440:(Temple of Peace). In fact, the constraint of space and the adjacent fora walls not being parallel meant that the forum's width changes depending on where it is measured (from around 135 to 160 feet). Placing the columns at around 1.75 metres from the enclosure walls served to increase the space within the forum. With fluted pavonazzetto shafts, these columns support a richly decorated entablature with a figured frieze. Of the several preserved scenes, the best known depicts the myth of Arachne. The attic also had figures, but only a central panel with a representation of Minerva has survived in situ. The columns allowed the frieze to be broken away from the entablature and out over top of the columns and back again, an arrangement that likely ran down both long sides of the forum. This may have been responding to an original monumental colonnade placed along the Argiletum by Vespasian.
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Arachne's cloth's excellent quality and design of sexual acts of the gods, so she destroys it. After stopping
Arachne from committing suicide, she doles out a suitable punishment, turning the young girl into a spider, doomed to spin webs in dark places. This is the only depiction of this myth in the state-sponsored art of ancient Rome. The rest of the frieze depicts women weaving and spinning under the tutelage of Minerva, the opposite to the defiant Arachne. Blanckenhagen offers one of the more detailed analyses of the frieze, viewing it as "depicting the local craftsmen's celebration of Minerva's festival, the Quinquatrus".
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H. Bauer, the travertine and peperino foundations represent two different stages of construction. The earlier temple was narrower, although it went further into the open space of the forum than did the later shrine. The earlier temple displayed equality within its intercolumnations, while the later temple varied the distances between columns depending on where they were. While the porch of the
Minerva temple projected into the open space of the forum, the cella was narrowed on the northwest end in order to accommodate one of the hemicycles which protruded outwards from the Forum of Augustus.
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the city of Rome appear in 1425, 1504, 1522, and 1527, with an attempt to preserve a small section of the forum rejected within the Roman courts in 1520. A church, perhaps that of S. Maria in
Macello, appearing within a contract of 1517, tells us of its location within the forum and statuary which was removed from the space between 1550 and 1555 on the orders of Pope Julius III. The temple of Minerva was dismantled beginning in 1592. The architrave block was then re-cut and reused as the new main altar within St. Peter's.
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230:, the Forum Palladium. This derives from an epithet of the Greek Minerva, Pallas Athena. Although there was relatively little known regarding the forum outside of literary texts before the 20th century, new excavations and insights are leading historians and archaeologists to new and exciting theories about what this forum was used for and its importance as a thoroughfare through an increasingly important part of the Roman urban landscape.
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Above the cornice originally ran a continuous attic which displayed figures carved in high relief, of which one survives depicting
Minerva. According to Anderson (1984), this type of architectural decoration appears to be a Domitianic innovation which had been adapted from triumphal arches, seen when
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What is known of the later history of the Forum
Transitorium is only fragmentary. The first changes made to the forum appear to have been made by Alexander Severus (reigned 222-235 AD) who set up a gallery of statues of deified emperors. Contracts for the removal of stone for construction throughout
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was the patron deity of
Domitian, who initiated the construction of the Forum Transitorium. The rise of Minerva during this period has been attributed to the origin of her cult being in the Sabine region, which was considered the ancestral home of the Flavians. According to the research completed by
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which ran down the lengths of the Forum
Transitorium and stands along the flank of the Temple of Minerva. The wall is built with blocks of peperino which would have originally been faced with marble. The Corinthian columns stand only 1.75 m from the wall. The columns support an entablature that was
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Although the archaeological evidence of the Forum
Transitorium is not extensive by any means, the evidence we do have when included with the Forma Urbis Romae (the Marble Plan) and the series of renaissance drawings which used the forum as its subject allow for a fairly accurate reproduction. The
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The
Arachne myth describes a young woman who had great skill on the loom, so great in fact that she thought she could challenge Minerva. The goddess, disguising herself as an old woman, warns Arachne not to enter the contest but she is ignored. When the contest is complete, Minerva is enraged at
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within the city of Rome have, in recent decades, become again a focus of attention for archaeologists within the city. The east section of the Forum
Transitorium was uncovered during large-scale excavations undertaken by the Fascist regime during the construction of the road which was originally
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The temple was a frontal Italic temple with marble facing which was set on a high podium which stood over the large forecourt which made up the open space of the Forum Transitorium. As with some other temples of the time, the cella ended in an apse which contained the cult statue. This apse is
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on each end (architecturally representing wooden supports, holding up the roof of ancient wood-built temples). These columns were Corinthian in order and made from Phrygian marble. However, due to its extremely poor state of preservation, the front of the temple cannot be accurately measured.
