198: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5153: 5145: 5141: 5133: 5120: 5112: 5105: 5100: 5087: 5079: 5074: 5066: 5061: 5053: 5049: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5016:Attic Nights 5015: 5007: 4999: 4994: 4986: 4978: 4971:Antiquitates 4970: 4962: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4929: 4921: 4916: 4908: 4903: 4895: 4890: 4878: 4873: 4865: 4864:Richardson, 4860: 4852: 4847: 4839: 4834: 4826: 4825:Paul Rehak, 4821: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4796: 4791: 4783: 4775: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4751: 4743: 4737: 4733: 4728: 4720: 4712: 4704: 4698: 4686: 4678: 4673: 4664: 4656: 4648: 4640: 4635: 4627: 4622: 4614: 4606: 4598: 4585: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4560: 4555: 4545: 4537: 4529: 4525: 4517: 4507: 4502: 4495: 4491: 4488:T.P. Wiseman 4482: 4474: 4470: 4462: 4454: 4449: 4441: 4433: 4425: 4421: 4410: 4402: 4394: 4386: 4378: 4370: 4359: 4351: 4343: 4338: 4330: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4307: 4299: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4267: 4255: 4250: 4242: 4237: 4232:, pp. 47–48. 4229: 4225: 4220: 4211: 4203: 4198: 4190: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4165: 4161: 4156: 4145: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4059: 4054: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4029: 4024: 4016: 4011: 4003: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3946: 3938: 3930: 3922: 3914: 3906: 3898: 3894: 3878: 3867: 3863: 3860:Attic Nights 3859: 3851: 3843: 3838: 3830: 3822: 3810: 3794:, 5.890–896. 3789: 3778: 3770: 3746: 3738: 3726:. Retrieved 3720: 3711: 3703: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3671: 3663: 3654: 3646: 3638: 3630: 3621:. Retrieved 3617:the original 3604: 3587: 3573: 3565: 3560: 3543: 3536: 3528: 3520: 3512: 3492: 3484: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3458: 3453: 3445: 3440: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3404: 3396: 3388: 3380: 3372: 3359: 3347:. Retrieved 3332: 3325: 3306:Augustan-era 3304:Based on an 3300: 3273: 3235:, the planet 3210: 3206: 3199: 3195: 3187: 3179: 3171: 3163: 3155: 3147: 3139: 3131: 3130:: In Latin, 3115: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3075: 3064:(one of the 3059: 3032: 3022: 3004: 2994: 2980: 2970: 2961:Lincolnshire 2948: 2942: 2936: 2932: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2884: 2866: 2856: 2852: 2842: 2824: 2813:, he wore a 2800: 2796: 2778: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2744: 2724: 2694: 2692:sacred grove 2679: 2676:torannchless 2675: 2667: 2665:Proto-Celtic 2649: 2645: 2639: 2635: 2609: 2599: 2589: 2585: 