Cairo Citadel - Knowledge

1446: 1750: 606: 81: 3398: 1657: 1578: 1474: 1077:). This may have been out of a desire to make it appear even more prominent and monumental, as well as to perhaps accommodate larger ceremonies. In any case, he demolished it (either entirely or in part) and rebuilt it yet again in 1333, and it is this incarnation of the Great Iwan which survived up until the 19th century (when it was destroyed during Muhammad Ali's constructions). It was frequently cited by chroniclers as the most impressive structure in Cairo, more monumental than almost any of the Mamluk mosques. It served as the sultan's public and ceremonial throne room and continued to be used (albeit less consistently) by Mamluk sultans after him. 901:, another son of Qalawun, who was sultan three times over a period of nearly fifty years between 1293 and 1341. It was most likely under his reign that the borders of the Southern Enclosure expanded to their current outline, in order to accommodate the new palaces and structures he built. He is responsible for several major works in the Citadel, though unfortunately most of them fell into ruin during the Ottoman period and were finally demolished by Muhammad Ali in the 19th century. In addition to his official palaces and his semi-public monuments in the Southern Enclosure, al-Nasir reserved the southeastern corner of the enclosure (the location of the 1055: 1718: 987:(vaulted chambers open on one side) facing each other and a central dome in the middle. The larger iwan, on the northwestern side, gave access to the outside loggia with views of the city, while the southeastern one gave access to the private passage to the Great Iwan. This also served as the throne room of the palace complex. From here one could access three "inner palaces" with the same layout but located on different levels, with the last two reached by stairs. These palace sections were lined up in a row and all faced in the same direction, apparently so that every 625: 1280: 946: 374:, a setting that made it difficult to attack. The efficacy of the Citadel's location is further demonstrated by the fact that it remained the heart of Egyptian government until the 19th century. During this long period, the layout and structure of the Citadel was repeatedly altered and adapted to suit the designs of new rulers and new regimes, which makes it difficult to reconstitute its original plan or even its plan in subsequent periods. There have been three major construction periods leading to the Citadel's current form: 12th-century 2954: 1337: 419: 1086: 565:(making the original enclosure slightly bigger than the existing Northern Enclosure today). The carved image of a double-headed eagle, found near the top of one of the towers of the western walls (near the Police Museum), is a curious feature which is popularly attributed to Salah ad-Din's reign. It was probably located elsewhere originally and then moved here at some point when the walls were rebuilt in Muhammad Ali's time. The eagle's heads are missing today, but their original appearance was noted by chroniclers. 1410:) in the Northern Enclosure, erasing the old functional division between the two sections of the Citadel. He also built or rebuilt some of the walls. Notably, he rebuilt the Bab al-Qulla gate and the surrounding wall which separated the Northern and Southern enclosures from each other, giving it its current look. The gate's form today once again emulates the appearance of Bab al-Futuh but introduces some Turkish elements. In 1825 he also built the gate known as Bab al-Jadid (the "New Gate") at the point where a new 1525:. This system consisted of a number of water wheels on the Nile which raised water to the top of an hexagonal tower (built by his predecessor al-Ashraf Khalil), from which the water was then transported along a series of raised aqueducts to the base of the Citadel. From the foot of the Citadel, the water was then carried up to the palaces via another system of waterwheels. However, since this water supply could not be guaranteed in the event of a siege, Saladin's well was still an essential water source. 650:(1218–1238). Al-'Adil had already supervised some of the construction under Saladin, while al-Kamil in turn probably worked on the Citadel during al-'Adil's reign when the latter gave him the viceroyship of Egypt in 1200 (a prelude to becoming sultan later). The rounded towers in the outer walls of the Northern Enclosure date from Saladin's initial construction while the large rectangular towers date to al-Adil's reign. The two large round towers in the far northeastern corner of the enclosure, known as 1101:, also situated in the Southern Enclosure. This was built in 1318 on the site of an earlier Ayyubid main mosque which he demolished in order to serve as the new grand mosque of the Citadel. Al-Nasir renovated his mosque again in 1335. Some of its huge columns were also re-used from Pharaonic-era buildings, much like the columns of the Great Iwan. While its structure is well preserved, most of its rich marble paneling decoration was stripped away and shipped to Istanbul by the 354: 964:

Iwan (see below) by a private passage or corridor which led to the sultan's entrance in the back wall of the Iwan. The walls of the palace itself formed a part of the new outer boundary of the Citadel's enclosure: it was located on an escarpment overlooking the city below, and the escarpment, along with the foundation walls of the palace, acted as the effective outer wall of the Citadel at its western corner. Because of this, al-Nasir was able to build a

1495:). The stairs could be covered with earth to make it into a ramp for oxen to travel down to its bottom. The lower part of the well was another shaft descending to the level of underground water seeping in from the Nile. At the bottom of the upper section, two oxen turned a waterwheel that brought the water up from the bottom of the well, while another waterwheel at the top of the well, also powered by oxen, brought the water up the rest of the way. 1398:, Muhammad Ali's second son who died in 1816. However, it also represents Muhammad Ali's efforts to erase symbols of the Mamluk legacy that he sought to replace. Many of the former Mamluk structures, including the Great Iwan and the Ablaq Palace of al-Nasir Muhammad, were demolished in 1825 to make way for his new mosque and its renovated surroundings. Muhammad Ali himself was eventually buried in the mosque. His mosque also replaced the nearby 882: 1180: 712: 3322: 857:. (During excavations the mosaics were removed for study and restoration.) The hall also had a central octagonal fountain of marble and the floor was paved with marble mosaics arranged in geometric patterns. It was one of the few structures in this area which al-Nasir Muhammad did not destroy but instead re-used for various purposes, and in the Burji Mamluk period it seems to have replaced the 1231:(or Azap) corps. Each section had its own mosque and facilities. In between them was a virtual no-man's-land where some of the former grand Mamluk buildings stood abandoned or under-used. This included the Great Iwan of al-Nasir Muhammad, whose large dome collapsed in 1521 and was never rebuilt. The Ablaq Palace was used more productively as a manufacturing center for weaving the 1137:, which was completed in 1360. It was over 50 metres tall and, in addition to a main hall covered by a dome, it also had a tower with an apartment for the sultan which was decorated with ivory and ebony. Other private apartments also had domes, while paintings and portraits decorated the walls. Both Isma'il and Hasan were sons of al-Nasir Muhammad. Sultan Hasan also built 491: 3397: 80: 561:

likely the closest to their original forms. Also from Saladin's time is the so-called Yusuf's Well, a deep underground well accessed through a spiral staircase which provided water for the fortress. The original southwestern section of Saladin's enclosure has disappeared but is likely to have extended around this well and around the current site of

782:("the Dome of al-Zahir"), a monumental and richly decorated hall with a central dome which acted as an audience hall or throne hall. It may have been a new structure or an addition to an existing Ayyubid structure, and it was probably the predecessor of al-Nasir Muhammad's "Great Iwan". Baybars also built the Tower of the Lions ( 786:), a round tower which featured a stone-carved frieze of lions (Baybars' emblem) along its upper parts. The tower was obscured by later construction but its remains, including the lion carvings, were rediscovered in the late 20th century and are now visible on the northwestern side of the Police Museum. 1641:

mosque is still similar to how it looked in the 1300s though many repairs have been made and only some of its original decoration has been restored. The parts of the building relying on plastered walls have been reinforced. There have also been attempts to restore the light-blue color of the ceiling.

