Czech language - Knowledge

2122: 5019:, but some of its elements have become adopted in the written standard. Since the second half of the 20th century, Common Czech elements have also been spreading to regions previously unaffected, as a consequence of media influence. Standard Czech is still the norm for politicians, businesspeople and other Czechs in formal situations, but Common Czech is gaining ground in journalism and the mass media. The colloquial form of Standard Czech finds limited use in daily communication due to the expansion of the Common Czech interdialect. It is sometimes defined as a theoretical construct rather than an actual tool of colloquial communication, since in casual contexts, the non-standard interdialect is preferred. 931: 1023: 4869: 1937: 9802: 8804: 4944: 12737: 6704: 2522: 703: 412: 12682: 11883: 12699: 10450: 12115: 12725: 6718: 1231: 6099: 12677: 4644: 793: 6522:(1918–1938), although "Czechoslovak" was designated as the republic's official language, both Czech and Slovak written standards were used. Standard written Slovak was partially modeled on literary Czech, and Czech was preferred for some official functions in the Slovak half of the republic. Czech influence on Slovak was protested by Slovak scholars, and when Slovakia broke off from Czechoslovakia in 1938 as the 5977: 3220:, distinguishing between singular and plural. Typical of a Slavic language, Czech cardinal numbers one through four allow the nouns and adjectives they modify to take any case, but numbers over five require subject and direct object noun phrases to be declined in the genitive plural instead of the nominative or accusative, and when used as subjects these phrases take singular verbs. For example: 1120: 6461:, mutual intelligibility declined for younger speakers, probably because Czech speakers began to experience less exposure to Slovak and vice versa. A 2015 study involving participants with a mean age of around 23 nonetheless concluded that there remained a high degree of mutual intelligibility between the two languages. Grammatically, both languages share a common syntax. 4897:(1579–1613) period and of the language used by his contemporaries. He borrowed words not present in Czech from other Slavic languages or created neologisms. Standard Czech is the formal register of the language which is used in official documents, formal literature, newspaper articles, education and occasionally public speeches. It is codified by the 1010:) to end infinitive verbs and the non-capitalization of nouns (which had been a late borrowing from German). These changes differentiated Czech from Slovak. Modern scholars disagree about whether the conservative revivalists were motivated by nationalism or considered contemporary spoken Czech unsuitable for formal, widespread use. 4009:) implies future action; in others, it connotes habitual action. The perfective present is used to refer to completion of actions in the future and is distinguished from the imperfective future tense, which refers to actions that will be ongoing in the future. The future tense is regularly formed using the future conjugation of 6134:, "Bohemian-Moravian-Slovak" was a language citizens could register as speaking (with German, Polish and several others). In the 2011 census, where respondents could optionally specify up to two first languages, 62,908 Czech citizens specified Moravian as their first language and 45,561 specified both Moravian and Czech. 1013:

Adherence to historical patterns was later relaxed and standard Czech adopted a number of features from Common Czech (a widespread, informally used interdialectal variety), such as leaving some proper nouns undeclined. This has resulted in a relatively high level of homogeneity among all varieties of

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is typical of other Latin European languages. Ordinal numbers (1st) use a point, as in German (1.). The Czech language uses a decimal comma instead of a decimal point. When writing a long number, spaces between every three digits, including those in decimal places, may be used for better orientation

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The modern standard Czech language originates in standardization efforts of the 18th century. By then the language had developed a literary tradition, and since then it has changed little; journals from that period have no substantial differences from modern standard Czech, and contemporary Czechs

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Apart from the Common Czech vernacular, there remain a variety of other Bohemian dialects, mostly in marginal rural areas. Dialect use began to weaken in the second half of the 20th century, and by the early 1990s regional dialect use was stigmatized, associated with the shrinking lower class and

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There was no standardization distinguishing between Czech and Slovak prior to the 15th century. In the 16th century, the division between Czech and Slovak becomes apparent, marking the confessional division between Lutheran Protestants in Slovakia using Czech orthography and Catholics, especially

859:

The Bohemian (Czech) language is first recorded in writing in glosses and short notes during the 12th to 13th centuries. Literary works written in Czech appear in the late 13th and early 14th century and administrative documents first appear towards the late 14th century. The first complete

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and some verbs require their complements to be declined in a certain case. The locative case is only used after prepositions. An adjective's case agrees with that of the noun it modifies. When Czech children learn their language's declension patterns, the cases are referred to by number:

4751:(the latter five uncommon outside Czech). The last two letters are sometimes written with a comma above (ʼ, an abbreviated háček) because of their height. Czech orthography has influenced the orthographies of other Balto-Slavic languages and some of its characters have been adopted for 2926:, and masculine nouns in a consonant. Adjectives, participles, most pronouns, and the numbers "one" and "two" are marked for gender and agree with the gender of the noun they modify or refer to. Past tense verbs are also marked for gender, agreeing with the gender of the subject, e.g. 6604:

Although older German loanwords were colloquial, recent borrowings from other languages are associated with high culture. During the nineteenth century, words with Greek and Latin roots were rejected in favor of those based on older Czech words and common Slavic roots; "music" is

2005:(minor, monosyllabic, unstressed syllables). In all words of more than two syllables, every odd-numbered syllable receives secondary stress. Stress is unrelated to vowel length; both long and short vowels can be stressed or unstressed. Vowels are never reduced in tone (e.g. to 808:

The term "Old Czech" is applied to the period predating the 16th century, with the earliest records of the high medieval period also classified as "early Old Czech", but the term "Medieval Czech" is also used. The function of the written language was initially performed by

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Beginning in the sixteenth century, some varieties of Czech resembled Slovak; the southeastern Moravian dialects form a continuum between the Czech and Slovak languages, using the same declension patterns for nouns and pronouns and the same verb conjugations as Slovak.

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A popular misconception holds that eastern Moravian dialects are closer to Slovak than Czech, but this is incorrect; in fact, the opposite is true, and certain dialects in far western Slovakia exhibit features more akin to standard Czech than to standard Slovak.

4975:). This is an academic distinction; most Czechs are unaware of the term or associate it with deformed or "incorrect" Czech. Compared to Standard Czech, Common Czech is characterized by simpler inflection patterns and differences in sound distribution. 1069:

since 2004), Czech is one of the EU's official languages and the 2012 Eurobarometer survey found that Czech was the foreign language most often used in Slovakia. Economist Jonathan van Parys collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012

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had a negative impact on the further use of the Czech language. In 1627, Czech and German became official languages of the Kingdom of Bohemia and in the 18th century German became dominant in Bohemia and Moravia, especially among the upper classes.

3656:. While two of these nouns are neuter in their singular forms, all plural forms are considered feminine; their gender is relevant to their associated adjectives and verbs. These forms are plural semantically, used for any non-singular count, as in 899:

between 1579 and 1593 (the first complete Czech translation of the Bible from the original languages) became very important for standardization of the Czech language in the following centuries as it was used as a model for the standard language.

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Czech vocabulary derives primarily from Slavic, Baltic and other Indo-European roots. Although most verbs have Balto-Slavic origins, pronouns, prepositions and some verbs have wider, Indo-European roots. Some loanwords have been restructured by

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of 1968, Slovak gained independence from (and equality with) Czech, due to the transformation of Czechoslovakia from a unitary state to a federation. Since the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993, "Czechoslovak" has referred to improvised

5202:, which was once a productive form, but now is almost extinct and retained in a lexically specific set of words. In Common Czech the ending became productive again around the 17th century, but used as a substitute for a regular plural form. 2938:(it did, or made). Gender also plays a semantic role; most nouns that describe people and animals, including personal names, have separate masculine and feminine forms which are normally formed by adding a suffix to the stem, for example 1215: 629:

period, and the standardization of Czech and Slovak within the Czech–Slovak dialect continuum emerged in the early modern period. In the later 18th to mid-19th century, the modern written standard became codified in the context of the

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and pronouns) appear in the second syntactic slot of a sentence, after the first stressed unit. The first slot can contain a subject or object, a main form of a verb, an adverb, or a conjunction (except for the light conjunctions

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construction (like English), in colloquial style, word-order changes frequently replace the passive voice. For example, to change "Peter killed Paul" to "Paul was killed by Peter" the order of subject and object is inverted:

3797:. Any verb of either aspect can be conjugated into either the past or present tense, but the future tense is only used with imperfective verbs. Aspect describes the state of the action at the time specified by the tense. 6468:

differed by 80 percent, but this high percentage was found to stem primarily from differing orthographies and slight inconsistencies in morphological formation; Slovak morphology is more regular (when changing from the

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Some prepositions require the nouns they modify to take a particular case. The cases assigned by each preposition are based on the physical (or metaphorical) direction, or location, conveyed by it. For example,

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of transitive verbs are declined in the accusative case. The vocative case is used to address people. The remaining cases (genitive, dative, locative and instrumental) indicate semantic relationships, such as

6003:

used in literature or other media for comedic effect. Increased travel and media availability to dialect-speaking populations has encouraged them to shift to (or add to their own dialect) Standard Czech.

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Numbers decline for case, and the numbers one and two are also inflected for gender. Numbers one through five are shown below as examples. The number one has declension patterns identical to those of the

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in Slovak). The two lexicons are generally considered similar, with most differences found in colloquial vocabulary and some scientific terminology. Slovak has slightly more borrowed words than Czech.

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With the beginning of the national revival of the mid-18th century, Czech historians began to emphasize their people's accomplishments from the 15th through the 17th centuries, rebelling against the

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is based on that of the Central Bohemian dialect group, which has a slightly different set of vowel phonemes to Standard Czech. The phoneme /ɛː/ is peripheral and usually merges with /iː/, e.g. in

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The West Slavic languages are spoken in Central Europe. Czech is distinguished from other West Slavic languages by a more-restricted distinction between "hard" and "soft" consonants (see

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for first-person plural. Imperatives are usually expressed using perfective verbs if positive and imperfective verbs if negative. The conditional mood is formed with a conditional

12174: 11950: 12603: 12483: 1184:(the non-English language most commonly spoken at home nationwide), Czech was the most common home language in more than a dozen additional counties in Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, 948:

can understand them with little difficulty. Sometime before the 18th century, the Czech language abandoned a distinction between phonemic /l/ and /ʎ/ which survives in Slovak.

3789:(imperfective). Although the verbs' meaning is similar, in perfective verbs the action is completed and in imperfective verbs it is ongoing or repeated. This is distinct from 12199: 1101:

in Slovakia, Slovak citizens who speak only Czech may communicate with the government in their language to the extent that Slovak speakers in the Czech Republic may do so.