2571: 2562:Mars Camulus 2561: 2541: 2525: 2520:Belatucadros 2511: 2505: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2476: 2474:Middle Welsh 2465: 2448: 2442: 2418: 2405: 2372:Roman Empire 2364:inscriptions 2361: 2340:Leptis Magna 2319: 2318: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2289: 2285: 2279: 2271: 2265: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2199: 2194:toga virilis 2192: 2174: 2144: 2102: 2100: 2089: 2087: 2079: 2077: 2063: 2059: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2030: 2028: 2021: 2017: 2015: 1985: 1983: 1960:, Mars, and 1948:The deified 1947: 1942: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1895: 1884: 1862: 1857: 1851: 1848:Porta Capena 1845: 1805: 1795:Mars of Todi 1793: 1769: 1763: 1751: 1750:Roman hymns 1749: 1734: 1729:Armilustrium 1727:October 19: 1711:Tubilustrium 1702: 1701:Agonalia or 1673: 1669:dies natalis 1667: 1659:, involving 1645: 1623: 1617: 1615: 1587: 1559: 1541: 1529: 1524: 1499:paludamentum 1496: 1485:classicizing 1480: 1475: 1464: 1389: 1382:Arch of Nero 1379: 1375:circus games 1350: 1348: 1331: 1315: 1301: 1290: 1279:dies natalis 1276: 1260: 1252: 1250: 1197: 1185: 1183: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1151: 1149: 1128: 1115: 1104: 1082: 1077: 1067: 1055:King Amulius 1053:by order of 1046: 1037: 1020: 1016: 1008: 988: 981: 975: 971: 955: 939: 931: 926: 923: 891: 882: 876: 861: 856: 845:wheat fungus 840: 834: 828: 824: 819: 775: 770: 760: 749: 731: 688:abstractions 681: 673:Roman Empire 660: 653: 645: 644:and majesty 641: 637: 632:of Mars was 627: 594: 589: 568: 564: 534: 518: 509: 505: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 471: 467: 462:), which in 459: 455: 453: 415: 409: 393:king of Rome 351: 345: 320:agricultural 318:and also an 294: 284: 149:Armilustrium 138:dies natalis 137: 121: 117:Dies natalis 115: 97: 37: 18: 8078:Sabine gods 8028:Animal gods 7950:Persecution 7902:Gallo-Roman 7694:Res divinae 7566:Rhea Silvia 6860:Macrobius, 6454:, the word 6399:Eric Birley 6153:Ton Derks, 6121:Gordian III 6009:II. 2013 = 5988:II. 2121 = 5869:Cassius Dio 5823:Cassius Dio 5466:*leudhyo-no 5458:*co-uiri-no 5447:, p. 93–94. 5283:Grass Crown 5191:of Ammianus 5185:R.L. Rike, 5038:Res Publica 5023:Cassius Dio 4595:John Scheid 4327:Peony: Name 4258:21, citing 4097:Etymologies 3947:De mensibus 3931:Truculentus 3885:, who were 3728:November 4, 3583:D. Q. Adams 3485:Etymologiae 3473:calls Mars 3409:John Scheid 3349:February 4, 3204:Old English 3190:, while in 3132:martis dies 3120:planet Mars 2971:Mars Segomo 2965:Corieltauvi 2931:with Latin 2843:Mars Ocelus 2825:Mars Nodens 2769:Campestrium 2733:Camulodunum 2684:Cú Chulainn 2668:*louk(k)et- 2493:, England. 