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The northern and southern ends of the forum were shaped as crescents, with a temple to Minerva (the patron deity of Domitian) at the western end, embedded into the northern crescent adjacent to the Porticus Absidata. The temple was built on a high podium, and had six
432:, which surrounded the interior of the space. These columns were a substitution for the normal colonnades which adorned the previous Imperial Fora. The reason for this substitution was purely practical due to the very limited amount of space between the
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compared to the Arch of Augustus at Susa along with the Arch of Trajan at Benevento. However, the use of columns in this way was Hellenistic in origin and seemingly arrived in Italy in a courtyard Façade at Praeneste and at the Porta Marzia at Perugia.
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into the Forum Transitorium. There is no archaeological evidence for the shrine's existence. However, Martial and Statius indicate that Janus was incorporated into the plan of the new forum, the god having heralded the "Golden Age" of Domitian.
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took hold mostly due to the enclosure including a part of this ancient route. This road ran a good distance throughout Rome, connecting the Tiber to the Esquiline. There is a good chance that the plan of its construction was created by
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was the first to gather historical sources regarding the Forum Transitorium in 1883. Initial excavations in 1913, 1926–28 and 1932-1941 helped to measure extant columns as well as uncovered the foundations of the
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The layout of the Forum of Nerva was dictated by the existing space between pre-existing structures. The available space was long and narrow (131 x 45 meters), and had outer walls made from blocks of lava stone
262:, had long served as a market area, especially for booksellers and cobblers; the new forum continued to serve as both a thoroughfare and as a monumental entrance to the larger Roman Fora.
276:. In the 9th century, a number of houses were built on the site, with materials salvaged from the ruins. The temple of Minerva remained relatively intact until its demolition by
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421:”. Most of the evidence lies at the north end of the enclosure, with the remaining southern reaches lying underneath the paved surface of the Via dei Fori Imperiali.
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in front and three on the side. The back of the temple was hidden from the Forum by a wall. Near the opposite end, there may have been a temple dedicated to
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archaeological evidence includes the core of the podium of the Temple of Minerva as well as some of the temple's pavement and orthostats, foundations of the
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detailed in the Forma Urbis Romae. The façade was hexastyle (six columns on the front) with the pronaos (front room) containing two or three columns and
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The eastern end of the complex was excavated from 1926 to 1940, with portions of the excavations subsequently destroyed by the creation of the
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Access to the forum was from the sides, with three openings on the Roman Forum side and a monumental entrance on the opposing side with an
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Ancient evidence also suggests that Domitian may have wanted to perpetuate the memory of the Argiletum by placing the shrine of
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The plan of the Forum of Nerva is long and narrow, with protruding columns decorating the walls instead of arcades. A
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out of an original 160 m on each long flank, depicting scenes from myth, the best known being that of Arachne.
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The Forum of Nerva was the fourth and smallest of the imperial fora. Its construction was started by Emperor
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and other reliefs depicting representations of the personifications of Roman provinces.
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was assassinated, however, it was likely close to being completed. It was dedicated by
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and the perimeter wall. This temple also gave the forum another name which is used by
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Private Lives, Imperial Virtues: The Frieze of the Forum Transitorium in Rome
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before the year 85 AD, but officially completed and opened by his successor,
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Wightman, Greg. "The Imperial Fora of Rome: Some Design Considerations." In
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Packer, James E. “Report From Rome: The Imperial Fora, a Retrospective.” In
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Following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the area reverted to
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The Architecture of Roman Temples: The Republic to the Middle Empire
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512:. In the middle Arachne can be seen cowering as Minerva smites her.
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dominated the western end, behind which was a monumental entrance.
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the year after the death of his predecessor in AD 97 and renamed
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porticata in the shape of a horseshoe. This entrance was called
303:. Further archaeological work was undertaken in the late 1990s.
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Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning
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The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City
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Le Colonnacce is the only surviving portion of the columns
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richly decorated with a figured frieze, 21 m of which are
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Ancient Roman imperial forum, a landmark of Rome, Italy
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Buildings and structures completed in the 1st century
665:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
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732:Nerva and the Roman Succession Crisis of AD 96-99
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574:(First ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
719:The Historical Topography of the Imperial Fora
639:
192:, chronologically the next to the last of the
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790:High-resolution 360° Panoramas and Images of
647:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993
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2975:Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria
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538: – Ancient Roman centre of Rome, Italy
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2860:Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum
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1943:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
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1948:Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican
340:, the same architect who designed the
76:Click on the map for a fullscreen view
53:
3306:
2228:Sacro Cuore di GesĂą a Castro Pretorio
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280:in 1606 to provide materials for the
2635:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Italy
1983:S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana
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3486:1st-century establishments in Italy
2651:Column of the Immaculate Conception
2580:in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere
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200:Forum of Nerva (Forum Transitorium)
13:
2980:Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome
1933:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
797:Lucentini, M. (31 December 2012).