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The similarities between Czech and Slovak led to the languages being considered a single language by a group of 19th-century scholars who called themselves "Czechoslavs" (

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All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

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The verbs of most aspect pairs differ in one of two ways: by prefix or by suffix. In prefix pairs, the perfective verb has an added prefix—for example, the imperfective

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would be classified as a Class I verb because of its endings. Examples of the present tense of each class and some common irregular verbs follow in the tables below:

10240: 7525: 1881:). Neutral consonants may take either character. Hard consonants are sometimes known as "strong", and soft ones as "weak". This distinction is also relevant to the 677:

and 25 consonants (divided into "hard", "neutral" and "soft" categories). Words may contain complicated consonant clusters or lack vowels altogether. Czech has a

12457: 12283: 1154: 12452: 883:, advocated for widespread literacy among Czech commoners (particularly in religion) and made early efforts to model written Czech after the spoken language. 11663: 12221: 8091: 7389: 3986:

The present tense in Czech is formed by adding an ending that agrees with the person and number of the subject at the end of the verb stem. As Czech is a

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after the participle ending in -l which is used to form the past tense. This mood indicates hypothetical events and can also be used to express wishes.

10171: 12617: 12402: 8736: 6746: 12782: 986:

and other revivalists used Dobrovský's book to advocate for a Czech linguistic revival. Changes during this time included spelling reform (notably,

11332: 8779: 2266:, with the topic or theme (known referents) preceding the focus or rheme (new information) in a sentence; Czech has therefore been described as a 12610: 10375: 9940: 9832: 9703: 12772: 9873: 9822: 12362: 10233: 2949:

Nouns of different genders follow different declension patterns. Examples of declension patterns for noun phrases of various genders follow:

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Všichni lidé rodí se svobodní a sobě rovní co do důstojnosti a práv. Jsou nadáni rozumem a svědomím a mají spolu jednat v duchu bratrství.

6457:; speakers of either language can communicate with greater ease than those of any other pair of West Slavic languages. Following the 1993 5967:

mladý člověk – young man/person, mladí lidé – young people, mladý stát – young state, mladá žena – young woman, mladé zvíře – young animal

12100: 9779: 9774: 9769: 8561: 4161: 4155: 6795: 10486: 9986: 8543:"Problematyka czeszczyzny potocznej nieliterackiej (tzw. obecná čeština) na łamach czasopisma "Naše řeč" w latach dziewięćdziesiątych" 2541:, Czech marks subject nouns of transitive and intransitive verbs in the nominative case, which is the form found in dictionaries, and 10193: 8515: 1772: 284: 6102:

Traditional territory of the main dialect groups of Moravia and Czech Silesia. Green: Central Moravian, Red: East Moravian, Yellow:

12762: 12341: 11429: 10702: 10226: 9971: 7284: 3612:("both"), which decline the same way. Some nouns for paired body parts use a historical dual form to express plural in some cases: 3998:

and a further ending which agrees with the gender and number of the subject. For the first and second persons, the auxiliary verb

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sounds) when unstressed. When a noun is preceded by a monosyllabic preposition, the stress usually moves to the preposition, e.g.

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Common Czech has become ubiquitous in most parts of the Czech Republic since the later 20th century. It is usually defined as an

5227:

tendency of merging the locative singular masculine/neuter for adjectives with the instrumental by changing the locative ending

2760:(out of, off) assign the genitive case. Other prepositions take one of several cases, with their meaning dependent on the case; 11327: 10015: 4931:

These varieties of the language (Standard Czech, spoken/colloquial Standard Czech, Common Czech, and regional dialects) form a

3760: 3899:(to lie down, to be lying down)—have no perfective form. Conversely, verbs describing immediate states of change—for example, 12488: 10156: 9920: 9837: 9619: 9589: 9570: 9551: 9523: 9504: 9485: 9466: 9447: 9428: 9409: 9390: 9367: 9335: 9316: 9297: 9274: 9255: 9236: 9217: 9198: 9175: 9156: 8405: 6927: 6867: 6667: 6626: 6556: 8598: 10273: 9847: 9842: 7317: 4846:

phrases (except personal and settlement names), only the first word and proper nouns inside such phrases are capitalized (

12029: 10368: 9696: 2530: 1808: 446: 917:

in 1620, the Protestant intellectuals had to leave the country. This emigration together with other consequences of the

12158: 11940: 11187: 10099: 10062: 10032: 9895: 7324: 2538: 1919: 1781: 868:, also dates to this period. Old Czech texts, including poetry and cookbooks, were also produced outside universities. 9648: 9093: 4928:

remain more widespread and diverse, with a political movement for Moravian linguistic revival active since the 1990s.

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with its associated noun in gender, number and case. Relative clauses follow the noun they modify. The following is a

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Ministry of Interior of Poland: Act of 6 January 2005 on national and ethnic minorities and on the regional languages

557: 486: 3840:. In suffix pairs, a different infinitive ending is added to the perfective stem; for example, the perfective verbs 12194: 12087: 11977: 10166: 10052: 10047: 9935: 9910: 8305:

Berger, Tilman. "Religion and diacritics: The case of Czech orthography". In Baddeley, Susan; Voeste, Anja (eds.).

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lost the war and Czechoslovakia reformed, Slovak developed somewhat on its own (with Czech influence); during the

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defines the spoken variety of Standard Czech as a compromise between Common Czech and the written standard, while

1914:) is very rare among languages and often claimed to be unique to Czech, though it also occurs in some dialects of 10560: 10503: 10249: 10042: 10001: 9915: 9900: 9878: 9810: 6523: 1923: 1641: 436: 279: 7019: 2238:

sentence can consist of only a verb; information about its subject is encoded in the verb. Enclitics (primarily

12777: 12767: 12493: 10479: 10453: 10361: 10067: 9861: 9689: 8805:"Tab. 614b Obyvatelstvo podle věku, mateřského jazyka a pohlaví (Population by Age, Mother Tongue, and Gender)" 8095: 7400: 7353: 6891: 3720:(we speak) is in the present tense and first-person plural; it is distinguished from other conjugations of the 1130: 6585:

and Latin, arrived before the Czech National Revival. More recent loanwords derive primarily from English and

3664:). The plural number paradigms of these nouns are a mixture of historical dual and plural forms. For example, 11491: 10186: 10081: 9996: 9954: 9888: 9791: 6458: 1714: 1613: 861: 801: 776: 306: 5050:(to fly), and a second native diphthong /ɛɪ̯/ occurs, usually in places where Standard Czech has /iː/, e.g. 337: 324: 12467: 12024: 11422: 11322: 9966: 8744: 1694: 1651: 1566: 5985: 4901:, who publish occasional reforms to the codification. The most recent reform took place in 1993. The term 1964: 1952:. In unvoiced environments, /r̝/ is realized as its voiceless allophone , a sound somewhere between Czech 1853: 1847: 1841: 1342: 1328: 1319: 1315: 1254: 1250: 1246: 11627: 11524: 11317: 10945: 10512: 10161: 10131: 10027: 9759: 7396: 6519: 4842:

in handwritten texts. The number 1,234,567.89101 may be written as 1234567,89101 or 1 234 567,891 01. In

4752: 2259: 1885:

patterns of nouns, which vary according to whether the final consonant of the noun stem is hard or soft.

841: 274: 8840:"Otázka kodifikace spisovného moravského jazyka (The question of codifying a written Moravian language)" 4821:

features not associated with phonetics generally resemble those of most European languages that use the

3990:, the subject pronoun can be omitted unless it is needed for clarity. The past tense is formed using a 1129:

Immigration of Czechs from Europe to the United States occurred primarily from 1848 to 1914. Czech is a

12715: 12650: 12051: 11622: 11352: 10790: 10121: 9930: 9764: 9721: 9122: 6855: 5016: 4863: 4130:. The imperative mood is formed by adding specific endings for each of three person–number categories: 2034:

by phonological processes to modify their meanings and grammatical functions, and the easily separable

1820: 1461: 1451: 782: 579: 115: 11673: 6581:

Most Czech loanwords originated in one of two time periods. Earlier loanwords, primarily from German,

153: 148: 12644: 12278: 12189: 11699: 11572: 11109: 10472: 9925: 9786: 5199: 3601: 1704: 1673: 1604: 1473: 1170: 1150: 1071: 11653: 7788: 7026: 6233:, Břetislav Koudela used the following sentence to highlight phonetic differences between dialects: 3856:. Imperfective verbs may undergo further morphology to make other imperfective verbs (iterative and 11149: 9639: 9148: 8740: 6833: 6146: 6093: 6007: 5105: 4985: 4932: 4898: 4868: 2351: 2298: 2267: 1728: 607: 383: 1901:

occurs, which matches voicing to the following consonant. The unvoiced counterpart of /ɦ/ is /x/.

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The consonant phonemes of Czech and their equivalent letters in Czech orthography are as follows:

12757: 12638: 12581: 12288: 11415: 11210: 11127: 11055: 10846: 10803: 10519: 10202: 7224: 6131: 2374: 1514: 1504: 1483: 1192:. As of 2009, 70,500 Americans spoke Czech as their first language (49th place nationwide, after 1177: 1166: 1162: 979: 892:

Slovak Jesuits, beginning to use a separate Slovak orthography based on Western Slovak dialects.

733: 95: 9600: 4959:

spoken in the Czech Republic. The border areas, where German was formerly spoken, are now mixed.

3743:). It is the form found in dictionaries and the form that follows auxiliary verbs (for example, 710:

branch of the Indo-European language family. Czech and Slovak make up a "Czech–Slovak" subgroup.