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masonry that marked its exterior. It may have been partly inspired by the palace of the same name that Sultan Baybars had built in Damascus in 1264 and in which al-Nasir resided when he visited that city. The palace was used for regular receptions and private ceremonies. It was connected to the Great

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which eliminated the remaining Mamluk class that still formed the country's elites. One of the most pivotal events of this coup took place in the Citadel. Muhammad Ali invited the Mamluk leaders to a celebration banquet in the Citadel, and as they were leaving and passing along the road leading from

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would have once supported the upper levels of the palace. More recently, Nasser Rabbat argued that a much more likely site is the partly ruined terrace just below the mosque's southwestern corner (inaccessible but partly visible to visitors today), which shelters a vast space of vaulted halls. These

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had a similar view of the city from its northwestern iwan. From these inner palaces the Sultan could also access the buildings of his harem (where his wives and concubines lived) in the southeastern part of the Citadel. According to historical chronicles, the palace complex was richly decorated with

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tower which he built nearby and which was later torn down by Qalawun. The gate itself was rebuilt again by al-Nasir Muhammad in 1320. The gate was intended to control access to the newly delimited Southern Enclosure which Baybars then developed into a more elaborate and more exclusive royal complex.

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each built or rebuilt the audience hall (throne hall), the main mosque, the palaces, or other structures. Unlike the earlier Ayyubid buildings, the Mamluk buildings were increasingly designed to be visible from afar and to dominate the city's skyline. Many of these structures have not survived, with

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established a similar hippodrome in the 9th century. This work established the overall plan of the Citadel area for centuries to come: the northern part of the citadel was devoted to military functions, the southern part to the sultan's private residence and the state administration, and outside, at

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to the bank of the Nile." The Citadel would be the centerpiece of the wall. While the Citadel was initially completed in 1183–1184, the wall Saladin had envisioned was still under construction in 1238, long after his death. It does not appear to have ever been fully completed after this, though long

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The museum (also sometimes referred to as the Prison Museum) is just north of the gate known as Bab al-'Alam, on a terrace commanding sweeping views of the city below. It is housed in the Citadel's former prison and contains exhibits on topics such as famous political assassinations and displays of

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Another obvious change that Muhammad Ali enacted pertained to the uses of the Citadel's northern and southern enclosures: during the Mamluk period the Southern Enclosure was the royal residential area and the Northern Enclosure was mostly military, but Muhammad Ali built his Harem Palace (which now

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The lower, western enclosure which can be seen today below the Mosque of Muhammad Ali was historically the area which housed the stables of the Citadel. It's not clear when walls were first built around it, though they were likely already enclosed in Mamluk times. This enclosure was occupied by the

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mosques and is one of the few structures in Cairo closely resembling the "classical" Ottoman style of the 16th century. It is located in the Northern Enclosure, just northeast of the Harim Palace (Military Museum). It was built on the ruins of the earlier Mosque of Sidi Sariyya built by Abu-Mansur

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captured in Saladin's victories against the Crusaders. The initial fortress built in Saladin's time consisted essentially of what is today's Northern Enclosure, although not all elements of the Northern Enclosure's current walls are original. The southeast and northeast sections of these walls are

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so-called because Saladin's birth name, Yūsif, is the Arabic equivalent of Joseph. His chief eunuch and confidant, Qaraqush, who oversaw construction of the Citadel, was also responsible for digging the well. The well is considered a masterpiece of medieval engineering and still exists today. Its

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More significantly, al-Kamil built or completed the palaces in the southern section of the Citadel, and became the first ruler to actually move there in 1206. In addition to the palaces, a number of other structures were built, including a mosque, a royal library, and a "hall of justice". In 1213

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is located today). The Northern Enclosure was historically reserved for military garrisons, while the Southern Enclosure was developed as the residence of the sultan. There is also a lower, western enclosure which was historically the site of the royal stables of the Mamluks. However, these

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which brought water from the Nile to the Citadel. His predecessor, al-Ashraf, is responsible for building an octagonal water intake tower on the shores of the Nile, from which water was raised and transferred along the aqueduct, but al-Nasir completed the project. This improvement of the

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shaft was divided into two sections, almost all of which is cut out of the rock itself. The upper part has a wider shaft which is surrounded by a long spiral staircase, separated from the main shaft only by a thin wall of rock. For this reason, the well is also known as the Spiral Well (

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near the center of Cairo commands a strategic position overlooking the city and dominating its skyline. When it was constructed it was among the most impressive and ambitious military fortification projects of its time. It is now a preserved historic site, including mosques and museums.

1465:. In 1983, the Egyptian government opened a large part of the Citadel to the public and initiated refurbishment programs to convert some of its old buildings into museums, though the military retains a presence. It is now a major tourist site for both Egyptians and foreigners alike. 873:" seems to have been used from then on for this particular type of building). This new throne hall differed from previous incarnations in one notable respect: it was painted with pictures of al-Ashraf's amirs (commanders), each with their rank inscribed above his head. 1141:

just northwest of the Citadel, off Rumayla Square, in the 1350s and early 1360s (and still standing today). It was so large and tall that in later years it was reportedly used by rebels as a platform from which to bombard the Citadel on more than one occasion.

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and dated to 1310. It was also on this gate that a foundation inscription was discovered which dates the completion of the Citadel to 1183–1184. Nonetheless, construction of one kind or another almost certainly continued under Saladin's Ayyubid successors.

450:("plaza" or "square"). For centuries this was maintained as a training ground (especially for horsemanship) and as a military parade ground. Its outline is still visible in the layout of the roads (mainly Salah ad-Din Street) on this side of the Citadel. 1445: 774:, the private and domestic area of the sultan and his family, while another part became the site of more monumental structures whose functions were more public, ceremonial, or administrative. Among the structures he built here was one called the 1214:

During this period the Citadel was neglected and many Mamluk structures fell into ruin, although some of the Citadel walls were rebuilt or extended in the 16th–17th centuries. Due to rivalries between different military corps in the

533:(the nearby former capital), and is recorded as saying: "With a wall I will make the two into a unique whole, so that one army may defend them both; and I believe it is good to encircle them with a single wall from the bank of the 816:(soldiers of slave origin) who resided in the various towers of the Citadel, which earned them the name "Burji" Mamluks (Mamluks of the Tower). It was these cohorts of mamluks who would eventually dominate the sultanate during the 469:). This was used as a horse market (due to its adjacency to the royal stables), but also as an official square for royal and religious ceremonies. It is occupied today by a large roundabout next to which are the massive mosques of 778:("the Hall of Gold"), which he seems to have used as his private reception hall and which may have been located in the area of the present Police Museum. Another important structure he built in the area is referred to as the 845:), above which was a small frieze of marble mosaics with mother-of-pearl and other marble reliefs, and above all this were panels of glass mosaics with scenes of trees and palaces which are reminiscent of the mosaics of the 1749: 545:, with overseeing the construction of the new fortifications. Most of the structure was built with limestone quarried from the surrounding Muqattam Hills; however, Qaraqush also quarried a number of minor pyramids at 605: 1304:

to it.) The rest of the area is presently occupied by various 19th-century buildings, including storehouses and old factories. The lower enclosure was accessed from the west through the monumental gate called

1328:("Gate of the Mountain") which was built by the Ottoman governor Yakan Pasha in 1785 when he rearranged the area to build a new palace. Yakan also rebuilt a small stretch of the adjoining wall south of here. 1513:, Saladin's well was insufficient to produce enough water for the Citadel's growing population and for al-Nasir's envisioned construction projects. To increase the volume of water, al-Nasir renovated an 294:(Saladin) and further developed by subsequent Egyptian rulers. It was the seat of government in Egypt and the residence of its rulers for nearly 700 years from the 13th century until the construction of 529:, which had walled citadels that acted as the seat of power and which Saladin was familiar with. Saladin also set out to build a wall, around 20 kilometres long, that would surround both Cairo and 410:

in 1874. Despite its elaborate defenses, the Citadel never ended up being subjected to a true siege, though it was implicated on various occasions in the political conflicts within Cairo or Egypt.