2487:Mars Barrex 2431:silver-gilt 2419:Mars Alator 2402:Celtic Mars 2392:Roman Spain 2264:called the 2210:inscription 2200:On various 2181:magistrates 1834:, produced 1584:Priesthoods 1481:(Ara Pacis) 1456:male gender 1306:during the 1172:, the only 1040:Roman myths 946:to prevent 944:magic charm 865:propitiated 514:martial law 432:Rhea Silvia 356:, Mars was 245:Equivalents 217:Rhea Silvia 147:October 19 142:October 15 112:horse races 98:dies Martis 62:Other names 8003:Roman gods 7987:Categories 7895:Variations 7797:Philosophy 7776:Capitolium 7683:Propertius 7450:Averruncus 7435:Aeternitas 7425:Abundantia 7354:Proserpina 6862:Saturnalia 6486:13.11818; 6419:Saturnalia 6131:," p. 562. 6117:pro salute 6045:," p. 562. 6032:," p. 563. 5886:Roman Gods 5844:Roman Gods 5827:Roman Gods 5790:Mary Beard 5775:pp. 23–24. 5647:On Farming 5638:res divina 5621:Newlands, 5556:Mary Beard 5414:1.292, at 5408:, note to 5275:kradainein 5189:Res Gestae 5138:Quintilian 5078:Scullard, 4795:Scullard, 4697:, note to 4611:Mary Beard 4506:Plutarch, 4496:et passim. 4331:pentorobos 4254:Plutarch, 4241:Forsythe, 4206:, p. 142). 4077:mas, maris 3959:Porphyrion 3949:4.60 (42). 3525:accusative 3505:nominative 3501:declension 3393:Mary Beard 3260:References 3227:Cariocecus 3217:in Norse. 3144:Portuguese 3017:Alaisiagae 2905:West Coker 2863:cornucopia 2797:Mars Neton 2779:Mars Mullo 2741:Caledonian 2737:Colchester 2610:Mars Lenus 2534:Derbyshire 2508:, "head"). 2386:among the 2316:himself". 2240:Roman Gaul 2224:See also: 2125:Mars Ultor 2090:(in silva) 2049:Mars Pater 2018:Mars Pater 2012:Mars Pater 1922:Aemilianus 1778:Quintilian 1709:March 23: 1578:Aemilianus 1509:gorgoneion 1342:, a giant 1168:, and the 1085:Roman Gaul 1070:Appian Way 1023:ver sacrum 948:bee stings 916:and twins 849:red oxides 827:or virtue 809:bowl from 807:black-slip 742:Hephaestus 646:(maiestas) 642:(potentia) 605:Matronalia 458:(genitive 352:Under the 316:god of war 307:pronounced 7922:Mithraism 7907:Mysteries 7756:Palladium 7734:Festivals 7510:Securitas 7460:Concordia 7404:Vertumnus 7222:Dīs Pater 7119:mythology 7030:, p. 565. 6881:, p. 209. 6851:, p. 200. 6831:13.3096 ( 6645:, p. 216. 6482:13.8701; 6478:13.3980; 6456:embrekton 6017:Antequera 5846:, p. 109. 5653:from the 5625:, p. 104. 5581:, p. 370. 5392:, p. 167. 5326:2.131.1, 5308:Statius, 5279:(gramine) 5167:Roman Art 5148:, p. 236. 5128:2.70.1–5. 5115:, p. 237. 4924:, p. 114. 4898:, p. 143. 4691:Vitruvius 4405:259–261; 4383:Athenaeus 4344:Mnemosyne 4317:glycysīdē 4185:, p. 134. 4081:(Martius) 3969:II.2.209. 