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458:, for example with the Pen Technique, developed by Patrizio Migliarini, which allows the musician to play jazz and funky rhythms with a completeness and dynamic richness close to that of a drums, through the use of metal brushes. Another way of playing the cajón is to use an ordinary bass drum pedal, thus turning the cajón into an indirect percussion instrument which can be played with the feet. This enables the player to beat it just like a pedal-
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in coastal Peru. The instrument reached a peak in popularity by 1850, and by the end of the 19th century cajón players were experimenting with the design of the instrument by bending some of the planks in the cajón's body to alter the instrument's patterns of sound vibration. After slavery the cajón
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The player sits astride the box, tilting it at an angle while striking the head between their knees. The percussionist can play the sides with the top of their palms and fingers for additional sounds. Some harder hitting players use protective drumming gloves to protect their hands from bruises and
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recounts her mother's story that the cajón originated as "the box of the people who carried fruit and worked in the ports," putting it down to play on whenever they had a moment. Another theory is that enslaved people used boxes as musical instruments to subvert
Spanish colonial bans on music in
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The cajón is the most widely used Afro-Peruvian musical instrument since the late 19th century. Enslaved people of west and central
African origin in the Americas are considered to be the source of the cajón drum. Currently, the instrument is common in musical performance throughout some of the
462:, thus leaving the hands (and one other foot) free to play other instruments. On the other hand, it also restricts the player's standard cajón-playing position, as when the cajón is placed on the ground, in the bass drum location, it is hard for the performer to slap it with her or his hands.
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Given that the cajón comes from musicians who were enslaved in the
Spanish colonial Americas, there are two complementary origin theories for the instrument. It is possible that the drum is a direct descendant of a number of boxlike musical instruments from west and central Africa, especially
406:, etc. The cajón is often used as a bass drum by bands instead of a full drum kit when performing in minimalist settings, as the cajón can simultaneously serve as both a bass drum and a seat for the drummer. Though occasionally played by some bands in place of the
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inch) thick wood are generally used for five sides of the box. A thinner sheet of plywood is nailed on as the sixth side, and acts as the striking surface or head. The striking surface of the cajón drum is commonly referred to as the
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pedal to the instrument, enabling them to play it with a single foot. There are also lap cajons (which are smaller and more portable) that sit on the lap of the musician.
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brought a cajón to Spain to use it in his own music, after being impressed by the rhythmic possibilities of the instrument. According to percussion historians, it was
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732:"Secretary General Insulza Welcomed Musician that OAS will Pay Tribute to in a Ceremony to Declare the Peruvian Cajón as "Instrument of Perú for the Americas""
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300:, a musical ensemble founded in 1969, the cajón began to be more important than the guitar and, indeed, became "a new symbol of Peruvian blackness".
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Tompkins, William David: "Afro-Peruvian
Traditions" in "Music of the African Diaspora in the Americas," p. 493. Springer US Press, 2005
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276:. These instruments were adapted by enslaved people from the Spanish shipping crates at their disposal. In port cities like
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is cut on the back side. The modern cajón may have rubber feet, and has several screws at the top for adjusting
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After a short 1977 visit to a diplomat’s party and a TV presentation in Lima along with
Peruvian percussionist
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shipping crates and small dresser drawers became similar instruments. Peruvian musician and ethnomusicologist
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The instrument has been played not only with hands, but also with plastic and metal brushes, as used for
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who introduced the cajón into
Spanish flamenco, later used with Paco de Lucía in the percussion of "
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In the 2000s (decade), the cajón was heard extensively in
Coastal Peruvian musical styles such as
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appeared to have been performed without the cajón, especially due to the influence of
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playing a modified cajón; traditional cajones have the hole at the back, opposite the
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traditional frame drum serves the same purpose, and has a unique playing style.
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This article is about the musical instrument. For the city in
California, see
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Feldman, Heidi: "Black
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predominantly
African areas, essentially disguising their instruments.
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as well. The term cajón is also applied to other box drums used in
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Americas and Spain. The cajón was developed during the periods of
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declared the cajón an "Instrument of Peru for the Americas".
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from the original on 2021-12-21 – via www.youtube.com.