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613:. Vol. 101. No. 2. (1997): 307-330
458:Temple of Minerva (Forum of Nerva)
14:
3502:
2930:Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica
2895:Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna
1371:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
767:
323:, an ancient road connecting the
2995:Museum of the Liberation of Rome
2940:Museo delle anime del Purgatorio
2890:Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica
2880:Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna
1341:Temple of Antoninus and Faustina
818:
520:
478:
52:
44:
38:
25:
3000:National Museum of Oriental Art
2900:Giorgio de Chirico House Museum
2329:Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari
2314:Domus Internationalis Paulus VI
667:. Vol. 56. No. 1. (1997): 64-88
611:American Journal of Archaeology
3020:Porta San Paolo Railway Museum
1815:Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas
752:. Cambridge University Press.
724:
407:
1:
404:ran the length of the forum.
184:) is an ancient structure in
2985:Museum of Roman Civilization
2915:Keats–Shelley Memorial House
2394:Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne
1938:Basilica of Saint Mary Major
363:
7:
3077:Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus
2955:Museo di Roma in Trastevere
2925:Museo Archeologico Ostiense
2661:Hospital of the Holy Spirit
2233:S. Sebastiano fuori le mura
1840:Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker
1810:Catacombs of San Sebastiano
779:Museum of the Imperial Fora
734:. New York: Routledge, 2003
529:
267:temple dedicated to Minerva
10:
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3218:Castello Orsini-Odescalchi
2304:Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi
2078:S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini
2073:S. Giovanni a Porta Latina
1346:Temple of Apollo Palatinus
792:Forum of Nerva | Art Atlas
499:
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66:Shown within Augustan Rome
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2439:Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli
2339:Palazzo della Cancelleria
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1737:Column of Marcus Aurelius
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1361:Temple of Hercules Victor
1351:Temple of Apollo Sosianus
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1178:Arch of Septimius Severus
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721:. Brussels: Latomus, 1984
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115:41.8934306°N 12.4868306°E
93:
81:
74:
33:
24:
3350:Temple of Venus Genetrix
3208:Appian Way Regional Park
3015:Pigorini National Museum
2935:Museo Civico di Zoologia
2570:della Piazza dei Quiriti
2282:List of churches in Rome
2223:Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re
2048:S. Croce in Via Flaminia
2023:S. Cecilia in Trastevere
2008:Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio
1988:S. Apollinare alle Terme
1968:S. Anastasia al Palatino
1953:S. Lorenzo fuori le mura
1732:Column of Antoninus Pius
1409:Largo di Torre Argentina
1381:Temple of Minerva Medica
1376:Temple of Jupiter Tonans
748:Stamper, John W (2005).
717:Anderson, James C., Jr.
566:Roth, Leland M. (1993).
552:
315:Layout of Imperial Fora.
87:Regio VIII Forum Romanum
3481:Imperial forums of Rome
3334:Imperial forums of Rome
3096:Portonaccio sarcophagus
3083:Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
3060:Colossus of Constantine
3055:Augustus of Prima Porta
3030:Venanzo Crocetti Museum
2990:Museum of the Ara Pacis
2965:Museo Nazionale Etrusco
2885:Galleria Doria Pamphilj
2775:Via della Conciliazione
2735:Piazza della Repubblica
2364:Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini
2319:Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga
2158:S. Maria della Vittoria
2053:S. Croce in Gerusalemme
2003:S. Bartolomeo all'Isola
1958:S. Agnese fuori le mura
1425:Porta Maggiore Basilica
1126:Obelisk of Montecitorio
3455:Via dei Fori Imperiali
3266:Festa della Repubblica
3106:Sistine Chapel ceiling
2970:Museo Nazionale Romano
2840:Parco degli Acquedotti