3816:5.229–260 3786:numbering 3717:"martial" 3688:et passim 3568:VIII, 630 3377:Chapter 3 3292:Citations 3188:An Mháirt 3090:Centaurus 3070:talayotic 2957:Nettleham 2943:Rigisamos 2938:Rigisamus 2897:Bituriges 2879:Ollioules 2875:Olloudius 2811:Macrobius 2783:Armorican 2765:Campesium 2705:. At the 2658:Brythonic 2650:Leucetius 2641:Loucetios 2630:Smertrios 2368:provinces 2336:Lusitania 2162:Parthians 2135:Balmuildy 2058:Although 2043:and bull 1986:Grabovius 1863:The poet 1836:ill omens 1741:Consualia 1737:Robigalia 1690:Mamuralia 1561:sacrarium 1525:Ara Pacis 1489:neo-Attic 1467:Roman art 1269:Quinctius 1164:and bull 964:digestive 867:. In his 782:Concordia 763:Roman art 738:Aphrodite 567:, plural 525:Perkwunos 510:martialis 464:Old Latin 454:The word 420:genealogy 362:Greek god 340:festivals 314:) is the 291:mythology 219:(raped), 155:Genealogy 131:March 17 105:Festivals 8008:War gods 7962:Glossary 7933:See also 7829:Stoicism 7804:Cynicism 7766:Pomerium 7725:Concepts 7707:Apuleius 7627:She-wolf 7611:Hersilia 7530:Victoria 7430:Aequitas 7384:Summanus 7374:Silvanus 7359:Quirinus 7289:Libertas 7252:Hercules 7197:Cloacina 7182:Carmenta 7177:Bona Dea 7152:Angerona 7147:Agenoria 7058:(1911). 7026:"Mars," 6616:, p. 82. 6579:, p. 80. 6566:, p. 75. 6526:, p. 75. 6494:, p. 57. 6462:, p. 85. 6452:Anatolia 6448:Galatian 6373:, p. 33. 6347:, p. 33. 6318:, p. 32. 6294:Archived 6275:, p. 11. 6262:12.1300. 6191:, p. 11. 6123:, at an 6076:, p. 86. 5998:of the " 5996:magister 5812:dictator 5807:Republic 5687:Dorcey, 5482:quirinus 5439:Palmer, 5416:Perseus. 5372:(1970). 5299:12.119). 5263:Compare 5082:, p. 84. 5069:, p. 39. 5034:Nobiles: 4983:Arnobius 4975:Plutarch 4955:Portunus 4403:Asinaria 4375:Plutarch 4282:. Ovid ( 4272:Plutarch 4245:, p. 127 4117:Lucilius 4071:Onians, 4041:Ficino, 3967:Epistula 3897:, Latin 3868:Nerienes 3779:Theogony 3613:"Māruta" 3585:(1997). 3564:Virgil, 3550:Archived 3541:ablative 3517:genitive 3487:5.33.5). 3279:Condatis 3221:See also 3207:Tiwesdæg 3192:Albanian 3176:Romanian 3027:Visucius 2999:Toutatis 2889:Avaricum 2847:Caerwent 2773:ethnonym 2761:Miodhach 2753:Medocius 2745:Victoria 2735:(modern 2709:site in 2703:Victoria 2688:Nemetona 2672:metaphor 2661:theonyms 2594:Condatis 2576:Cocidius 2530:Bakewell 2499:Barrecis 2491:Carlisle 2481:Albiorix 2466:Albiorix 2452:Albiorix 2429:, and a 2328:Saguntum 2286:Augustus 2262:sodality 2258:Hispania 2246:Augustus 2154:Philippi 2146:Augustus 2045:(taurus) 2002:auspices 1962:Quirinus 1943:Quirinus 1939:Gradivus 1929:Quirites 1891:Tiberius 1886:princeps 1832:examined 1800:Etruscan 1657:Equirria 1638:Denarius 1312:Augustus 1226:purified 1200:pomerium 1166:(taurus) 1044:she-wolf 928:Plutarch 914:She-wolf 895:Summanus 883:in silva 875:invokes 847:and the 829:(virtus) 821:Virility 811:Campania 778:allegory 771:(amores) 702:and its 696:invoking 692:feminine 640:, power 583:and the 487:Mamart-, 483:Māmertos 472:Māvortis 424:founding 401:pomerium 397:Augustus 367:, whose 231:Children 186:Hercules 174:Siblings 114:March 1 110:Equirria 7945:Decline 7869:Objects 7771:Temples 7751:Charity 7485:Laverna 7475:Fortuna 7465:Feronia 7394:Veritas 7364:Salacia 7349:Priapus 7334:Penates 7314:Neptune 7309:Minerva 7304:Mercury 7267:Jupiter 7207:Dea Dia 7172:Bellona 7127:Deities 7068:(ed.). 