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256:. One common type is a cinerary urn dating to the 8th century BC. These urns are in the shape of wattle-and-daub huts with thatched roofs, presumably the homes of the deceased. This style of architecture is so different from classical Etruscan that many Etruscologists have denied a continuity. On the other hand, it is clear that the people of the region received a strong impetus from Greek colonies such as
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has produced barely five hundred. Among the later tombs bilingual inscriptions are by no means rare, and both
Etruscan and Latin inscriptions are often found in the same cemeteries, showing that the use of the Etruscan language only died out gradually. A large number of the inscriptions are painted
479:
in 391 BC, Clusium was on friendly terms with Rome. It was once thought that it was the action of the Roman envoys who had come to intercede for the people of
Clusium with the Gauls, and then, contrary to international law, took part in the battle which followed, which determined the Gauls to march
625:
Two
Christian catacombs were found near Clusium, one in the hill of Santa Caterina near the railway station, the inscriptions of which seem to go back to the 3rd century, another 1 mile to the east in a hill on which a church and monastery of St Mustiola stood, which goes back to the 4th century,
547:
The following description from the early 20th century shows that excavation of the ancient site had by then been extensive. Of pre-Roman or Roman buildings in the town itself there are few remains, except for some fragments of the
Etruscan town walls composed of rather small rectangular blocks of
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Pliny the Elder wrote that a magnificent tomb was built for
Porsena; a large mausoleum surrounded by cascades of pyramids over a labyrinth of underground chambers in which an intruder could get lost. Pliny never saw this tomb, so his description was based on a report from
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The site of ancient
Clusium was reoccupied in Roman and later times, obscuring and obliterating much of the Etruscan layers. For example, the ancient sources describe the tomb of Lars Porsena at Clusium as well as the sacking and levelling of the city by
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times we hear little of it, though its grain and grapes were famous. Christianity found its way into
Clusium as early as the 3rd century, and the tombstone of a bishop of AD 322 exists. In 540 it was named as a strong place to which the
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A conception of the size of the whole necropolis may be gathered from the fact that nearly three thousand
Etruscan inscriptions have come to light from Clusium and its district alone, while the part of Etruria north of it as far as the
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In 2004 Professor of Urban
Restoration Giuseppe Centauro suggested that the traditional location of Clusium at Chiusi is wrong and that it is near Florence. As of 2008 he was trying to raise money and get permission to excavate.
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were defeated by the Romans. The precise period at which
Clusium came under Roman supremacy is, however, uncertain, though this must have happened before 225 BC, when the Gauls advanced as far as Clusium. In 205 BC during the
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including among its inscriptions one bearing the date 303, and the tombstone of L. Petronius Dexter, bishop of Clusium, who died in 322. The total number of Etruscan inscriptions known in Clusium is nearly 3,000.
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lands that had previously been taken by Rome. In 507 BC Rome's hostages and lands were restored, and peace between Rome and Porsena was cemented. Tarquinius was not restored to the Roman throne.
552:, built into the medieval fortifications. Under it, however, extends an elaborate system of rock-cut passages, probably drains. The chief interest of the place lies in its extensive
618:, originally painted, though the majority of them have lost their colour, and rectangular in shape. In Roman times the territory of Clusium seems to have extended as far as
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on Rome; whether this was true or not, the Gauls needed no real provocation. Near Clusium too, according to Livy, a battle occurred in 296 BC between the Gauls and
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of the late archaic period were built at Chiusi, and modern scholars have tried to associate these (especially Poggio Gaiella) with the legendary tomb of Porsena.
183:, found in the territory of a prehistoric culture, possibly also Etruscan or proto-Etruscan. The site is located in northern central Italy on the west side of the
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followed, during which Porsena besieged Rome. The siege and the war ended with a peace treaty, by which Porsena received hostages from Rome and returned to
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and secondly by force of arms. Both attempts had been unsuccessful, the conspiracy having been discovered, and Tarquin's army having been defeated at the
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275:. On enclosing the city with a wall they changed the name to "enclosure", using an Etruscanized form, Clevsin, of the perfect passive participle,
374:, formerly king of Rome, had been expelled along with his family from Rome in 509 BC. He had sought to regain the throne, firstly by the
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Different theories exist of the city's origin. The minority theory is the Proto-Italic. In this theory, Etruscans from the coast or from the
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544:. Much of what remains are its tombs and its underground passages, some of which might have been associated with the monument to Porsena.
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In 508 BC, after the siege of Rome, Porsena split his forces and sent part of the Clusian army with his son Aruns to besiege the
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Found in Chiusi. 2nd century BCE. Terracotta. The relief depicts the duel betwenn Eteocles and Polynices over the rule of Thebes.
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594:(the monkey), with several chambers decorated with archaic paintings. The most remarkable group of tombs is, however, that of
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upon the tiles which closed the niches containing the cinerary urns. The urns themselves are small, often of
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appears to have increased the number of colonists, and a statue was certainly erected in his honour here. In
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and perhaps a conflated comparison to the Minoan labyrinths he describes before this tomb. Large-size
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near lake Clusium, both of which features had those names in antiquity. The Clanis is part of the
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to intermediate. However, in the following negotiations, one of the Roman delegates, of the gens
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for the next year, the enraged Gauls broke up their siege and under the leadership of
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drainage system and was navigable by boat from there. Rome was also accessed by the
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The Tomb of Lars Porsenna at Clusium and Its Religious and Political Implications
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are more likely Etruscan words. The limited known Etruscan vocabulary includes
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took up his position here, and two battles occurred in the neighbourhood.