2820:Villa Borghese gardens
2780:Via dei Fori Imperiali
2354:Palazzo della Consulta
2238:S. Silvestro in Capite
2143:S. Maria in Trastevere
2138:S. Maria sopra Minerva
2113:S. Maria in Montesanto
1973:S. Andrea delle Fratte
1845:Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus
1830:Mausoleum of Maxentius
1800:Catacombs of Domitilla
1708:Villa of the Quintilii
513:
508:Arachne myth from the
316:
301:Via dei Fori Imperiali
247:
215:Via dei Fori Imperiali
181:
173:
120:41.8934306; 12.4868306
3258:Events and traditions
3065:La Bocca della VeritĂ
2910:Jewish Museum of Rome
2404:Palazzo del Quirinale
2248:S. Sofia a Via Boccea
2108:S. Maria degli Angeli
2098:S. Maria Ausiliatrice
1978:S. Andrea della Valle
1820:Mausoleum of Augustus
1754:Five-Columns Monument
1702:Insula dell'Ara Coeli
1554:Portico Dii Consentes
1522:Basilica of Maxentius
827:at Wikimedia Commons
507:
314:
241:
3373:Temple of Mars Ultor
3111:Velletri Sarcophagus
3071:Laocoön and His Sons
2825:Villa Doria Pamphili
2730:Piazza della Minerva
2555:di Piazza d'Aracoeli
2444:Palazzo del Viminale
2389:Palazzo di Giustizia
2218:Sacro Cuore di Maria
2203:Ss. Quattro Coronati
2188:S. Pietro in Vincoli
2173:S. Nicola in Carcere
2168:Ss. Nereo e Achilleo
2153:S. Maria in Via Lata
2128:S. Maria in Aracoeli
2118:S. Maria in Cosmedin
2093:S. Lorenzo in Lucina
2088:S. Lorenzo in Damaso
2083:Ss. Giovanni e Paolo
2028:Ss. Celso e Giuliano
2013:S. Camillo de Lellis
1629:Theatre of Marcellus
1401:House of the Vestals
294:Santa Maria Maggiore
3355:Basilica Argentaria
2631:Altare della Patria
2292:Castles and palaces
2163:S. Martino ai Monti
2133:S. Maria del Popolo
2123:S. Maria in Domnica
2068:S. Francesca Romana
2038:Ss. Cosma e Damiano
1860:Tombs of Via Latina
1855:Tomb of the Scipios
1850:Tomb of the Haterii
1825:Mausoleum of Helena
1624:Stadium of Domitian
1614:Gardens of Maecenas
1590:Circus of Maxentius
1527:Basilica of Neptune
1504:Basilica Argentaria
1308:Baths of Diocletian
1281:Cloaca Circi Maximi
1153:Arch of Constantine
1121:Obelisk of Minerveo
331:district. The name
111: /
21:
3276:Rome Film Festival
3238:Villa Aldobrandini
2865:Capitoline Museums
2710:Clivus Capitolinus
2369:Palazzo Giustinani
2309:Castel Sant'Angelo
2253:S. Stefano Rotondo
1835:Pyramid of Cestius
1684:Palace of Domitian
1619:Gardens of Sallust
1466:Forum of Vespasian
1386:Temple of Portunus
1303:Baths of Caracalla
853:Forum of Vespasian
784:2016-05-13 at the
730:Grainger, John D.
542:Roman architecture
514:
426:columns en ressaut
417:, as well as the “
400:. The underground
394:Corinthian columns
333:Forum Transitorium
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3365:Forum of Augustus
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3198:Metropolitan City
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2875:Galleria Borghese
2750:Piazza San Pietro
2725:Piazza del Popolo
2720:Piazza d'Aracoeli
2693:and public spaces
2575:di Piazza Nicosia
2565:di Piazza Farnese
2560:di Piazza Colonna
2434:Palazzo Valentini
2324:Palazzo Barberini
2018:S. Carlo al Corso
1917:
1916:
1908:Ponte Sant'Angelo
1865:Tomb of Priscilla
1805:Catacombs of Rome
1679:House of Augustus
1668:Domus Transitoria
1634:Theatre of Pompey
1561:Porticus Octaviae
1451:Forum of Augustus
1356:Temple of Hadrian
1168:Arch of Gallienus
1158:Arch of Dolabella
1116:Flaminian Obelisk
892:Landmarks of Rome
859:
858:
849:Succeeded by
843:Landmarks of Rome
823:Media related to
452:Temple of Minerva
434:Forum of Augustus
415:Porticus Absidata
386:Porticus Absidata
307:Domitianic Period
224:Temple of Minerva
213:, now called the
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2945:Museo delle Mura
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2755:Piazza di Spagna
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2409:Palazzo Pamphilj
2334:Palazzo Borghese
2243:S. Sisto Vecchio
1771:Porticus Aemilia
1743:Column of Phocas
1725:Column monuments
1486:Forum Holitorium
1391:Temple of Saturn
1298:Baths of Agrippa
1214:Aqua Alexandrina
1146:Triumphal arches
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1396:Temple of Vesta
1366:Temple of Janus
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803:. Interlink.