11972: 11047: 10980: 10975: 10940: 10899: 10670: 6454: 4886: 2235: 2042:

languages are limited. Czech inflects for case, gender and number in nouns and tense, aspect,

2039: 1526: 1371: 1173: 1050:

of 98 percent of Czech citizens was Czech, the third-highest proportion of a population in the

942: 865: 853: 845: 715: 707: 631: 595: 243: 100: 11592: 11562: 8542: 4907:(lit. "Colloquial Czech") is sometimes used to refer to the spoken variety of standard Czech. 2526: 12741: 12264: 11240: 11194: 11119: 11097: 11012: 11001: 10809: 10781: 10760: 10571: 10526: 10384: 10207: 9991: 6709: 4676: 4013:(as shown in the table on the left) and the infinitive of an imperfective verb, for example, 3987: 3287: 2062: 1800: 1752: 1411: 1401: 849: 725: 719: 678: 575: 389: 110: 12033: 8510: 1977: 982:, and did not think Czech had a realistic chance of returning as a major language. However, 12066: 11689: 11658: 11544: 11256: 10750: 10720: 10679: 10599: 10435: 9729: 7360: 5157: 5116: 4664: 2529:

with her name declined in the genitive case in Czech (a sign probably from the time of the

1994: 1898: 1537: 1423: 978:('Comprehensive Doctrine of the Bohemian Language'). Dobrovský had intended his book to be 918: 872: 9754: 8092:"Gramatická terminologie ve vyučování – Terminologie a platonický svět gramatických idejí" 4935:, in which contact between varieties of a similar prestige influences change within them. 930: 8: 12148: 12084: 11945: 11587: 11481: 11463: 11357: 11266: 11065: 11032: 10933: 10923: 10892: 10692: 10579: 10542: 10531: 10342: 10326: 10281: 9289: 8843: 8456: 6741: 6601:. Many Russian loanwords, principally animal names and naval terms, also exist in Czech. 3774: 2262:

sentence structure. In practice, however, word order is flexible and used to distinguish

1628: 1551: 952: 810: 635: 12019: 11507: 8694:

Cummins, George M. (2005). "Literary Czech, Common Czech, and the Instrumental Plural".

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In some contexts, the present tense of perfective verbs (which differs from the English

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from the original languages. Its six volumes were first published between 1579 and 1593.

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Choosing Slovakia: Slavic Hungary, the Czechoslovak Language and Accidental Nationalism

8703: 7062: 6207: 5981: 4893:'s Czech–German dictionary published during 1834–1839. Jungmann used vocabulary of the 4025:(I will be happy). Some verbs of movement form their future tense by adding the prefix 3766: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3593: 3217: 2899: 2506: 2502: 2054: 1968: 1915: 1366: 741: 11839: 11342: 971: 934: 375: 12552: 12547: 12061: 11955: 11607: 11518: 11513: 11501: 11496: 11377: 11367: 11228: 11144: 11082: 10985: 10967: 10950: 10907: 10881: 10827: 10822: 10745: 10710: 10629: 10552: 10414: 10311: 10286: 10136: 9615: 9585: 9566: 9547: 9519: 9500: 9481: 9462: 9443: 9424: 9405: 9386: 9379: 9363: 9331: 9328:

The Languages and Linguistics of Europe: A Comprehensive Guide (World of Linguistics)

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in a slow rise from low to high, quickly dropping to low on the last word or phrase.

2263: 2231: 2027: 1895: 1888: 1687: 1594: 1497: 1388: 1378: 1098: 1022: 880: 871:

Literary activity becomes widespread in the early 15th century in the context of the

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with unvoiced counterparts are unvoiced at the end of a word before a pause, and in

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Analysis of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication and Enactment: The Processing Issues

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calls Common Czech an intersection of spoken Standard Czech and regional dialects.

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tried to declare Czech to be the only official language of the kingdom. After the

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The most widely spoken vernacular form of the language is called "Common Czech" (

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and inanimate. With few exceptions, feminine nouns in the nominative case end in

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carry-SG.M.PST be-1.SG box-SG.ACC into house-SG.GEN with own-SG.INS friend-SG.INS

2667: 2598: 2551: 2358: 2291: 2131: 1972: 1739: 1395: 1383: 1209: 910: 905: 833: 753: 737: 619: 599: 591: 87: 11811: 6922:(in Czech). Prague: Univerzita Karlova, Filozofická fakulta. pp. 102, 130. 6547:

of the languages which have arisen from the decrease in mutual intelligibility.

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Many verbs have only one aspect, and verbs describing continual states of being—

955:(the Habsburg re-catholization efforts which had denigrated Czech and other non- 12655: 12153: 11776: 11753: 11597: 11582: 11397: 11372: 11165: 11087: 11077: 11020: 10735: 10638: 10419: 9801: 9712: 9170:(9th ed.). International Phonetic Association/Cambridge University Press. 7318:"Czech Language Programs and Czech as a Heritage Language in the United States" 6582: 6568: 6563: 5108:

features that are more or less common among all Common Czech speakers include:

5012: 4890: 4872: 4834: 4143: 2509:(masculine, feminine and neuter). The masculine gender is further divided into 2239: 1982: 1438: 1134: 1133:

in U.S. schools, and is taught at Czech heritage centers. Large communities of

1110: 1075: 1066: 1051: 1047: 1039: 983: 956: 756:. Slovak is the most closely related language to Czech, followed by Polish and 587: 583: 567: 502: 217: 212: 183: 169: 58: 8897: 8880: 7261: 6764: 5984:

from 1591. The inscription features the distinctive Bohemian diphthong

4879:

The modern literary standard and prestige variety, known as "Standard Czech" (

4875:, whose Czech–German dictionary laid the foundations for modern Standard Czech 3668:(legs; nominative/accusative) is a standard plural form of this type of noun. 2521: 2479:

want-1SG visit-INF university-SG.ACC, on which-SG.F.ACC attend-3SG John.SG.NOM

1097:

Czech speakers in Slovakia primarily live in cities. Since it is a recognized

586:. Spoken by over 10 million people, it serves as the official language of the 12751: 12542: 12311: 11962: 11473: 11347: 11337: 11037: 10913: 10658: 10584: 10104: 9749: 8807:(in Czech). Český statistický úřad (Czech Statistical Office). March 26, 2011 8594: 8557: 8367: 7231: 6731: 6654: 6539: 6474: 6103: 6089: 4952: 4920:

influenced by spoken Standard Czech and the Central Bohemian dialects of the

4851: 4806:

are not considered separate letters in the alphabetical order. The character

4658: 3857: 3794: 2902:—masculine, feminine, and neuter—and the masculine gender is subdivided into 2713: 2690: 2621: 2542: 2274: 1634: 1557: 1444: 1043: 896: 837: 749: 745: 663: 626: 189: 158: 11806: 9612:

Moravians in Prague: A Sociolinguistic Study of Dialect Contact in the Czech

8166: 7290:. Annual of Language & Politics and Politics of Identity. Archived from 6901: 5259:

Examples of declension (Standard Czech is added in italics for comparison):

2766:

means "onto" or "for" with the accusative case, but "on" with the locative.

12409: 11864: 11816: 10955: 9978: 9101: 6531: 6527: 6230: 6034: 5997: 5000: 4917: 4822: 4811: 4763: 4759: 3895: 3883: 3699: 2547: 2066: 1185: 1123: 964: 822: 647: 179: 11882: 9681: 9544:

A Lateral Theory of Phonology: What is CVCV, and why Should it Be?, Part 1

9402:

A Functional Analysis of Present Day English on a General Linguistic Basis

6574: 3785: 2554:(dative), or agents in passive constructions (instrumental). Additionally 2525:

A street sign in German (top) and Czech (bottom) for a street named after

963:

studied sixteenth-century texts, advocating the return of the language to

359: 12043: 11989: 11984: 11668: 11284: 11271: 9827: 9663: 9653: 6535: 4924:

region. Other Bohemian regional dialects have become marginalized, while

4843: 4838: 4826: 2644: 2555: 2362: 2271: 2058: 1948: 1114: 937:, whose writing played a key role in reviving Czech as a written language 844:

took place during the 9th and 10th centuries. The diversification of the

829: 670: 342: 329: 12681: 11791: 11025: 10353: 8707: 7464: 6637: 6607: 6068: 4643: 4048: 3779: 3716: 3291: 2297:

A word at the end of a clause is typically emphasized, unless an upward

702: 411: 12368: 12355: 11821: 11221: 11200: 11092: 10109: 9739: 6769: 6736: 4818: 4700: 4119: 3991: 3877: 3790: 3721: 3703: 3691: 2357:

In modern Czech syntax, adjectives precede nouns, with few exceptions.

2227: 2031: 967:. This period is known as the Czech National Revival (or Renaissance). 639: 611: 12388: 12114: 10141: 9356:

N.S. Trubetzkoy: Studies in General Linguistics and Language Structure

6649: 6621: 6110:, Orange: Bohemian–Moravian transitional dialects, Purple: Mixed areas 5976: 4021:

has a noun or adjective complement it means "I will be", for example,

2762: 2095: 12662: 12423: 12348: 11859: 11246: 11072: 11060: 10089: 8951:"Closely-related languages in contact: Czech, Slovak, "Czechoslovak"" 8254:; Nekvápil, Jiří. Kaplan, Robert B.; Baldauf, Richard B. Jr. (eds.). 6510:), believing that the peoples were connected in a way which excluded 5120: 5023: 4978:

Common Czech is distinguished from spoken/colloquial Standard Czech (

4830: 2626:

Noun adjuncts, possession, prepositions of motion, time and location

2320:– The dog eats the baguette (rather than doing something else to it). 1891: 1189: 1146: 1027: 960: 674: 368: 352: 316: 298: 12448:

Evangelical Church in Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia

12416: 9667: 6173: 6098: 3889: 3648: 3624: 3614: 2756: 1230: 913:(of predominantly Protestant aristocracy) which was defeated by the 852:

began around that time, marked among other things by its use of the

12724: 12380: 11854: 11849: 11801: 11291: 11215: 11173: 10464: 6717: 6534:), literary Slovak was deliberately distanced from Czech. When the 6044: 4668: 2069:. Adverbs are primarily formed from adjectives by taking the final 2002: 1998: 1877: 1142: 1083: 1079: 914: 686: 454: 427: regions where Czech is the language of a significant minority 263: 12676: 9533:

Short, David (2009). "Czech and Slovak". In Bernard Comrie (ed.).