6958:p. 113. 6919:1190 = 6907:p. 115. 6903:Green, 6877:Maier, 6737:Phoenix 6672:nemeton 6668:Gaulish 6641:Green, 6575:Maier, 6369:Maier, 6314:Maier, 6271:Maier, 5977:in the 5884:Lipka, 5875:p. 279. 5842:Lipka, 5771:Clark, 5724:May 19, 5492:(1942). 5311:Thebaid 5266:Gradiva 5056:p. 114. 5044:p. 295. 5026:44.17.2 4979:Romulus 4883:online. 4842:p. 145. 4838:Rehak, 4816:p. 245. 4808:Pliny, 4770:p. 244. 4746:p. 244. 4723:p. 244. 4707:p. 244. 4695:Servius 4693:1.7.1; 4532:, p. 6. 4419:Umbrian 4399:Plautus 4389:9.369). 4364:online. 4322:paeonia 4311:Pliny, 4150:online. 4087:, gen. 4062:p. 564. 4043:On Love 3927:Plautus 3895:(neura) 3623:July 8, 3200:Tuesday 3196:e Marta 3184:Catalan 3180:dimarts 3178:), and 3168:Italian 3164:martedì 3152:Spanish 3124:Tuesday 3116:Martius 3107:Martius 3079:Imhotep 3062:Majorca 2989:Ancamna 2985:Treveri 2975:Sequani 2929:cognate 2893:Bourges 2837:Mercury 2757:Medocus 2715:Treveri 2697:nemeton 2654:Gaulish 2626:Ancamna 2618:Treveri 2604:Suffolk 2590:Condate 2580:Cumbria 2566:Camulus 2503:Gaulish 2477:elfydd, 2396:Britain 2380:epithet 2370:of the 2366:in the 2350:in the 2332:Emerita 2281:templum 2250:Augusta 2164:at the 2137:on the 2023:devotio 2006:victims 1998:Iguvium 1994:Umbrian 1988:in the 1958:Jupiter 1950:Romulus 1873:history 1865:Statius 1772:ancilia 1754:carmina 1661:chariot 1642:Victory 1624:Martius 1619:Martius 1598:flamens 1594:college 1564:at the 1544:Neptune 1505:cuirass 1476:On the 1433:Pompeii 1417:sceptre 1367:Scorpio 1353:of the 1351:(ultor) 1344:sundial 1338:of the 1257:Martis) 1192:in the 1190:Martis) 1137:victims 1063:Numitor 1059:usurped 1051:exposed 1013:Picenes 1006:cognate 1003:Umbrian 958:paeonia 932:(picus) 899:Jupiter 720:Pompeii 677:Minerva 665:Plautus 630:consort 624:Consort 557:Minerva 545:Jupiter 506:martius 416:(pater) 346:Martius 328:Jupiter 225:Bellona 209:Consort 202:Bacchus 190:Bellona 182:Minerva 164:Jupiter 160:Parents 136:May 14 126:of the 94:Tuesday 82:Symbols 7912:Cybele 7838:Events 7786:Celtic 7654:Aeneid 7648:Virgil 7561:Aeneas 7495:Pietas 7480:Fontus 7455:Caelus 7445:Annona 7440:Africa 7409:Vulcan 7369:Saturn 7344:Pomona 7247:Genius 7237:Faunus 7227:Egeria 7167:Aurora 7162:Apollo 6841:Nantes 6809:Rennes 6754:Gowrie 6750:eponym 6596: 6437:18.62. 6421:1.19). 