841:(Gate of the Flag), across the terrace from the current Police Museum. The remains indicate that the walls of the hall were decorated with multi-coloured marble paneling along the lower walls (a 1248:

Some notable structures were still created during this period. The huge round tower near the visitor entrance today, standing at the corner of the Southern and Northern Enclosures, was built by

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Mamluk period saw little construction in the Citadel by comparison with the earlier Mamluk period. The private harem courtyard in the southeastern corner of the Southern Enclosure, known as the

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demolished many of the older buildings and built new palaces and monuments all across the site, giving it much of its present form. In the 20th century it was used as a military garrison by the

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as the Citadel's official main mosque. Muhammad Ali's mosque, with its large dome and tall pencil-like Ottoman minarets, is one of the most prominent monuments on Cairo's skyline to this day.

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functional distinctions were largely erased in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali Pasha, who overhauled the entire site and constructed buildings of various functions throughout the Citadel.

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in the Northern Enclosure, built by the Ottoman governor in 1528 for use by the Janissaries. It is one of the few mosques in Cairo that represents something close to the classical

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View from the terrace south of the Mosque of Muhammad Ali: on the left, the corner structure partially exposes the ruins of what may be the lower levels of the former Ablaq Palace.

3303: 1569:. Today it is cut off from the Citadel and stands stranded between two highways (Salah Salem road and Kobri al-Ebageah) which pass right next to the Citadel on its eastern side. 1171:. He also restored or reconfigured the Mamluk hippodrome at the southwestern foot of the Citadel, where he installed a vast pool which received water from the restored aqueduct. 1577: 3326: 1121:

Subsequent sultans continued to build or add to the palaces and administrative buildings inside the Citadel, though rarely with the same ambition as al-Nasir Muhammad. Sultan

199: 670:, a long open square or "hippodrome", to the west and south of the Citadel which was used for equestrian training and military parades. This was on the same site that 572:, has survived to the present day. It is located along the walls of the Northern Enclosure, nowadays between the Harem Palace (National Military Museum) and the newer 2271:

Abdulfattah, Iman R. and Mamdouh Mohamed Sakr (2012), "Glass Mosaics in a Royal Mamluk Hall: Context, Content, and Interpretation", in Doris Behrens-Abouseif (ed.),

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the southwestern foot of the Citadel, was the parade ground which remained for centuries. Al-Kamil was likely also responsible for building or completing the first

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supporting the main palace above. If this is correct, then a part of the Mosque of Muhammad Ali today would likely overlap with the former location of the palace.

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district of Cairo. In November 1949 the museum was moved to the Harem Palace at the Cairo citadel. It has been renovated several times since, in 1982 and 1993.

3472: 1731:. The museum was established in 1937 at the old building of the Egyptian Ministry of War in downtown Cairo. It was later moved to a temporary location in the 972:(hippodrome) at the foot of the Citadel below, as well as a private door and staircase which gave him direct access between the palace and the hippodrome. 3422: 2616: 1219:, the Citadel was divided into three areas to house three different elements of the Ottoman garrison: the Northern Enclosure housed the barracks of the 731:, the Citadel was continuously developed and the Southern Enclosure in particular was expanded and became the site of important monumental structures. 1680:

This lesser-known mosque is situated right behind the main western gate, Bab al-'Azab. Both are named after the Ottoman military regiments known as

1264:("Tower of the Muqattam Hills"). The round tower at the other corner of the two enclosures (between Bab al-Qulla and Bab al-Wastani), known now as 3086: 588:) which led up to it from the path that connected the Citadel to the city below. Like other gateways in Ayyubid military architecture, it had a 2335: 1453:

For many years up to the late 20th century, the Citadel was closed to the public and used as a military garrison and base; at first by the

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stripped the monumental Mamluk buildings of their precious materials, especially their marble panels and decoration, and shipped them to

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Lastly, al-Nasir's other most notable contribution, and the only major structure of his reign still preserved at the Citadel, was the

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Inaugurated in 1983, it houses a collection of unique Royal Carriages attributed to different historical periods, from the reign of

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To the west and southwest of the Citadel was a long open field frequently referred to as the "hippodrome" by historians or as the

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Qasta, an amir in the Fatimid era (predating the Citadel). Qasta's tomb, dated to 1140 CE, still exists in the mosque today.

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Bab al-'Azab, the northwestern entrance. Although built in 1754 during the Ottoman era, it emulates the Fatimid-era gate of

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Its remains were excavated in the late 20th century and are still visible today, just west of the present-day gate called

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mosque or religious structure. Although not publicly accessible, it can be spotted by its pointed Ottoman-style minaret.

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in 1857. It is located in the Southern Enclosure and is open to the public today. The architect was Yusuf Bushnak from

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attacks and to provide a secure center of government for his new regime (only a few years after he had dismantled the

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the upper Citadel to Bab al-Azab, regiments of his Albanian gunmen opened fire from above and massacred all of them.

431: 1553:. Because of its dome, the building has the look of a mausoleum but it is actually a structure covering access to a 765:, the gate and wall which today separates the Southern and Northern Enclosures of the Citadel. It was named after a 2484: 1835:(Ablaq Palace) of al-Nasir Muhammad, but Nasser Rabbat argued against this interpretation and identified it as the 1138: 1122: 17: 1486:

To supply water to the Citadel, Saladin built an 85-metre-deep (280 ft) well known as the Well of Joseph (or

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which was built by Ahmad Katkhuda in 1697. (It is possible that Ahmad Katkhuda merely renovated an existing early

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period, as the royal mosque of the Citadel where the sultans of Cairo performed their Friday prayers, today this

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which ran along the top of Saladin's city walls to the southwest and brought water from the Nile to the Citadel.

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in 1814. The palace was designed and constructed by artisans contracted from a variety of countries, including

1309:, which was built by Radwan Katkhuda al-Julfi in 1754, probably on the site of an earlier Mamluk gate known as 663: 1684:(or Azaps) who were housed in this part of the Citadel during the Ottoman period. The mosque was built by the 1422:) ("Middle Gate") where the same road continues into the Southern Enclosure (just north of the Bab al-Qulla). 3166: 3076: 2783: 1784:

of France. The palace also contains the throne of Muhammad Ali Pasha that was a gift from the King of Italy.