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Street musician playing a decorated cajón in London, England
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4hands Handmade Cajón Golden Colibri with guitar strings
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Cantaoras: Music, Gender and Identity in Flamenco Song
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Percussionist Jesse Benns playing with Drumming Gloves
682:"La percusión. Orígenes, familias, técnicas, étnicas"
374:. The modern cajón is often used to accompany a solo
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416:, the cajón has become a popular instrument in the
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734:. Organization of American States. 30 October 2014
707:"National Directoral Resolution 798 August 2 2001"
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260:was spread to a much larger audience including
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593:. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 21–22.
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382:. The cajón is becoming rapidly popular in
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292:While early 20th century versions of the
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158:; "box, crate, drawer") is a box-shaped
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659:. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 50.
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447:blisters. Some percussionists attach a
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833:List of percussion instruments by type
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553:. Atlanta Institute of Music and Media
551:"Cajon Basics | What You Need to Know"
1209:South American percussion instruments
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1224:Struck idiophones played by hand
1219:Unpitched percussion instruments
1178:List of vibraphone manufacturers
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178:), but have made their way into
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16:Box-shaped percussion instrument
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587:Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006).
343:Example percussion setup, with
329:Organization of American States
75:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
829:List of percussion instruments
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494:DavisDrum BeatBox Davis Pro M1
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1:
1183:List of timpani manufacturers
1173:List of marimba manufacturers
623:. Rough Guides. p. 566.
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370:and certain styles of modern
325:National Institute of Culture
1204:Peruvian musical instruments
1163:List of cymbal manufacturers
202:Sheets of 13 to 19 mm (
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1168:List of drum manufacturers
1117:Indoor percussion ensemble
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133:Sounds of a cajón in use
620:The Rough Guide to Peru
820:Percussion instruments
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1068:Electronic percussion
688:(in European Spanish)
653:Chuse, Loren (2003).
590:Black Rhythms of Peru
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418:folk music of Ireland
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242:Origins and evolution
160:percussion instrument
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52:Percussion instrument
1095:Percussion groupings
945:Unpitched percussion
784:How to Build a Cajón
526:Jawbone (instrument)
186:, such as the Cuban
184:Latin American music
81:(Percussion vessels)
21:El Cajon, California
1127:Percussion ensemble
1107:Marching percussion
850:Keyboard percussion
521:Afro-Peruvian music
172:Afro-Peruvian music
95:Related instruments
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1122:Percussion section
841:Pitched percussion
686:Revista ISP Música
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347:replacing the
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278:Matanzas, Cuba
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192:cajón de tapeo
188:cajón de rumba
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1132:Drum circle
738:16 December
557:8 September
400:world music
372:Cuban Rumba
305:Caitro Soto
286:Susana Baca
198:Description
40:Leon Mobley
1198:Categories
1153:Drum stick
1058:Wood block
1033:Tambourine
1023:Snare drum
893:Vibraphone
717:2014-03-02
692:2023-02-22
537:References
317:Pepe Ébano
307:, Spanish
298:Perú Negro
272:, and the
233:percussive
229:sound hole
110:Wood block
1013:Mark tree
978:Castanets
953:Bass drum
898:Xylophone
883:Tubaphone
460:bass drum
456:drum kits
449:bass drum
360:Zamacueca
349:bass drum
86:Developed
66:idiophone
1102:Drum kit
1053:Triangle
1048:Timbales
921:Steelpan
911:Handbell
863:Crotales
858:Carillon
758:Archived
515:See also
368:Flamenco
309:flamenco
274:Antilles
262:Criollos
180:flamenco
143:Spanish:
1086:Octapad
1038:Tam-tam
1008:Maracas
998:Cymbals
993:Cowbell
958:Bodhrán
931:Timpani
916:Handpan
873:Marimba
531:Festejo
466:Gallery
425:bodhrán
411:bodhrán
356:Tondero
294:festejo
282:codfish
257:slavery
217:⁄
207:⁄
168:plywood
1003:Djembe
983:Claves
968:Cabasa
963:Bongos
663:
627:
597:
270:Angola
236:timbre
105:Cymbal
79:111.24
1141:Other
1028:Taiko
1018:Parai
988:Conga
973:Cajón
926:Tabla
384:blues
380:piano
345:cajón
139:cajón
27:Cajón
740:2015
661:ISBN
625:ISBN
595:ISBN
559:2021
404:jazz
396:funk
392:rock
362:and
227:. A
225:tapa
164:Peru
154:KHON
44:tapa
388:pop
378:or
212:to
152:ka-
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