6407:bracis 6300:May 1, 6244: 6216: 5938:passim 5831:censor 5809:, the 5577:et al. 5575:Beard 5462:(viri) 5424:temple 5420:Aeneid 5411:Aeneid 5384: 5296:Aeneid 5242: 5206:p. 32. 5175:p. xl. 5040:", in 4868:p. 27. 4732:Ovid, 4700:Aeneid 4659:5.13.2 4591:Genius 4550:10.27. 4302:29.29. 4226:et al. 4224:Beard 3887:Sabine 3872:Sabine 3775:Hesiod 3682:", in 3631:Mavors 3609:Maruts 3595: 3566:Aeneid 3533:dative 3529:Martem 3521:Martis 3340: 3239:Nergal 3194:it is 3160:French 3148:martes 3041:Allier 2869:patera 2858:Genius 2833:Nodens 2807:Guadix 2652:. The 2542:bracis 2506:barro- 2495:Barrex 2470:Albion 2458:Sablet 2443:Alator 2346:; and 2330:, and 2206:Genius 2185:Senate 2094:viands 2041:(ovis) 2039:, ram 1966:flamen 1934:curiae 1906:Nereus 1902:Nereia 1858:gradus 1820:Julian 1556:fetish 1548:Saturn 1513:relief 1503:and a 1369:, the 1334:gnomon 1230:frieze 1162:(ovis) 1160:, ram 1047:(lupa) 1033:oracle 995:augury 841:(lues) 746:Vulcan 655:virtus 650:Sabine 581:Thrace 577:heifer 569:flores 479:Māmers 468:Māvors 460:Mārtis 440:Aeneas 344:Latin 204:, etc. 194:Apollo 178:Vulcan 133:Agonia 123:feriae 71:Planet 8053:Umbri 7781:Cella 7688:Varro 7668:Fasti 7641:Texts 7525:Terra 7505:Salus 7470:Fides 7399:Vesta 7389:Venus 7339:Pluto 7329:Orcus 7284:Liber 7272:Lares 7257:Janus 7242:Flora 7232:Fauna 7212:Diana 7202:Cupid 7192:Ceres 7064:. In 6833:Craon 6550:2007. 6538:1578. 6474:351; 6415:Liber 6000:Lares 5963:Sines 5474:Janus 5218:2.45. 5019:4.6.1 4989:6.11. 4967:Varro 4734:Fasti 4526:Remus 4422:peiqu 4407:Pliny 4325:(see 4296:Pliny 4284:Fasti 4089:maris 3965:, on 3899:nervi 3891:Greek 3864:Nerio 3812:Fasti 3791:Iliad 3605:Marts 3544:Marte 3537:Marti 3281:> 3265:Notes 3172:marți 3156:mardi 3140:marte 3112:March 3037:Vichy 2953:numen 2927:, is 2910:votum 2901:villa 2791:Mullo 2622:Trier 2614:Lenus 2546:gloss 2449:Mars 2437:from 2344:Libya 2313:numen 2300:slave 2291:salus 2256:. In 2236:stele 2170:Ultio 2101:That 2081:votum 2064:mater 2060:pater 2037:(sus) 1877:Vesta 1853:Salii 1798:, an 1675:feria 1602:Salii 1566:Regia 1552:relic 1328:Egypt 1263:votum 1255:Aedes 1158:(sus) 1029:Aequi 1017:picus 1009:peiqu 999:Picus 952:leech 887:Salii 857:ferus 825:(vis) 805:on a 803:Venus 767:Cupid 638:(vis) 634:Nerio 596:Fasti 561:Flora 551:. In 531:Birth 496:Maris 476:Oscan 436:Venus 369:myths 299:Latin 258:Laran 254:Maris 235:Cupid 221:Venus 213:Nerio 198:Diana 7917:Isis 7662:Ovid 7515:Spes 7500:Roma 7299:Mars 7294:Luna 7262:Juno 7217:Dies 7117:and 7016:pdf. 6949:rix, 6845:ILTG 6594:ISBN 6472:ILTG 6302:2010 6242:ISBN 6214:ISBN 5726:2018 5649:83, 5382:ISBN 5359:1.4. 5240:ISBN 5230:Livy 5216:Livy 4717:Livy 4542:Livy 4522:Livy 4381:21. 4195:Cato 4125:vita 4109:vita 3933:515. 