957:; sometimes translated as the "Striped Palace"), built in 1313–1314. Its name derived from the red-and-black 686:(r. 1240–1249) subsequently moved away from the Citadel again and built himself a new fortified enclosure on 1227:(governor) and his own troops, and another lower western enclosure, which contained the stables, housed the 3091: 2843: 2788: 662:

al-Kamil also established a horse market on what became Rumayla Square (the square between the Citadel and

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gate. It was originally the main gate of the Citadel, but today it is obscured by later constructions from

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Ahmad Katkhuda in 1697, but it has been argued that it incorporates, or was a renovation of, an earlier

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in the north of Cairo, but its interior facade was later remodeled into a neo-Gothic style during the

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on the side of the palace from which he could freely observe the activities in the stables and in the

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View of the Citadel from the southeast. The present-day visitor entrance is up the hill on the right.

1160: 3318: 3146: 3066: 3006: 2939: 2919: 2755: 1692: 1628: 1582: 1546: 1399: 1257: 1125:(a son of al-Nasir who reigned from 1342 to 1345) built a richly decorated palace or hall known as 1098: 1090: 890: 562: 383: 358: 311: 204: 1249: 1192: 3432: 3417: 3273: 3202: 2853: 2818: 2371:

Al-Harithy, Howyda N. (1996). "The Complex of Sultan Hasan in Cairo: Reading between the Lines".

1793: 658:("Tower of Iron") are towers from Saladin's time which al-Kamil subsequently reinforced in 1207. 38: 2543: 646:

1200–1218), Saladin's brother and later successor, and was probably finished under the reign of

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A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of al-Nasir Muhammad Ibn Qalawun (1310-1341)

1598: 1522: 1504: 1387: 1168: 1028: 929: 886: 676: 439: 310:-era construction begun by Saladin in 1176, the Citadel underwent major development during the 268: 90: 3233: 3212: 3141: 3136: 2909: 2828: 2808: 2433: 1761: 1717: 1660: 1651: 1619:, in the courtyard of the mosque. His body was transferred here from Hawsh al-Basha in 1857. 1462: 1344: 1269: 1063: 577: 490: 391: 319: 162: 933:

infrastructure allowed him in turn to embark on more ambitious projects within the Citadel.

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At the northern end of this hippodrome was another square or plaza known as Rumayla Square (

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This small domed building just outside the Citadel to the east was built in 1495–96 by an

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built palaces in this part of the Citadel, on the site of what is now the 19th-century

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or domed throne hall of his father Qalawun and replaced it with his own structure, the

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The mosque was built between 1830 and 1848, although not completed until the reign of

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There are four main mosques in the Citadel today, some of which are open to visitors:

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View of the Citadel near the visitor entrance today. The minarets of the 14th-century

3372: 3263: 3192: 2848: 2778: 2576: 2523: 2193: 2168: 1754: 1744: 1604: 1585:. The domes and minarets of the Mosque of Muhammad Ali are visible in the background. 1510: 1164: 1020: 902: 898: 790: 744: 736: 593: 518: 387: 315: 156: 1557:. It has an inscription that memorializes the victory of Sultan Qaytbay's army over 1062:, as seen in the early 19th century (missing its dome), before it was demolished by 917:. He also commissioned new palaces outside the Citadel but nearby for his favourite 804:

which served as the palace of the sultan's vice-regent. He also demolished Baybars'

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origin who was appointed by the Ottoman sultan in 1805 to restore order after the

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1260–1277) was the first one to split the Citadel into two areas by building the

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Kahil, Abdallah (2006). "The Architect/s of the Sultan Ḥasan Complex in Cairo".

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Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture.

3026: 2904: 2691: 1806:, in addition to other collection of unique antiques related to the carriages. 1616: 1558: 1434: 1200: 1188: 1130: 1102: 1085: 1019:

The location where the palace once stood has not been identified beyond doubt.

977: 846: 829: 683: 407: 399: 86: 3411: 3342: 3253: 2980: 2894: 2676: 2631: 2618: 2588: 1728: 1634: 1430: 1425:

The Citadel eventually ceased to act as the residence of Egypt's ruler after

1297: 1146: 861:

as the palace of the vice-regent. Al-Ashraf also, once again, demolished the

817: 728: 691: 589: 553:

in order to obtain further materials. He also made use of labour provided by

342: 327: 295: 216: 63: 1324:

The present-dat visitor entrance goes through the small western gate called

800:

1279–1290) either built or significantly renovated a structure known as the

3031: 2798: 2740: 2714: 2704: 1454: 1414:

road entered the Citadel from the north. Around the same time he built the

1314: 1284: 1253: 1013: 635:

Construction of the Ayyubid Citadel appears to have continued under Sultan

480: 403: 1380: 1336: 3377: 2724: 1395: 1220: 1032:

halls would likely have been the lower levels of the palace, acting as a

687: 353: 2257:

The Citadel of Cairo, 1176-1341: reconstructing architecture from texts.

1129:(the "little wonder") which was inaugurated in February 1344. Likewise, 330:

until being opened to the public in 1983. In 1976, it was proclaimed by

2307:

The Citadel of Cairo: A New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture

2148:

The Citadel of Cairo: A New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture

1841:

The Citadel of Cairo: A New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture

1773: 1371:

The Citadel is sometimes referred to as the "Citadel of Muhammad Ali" (

1313:(Gate of the Stables). The gate was modeled on the old Fatimid gate of 1059: 1049: 554: 1777: 1638: 1352: 910: 905:

today) for the palaces, private courtyard, and garden devoted to his

671: 636: 1938:. trans. by Willard Wood. Harvard University Press. pp. 85–132. 1919: 1179: 881: 711: 513:) between 1176 and 1183 CE in order to protect Cairo from potential 314:

that followed, culminating with the construction projects of Sultan

226: 3367: 2395:

Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of its Architecture and its Culture

1831:

This site was originally identified by excavators as a part of the

1760:

Also known as Bijou Palace, is a palace and museum commissioned by

1642:

It is located in the Southern Enclosure and is open to the public.

1608: 1538: 1518: 1411: 1208: 1133:(another son of al-Nasir) built a lavish domed palace known as the 854: 647: 610: 522: 514: 371: 299: 1615:

in that city. Muhammad Ali Pasha was buried in a tomb carved from

1363:

independent ruler of the country. He consolidated power through a

2273:

The Arts of the Mamluks in Egypt and Syria – Evolution and Impact

1554: 1550: 1514: 1301: 1204: 1156: 1106: 1009: 897:

The greatest builder of the Citadel during the Mamluk period was

751: 732: 510: 506: 498:

on the citadel walls. The eagle became the coat of arms of Egypt.