4164:, which determine their conjugation patterns. The future tense of 3765:

Typical of Slavic languages, Czech marks its verbs for one of two

3638: 1836:

Czech consonants are categorized as "hard", "neutral", or "soft":

12270: 11844: 11831: 11786: 11706: 11438: 11407: 11278: 11234: 8617:

The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe

7048:

The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe

6465: 6119: 6115: 5008: 5004: 4964: 4672: 2903: 2510: 2331: 1242: 1091: 1059: 876: 682: 659: 651: 494: 450: 258: 248: 238: 11781: 8881:"Mutual intelligibility between West and South Slavic languages" 7530:

Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics

2750: 2314:– The dog eats the baguette (rather than someone else doing so). 2308:– The dog eats the baguette (rather than eating something else). 2125:

A Czech-language sign at the entrance to a children's playground

1065:

As the official language of the Czech Republic (a member of the

12395: 12374: 6544: 6479: 5164: 5113: 4968: 4921: 3597: 2373:"which", "that" and "who"/"whom". As with other adjectives, it 2335: 2050: 1119: 1087: 1055: 1031: 832:

reached Central Europe, settling on the eastern fringes of the

669:

Czech has a moderately-sized phoneme inventory, comprising ten

643: 253: 68: 12430: 11758: 9658: 6980: 6978: 2497:

In Czech, nouns and adjectives are declined into one of seven

528: 12317: 11796: 9349:(in Czech). Československé státní pedagogické nakladatelství. 7528:(2018). Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.). 6643: 6631: 3777:. Most verbs are part of inflected aspect pairs—for example, 2769:

This is a glossed example of a sentence using several cases:

2226:

to convey word function in a sentence (instead of relying on

2035: 2006: 1239: 1138: 1074:. The five countries with the greatest use of Czech were the 856:

consonant (/ɣ/) and consistent stress on the first syllable.

818: 615: 472: 9673: 970:

During the national revival, in 1809 linguist and historian

11768: 11740: 9883: 9744: 9734: 6975: 1309:

indicates that the previous consonant is palatalized (e.g.

1046:

survey conducted from January to March 2012 found that the

666:

are considerably more varied than the dialects of Bohemia.

625:

The Czech–Slovak group developed within West Slavic in the

549: 537: 534: 519: 475: 6858:(2003) , Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), 4747: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4705: 1906: 1304: 792: 690: 453:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

9635: 4703:(ˇ) is used with certain letters to form new characters: 1272:

In Czech orthography, the vowels are spelled as follows:

974:

released a German-language grammar of Old Czech entitled

421: regions where Czech is the language of the majority 8780:"Sčítání lidu a moravská národnost. Přihlásíte se k ní?" 6625:. Some Czech words have been borrowed as loanwords into 1981:("Stick finger through throat") is a well-known Czech 12458:

Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland

5194:(with the good people, women, guys, towns) – standard: 3804:(to write, to be writing) compared with the perfective 2026:

Czech grammar, like that of other Slavic languages, is

12453:

Silesian Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession

9325: 8825: 8765: 7726:

Incorporating Corpora: The Linguist and the Translator

3911:(to become enthusiastic)—have no imperfective aspect. 3860:

forms), denoting repeated or regular action. The verb

2741:

Passive agents, instruments, prepositions of location

12713: 9229:

Varieties of Czech: Studies in Czech Sociolinguistics

8997: 8995: 8993: 8905: 7151: 7149: 6448: 5255:(Common Czech locative/instrumental with shortening). 3690:(singular or plural), and in constructions involving 2326:– Does the dog eat the baguette? (emphasis ambiguous) 2230:, as English does), its word order is flexible. As a 2093:. Negative statements are formed by adding the affix 1918:, and formerly occurred in Polish. It represents the 1038:

Czech is spoken by about 10 million residents of the

558: 540: 487: 478: 8954:. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 8819: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8032: 8030: 8005: 8003: 7732: 7705: 6699: 6149:

in 2003 recognized the following Moravian dialects:

6010:

in 2003 recognized the following Bohemian dialects:

4667:

of all European languages. Its alphabet contains 42

4647:

The handwritten Czech alphabet, without a Q, W and X

2476:

Chc-i navštív-it universit-u, na kter-ou chod-í Jan.

2282:("Peter killed Paul") becomes "Paul, Peter killed" ( 879:

contributed significantly to the standardization of

614:. Its vocabulary has been extensively influenced by 546: 516: 10248: 9012: 9010: 7436: 7124: 7122: 6941: 6939: 1257:; the last two are found only in loanwords such as 531: 525: 522: 9378: 9354:Liberman, Anatoly; Trubetskoi, Nikolai S. (2001). 9353: 9168:Handbook of the International Phonetic Association 8990: 8949: 8509: 8184: 7146: 6990: 6969: 6957: 3698:. They are conjugated for tense (past, present or 2099:to the main verb of a clause, with one exception: 685:in only a few other languages, represented by the 9513: 8878: 8397: 8190: 8042: 8027: 8000: 7168: 7166: 7164: 2883:Nes-l js-em krabic-i do dom-u se sv-ým přítel-em. 2501:which indicate their function in a sentence, two 2482:I want to visit the university that John attends. 2046:, person and subject number and gender in verbs. 12749: 9614:. Peter Lang International Academic Publishers. 9478:Natural Language Processing for Historical Texts 9207: 9007: 7868: 7196: 7184: 7119: 7113: 7101: 7085: 7083: 6936: 5198:In essence, this form resembles the form of the 2889:I carried the box into the house with my friend. 2672:Direct objects, prepositions of motion and time 2110: 976:Ausführliches Lehrgebäude der böhmischen Sprache 802:translation of the Bible into the Czech language 9579: 9326:Kortmann, Bernd; van der Auwera, Johan (2011). 9016: 8879:Golubović, Jelena; Gooskens, Charlotte (2015). 8486: 7724:Anderman, Gunilla M.; Rogers, Margaret (2008). 6984: 6945: 5011:(by about two thirds of all inhabitants of the 4963:The main Czech vernacular, spoken primarily in 8274: 7723: 7161: 3808:(to write down). The most common prefixes are 2455: 2390: 11423: 10480: 10369: 10234: 9697: 9642:, the regulatory body for the Czech language 9184: 8874: 8872: 8797: 8250: 7089: 7080: 5209:in the masculine ending of past tense verbs: 4885:) is based on the standardization during the 3868:(to go regularly) and the frequentative form 3731:. The infinitive form of Czech verbs ends in 9664:Czech Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words 9537:(2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 305–330. 8503: 8501: 7013: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7005: 5196:s těmi dobrými lidmi, ženami, chlapy, městy. 9711: 9560: 9269:(9th ed.). John Benjamins Publishing. 9165: 8164: 7554: 7512: 7451: 7424: 6442:Put the flour from the mill into the cart. 4979: 4911: 4902: 4880: 4156:Morphological classification of Czech verbs 4017:—"I will eat" or "I will be eating". Where 2301:indicates that the sentence is a question: 2010: 1336: 1323: 1310: 1293: 1285: 1277: 1264: 1258: 46: 40: 11430: 11416: 10487: 10473: 10376: 10362: 10241: 10227: 9704: 9690: 9475: 9267:Prague Studies in Mathematical Linguistics 8869: 8638: 8636: 7262:"Language knowledge in the European Union" 6996: 4889:in the 1830s, significantly influenced by 4833:, and the first letters of quotations are 4002:conjugated in the present tense is added. 1017: 410: 10383: 9514:Rothstein, Björn; Thieroff, Rolf (2010). 9461:(in Czech). Ústav pro jazyk český AV ČR. 9399: 9001: 8947: 8896: 8665: 8663: 8614: 8516:Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic 8498: 8370:, Internetová jazyková příručka, ÚJČ AVČR 7728:. Multilingual Matters. pp. 135–136. 7608:Charles University Institute of Phonetics 7437:Campbell, George L.; Gareth King (1984). 7259: 7045: 7020:"Slovaks in Czechia – Czechs in Slovakia" 7002: 6886:. Bloomington, Ind.: Slavica. p. 5. 6862:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 4671:, most of which correspond to individual 4029:to the present tense forms instead, e.g. 3694:, which includes the past tense, also in 3682:Czech verbs agree with their subjects in 2877: 2862: 2718:Prepositions of location, time and topic 2649:Indirect objects, prepositions of motion 1985:using syllabic consonants but no vowels. 638:, known as Common Czech, is based on the 285:Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic 12783:Slavic languages written in Latin script 9602:A grammar of Czech as a foreign language 9563:The Slavic Languages: Unity in Diversity 9456: 9437: 9345:Koudela, Břetislav; et al. (1964). 9264: 9245: 9145:Origins of the Czech National Renascence 8923: 8777: 8540: 8391: 8379: 8343: 8331: 8268: 8238: 8226: 8214: 8202: 8152: 8140: 8128: 8116: 8077: 8065: 8053: 8036: 8021: 8009: 7982: 7970: 7958: 7946: 7934: 7922: 7910: 7898: 7886: 7874: 7862: 7850: 7838: 7826: 7774: 7762: 7750: 7699: 7687: 7675: 7663: 7651: 7566: 7500: 7208: 6913: 6911: 6097: 5975: 4942: 4867: 4782:at the beginning of a word or morpheme ( 4642: 2782: 2520: 2120: 1854:/c/,/ɟ/,/j/,/ɲ/,/r̝/,/ʃ/,/t͡s/,/t͡ʃ/,/ʒ/ 1229: 1213: 1118: 1021: 929: 791: 701: 9580:Sussex, Rolan; Cubberley, Paul (2011). 9418: 9344: 9306: 9283: 9123:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 9094:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 8935: 8863: 8731: 8729: 8693: 8681: 8654: 8642: 8633: 8480: 8355: 8319: 8292: 8280: 7994: 7822: 7820: 7811: 7590: 7578: 7542: 7524: 7488: 7128: 6464:One study showed that Czech and Slovak 4160:Most Czech verbs fall into one of five 2873: 2858: 2835: 2816: 2812: 2801: 2778: 2470: 2466: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2416: 2412: 2342:without an interrogative word (such as 2077:of the base form and replacing it with 2030:; its nouns, verbs, and adjectives are 1859:Hard consonants may not be followed by 1245:, and three diphthongs. The vowels are 447:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 12750: 11328:Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony 9609: 9541: 9494: 9226: 9208:Chloupek, Jan; Nekvapil, Jiří (1993). 8837: 8831: 8720: 8660: 8577: 8536: 8534: 8532: 8492: 8454: 8256:Language Planning and Policy in Europe 7639: 7627: 7172: 6917: 6828: 6826: 6453:Czech and Slovak have been considered 3848:(to sell) have the imperfective forms 3761:Grammatical aspect in Slavic languages 2294:, the grammatical object of the verb. 1904:The phoneme represented by the letter 1153:, Czech was reported as the commonest 736:language family. This branch includes 12242: 12130: 11898: 11542: 11450: 11411: 10468: 10357: 10222: 9685: 9598: 9532: 9518:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 9212:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 9185:Cerna, Iva; Machalek, Jolana (2007). 9142: 8941: 8911: 8669: 8507: 8442: 8430: 8089: 7738: 7711: 7219: 7217: 7155: 7140: 6908: 6854: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6683:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 6668:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 6566:to resemble native Czech words (e.g. 6557:List of English words of Czech origin 3872:(to go occasionally; to tend to go). 2839: 1926:: ), a sound somewhere between Czech 886: 787: 501: 393:(varieties: 53-AAA-daa to 53-AAA-dam) 10494: 9480:. Morgan & Claypool Publishers. 9376: 9347:Vývoj českého jazyka a dialektologie 9028: 8984: 8972: 8726: 8511:"The present-day situation of Czech" 8403: 8307:Orthographies in Early Modern Europe 8165:Karlík, Petr; Migdalski, Krzysztof. 7817: 7786: 7285:"Language Policy of Slovak Republic" 7069:(in Czech). Czech Language Institute 7060: 6881: 6077: 5971: 4171: 3714:). For example, the conjugated verb 2797: 2049:Parts of speech include adjectives, 12030:Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis 9654:Czech Monolingual Online Dictionary 9166:Dankovičová, Jana (1999). "Czech". 8529: 8461:Nový encyklopedický slovník češtiny 8408:. Oxford University. Archived from 8171:Nový encyklopedický slovník češtiny 7793:Nový encyklopedický slovník češtiny 7536: 7439:Compendium of the world's languages 7309: 7282: 6823: 6811: 3671: 706:Classification of Czech within the 24: 12180:Legnicko-Głogowski Okręg Miedziowy 12159:Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area 11437: 9674:Online Czech Grammar and Exercises 9497:The Qualls Concise English Grammar 9066: 9040: 8826:Kortmann & van der Auwera 2011 8766:Kortmann & van der Auwera 2011 8702:(2). Slavica Publishers: 271–297. 8304: 8094:. DominikLukeš.net. Archived from 7325:University of California, Berkeley 7315: 7214: 7017: 6779: 6758: 6449:Mutual intelligibility with Slovak 5082:(to be). In addition, a prothetic 4762:; long vowels are indicated by an 4699:appear only in foreign words. The 2942:(Czech man) has the feminine form 2914:, or a consonant; neuter nouns in 2786: 2401: 1920:raised alveolar non-sonorant trill 1238:Standard Czech contains ten basic 25: 12794: 12489:Moravian–Silesian Football League 9629: 6629:and other languages—for example, 6619:) in Russian, but in Czech it is 5251:(Common Czech instrumental) > 5149:malí lidé, malé ženy, malá města; 5086:is added to most words beginning 4794:elsewhere, except for loanwords ( 4766:or, in the case of the character 1819: 1807: 1780: 1751: 1727: 1713: 1703: 1693: 1672: 1660: 1650: 1640: 1612: 1603: 1575: 1565: 1536: 1525: 1513: 1503: 1482: 1472: 1460: 1450: 1422: 1410: 1400: 697: 12735: 12723: 12698: 12697: 12680: 12675: 12113: 11881: 10449: 10448: 9800: 9284:Harkins, William Edward (1952). 9210:Studies in Functional Stylistics 9115: 9086: 9060: 9034: 9022: 8978: 8966: 8948:Nábělková, Mira (January 2007). 8929: 8917: 8857: 8778:Zvoníček, Jiří (30 March 2021). 8771: 8759: 8714: 8687: 8675: 8648: 8608: 8604:from the original on 2019-05-10. 8571: 8567:from the original on 2019-05-05. 8474: 8448: 8436: 8424: 8406:"CZECH LITERATURE, 1774 TO 1918" 8385: 8373: 8361: 8349: 8337: 8325: 6884:A grammar of contemporary Polish 6716: 6702: 6657:woman" or from "půlka" "half"). 