3879:Nero 3876:name 3807:Ovid 3730:2019 3625:2010 3593:ISBN 3513:Mars 3507:and 3496:The 3480:gens 3351:2008 3338:ISBN 3277:See 3233:Mars 2919:-rix 2915:rig- 2819:Neit 2802:Neto 2711:Bath 2680:lúan 2656:and 2646:-ius 2538:malt 2472:and 2394:and 2384:Gaul 2296:Alps 2274:vota 2062:and 1972:and 1739:and 1647:biga 1493:type 1471:nude 1454:and 1386:Nero 1371:sign 1141:oxen 1131:exta 950:and 936:beak 873:Cato 736:and 734:Ares 628:The 591:Ovid 571:, a 565:flos 553:Ovid 549:Juno 547:and 541:Hera 539:and 537:Zeus 523:god 508:and 456:Mārs 450:Name 422:and 389:Numa 375:and 365:Ares 360:the 332:Juno 330:and 324:Rome 303:Mārs 295:Mars 289:and 268:Ares 168:Juno 166:and 76:Mars 24:Mars 7490:Pax 7379:Sol 7324:Ops 7319:Nox 6922:ILS 6917:CIL 6837:CIL 6835:), 6829:CIL 6805:CIL 6710:RIB 6610:RIB 6560:RIB 6548:RIB 6536:RIB 6520:RIB 6504:CIL 6488:RIV 6484:CIL 6480:CIL 6476:CIL 6446:In 6383:RIB 6341:RIB 6259:CIL 6185:RIB 6168:RIB 6056:ILS 6012:ILS 6006:CIL 5991:ILS 5985:CIL 5899:CIL 5418:At 5108:CIL 4763:ILS 4757:CIL 4129:vis 4127:: " 4123:is 4121:vis 4105:vis 4085:mas 3870:is 3866:or 3788:; 3253:Týr 3215:Týr 3211:Tiw 3170:), 3162:), 3154:), 3146:), 3138:as 3126:is 3011:at 2941:or 2933:rex 2903:at 2799:or 2755:or 2731:at 2717:of 2682:of 2497:or 2248:or 2214:vow 2152:at 1956:of 1945:." 1806:In 1596:of 1554:or 1465:In 1188:Ara 1083:In 980:or 966:or 897:or 661:vir 377:art 285:In 278:Tyr 90:Day 7989:: 6843:, 6811:; 6683:, 6621:^ 6433:, 6409:, 6288:. 6225:^ 6208:. 6204:, 6019:). 5734:^ 5703:, 5645:, 5404:: 5355:, 5161:, 5140:, 5021:; 5014:, 4985:, 4977:, 4969:, 4782:, 4655:, 4593:; 4544:, 4511:4. 4490:, 4469:, 4409:, 4401:, 4377:, 4358:, 4298:, 4274:, 4228:, 4197:, 4095:: 3981:, 3961:, 3945:, 3929:, 3913:, 3858:, 3829:, 3809:, 3799:^ 3777:, 3758:^ 3745:, 3719:. 3702:, 3690:; 3645:, 3581:; 3539:; 3535:, 3531:; 3527:, 3523:; 3519:, 3515:; 3511:, 3431:, 3411:, 3104:, 3092:. 3001:). 2987:, 2924:rí 2873:. 2532:, 2464:. 2441:. 2354:. 2326:, 2070:. 1630:. 1580:. 1396:. 986:. 901:. 871:, 724:c. 722:, 679:. 407:. 305:, 301:: 293:, 256:, 237:, 223:, 200:, 196:, 192:, 188:, 184:, 180:, 7136:) 7130:( 7107:e 7100:t 7093:v 6600:. 6304:. 6248:. 6220:. 6004:( 5983:( 5940:. 5728:. 5661:. 5599:. 5566:. 5546:. 5390:. 5330:. 5248:. 5106:( 5095:. 4957:. 4333:. 4262:. 3753:. 3732:. 3627:. 3601:. 3546:. 3483:( 3353:. 3182:( 3174:( 3166:( 3158:( 3150:( 3142:( 3039:( 3029:. 2977:. 2967:. 2959:( 2871:) 2867:( 2821:. 2775:. 2699:) 2695:( 2632:. 2334:( 2276:) 2272:( 1774:) 1770:( 1756:) 1752:( 1724:; 1682:; 1501:) 1497:( 1491:- 1458:. 1435:. 1394:) 1390:( 1336:) 1332:( 1320:) 1316:( 1281:) 1277:( 1265:) 1261:( 1253:( 1202:) 1198:( 1186:( 1133:) 1129:( 1025:) 1021:( 960:) 956:( 657:, 498:, 491:. 481:( 470:( 297:( 100:) 96:(

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