379: 375: 307: 291: 150: 102: 37:"Citadel of Saladin" redirects here. Not to be confused with the 2645: 2608: 584:("New Gate"). Its name was derived from the carved stone steps ( 426:

In general, the fortress complex is divided into two parts: the

1915: 1803: 1769: 1765: 1685: 1542: 1233: 1024: 1001: 997: 965: 813: 550: 530: 526: 521:). This also emulated a feature of many Syrian cities, such as 331: 1429:(Muhammad Ali's son and successor) moved the court to the new 1203:

in 1517 and remained under Ottoman rule for centuries. Sultan

3387: 3337: 3321: 1562: 1359:(1798–1801). However, he subsequently established himself as 1348: 1245:, which continued to come from Cairo until the 20th century. 1242: 1238: 1224: 1005: 959: 953:

Among the most important constructions was the Ablaq Palace (

906: 771: 503: 395: 287: 283: 279: 71: 67: 1688: 1681: 1534: 1228: 983: 918: 870: 766: 534: 318:

in the 14th century. In the first half of the 19th century

1528: 1340:

A view of the Citadel and the Mosque of Muhammad Ali, 1955

600: 889:

that supplied water to the Citadel, largely built in the

770:

A part of the Southern Enclosure became reserved for the

298:

in the 19th century. Its location on a promontory of the

3052:

Madrasa of Amir Sunqur Sa'di (Mausoleum of Hasan Sadaqa)

2457: 876: 481:

Ayyubid foundation and construction: 12th–13th centuries

394:. The Citadel stopped being the seat of government when 1537:

called Ya'qub Shah al-Mihmandar, a man originally from

975:

The interior layout of the palace consisted of a large

2086:. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill. pp. 78–85. 1174: 723:), on the terrace in front of the modern Police Museum 541:

Saladin charged his chief eunuch and close confidant,

1481: 701: 1039: 928:

In 1312 al-Nasir also ordered the renovation of the

273: 936: 1517:aqueduct system (probably originally completed by 833:(reception hall) in 1291–1292, referred to as the 808:and replaced it with his own domed structure, the 485: 370:The Citadel was built on a promontory beneath the 2081: 1223:, the Southern Enclosure was used by the Ottoman 3409: 2056:. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. 1461:and afterward up to 1946, and since then by the 89:-era gate of Bab al-'Azab, and the 19th-century 3087:Mosque and Mausoleum of Amir Ahmad al-Mihmandar 2849:Madrasa-Mausoleum of as-Salih Najm ad-Din Ayyub 2464:Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1873). 2392: 2054:Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide 1924:, World Heritage Centre, retrieved 21 July 2017 1440: 1300:mosque and added the present-day Ottoman-style 2489:Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers 2084:Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction 3473:1170s establishments in the Ayyubid Sultanate 3304: 2661: 1667:Built in 1528, it was first of the Citadel's 1331: 1080: 2424: 2422: 1433:, located in the newly created districts of 981:(reception hall) courtyard with two unequal 706: 53: 2566: 2564: 2536: 2275:(Bonn: Bonn University Press), pp. 203-222. 2160: 1738: 1706: 1703:The Citadel also contains several museums: 1645: 1622: 27:Medieval Islamic-era fortification in Egypt 3423:Buildings and structures completed in 1183 3311: 3297: 2869:Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan al-Ashraf Barsbay 2668: 2654: 2463: 2370: 2334:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1927: 1027:at the foot of the walls northwest of the 694:who took power after him). Only under the 3269:Qasaba of Radwan Bey (Tentmakers' Street) 2991:Qasaba of Radwan Bey (Tentmakers' Street) 2925:Wikala and Sabil-Kuttab of Sultan Qaytbay 2879:Mosque-Sabil of Sulayman Agha al-Silahdar 2419: 2413:The Citadel of Cairo: A History and Guide 2397:. The American University in Cairo Press. 1997:. Geneva: The Aga Khan Trust for Culture. 1592: 992:marble floors, marble and gold paneling ( 609:The two easternmost towers, fortified by 2570: 2561: 2324:. Vol. 2. Oxford. pp. 262–263. 2319: 2284: 2051: 1748: 1716: 1655: 1576: 1472: 1444: 1335: 1278: 1178: 1084: 1053: 944: 913:), probably as Baybars had done, called 880: 710: 623: 604: 489: 417: 352: 2511: 2508:Blue Guide Egypt - Second Edition, 1988 2388: 2386: 1933: 1900: 1529:The Cistern of Ya'qub Shah al-Mihmandar 690:(which also became the barracks of the 601:Construction under Saladin's successors 14: 3410: 3132:Mosque of Qaytbay (at Qal'at al-Kabsh) 2859:Mosque of Amir Jamal al-Din al-Ustadar 2544:"Egypt Military Museum in the Citadel" 2430:"The Mosque of Muhammad Ali (history)" 2410: 2304: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2181: 1825: 1498: 1468: 1211:for use in his own building projects. 1116: 1023:suggested that a set of massive stone 3292: 2649: 2522:. Arris Publishing Ltd. p. 237. 2482: 2453:(13th ed.). Lonely Planet. 2018. 2445: 2443: 2406: 2404: 2351: 2347: 2345: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2267: 2265: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2192:. Arris Publishing Ltd. p. 226. 2145: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1843:, and Abdulfattah & Sakr (2012), 1675: 877:The reign of Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad 2517: 2383: 2187: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1845:Glass Mosaics in a Royal Mamluk Hall 1069:Al-Nasir demolished, yet again, the 2839:Khanqah-Mausoleum of Sultan Barsbay 2814:Complex of Sultan al-Ashraf Qaytbay 2476: 1376: 1292:'Azaban soldiers, and contains the 1175:Ottoman period: 16th–18th centuries 1008:that featured floral patterns, and 263: 54: 43:Castle of Saladin, Pharaoh's Island 30:For the castle in Taiz, Yemen, see 24: 2440: 2401: 2342: 2293: 2262: 2206: 2060: 1787: 1482:Yusuf's Well (Salah ad-Din's Well) 1093:, with a typical Mamluk-era portal 996:), windows of coloured glass from 702:Mamluk period: 13th–16th centuries 25: 3484: 3448:Buildings and structures in Cairo 3208:Egyptian National Military Museum 3177:Tomb of Salar and Sangar-al-Gawli 2675: 2597: 2090: 2082:Behrens-Absouseif, Doris (1989). 2000: 1942: 1861: 1722:Egyptian National Military Museum 1713:Egyptian National Military Museum 422:Layout of the Cairo Citadel today 413: 390:), and in the 19th century under 132:1176–1183 (original construction) 3396: 3320: 3042:Madrasa of Umm al-Sultan Sha'ban 3000:Mosques and religious structures 2952: 2756:Mosques and religious structures 2741:al-Muizz Street (Qasabah Street) 2167:. Scarecrow Press. p. 156. 2161:Goldschmidt, Arthur Jr. (2013). 1809: 1633:Built in 1318, during the early 1000:, Arabic inscriptions, colorful 79: 3152:Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hassan 3092:Mosque of Amir Qijmas al-Ishaqi 3072:Mausoleum of Tarabay al-Sharifi 2874:Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Barquq 2502: 2393:Behren-Abouseif, Doris (2007). 2364: 2360:(2): 155–174 – via JSTOR. 2313: 2309:. E.J. Brill. pp. 207–213. 2289:. E.J. Brill. pp. 156–158. 2278: 1477:Cross-section of Saladin's well 1365:famous and violent coup in 1811 795: 756: 641: 486:Saladin's original construction 138:1805–1848 (major modifications) 135:1310–1341 (major modifications) 3127:Mosque of Qanibay al-Muhammadi 3107:Mosque of Khushqadam el-Ahmadi 3017:Amir Khayrbak Funerary Complex 2571:Johnston, Shirley (May 2006). 2520:A Traveller's History of Egypt 2190:A Traveller's History of Egypt 2164:Historical Dictionary of Egypt 2154: 1909: 1394:mosque was built in memory of 1260:) in 1525 and is known as the 1237:, the rich cloth covering the 361:can be seen in the background. 85:View of the Citadel, with the 13: 1: 3463:Ayyubid architecture in Cairo 3077:Mosque and Khanqah of Shaykhu 3022:Aqsunqur Mosque (Blue Mosque) 2784:Mosque of Almalik al-Jukandar 1854: 502:The Citadel was begun by the 3468:Mamluk architecture in Egypt 3453:Tourist attractions in Cairo 3062:Mausoleum of Imam al-Shafi'i 2844:Madrasa of al-Nasir Muhammad 2789:Madrasa of Tatar al-Hijaziya 2322:Muslim Architecture of Egypt 1441:20th century and present day 7: 3097:Mosque of Aslam al-Silahdar 2864:Mosque of Sultan al-Muayyad 2834:Khanqah of Faraj ibn Barquq 2573:Egyptian Palaces and Villas 2320:Creswell, K. A. C. (1959). 2052:Williams, Caroline (2018). 1727:The official museum of the 1400:Mosque of al-Nasir Muhammad 1381: 1274:Ottoman architectural style 1199:Egypt was conquered by the 1091:Mosque of al-Nasir Muhammad 494:19th-century sketch of the 434:is located today), and the 402:, moved to his newly built 365: 306:In addition to the initial 274: 10: 3489: 3082:Mosque of Amir al-Maridani 3057:Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya 3047:Madrasa of Uljay al-Yusufi 2819:Complex of Sultan al-Ghuri 2609:Qal'a (Citadel) at ArchNet 2472:. D. Appleton And Company. 2379:: 69–79 – via JSTOR. 2305:Rabbat, Nasser O. (1995). 1791: 1742: 1710: 1698: 1649: 1626: 1596: 1572: 1502: 1357:French occupation of Egypt 1332:Muhammad Ali: 19th-century 1139:his massive madrasa-mosque 1081:Al-Nasir Muhammad's Mosque 1047: 563:al-Nasir Muhammad's mosque 348: 181:UNESCO World Heritage Site 36: 29: 3458:Military history of Cairo 3443:Open-air museums in Egypt 3394: 3333: 3221: 3185: 3112:Mosque of Mahmud al-Kurdi 2999: 2968: 2961: 2950: 2887: 2824:Complex of Sultan Qalawun 2804:Church of the Virgin Mary 2754: 2733: 2690: 2683: 2285:Levanoni, Amalia (1995). 2146:Rabat, Nasser O. (1995). 1521:) and extended it with a 715:Excavated remains of the 707:Early Bahri Mamluk period 240: 236: 232: 222: 212: 195: 191:Cultural: (i)(v)(vi) 187: 178: 171: 144: 126: 121: 113: 108: 98: 78: 61: 50: 3438:History museums in Egypt 3147:Mosque of Ulmas al-Hajib 3137:Mosque of Sulayman Pasha 3067:Mausoleum of Amir Qawsun 3007:Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque 2940:Wikala of Sultan Qaytbay 2920:Sabil-Kuttab of Katkhuda 2809:Complex of Amir Qurqumas 2720:Gates of Khan al-Khalili 2411:Lyster, William (1993). 