6057:(Northeastern Bohemian dialects) 6023:(Southwestern Bohemian dialects) 4687:in the alphabet. The characters 3604:forms remain, such as the words 2968:Black backpack (m. inanim. sg.) 2505:(singular and plural) and three 1318:). After a labial it represents 1104: 512: 468: 12763:Languages of the Czech Republic 10250:Languages of the Czech Republic 9659:Online Translation Dictionaries 9516:Mood in the Languages of Europe 8313: 8298: 8286: 8262: 8244: 8232: 8220: 8208: 8196: 8158: 8146: 8134: 8122: 8110: 8083: 8071: 8059: 8015: 7988: 7976: 7964: 7952: 7940: 7928: 7916: 7904: 7892: 7880: 7856: 7844: 7832: 7805: 7780: 7768: 7756: 7744: 7717: 7693: 7681: 7669: 7657: 7645: 7633: 7621: 7596: 7584: 7572: 7560: 7548: 7518: 7506: 7494: 7482: 7457: 7445: 7430: 7418: 7382: 7370:from the original on 2008-10-06 7346: 7334:from the original on 2013-03-02 7276: 7253: 7241:from the original on 2012-06-22 7225:"Europeans and Their Languages" 7202: 7190: 7178: 7134: 7107: 7095: 7054: 7039: 6963: 6951: 6660: 5235:and then shortening the vowel: 4938: 4149: 3864:(to go) has the iterative form 2211:(masculine inanimate, feminine) 1848:/b/,/f/,/l/,/m/,/p/,/s/,/v/,/z/ 1842:/d/,/ɡ/,/ɦ/,/k/,/n/,/r/,/t/,/x/ 925: 840:formed by the 9th century. The 681:, which is known to occur as a 602:to a lesser degree. Czech is a 280:Institute of the Czech Language 11941:Silesian Voivodeship (1920–39) 11188:Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin 9584:. Cambridge Language Surveys. 6970:Liberman & Trubetskoi 2001 6958:Liberman & Trubetskoi 2001 6875: 6860:English Pronouncing Dictionary 6848: 6802: 4638: 2539:nominative–accusative language 1249:, and their long counterparts 764: 590:. Czech is closely related to 506:), historically also known as 13: 1: 12773:Subject–verb–object languages 12604:Schlesien Unvergessene Heimat 11543: 11492:1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite 9136: 8696:Journal of Slavic Linguistics 8191:Rothstein & Thieroff 2010 7789:"SLOVOSLED NOMINÁLNÍ SKUPINY" 7050:. Springer. pp. 134–135. 6818:IANA language subtag registry 6550: 6459:dissolution of Czechoslovakia 6114:The Czech dialects spoken in 5243:(standard instrumental) > 4810:exists only in loanwords and 4675:, and only contains only one 4138:for second-person plural and 3216:Nouns are also inflected for 3026:(without the black backpack) 2486: 2111:Sentence and clause structure 1875:(except in loanwords such as 1348: 1131:Less Commonly Taught Language 836:. The West Slavic polity of 777:History of the Czech language 12468:Pentecostal Church in Poland 11899: 11578:Obniżenie Milicko-Głogowskie 11323:Slavic second palatalization 9561:Stankiewicz, Edward (1986). 9476:Piotrowski, Michael (2012). 9377:Mann, Stuart Edward (1957). 9143:Agnew, Hugh LeCaine (1994). 7260:van Parys, Jonathan (2012). 7197:Chloupek & Nekvapil 1993 7185:Chloupek & Nekvapil 1993 7114:Chloupek & Nekvapil 1993 7102:Chloupek & Nekvapil 1993 6820:, retrieved October 15, 2018 6747:Swadesh list of Slavic words 6518:and other Slavs. During the 6229:In a 1964 textbook on Czech 6156:(Bohemian–Moravian dialects) 4971:, is known as Common Czech ( 4857: 4134:for second-person singular, 1867:in writing, or soft ones by 1203: 828:Around the 7th century, the 7: 12243: 12131: 11628:Silesian-Moravian Foothills 11451: 11318:Slavic first palatalization 9760:Lands of the Bohemian Crown 9535:The World's Major Languages 9440:Czech: An Essential Grammar 9423:. Tauris Academic Studies. 9419:Maxwell, Alexander (2009). 9073:Online Etymology Dictionary 9047:Online Etymology Dictionary 9017:Sussex & Cubberley 2011 8580:"Hovorová spisovná čeština" 6985:Sussex & Cubberley 2011 6946:Sussex & Cubberley 2011 6695: 6520:First Czechoslovak Republic 6235: 6186:(Eastern Moravian dialects) 6162:(Central Moravian dialects) 6017:(Central Bohemian dialects) 4758:Czech orthography reflects 4753:transliteration of Cyrillic 3254:three Czech crowns were... 3158:(about the black backpack) 3092:(I see the black backpack) 2369:, analogous to the English 2103:(he, she or it is) becomes 842:Christianization of Bohemia 10: 12799: 12651:Silesian Autonomy Movement 12294:Silesian Museum (Katowice) 11623:Silesian-Lusatian Lowlands 9495:Qualls, Eduard J. (2012). 9459:Pravidla českého pravopisu 9307:Komárek, Miroslav (2012). 8739:. Český statistický úřad ( 8615:Kamusella, Tomasz (2008). 8541:Balowska, Grażyna (2006). 7465:"Psaní i – y po písmenu c" 7046:Kamusella, Tomasz (2008). 6554: 6087: 6081: 5995: 5147:(small towns) – standard: 4861: 4663:Czech has one of the most 4656: 4650: 4153: 3758: 3686:(first, second or third), 3675: 3274:five Czech crowns were... 3268:čtyři koruny české byly... 3264:four Czech crowns were... 3238:jedna koruna česká byla... 3191:(with the black backpack) 2898:Czech distinguishes three 2490: 2114: 2021: 1251:/aː/,/ɛː/,/iː/,/oː/and/uː/ 1207: 1108: 940: 783:History of the Czech lands 780: 774: 770: 713: 646:, but is now spoken as an 416:The Czech-speaking world: 12693: 12673: 12645:Landsmannschaft Schlesien 12631: 12595: 12577: 12570: 12518: 12511: 12476: 12440: 12302: 12260: 12253: 12249: 12238: 12214: 12190:Upper Silesian Coal Basin 12185:Lower Silesian Coal Basin 12175:Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy 12167: 12141: 12137: 12126: 12111: 12083: 12042: 12015: 12008: 11916: 11909: 11905: 11894: 11879: 11830: 11767: 11739: 11732: 11700:Moravian-Silesian Beskids 11682: 11646: 11573:Lower Silesian Wilderness 11555: 11551: 11538: 11459: 11446: 11391: 11308: 11255: 11164: 11118: 11110:Slavic dialects of Greece 11046: 11011: 11000: 10966: 10864: 10789: 10780: 10719: 10701: 10678: 10669: 10570: 10502: 10444: 10428: 10407: 10391: 10335: 10272: 10256: 10180: 10080: 10023: 10014: 9962: 9953: 9869: 9860: 9818: 9809: 9798: 9720: 9400:Mathesius, Vilém (2013). 8898:10.1007/s11185-015-9150-9 8619:. Springer. p. 506. 8508:Daneš, František (2003). 7604:"Sound Patterns of Czech" 7090:Cerna & Machalek 2007 7063:"O jazyce Kralické bible" 6836:. Encyclopædia Britannica 6526:(which then aligned with 6514:and (to a lesser extent) 6224: 6055:Nářečí severovýchodočeská 5618: 5288: 5247:(Common Czech locative), 5221:(he pricked) – standard: 5205:omission of the syllabic 5003:used in common speech in 3905:(to become pregnant) and 3754: 3278:pět korun českých bylo... 3244:two Czech crowns were... 3211: 2959: 2956: 2893: 2735: 2712: 2689: 2666: 2643: 2620: 2597: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 1988: 1799: 1738: 1627: 1550: 1437: 1394: 1358: 1335:is pronounced /mɲɛ/, cf. 1225: 1151:2000 United States Census 1072:European Day of Languages 1026:Official use of Czech in 724:Czech is a member of the 634:. The most widely spoken 433: 409: 397: 382: 366: 350: 314: 296: 291: 273: 226: 205:Official language in 203: 198: 166: 137: 84: 74: 64: 54: 39: 34: 12096:Lower Silesian and Opole 12025:Moravian–Silesian Region 9874:Administrative divisions 9640:Czech Language Institute 9438:Naughton, James (2005). 9381:Czech Historical Grammar 9311:(in Czech). Brno: Host. 9149:University of Pittsburgh 8741:Czech Statistical Office 8589:(in Czech) (2). Prague. 8552:(in Polish) (1). Opole. 7469:Czech Language Institute 7390:"Languages of the U.S.A" 6752: 6147:Czech Statistical Office 6094:Cieszyn Silesian dialect 6008:Czech Statistical Office 4899:Czech Language Institute 3914: 3258:tři koruny české byly... 3248:dvě koruny české byly... 3059:(to the black backpack) 3040:(without the hard wood) 3033:(without the small cat) 2268:topic-prominent language 1180:. With the exception of 610:and relatively flexible 80:10.6 million (2015) 12289:Silesian Museum (Opava) 11674:Slezská Harta Reservoir 9542:Scheer, Tobias (2004). 9385:. Helmut Buske Verlag. 9246:Esposito, Anna (2011). 8838:Šustek, Zbyšek (1998). 8743:). 2003. Archived from 8737:"Map of Czech Dialects" 8167:"FUTURUM (budoucí čas)" 8090:Lukeš, Dominik (2001). 6882:Swan, Oscar E. (2002). 6775:(subscription required) 6132:Austro-Hungarian Empire 6065:Podskupina podkrknošská 5015:). Common Czech is not 4988:within standard Czech. 4114:Czech verbs have three 4040: 3600:, several residuals of 3234:one Czech crown was... 2965:Big dog (m. anim. sg.) 2934:(she did, or made) and 2516: 2270:. Although Czech has a 1178:Republic County, Kansas 1155:language spoken at home 1018:Geographic distribution 990:in place of the former 895:The publication of the 800:was the first complete 594:, to the point of high 12494:National football team 11654:Jezioro Goczałkowickie 11638:Zielona Góra Acclivity 9610:Wilson, James (2009). 9288:. King's Crown Press ( 9286:A Modern Czech Grammar 9265:Hajičová, Eva (1986). 8578:Štěpán, Josef (2015). 7027:University of Tübingen 6184:Nářečí východomoravská 6111: 6021:Nářečí jihozápadočeská 5993: 5101:(to open the window). 4980: 4967:including the capital 4960: 4912: 4903: 4887:Czech National Revival 4881: 4876: 4864:Czech–Slovak languages 4665:phonemic orthographies 4648: 3172:(about the hard wood) 3165:(about the small cat) 3106:(I see the hard wood) 3099:(I see the small cat) 3019:(without the big dog) 2754:(from, away from) and 2534: 2365:such as the adjective 2126: 2011: 1993:Each word has primary 1337: 1324: 1311: 1294: 1286: 1278: 1265: 1259: 1247:/a/,/ɛ/,/ɪ/,/o/,and/u/ 1235: 1222: 1137:live in the states of 1126: 1035: 943:Czech National Revival 938: 903:In 1615, the Bohemian 866:Leskovec-Dresden Bible 854:voiced velar fricative 805: 716:Czech-Slovak languages 711: 632:Czech National Revival 606:with a rich system of 596:mutual intelligibility 571: 498: 435:This article contains 244:Bosnia and Herzegovina 47: 41: 12778:West Slavic languages 12768:Languages of Slovakia 12463:Roman Catholic Church 12284:Upper Silesian Museum 11241:Taimyr Pidgin Russian 10385:Languages of Slovakia 10146:(architectural style) 9668:Swadesh-list appendix 9649:Czech National Corpus 9636:Ústav pro jazyk český 9599:Tahal, Karel (2010). 9565:. Mouton De Gruyter. 9546:. Walter De Gruyter. 9330:. Mouton De Gruyter. 9309:Dějiny českého jazyka 8098:on September 23, 2011 7354:"Chapter 8: Language" 6918:Rejzek, Jiří (2021). 6710:Czech Republic portal 6455:mutually intelligible 6160:Nářečí středomoravská 6101: 6041:Podskupina doudlebská 5996:Further information: 5979: 5239:(standard locative), 5007:and western parts of 4946: 4871: 4862:Further information: 4825:, including English. 