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135:Imperial fora
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106:12°29′12.59″E
103:41°53′36.35″N
96:
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32:
28:
23:
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3292:Vatican City
3243:Villa d'Este
3233:Ostia Antica
3213:Capo di Bove
3179:Tiber Island
3088:
3081:
3069:
3047:
2830:Villa Medici
2671:Sisto Bridge
2641:Campo Verano
2545:del Pantheon
2490:Acqua Felice
2469:Villa Madama
2464:Villa Giulia
2414:Palazzo Poli
2280:
2178:S. Pancrazio
2063:S. Eustachio
2043:S. Crisogono
1993:Ss. Apostoli
1906:
1902:Ponte Milvio
1894:
1889:Pons Cestius
1887:
1869:
1792:
1769:
1714:
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1644:
1643:Palaces and
1606:Ludus Magnus
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1333:
1291:Public baths
1279:
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1254:
1247:
1240:
1235:Aqua Claudia
1233:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1187:
1040:Caelimontana
1035:Servian Wall
1025:Terreus Wall
998:Cavalleggeri
993:Leonine Wall
971:San Giovanni
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182:Forum Nervae
165:
164:
85:
3128:Seven Hills
2850:Museums and
2656:Conti Tower
2510:Il Facchino
2495:Acqua Paola
2193:S. Prassede
2033:S. Clemente
1963:S. Agostino
1715:sette bassi
1661:Domus Aurea
1547:Curia Julia
1441:Roman Forum
1256:Aqua Tepula
1249:Aqua Marcia
1189:Arcus Novus
1030:Romuli Wall
536:Roman Forum
408:Archaeology
282:Acqua Paola
278:Pope Paul V
209:called the
118: /
94:Coordinates
3470:Categories
3146:Capitoline
2790:Via Veneto
2700:Appian Way
2600:Tartarughe
2058:S. Eugenio
1998:S. Balbina
1568:Tabularium
1242:Aqua Julia
1207:Aqua Appia
1065:Fontinalis
981:Settimiana
759:052181068X
510:Colonnacce
485:en ressaut
430:Colonnacce
419:Colonnacce
292:chapel in
288:, and the
244:Colonnacce
3151:Esquiline
3120:Landscape
2815:Villa Ada
2785:Via Sacra
2530:Navicella
2505:Barcaccia
2478:Fountains
2263:S. Vitale
2258:S. Teresa
2213:S. Sabina
1925:basilicas
1600:Colosseum
1335:Ara Pacis
1327:Religious
1199:Aqueducts
1138:landmarks
1090:Trigemina
1070:Gallienus
1060:Esquilina
1055:Dolabella
986:Tiburtina
966:San Paolo
936:Nomentana
911:Ardeatina
364:Structure
321:Argiletum
286:Janiculum
274:marshland
260:Argiletum
3223:Frascati
3161:Quirinal
3156:Palatine
3136:Aventine
2810:Bioparco
2803:and zoos
2515:Marforio
2183:Pantheon
2103:S. Marco
1763:Commerce
1540:Comitium
1420:Pantheon
1415:Lupercal
1103:obelisks
1101:Ancient
1075:Viminale
946:Pinciana
931:Metronia
926:Maggiore
916:Asinaria
782:Archived
530:See also
436:and the
371:peperino
350:Domitian
346:Domitian
338:Rabirius
290:Borghese
252:Domitian
82:Location
3285:Enclave
3166:Viminal
3141:Caelian
2690:streets
2686:Squares
2615:Tritone
2610:Tritons
2540:Nettuno
2535:Neptune
2500:Babuino
2208:S. Saba
1881:Bridges
1050:Collina
1003:Pertusa
956:Portese
547:Arachne
500:Arachne
490:in situ
463:Minerva
375:Arachne
327:to the
234:History
228:Martial
196:built.
170:Italian
156:Founded
146:Builder
141:History
2550:Pianto
2525:Nasone
1645:villae
1266:Sewers
1080:Naevia
1045:Capena
951:Popolo
921:Latina
807:
756:
578:
382:exedra
329:Subura
3090:PietĂ
2920:MAXXI
1786:Tombs
1496:Civic
553:Notes
472:antae
398:Janus
354:Nerva
256:Nerva
190:Italy
178:Latin
2520:Moro
1434:Fora
805:ISBN
754:ISBN
576:ISBN
242:The
204:The
186:Rome
131:Type
3040:Art
2485:Api
2299:Arx
941:Pia
344:of
3472::
2688:,
672:^
652:^
618:^
590:^
388:.
296:.
217:.
188:,
180::
176:;
172::
3326:e
3319:t
3312:v
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2633:(
1745:"
1741:"
884:e
877:t
870:v
813:.
762:.
584:.
168:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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