1818: 1815:the murder weapon used. 1802:until the reign of King 1739:Al-Gawhara Palace Museum 1707:Egyptian Military museum 1646:Mosque of Sulayman Pasha 1629:Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque 1623:Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque 1583:Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque 1408:National Military Museum 1270:Mosque of Sulayman Pasha 1258:Suleiman the Magnificent 568:Only one original gate, 549:and even as far away as 432:National Military Museum 359:Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque 3274:Sabil-Kuttab of Qaytbay 3259:Maristan of al-Mu'ayyad 2854:Mosque of Abu al-Dhahab 1993:Rabbat, Nasser (1989). 1934:Raymond, Andre (2001). 1901:Raymond, André (1993). 1794:Carriage Museum (Egypt) 1187:, a tower built by the 1169:Citadel's Nile aqueduct 580:'s time, including the 55:قلعة صلاح الدين الأيوبي 3249:Cairo Citadel Aqueduct 3167:Sayyidah Zainab Mosque 3162:Sayeda Nafeesah Mosque 3117:Mosque of Muhammad Ali 3037:Madrasa of Sarghatmish 2794:Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque 2604:Cairo Citadel (Arabic) 2255:Rabat, Nasser (1991). 1757: 1724: 1664: 1611:and its model was the 1599:Mosque of Muhammad Ali 1593:Mosque of Muhammad Ali 1586: 1505:Cairo Citadel Aqueduct 1478: 1450: 1388:Mosque of Muhammad Ali 1341: 1288: 1196: 1094: 1066: 1029:Mosque of Muhammad Ali 950: 915:al-Qusur al-Jawwaniyya 894: 724: 654:("Tower of Sand") and 632: 621: 499: 440:Mosque of Muhammad Ali 423: 362: 282:-era fortification in 3234:Bayt al-Razzaz Palace 3213:Gayer-Anderson Museum 3142:Mosque of Taghribirdi 2910:Hammam of Sultan Inal 2829:Khanqah of Baybars II 2632:30.02944°N 31.26139°E 2483:Torky, Tarek (2019). 1752: 1720: 1661:Sulayman Pasha Mosque 1659: 1652:Sulayman Pasha Mosque 1580: 1476: 1448: 1382:Qalaʿat Muḥammad ʿAlī 1339: 1282: 1182: 1088: 1057: 948: 884: 714: 666:today), as well as a 664:Sultan Hasan's mosque 627: 608: 538:segments were built. 493: 465:) or Citadel Square ( 421: 356: 3172:Sultaniyya Mausoleum 2575:. New York: Abrams. 2518:Ades, Harry (2007). 2470:American Cyclopaedia 2451:Lonely Planet: Egypt 2188:Ades, Harry (2007). 1995:The Citadel of Cairo 1839:; see Rabat (1995), 1509:During the reign of 1089:The entrance of the 1012:ceilings painted in 851:Mausoleum of Baybars 543:Baha al-Din Qaraqush 509:ruler Salah al-Din ( 455:Maydan/Midan Rumayla 275:Qalaʿat Salāḥ ad-Dīn 3383:Salah El-Din castle 3229:Amir Alin Aq Palace 3157:Sayeda Aisha Mosque 3102:Mosque of Ibn Tulun 2976:Salah al-Din Square 2768:Al-Azhar University 2628: / 1613:Sultan Ahmed Mosque 1549:ranks under Sultan 1523:new aqueduct system 1499:The Mamluk Aqueduct 1469:Water supply system 1386:). It contains the 1117:Later Mamluk period 835:Qa'a al-Ashrafiyya. 810:Qubba al-Mansuriyya 719:(Reception hall of 628:Chamber inside the 459:Salah al-Din Square 336:World Heritage Site 91:Muhammad Ali Mosque 3363:Citadel of Qaitbay 3348:An-Nekhel Fortress 3122:Mosque of Qani-Bay 2930:Wikala of al-Ghuri 2637:30.02944; 31.26139 1837:Qa'a al-Ashrafiyya 1762:Muhammad Ali Pasha 1758: 1725: 1676:Mosque of al-'Azab 1665: 1587: 1479: 1459:British occupation 1451: 1342: 1294:Mosque of al-'Azab 1289: 1197: 1135:Qa'a al-Baysariyya 1099:Mosque of al-Nasir 1095: 1071:Iwan al-Ashrafiyya 1067: 951: 937:The Ablaq Palace ( 895: 867:Iwan al-Ashrafiyya 806:Qubba al-Zahiriyya 780:Qubba al-Zahiriyya 725: 717:Qa'a al-Ashrafiyya 633: 622: 500: 463:Midan Salah ad-Din 457:), today known as 436:Southern Enclosure 428:Northern Enclosure 424: 363: 324:British occupation 320:Muhammad Ali Pasha 256:Citadel of Saladin 223:Reference no. 163:Muhammad Ali Pasha 3405: 3404: 3373:El-Gendi Fortress 3286: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3264:Palace of Yashbak 3193:Al-Gawhara Palace 2948: 2947: 2779:Al-Hussein Mosque 2529:978-1-905214-01-3 2415:. The Palm Press. 2199:978-1-905214-01-3 2174:978-0-8108-8025-2 1755:al-Gawhara Palace 1745:Al-Gawhara Palace 1581:Courtyard of the 1545:) who joined the 1511:al-Nasir Muhammad 1463:Egyptian military 1165:al-Gawhara Palace 1111:conquest of Egypt 1058:The ruins of the 903:al-Gawhara Palace 899:al-Nasir Muhammad 791:al-Mansur Qalawun 745:al-Nasir Muhammad 737:al-Mansur Qalawun 594:al-Nasir Muhammad 519:Fatimid Caliphate 388:al-Nasir Muhammad 334:as a part of the 316:al-Nasir Muhammad 272: 248: 247: 208: 157:An-Nasir Muhammad 41:in Syria nor the 39:Castle of Saladin 16:(Redirected from 3480: 3428:Castles in Egypt 3400: 3353:Babylon Fortress 3327:Castles in Egypt 3325: 3324: 3313: 3306: 3299: 3290: 3289: 3012:Al-Rifa'i Mosque 2986:Al-Darb al-Ahmar 2966: 2965: 2956: 2935:Wikala of Qawsun 2688: 2687: 2670: 2663: 2656: 2647: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2626: 2625: 2624: 2621: 2591: 2586: 2568: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2515: 2509: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2447: 2438: 2437: 2432:. Archived from 2426: 2417: 2416: 2408: 2399: 2398: 2390: 2381: 2380: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2349: 2340: 2339: 2333: 2325: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2302: 2291: 2290: 2282: 2276: 2269: 2260: 2253: 2204: 2203: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2143: 2088: 2087: 2079: 2058: 2057: 2049: 1998: 1991: 1940: 1939: 1931: 1925: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1898: 1848: 1829: 1782:Louis Philippe I 1753:Exterior of the 1567:a battle in 1486 1384: 1378: 1262:Burj al-Muqattam 1185:Burj al-Muqattam 1123:al-Salih Isma'il 1075:al-Iwan al-Kabir 1042:al-Iwan al-Kabir 1040:The Great Iwan ( 923:al-Darb al-Ahmar 825:al-Ashraf Khalil 799: 797: 760: 758: 748:few exceptions. 741:al-Ashraf Khalil 733:Al-Zahir Baybars 727:Under the early 721:al-Ashraf Khalil 645: 643: 558:prisoners of war 496:Eagle of Saladin 382:), 14th-century 326:and then by the 312:Mamluk Sultanate 278:) is a medieval 277: 267: 265: 252:Citadel of Cairo 202: 109:Site information 83: 74: 57: 56: 48: 47: 32:Al-Qahira Castle 21: 18:Citadel of Cairo 3488: 3487: 3483: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3478: 3477: 3408: 3407: 3406: 3401: 3392: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3287: 3278: 3239:Bayt al-Sinnari 3217: 3203:Carriage Museum 3198:Amir Taz Palace 3181: 2995: 2957: 2944: 2915:Khan el-Khalili 2900:Bayt al-Suhaymi 2883: 2774:Al-Hakim Mosque 2764:Al-Azhar Mosque 2750: 2746:Bayn al-Qasrayn 2729: 2700:Bab al-Barqiyya 2679: 2674: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2627: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2614: 2600: 2595: 2594: 2587:Photographs by 2583: 2569: 2562: 2552: 2550: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2530: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2493: 2491: 2481: 2477: 2462: 2458: 2449: 2448: 2441: 2428: 2427: 2420: 2409: 2402: 2391: 2384: 2369: 2365: 2350: 2343: 2327: 2326: 2318: 2314: 2303: 2294: 2283: 2279: 2270: 2263: 2254: 2207: 2200: 2186: 2182: 2175: 2159: 2155: 2144: 2091: 2080: 2061: 2050: 2001: 1992: 1943: 1932: 1928: 1914: 1910: 1899: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1851: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1812: 1796: 1790: 1788:Carriage Museum 1747: 1741: 1715: 1709: 1701: 1678: 1654: 1648: 1631: 1625: 1601: 1595: 1575: 1531: 1507: 1501: 1484: 1471: 1443: 1427:Khedive Isma'il 1334: 1319:Khedival period 1266:Burj al-Wastani 1177: 1119: 1083: 1052: 1046: 1006:mother-of-pearl 943: 879: 847:Ummayyad Mosque 794: 755: 709: 704: 672:Ahmad Ibn Tulun 640: 603: 570:Bab al-Mudarraj 488: 483: 416: 378:(starting with 368: 351: 264:قلعة صلاح الدين 183: 94: 62: 52: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3486: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3433:Forts in Egypt 3430: 3425: 3420: 3418:Medieval Cairo 3403: 3402: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3316: 3315: 3308: 3301: 3293: 3284: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3189: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3027:Juyushi Mosque 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2972: 2970: 2963: 2959: 2958: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2905:Beshtak Palace 2902: 2897: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2760: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2748: 2743: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2696: 2694: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2673: 2672: 2665: 2658: 2650: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2599: 2598:External links 2596: 2593: 2592: 2581: 2560: 2535: 2528: 2510: 2501: 2475: 2456: 2439: 2436:on 2006-02-07. 