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combined, and the Romans; a little later the united forces of Clusium and
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city being petitioned for assistance against the republican partisans of
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city called Camars, which the exponents believe means "marshland" in
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Tarquin convinced Lars Porsena to lead his army against Rome. The
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of twelve cities in the 600s BC, to defend against the Roman king
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it was reported that they promised ship timber and corn to
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Drummond, Andrew (1996), "Fabius Ambustus, Quintus", in
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In the early 4th century BC (391 BC according to
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Chiusi is situated on a hill above the valley of the
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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727:. University of California Press. pp. 162–.
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693:http://latin.packhum.org/loc/914/1/508/1773-1779
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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175:). The Roman city remodeled an earlier
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908:"Lost Italian City dug up in Tuscany"
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924:"Sotto Prato dorme una città etrusca"
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674:The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria
370:was king of Clusium in 508 BC.
47:adding citations to reliable sources
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836:William M. Gaugler (January 2002).
531:sent a garrison of a thousand men.
475:At the time of the invasion of the
463:they marched onto and subsequently
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1715:Former populated places in Italy
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1397:English words of Etruscan origin
1271:Battle of Alalia (540 BC–535 BC)
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345:endings. A "place of offering" (
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1151:Etruscan names for Greek heroes
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443:chronology) it was besieged by
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1311:Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC)
1286:Battle of the Cremera (477 BC)
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349:) or "place of magistracies" (
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704:Louise Adams Holland (1925).
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1316:Battle of Populonia (282 BC)
1141:Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum
938:Livius.org: Clusium (Chiusi)
395:war between Clusium and Rome
260:and from Greek immigration.
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1710:Battles involving the Gauls
1301:Capture of Fidenae (435 BC)
874:Oxford Classical Dictionary
710:. American Academy in Rome.
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420:, and the Clusian army was
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1306:Battle of Veii (c. 396 BC)
1296:Battle of Fidenae (437 BC)
1222:Sarcophagus of the Spouses
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1291:Battle of Cumae (474 BC)
877:(3rd ed.), Oxford:
677:. John Murray. pp.
231:, it is already a major
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879:Oxford University Press
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16:Ancient city in Italy
1523:Civita di Bagnoregio
1196:Mythological figures
721:Luisa Banti (1973).
640:Tomb of Lars Porsena
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1681:43.0167°N 11.9500°E
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1392:Tyrsenian languages
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1684: /
1450:Portonaccio
1425:Etruscology
1025:Tyrrhenians
599: [
535:Archaeology
525:Ostrogothic
424:in battle.
309:is a known
1699:Categories
1672:11°57′00″E
1669:43°01′00″N
1483:Acquarossa
1407:Archeology
657:Polybius,
646:References
616:terracotta
554:necropolis
550:travertine
503:Via Cassia
250:Villanovan
205:via Cassia
99:March 2019
69:newspapers
1618:Vetulonia
1603:Tarquinia
1578:Populonia
1548:Fescennia
1518:Cerveteri
1475:Key sites
1186:Mezentius
1020:Tyrrhenus
775:(1911). "
659:Histories
441:Varronian
416:and from
185:Apennines
159:) was an
58:"Clusium"
1633:Volterra
1628:Volsinii
1623:Vie Cave
1608:Tuscania
1588:Rusellae
1420:Cuniculi
1415:Bucchero
1339:Alphabet
1331:Language
1216:Religion
1206:Poppilia
1055:Tanaquil
941:Archived
897:45857759
871:(eds.),
808:, 2.9-15
661:, 2:25:2
634:See also
520:imperial
482:Samnites
422:defeated
408:city of
339:genitive
313:ending.
311:locative
305:, where
233:Etruscan
191:Location
177:Etruscan
146:Kloúsion
141:Κλούσιον
1568:Perusia
1563:Orvieto
1558:Norchia
1553:Fidenae
1543:Falerii
1538:Etruria
1528:Clusium
1503:Bologna
1498:Baratti
1201:Persius
1171:Jewelry
1108:society
1104:Culture
1030:Tarchon
1000:Origins
992:History
783:(ed.).
777:Clusium
770::
529:Vitiges
486:Perusia
461:Brennus
457:consuls
347:Clevsin
303:cam-thi
291:Clevsin
284:cludere
269:Umbrian
229:History
181:Clevsin
173:Tuscany
150:Umbrian
136:Klýsion
131:Κλύσιον
122:Clusium
83:scholar
1725:Chiusi
1654:Portal
1493:Aleria
1248:Vegoia
1176:Lausus
895:
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826:, 2.14
779:". In
764:
731:
467:Rome.
465:sacked
434:tumuli
410:Aricia
351:Camars
343:dative
319:-arasi
299:camthi
295:Camars
277:clusus
273:Italic
265:Aegean
254:Chiusi
244:Camars
179:city,
169:Chiusi
157:Camars
154:
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1638:Vulci
1598:Spina
1583:Pyrgi
1533:Cumae
1508:Caere
1488:Adria
1253:Vulca
1228:Tages
1211:Raeti
1136:Coins
1045:Capys
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542:Sulla
527:king
516:Sulla
477:Gauls
453:Fabia
445:Gauls
430:Varro
418:Cumae
406:Latin
327:cleva
323:-aras
281:Latin
279:, of
258:Cumae
201:Tiber
165:Italy
138:, or
126:Greek
90:JSTOR
76:books
1613:Veii
1513:Ceri
1106:and
893:OCLC
883:ISBN
844:ISBN
818:Livy
800:Livy
729:ISBN
611:Arno
500:The
449:Rome
399:Veii
341:and
337:are
335:-isi
333:and
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293:and
225:Livy
62:news
1126:Art
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