4646: 3988:null-subject language 3636:(genitive/locative); 3288:demonstrative pronoun 3205:(with the hard wood) 3198:(with the small cat) 2571:Ordinal name (Czech) 2524: 2511:animate and inanimate 2338:), questions such as 2124: 1975:in place of a vowel. 1946:), and is present in 1253:. The diphthongs are 1233: 1220: 1122: 1025: 933: 795: 720:West Slavic languages 714:Further information: 705: 679:raised alveolar trill 12484:Football Association 11659:Jezioro Otmuchowskie 10436:Slovak Sign Language 10172:World Heritage Sites 9987:Oil and gas deposits 9582:The Slavic Languages 9227:Eckert, Eva (1993). 7406:on February 20, 2009 7264:. Language Knowledge 6798:. Council of Europe. 6170:Podskupina tišnovská 6154:Nářečí českomoravská 4046:Conditional form of 3660:(face to face, lit. 3151:(about the big dog) 3085:(I see the big dog) 1899:voicing assimilation 873:Bohemian Reformation 636:non-standard variety 576:West Slavic language 27:West Slavic language 12149:Katowice urban area 12057:Lubusz Voivodeships 11593:Przedgórze Sudeckie 11563:Jelenia Góra valley 11267:Pan-Slavic language 11066:Burgenland Croatian 10946:Marcho-Magdeburgian 10543:Old Church Slavonic 10343:Czech Sign Language 9666:(from Wiktionary's 9442:. Routledge Press. 9290:Columbia University 9231:. Editions Rodopi. 8885:Russian Linguistics 8844:University of Tartu 8747:on December 1, 2012 7787:Uhlířová, Ludmila. 7061:Michálek, Emanuel. 6742:Czech Sign Language 6220:(Silesian dialects) 6208:Moravian Wallachian 6204:Podskupina valašská 6194:Podskupina slovácká 5042:(little flame) and 4947:Dialects of Czech, 4933:stylistic continuum 4802:). Long vowels and 4798:) or onomatopoeia ( 4778:is usually written 4433: 4053: 3925: 3767:grammatical aspects 3594:grammatical numbers 3184:(with the big dog) 3073:(to the hard wood) 3066:(to the small cat) 2974:Hard wood (n. sg.) 2971:Small cat (f. sg.) 2953: 2930:(he did, or made); 2695:Addressing someone 2564: 2260:subject–verb–object 2258:Czech syntax has a 2222:Because Czech uses 2206:(masculine animate) 2134: 2055:interrogative words 1255:/ou̯/,/au̯/and/ɛu̯/ 1234:A Czech vowel chart 1090:(0.98 percent) and 953:Counter-Reformation 650:throughout most of 503:[ˈtʃɛʃcɪna] 228:Recognised minority 12596:Unofficial anthems 11613:Silesian Przesieka 11603:Silesian Foothills 11353:Illič-Svityč's law 11333:Monophthongization 10841:Camaldolese Slovak 10654:Canadian Ukrainian 10520:Up to Proto-Slavic 10513:Proto-Balto-Slavic 10408:Minority languages 10274:Minority languages 9250:. Springer Press. 9031:, pp. 159–160 8938:, pp. 101–105 8723:, pp. 143–144 8684:, pp. 179–180 8672:, pp. 245–253 8455:Hoffmanová, Jana. 8241:, pp. 136–140 8229:, pp. 152–154 8143:, pp. 140–142 8080:, pp. 147–148 7889:, pp. 201–205 7853:, pp. 197–199 7316:Hrouda, Simone J. 7158:, pp. 251–252 6572:, "graveyard" and 6112: 6031:Podskupina chodská 6015:Nářečí středočeská 5994: 5990:⟨ey⟩ 5223:řekl, mohl, píchl. 4961: 4877: 4649: 4431: 4045: 3919: 3125:(black backpack!) 3023:bez černého batohu 2952: 2574:Full name (Czech) 2562: 2535: 2361:are introduced by 2129: 2127: 2038:characteristic of 1978:Strč prst skrz krk 1896:consonant clusters 1678:⟨ch⟩ 1333:⟨mě⟩ 1236: 1223: 1127: 1036: 959:languages). Czech 939: 887:Early Modern Czech 806: 788:Medieval/Old Czech 728:sub-branch of the 712: 580:Czech–Slovak group 12711: 12710: 12689: 12688: 12671: 12670: 12627: 12626: 12566: 12565: 12507: 12506: 12234: 12233: 12230: 12229: 12204:Rybnik Coal Areas 12195:Industrial Region 12122: 12121: 12109: 12108: 12079: 12078: 12075: 12074: 11890: 11889: 11877: 11876: 11873: 11872: 11608:Silesian Lowlands 11534: 11533: 11519:Battle of Leuthen 11514:Battle of Legnica 11502:Treaty of Teschen 11497:Treaty of Dresden 11405: 11404: 11398:extinct languages 11229:Solombala English 11160: 11159: 11083:Prekmurje Slovene 10996: 10995: 10776: 10775: 10630:Doukhobor Russian 10553:Glagolitic script 10462: 10461: 10415:Carpathian Romani 10392:Official language 10351: 10350: 10257:Official language 10216: 10215: 10076: 10075: 10010: 10009: 9949: 9948: 9941:Political parties 9906:Foreign relations 9856: 9855: 9755:Přemyslid dynasty 9621:978-3-631-58694-5 9591:978-0-521-29448-5 9572:978-3-11-009904-1 9553:978-3-11-017871-5 9525:978-90-272-0587-2 9506:978-1-890000-09-7 9487:978-1-60845-946-9 9468:978-80-901373-6-3 9457:Pansofia (1993). 9449:978-0-415-28785-2 9430:978-1-84885-074-3 9411:978-90-279-3077-4 9392:978-3-87118-261-7 9369:978-0-8223-2299-3 9337:978-3-11-022025-4 9318:978-80-7294-591-7 9299:978-0-231-09937-0 9276:978-90-272-1527-7 9257:978-3-642-25774-2 9238:978-90-5183-490-1 9219:978-90-272-1545-1 9200:978-0-7818-1156-9 9177:978-0-521-63751-0 9158:978-0-8229-8549-5 9067:Harper, Douglas. 9041:Harper, Douglas. 8784:Kroměřížský Deník 8404:Naughton, James. 8258:. pp. 78–79. 7654:, pp. v–viii 7283:Škrobák, Zdeněk. 6929:978-80-7422-799-8 6869:978-3-12-539683-8 6773:(18th ed., 2015) 6681:Article 1 of the 6665:Article 1 of the 6446: 6445: 6341:Eastern Moravian: 6307:Central Moravian: 6084:Moravian dialects 6078:Moravian dialects 5972:Bohemian dialects 5964: 5963: 5910:mladých zvířatech 4986:stylistic variety 4926:Moravian dialects 4653:Czech orthography 4635: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4427: 4426: 4116:grammatical moods 4112: 4111: 3984: 3983: 3893:(to be able to), 3783:(perfective) and 3678:Czech conjugation 3658:mezi čtyřma očima 3596:are singular and 3592:Although Czech's 3590: 3589: 3283: 3282: 3209: 3208: 3103:vidím tvrdé dřevo 3096:vidím malou kočku 3089:vidím černý batoh 3082:vidím velkého psa 3052:(to the big dog) 3037:bez tvrdého dřeva 2993:(black backpack) 2745: 2744: 2499:grammatical cases 2371:relative pronouns 2232:pro-drop language 2220: 2219: 1834: 1833: 1825:⟨j⟩ 1813:⟨l⟩ 1786:⟨ř⟩ 1757:⟨r⟩ 1733:⟨h⟩ 1719:⟨ž⟩ 1709:⟨z⟩ 1699:⟨v⟩ 1666:⟨š⟩ 1656:⟨s⟩ 1646:⟨f⟩ 1581:⟨č⟩ 1571:⟨c⟩ 1543:⟨g⟩ 1531:⟨ď⟩ 1519:⟨d⟩ 1509:⟨b⟩ 1488:⟨k⟩ 1478:⟨ť⟩ 1466:⟨t⟩ 1456:⟨p⟩ 1428:⟨ň⟩ 1416:⟨n⟩ 1406:⟨m⟩ 1287:á, é, í/ý, ó, ú/ů 1279:a, e/ě, i/y, o, u 1218: 1099:minority language 1082:(24.86 percent), 1078:(98.77 percent), 919:Thirty Years' War 881:Czech orthography 862:Bible translation 656:Moravian dialects 604:fusional language 461: 460: 443:rendering support 439:phonetic symbols. 275:Regulated by 16:(Redirected from 12790: 12740: 12739: 12738: 12728: 12727: 12719: 12701: 12700: 12684: 12679: 12656:Marsz Autōnōmije 12575: 12574: 12536: 12535:(Lower Silesian) 12533:Silesian German 12516: 12515: 12499:Silesian Stadium 12329: 12279:Regional costume 12258: 12257: 12251: 12250: 12240: 12239: 12139: 12138: 12128: 12127: 12117: 12020:Jeseník District 12013: 12012: 11995:Austrian Silesia 11968:Silesia Province 11914: 11913: 11907: 11906: 11896: 11895: 11885: 11737: 11736: 11695:Silesian Beskids 11664:Jezioro Sławskie 11553: 11552: 11540: 11539: 11508:Book of Henryków 11448: 11447: 11432: 11425: 11418: 11409: 11408: 11299:Slavonic-Serbian 11150:Cieszyn Silesian 11021:Carpathian Rusyn 11009: 11008: 10787: 10786: 10676: 10675: 10561:Modern languages 10496:Slavic languages 10489: 10482: 10475: 10466: 10465: 10452: 10451: 10378: 10371: 10364: 10355: 10354: 10243: 10236: 10229: 10220: 10219: 10196: 10189: 10147: 10021: 10020: 9982: 9960: 9959: 9867: 9866: 9823:Cities and towns 9816: 9815: 9804: 9706: 9699: 9692: 9683: 9682: 9645: 9625: 9606: 9595: 9576: 9557: 9538: 9529: 9510: 9499:. Danaan Press. 9491: 9472: 9453: 9434: 9415: 9396: 9384: 9373: 9350: 9341: 9322: 9303: 9280: 9261: 9242: 9223: 9204: 9191:Hippocrene Books 9187:Beginner's Czech 9181: 9162: 9131: 9130: 9119: 9113: 9112: 9110: 9109: 9100:. Archived from 9090: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9079: 9064: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9038: 9032: 9026: 9020: 9014: 9005: 8999: 8988: 8982: 8976: 8970: 8964: 8963: 8961: 8959: 8953: 8945: 8939: 8933: 8927: 8921: 8915: 8909: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8876: 8867: 8861: 8855: 8854: 8852: 8850: 8835: 8829: 8823: 8817: 8816: 8814: 8812: 8801: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8790: 8775: 8769: 8763: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8752: 8733: 8724: 8718: 8712: 8711: 8691: 8685: 8679: 8673: 8667: 8658: 8652: 8646: 8640: 8631: 8630: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8603: 8584: 8575: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8547: 8538: 8527: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8513: 8505: 8496: 8490: 8484: 8478: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8452: 8446: 8440: 8434: 8428: 8422: 8421: 8419: 8417: 8401: 8395: 8389: 8383: 8377: 8371: 8365: 8359: 8353: 8347: 8341: 8335: 8329: 8323: 8317: 8311: 8310: 8302: 8296: 8290: 8284: 8278: 8272: 8266: 8260: 8259: 8248: 8242: 8236: 8230: 8224: 8218: 8212: 8206: 8200: 8194: 8188: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8177: 8162: 8156: 8150: 8144: 8138: 8132: 8126: 8120: 8114: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8103: 8087: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8063: 8057: 8051: 8040: 8034: 8025: 8019: 8013: 8007: 7998: 7992: 7986: 7980: 7974: 7968: 7962: 7956: 7950: 7944: 7938: 7932: 7926: 7920: 7914: 7908: 7902: 7901:, pp. 22–24 7896: 7890: 7884: 7878: 7872: 7866: 7860: 7854: 7848: 7842: 7836: 7830: 7824: 7815: 7809: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7799: 7784: 7778: 7772: 7766: 7760: 7754: 7753:, pp. 10–11 7748: 7742: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7721: 7715: 7709: 7703: 7697: 7691: 7685: 7679: 7673: 7667: 7666:, pp. 61–63 7661: 7655: 7649: 7643: 7637: 7631: 7625: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7600: 7594: 7588: 7582: 7576: 7570: 7564: 7558: 7555:Dankovičová 1999 7552: 7546: 7540: 7534: 7533: 7522: 7516: 7513:Dankovičová 1999 7510: 7504: 7503:, pp. 20–21 7498: 7492: 7486: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7475: 7461: 7455: 7454:, pp. 70–72 7452:Dankovičová 1999 7449: 7443: 7442: 7434: 7428: 7425:Dankovičová 1999 7422: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7411: 7405: 7399:. Archived from 7394: 7386: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7369: 7358: 7350: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7333: 7322: 7313: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7297:on July 26, 2014 7296: 7289: 7280: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7240: 7229: 7221: 7212: 7206: 7200: 7199:, pp. 93–95 7194: 7188: 7182: 7176: 7170: 7159: 7153: 7144: 7138: 7132: 7126: 7117: 7111: 7105: 7099: 7093: 7087: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7058: 7052: 7051: 7043: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7033: 7024: 7018:Berger, Tilman. 