2418: 2400: 2382: 2363: 2341: 2312: 2292: 2277: 2261: 2205: 2198: 2180: 2173: 2153: 2089: 2059: 1999: 1941: 1926: 1908: 1859: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1811: 1808: 1800:Khedive Ismail 1792:Main article: 1789: 1786: 1743:Main article: 1740: 1737: 1711:Main article: 1708: 1705: 1700: 1697: 1677: 1674: 1663:(16th century) 1650:Main article: 1647: 1644: 1627:Main article: 1624: 1621: 1617:Carrara marble 1597:Main article: 1594: 1591: 1574: 1571: 1530: 1527: 1503:Main article: 1500: 1497: 1493:Bir al-Halazon 1483: 1480: 1470: 1467: 1442: 1439: 1435:downtown Cairo 1420:Bab al-Wustani 1416:Bab al-Wastani 1333: 1330: 1217:Ottoman forces 1201:Ottoman Empire 1176: 1173: 1118: 1115: 1082: 1079: 1048:Main article: 1045: 1038: 942: 935: 930:water aqueduct 878: 875: 708: 705: 703: 700: 677:water aqueduct 602: 599: 487: 484: 482: 479: 467:Midan al-Qal'a 415: 414:General layout 412: 408:downtown Cairo 400:Khedive Ismail 372:Muqattam Hills 367: 364: 350: 347: 339:Historic Cairo 300:Mokattam hills 246: 245: 242: 238: 237: 234: 233: 230: 229: 224: 220: 219: 217:Historic Cairo 214: 210: 209: 197: 193: 192: 189: 185: 184: 179: 176: 175: 173: 169: 168: 167: 166: 160: 154: 146: 142: 141: 140: 139: 136: 133: 128: 124: 123: 119: 118: 115: 111: 110: 106: 105: 100: 96: 95: 84: 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E.J. Brill. 2149: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2085: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2055: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1996: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1937: 1930: 1923: 1922: 1921:Decision Text 1917: 1912: 1904: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1860: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1833:Qasr al-Ablaq 1828: 1824: 1816: 1810:Police Museum 1807: 1805: 1801: 1795: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1729:Egyptian Army 1723: 1719: 1714: 1704: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1673: 1670: 1669:Ottoman-style 1662: 1658: 1653: 1643: 1640: 1636: 1630: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1600: 1590: 1584: 1579: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1506: 1496: 1494: 1489: 1475: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1447: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1431:'Abdin Palace 1428: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1392:Ottoman-style 1389: 1385: 1383: 1377:قلعة محمد علي 1374: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1338: 1329: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1311:Bab al-Istabl 1308: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1250:Ibrahim Pasha 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1194: 1193:Ibrahim Pasha 1190: 1186: 1181: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1092: 1087: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1043: 1037: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 986: 985: 980: 979: 973: 971: 967: 962: 961: 956: 955:Qasr al-Ablaq 947: 940: 939:Qasr al-Ablaq 934: 931: 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 892: 888: 887:Nile aqueduct 883: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 859:Dar al-Niyaba 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 831: 826: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 802:Dar al-Niyaba 792: 787: 785: 784:Burj al Siba' 781: 777: 776:Dar al-Dhahab 773: 768: 764: 753: 749: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 729:Bahri Mamluks 722: 718: 713: 699: 697: 693: 692:Bahri Mamluks 689: 685: 680: 678: 673: 669: 665: 659: 657: 656:Burj al-Hadid 653: 652:Burj al-Ramla 649: 638: 631: 630:Burj al-Ramla 626: 620: 619:Burj al-Hadid 616: 615:Burj al-Ramla 613:in 1207: the 612: 607: 598: 595: 591: 590:bent entrance 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 566: 564: 559: 556: 552: 548: 544: 539: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 505: 497: 492: 478: 476: 472: 471:Sultan Hassan 468: 464: 460: 456: 451: 449: 444: 441: 437: 433: 429: 420: 411: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 360: 355: 346: 344: 343:Islamic Cairo 340: 337: 333: 329: 328:Egyptian Army 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 304: 301: 297: 296:Abdeen Palace 293: 289: 285: 281: 276: 270: 261: 257: 253: 243: 239: 235: 231: 228: 225: 221: 218: 215: 211: 206: 201: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 177: 174: 170: 164: 161: 158: 155: 152: 149: 148: 147: 145:Built by 143: 137: 134: 131: 130: 129: 125: 120: 116: 112: 107: 104: 101: 97: 92: 88: 82: 77: 73: 69: 65: 64:Islamic Cairo 60: 51:Cairo Citadel 49: 44: 40: 33: 19: 3357: 3243: 3032:Lulua Mosque 2969:Main streets 2799:Aqmar Mosque 2734:Main streets 2715:Bab al-Wazir 2705:Bab al-Futuh 2613: 2572: 2551:. 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Fayard. 1778:Albanians 1639:hypostyle 1191:governor 555:Christian 475:al-Rifa'i 269:romanized 241:Materials 114:Condition 3368:El Gamil 2373:Muqarnas 1903:Le Caire 1609:Istanbul 1539:Erzincan 1519:al-Kamil 1412:carriage 1361:de facto 1353:Albanian 1209:Istanbul 1161:al-Ghuri 1021:Creswell 855:Damascus 827:built a 820:period. 684:al-Salih 648:al-Kamil 637:al-'Adil 617:and the 611:al-Kamil 523:Damascus 515:Crusader 366:Overview 188:Criteria 3186:Museums 2553:2 March 2466:"Cairo" 1699:Museums 1682:'Azaban 1573:Mosques 1559:Ottoman 1555:cistern 1551:Qaytbay 1515:Ayyubid 1302:minaret 1229:'Azaban 1205:Selim I 1189:Ottoman 1157:Qaytbay 1107:Selim I 1105:sultan 1103:Ottoman 1025:corbels 1002:mosaics 823:Sultan 814:mamluks 798: 789:Sultan 759: 752:Baybars 696:Mamluks 682:Sultan 644: 511:Saladin 507:Ayyubid 504:Kurdish 386:(under 380:Saladin 376:Ayyubid 349:History 308:Ayyubid 280:Islamic 271:: 213:Part of 205:session 151:Saladin 103:Citadel 87:Ottoman 3222:Others 2888:Others 2579: 2526: 2196: 2171: 1916:UNESCO 1804:Farouk 1766:Greeks 1693:Mamluk 1686:Mamluk 1547:Mamluk 1543:Turkey 1373:Arabic 1347:was a 1256:under 1234:Kiswah 1016:blue. 1010:gilded 998:Cyprus 994:dadoes 970:maydan 966:loggia 893:period 891:Mamluk 668:maydan 586:darraj 551:Abusir 531:Fustat 527:Aleppo 448:Maydan 384:Mamluk 332:UNESCO 260:Arabic 227:89-002 117:Intact 3388:Tjaru 3338:Buhen 2692:Gates 1936:Cairo 1819:Notes 1770:Turks 1563:Adana 1349:pasha 1243:Mecca 1239:Kaaba 1225:pasha 1147:Burji 1004:with 984:iwans 960:ablaq 919:amirs 907:harem 863:qubba 772:harem 396:Egypt 288:Egypt 284:Cairo 244:stone 203:(3rd 127:Built 72:Egypt 68:Cairo 2577:ISBN 2555:2013 2524:ISBN 2496:2019 2336:link 2194:ISBN 2169:ISBN 1776:and 1689:amir 1535:amir 1418:(or 1183:The 1159:and 1152:hosh 1145:The 989:qa'a 978:qa'a 885:The 871:iwan 849:and 843:dado 830:qa'a 767:keep 743:and 547:Giza 535:Nile 525:and 473:and 250:The 200:1979 99:Type 1565:in 1351:of 1321:. 1276:. 1241:in 853:in 254:or 3414:: 2563:^ 2546:. 2487:. 2468:. 2442:^ 2421:^ 2403:^ 2385:^ 2377:13 2375:. 2358:66 2356:. 2344:^ 2332:}} 2328:{{ 2295:^ 2264:^ 2208:^ 2092:^ 2062:^ 2002:^ 1944:^ 1918:, 1863:^ 1772:, 1768:, 1375:: 1113:. 925:. 796:r. 757:r. 739:, 735:, 642:r. 477:. 286:, 266:, 262:: 70:, 66:, 3312:e 3305:t 3298:v 2770:) 2669:e 2662:t 2655:v 2585:. 2557:. 2532:. 2498:. 2338:) 2202:. 2177:. 1541:( 1287:. 1044:) 941:) 793:( 754:( 639:( 461:( 341:( 258:( 207:) 93:. 45:. 34:. 20:)

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