7015: 7000: 6994: 6988: 6987:, pp. 98–99 6982: 6973: 6967: 6961: 6955: 6949: 6948:, pp. 54–56 6943: 6934: 6933: 6915: 6906: 6905: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6852: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6834:"Czech language" 6830: 6821: 6815: 6809: 6806: 6800: 6799: 6792: 6777: 6776: 6762: 6726: 6721: 6720: 6712: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6589:, and also from 6512:German Bohemians 6236: 6108:Cieszyn Silesian 5991: 5987: 5535:mladém člověkovi 5262: 5261: 5131:(small people), 4994:Miroslav Komárek 4990:Tomasz Kamusella 4983: 4981:hovorová čeština 4957:Cieszyn Silesian 4915: 4906: 4904:hovorová čeština 4895:Bible of Kralice 4884: 4882:spisovná čeština 4683:, which follows 4434: 4432:Irregular verbs 4430: 4176: 4175: 4172: 4077:koupili/y bychom 4054: 4044: 3926: 3924:in future tense 3918: 3672:Verb conjugation 3632:(instrumental), 3298: 3297: 3223: 3222: 3188:s černým batohem 3070:ke tvrdému dřevu 3056:k černému batohu 2954: 2951: 2879: 2875: 2864: 2860: 2841: 2837: 2818: 2814: 2803: 2799: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2565: 2561: 2552:indirect objects 2493:Czech declension 2472: 2468: 2457: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2418: 2414: 2403: 2392: 2359:Relative clauses 2284:Pavla zabil Petr 2280:Petr zabil Pavla 2251:, "and even" or 2224:grammatical case 2135: 2130:Czech pronouns, 2128: 2117:Czech word order 2017: 1966: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1941: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1826: 1823: 1814: 1811: 1787: 1784: 1775: 1758: 1755: 1746: 1734: 1731: 1720: 1717: 1710: 1707: 1700: 1697: 1690: 1679: 1676: 1667: 1664: 1657: 1654: 1647: 1644: 1637: 1616: 1607: 1597: 1582: 1579: 1572: 1569: 1560: 1544: 1540: 1532: 1529: 1520: 1517: 1510: 1507: 1500: 1489: 1486: 1479: 1476: 1467: 1464: 1457: 1454: 1447: 1429: 1426: 1417: 1414: 1407: 1404: 1356: 1355: 1344: 1340: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1308: 1297: 1289: 1281: 1268: 1262: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1219: 1094:(0.47 percent). 1086:(1.93 percent), 830:Slavic expansion 798:Bible of Kralice 598:, as well as to 562: 556: 555: 552: 551: 548: 543: 542: 539: 536: 533: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 505: 490: 485: 484: 481: 480: 477: 474: 426: 420: 414: 405: 378: 362: 355: 346: 340: 333: 327: 319: 310: 309: 301: 230:language in 172: 154:Eastern Moravian 149:Central Moravian 90: 50: 44: 32: 31: 21: 18:Czech (language) 12798: 12797: 12793: 12792: 12791: 12789: 12788: 12787: 12748: 12747: 12746: 12736: 12734: 12722: 12714: 12712: 12707: 12685: 12667: 12623: 12591: 12562: 12534: 12503: 12472: 12436: 12325: 12298: 12245: 12226: 12210: 12200:Ostrava-Karviná 12163: 12133: 12118: 12105: 12071: 12038: 12004: 12000:Eastern Silesia 11901: 11886: 11869: 11826: 11763: 11728: 11678: 11642: 11618:Silesian Upland 11547: 11530: 11455: 11442: 11436: 11406: 11401: 11387: 11310: 11304: 11258: 11251: 11181:Bohemian Romani 11166:Mixed languages 11156: 11133:Pannonian Rusyn 11114: 11056:Banat Bulgarian 11042: 11004: 10992: 10962: 10860: 10852:Pannonian Rusyn 10772: 10715: 10697: 10665: 10625:Alaskan Russian 10600:Old Novgorodian 10593:Old East Slavic 10566: 10548:Cyrillic script 10538:Church Slavonic 10498: 10493: 10463: 10458: 10440: 10424: 10403: 10387: 10382: 10352: 10347: 10331: 10268: 10252: 10247: 10217: 10212: 10199: 10192: 10185: 10176: 10157:Public holidays 10145: 10072: 10006: 9980: 9945: 9921:Law enforcement 9852: 9838:Protected areas 9805: 9796: 9780:1867–1918 9775:1648–1867 9770:1526–1648 9730:Únětice culture 9716: 9710: 9679: 9643: 9632: 9622: 9592: 9573: 9554: 9526: 9507: 9488: 9469: 9450: 9431: 9412: 9393: 9370: 9360:Duke University 9338: 9319: 9300: 9277: 9258: 9239: 9220: 9201: 9178: 9159: 9139: 9134: 9121: 9120: 9116: 9107: 9105: 9092: 9091: 9087: 9077: 9075: 9065: 9061: 9051: 9049: 9039: 9035: 9027: 9023: 9015: 9008: 9000: 8991: 8983: 8979: 8971: 8967: 8957: 8955: 8946: 8942: 8934: 8930: 8922: 8918: 8910: 8906: 8877: 8870: 8862: 8858: 8848: 8846: 8836: 8832: 8824: 8820: 8810: 8808: 8803: 8802: 8798: 8788: 8786: 8776: 8772: 8764: 8760: 8750: 8748: 8735: 8734: 8727: 8719: 8715: 8692: 8688: 8680: 8676: 8668: 8661: 8653: 8649: 8641: 8634: 8627: 8613: 8609: 8601: 8582: 8576: 8572: 8564: 8545: 8539: 8530: 8520: 8518: 8506: 8499: 8491: 8487: 8479: 8475: 8465: 8463: 8457:"HOVOROVÝ STYL" 8453: 8449: 8441: 8437: 8429: 8425: 8415: 8413: 8412:on 12 June 2012 8402: 8398: 8390: 8386: 8378: 8374: 8366: 8362: 8354: 8350: 8342: 8338: 8330: 8326: 8318: 8314: 8303: 8299: 8291: 8287: 8279: 8275: 8267: 8263: 8252:Neustupný, J.V. 8249: 8245: 8237: 8233: 8225: 8221: 8213: 8209: 8201: 8197: 8189: 8185: 8175: 8173: 8163: 8159: 8151: 8147: 8139: 8135: 8127: 8123: 8115: 8111: 8101: 8099: 8088: 8084: 8076: 8072: 8064: 8060: 8052: 8043: 8035: 8028: 8020: 8016: 8008: 8001: 7993: 7989: 7981: 7977: 7969: 7965: 7957: 7953: 7945: 7941: 7933: 7929: 7921: 7917: 7909: 7905: 7897: 7893: 7885: 7881: 7873: 7869: 7861: 7857: 7849: 7845: 7837: 7833: 7825: 7818: 7810: 7806: 7797: 7795: 7785: 7781: 7773: 7769: 7761: 7757: 7749: 7745: 7737: 7733: 7722: 7718: 7710: 7706: 7698: 7694: 7686: 7682: 7674: 7670: 7662: 7658: 7650: 7646: 7638: 7634: 7626: 7622: 7612: 7610: 7602: 7601: 7597: 7589: 7585: 7577: 7573: 7565: 7561: 7553: 7549: 7541: 7537: 7532:. p. 1607. 7526:Nichols, Joanna 7523: 7519: 7511: 7507: 7499: 7495: 7487: 7483: 7473: 7471: 7463: 7462: 7458: 7450: 7446: 7435: 7431: 7423: 7419: 7409: 7407: 7403: 7392: 7388: 7387: 7383: 7373: 7371: 7367: 7356: 7352: 7351: 7347: 7337: 7335: 7331: 7320: 7314: 7310: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7287: 7281: 7277: 7267: 7265: 7258: 7254: 7244: 7242: 7238: 7227: 7223: 7222: 7215: 7207: 7203: 7195: 7191: 7183: 7179: 7171: 7162: 7154: 7147: 7139: 7135: 7127: 7120: 7112: 7108: 7100: 7096: 7088: 7081: 7072: 7070: 7059: 7055: 7044: 7040: 7031: 7029: 7022: 7016: 7003: 6997:Piotrowski 2012 6995: 6991: 6983: 6976: 6968: 6964: 6956: 6952: 6944: 6937: 6930: 6920:Zrození češtiny 6916: 6909: 6894: 6880: 6876: 6870: 6853: 6849: 6839: 6837: 6832: 6831: 6824: 6816: 6812: 6807: 6803: 6794: 6793: 6780: 6774: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6724:Language portal 6722: 6715: 6708: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6663: 6641:, "labor") and 6559: 6553: 6451: 6239:Standard Czech: 6227: 6198:Moravian Slovak 6104:Lach (Silesian) 6096: 6086: 6080: 6000: 5989: 5980:A headstone in 5974: 5959:mladými zvířaty 5957: 5946: 5935: 5924: 5908: 5897: 5888:mladých státech 5886: 5875: 5859: 5848: 5837: 5826: 5810: 5799: 5788: 5777: 5763:mladým zvířatům 5761: 5750: 5739: 5728: 5712: 5701: 5690: 5679: 5663: 5652: 5641: 5630: 5613:mladým zvířetem 5611: 5600: 5593: 5584:mladým člověkem 5582: 5566: 5555: 5544: 5533: 5517: 5506: 5499: 5488: 5472: 5461: 5454: 5445:mladého člověka 5443: 5429:mladému zvířeti 5427: 5416: 5405: 5396:mladému člověku 5394: 5380:mladého zvířete 5378: 5367: 5356: 5347:mladého člověka 5345: 5329: 5318: 5311: 5300: 5277: 5272: 5139:(small women), 5058:(small house), 4941: 4866: 4860: 4661: 4655: 4641: 4636: 4213:to do, to make 4158: 4152: 4092:koupili/y byste 4043: 4037:("I will go"). 4007:present perfect 3920:Conjugation of 3917: 3763: 3757: 3727:by its ending, 3680: 3674: 3662:among four eyes 3562: 3557: 3521: 3516: 3485: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3428: 3423: 3379: 3374: 3343: 3332: 3327: 3214: 3204: 3202:s tvrdým dřevem 3197: 3190: 3183: 3171: 3164: 3157: 3155:o černém batohu 3150: 3138: 3131: 3124: 3117: 3105: 3098: 3091: 3084: 3072: 3065: 3058: 3051: 3049:k velkému psovi 3039: 3032: 3025: 3018: 3016:bez velkého psa 3006: 2999: 2992: 2985: 2960:Noun/adjective 2946:(Czech woman). 2896: 2891: 2881: 2866: 2851: 2843: 2828: 2820: 2805: 2790: 2563:Cases in Czech 2519: 2495: 2489: 2484: 2474: 2459: 2448: 2429: 2421: 2405: 2394: 2292:accusative case 2264:topic and focus 2240:auxiliary verbs 2212: 2207: 2196: 2191: 2170: 2132:nominative case 2119: 2113: 2024: 1991: 1973:syllable nuclei 1963:The consonants 1939: 1936: 1935: 1824: 1812: 1785: 1771: 1756: 1744: 1732: 1718: 1708: 1698: 1686: 1677: 1665: 1655: 1645: 1633: 1593: 1580: 1570: 1556: 1542: 1530: 1518: 1508: 1496: 1487: 1477: 1465: 1455: 1443: 1427: 1415: 1405: 1373: 1351: 1332: 1302: 1228: 1214: 1212: 1210:Czech phonology 1206: 1176:, Nebraska and 1135:Czech Americans 1117: 1107: 1034:(in light blue) 1020: 972:Josef Dobrovský 945: 935:Josef Dobrovský 928: 911:Bohemian Revolt 889: 834:Frankish Empire 790: 785: 779: 773: 722: 700: 572:lingua Bohemica 560: 545: 515: 511: 488: 471: 467: 441:Without proper 429: 428: 424: 422: 418: 403: 392: 388:53-AAA-da < 374: 358: 351: 336: 335: 334: 323: 322: 315: 305: 304: 297: 282: 269: 268: 231: 229: 222: 206: 199:Official status 194: 173: 168: 133: 91: 88:Language family 86: 77: 76:Native speakers 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12796: 12786: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12758:Czech language 12745: 12744: 12742:Czech Republic 12732: 12709: 12708: 12706: 12705: 12694: 12691: 12690: 12687: 12686: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12668: 12666: 12665: 12660: 12659: 12658: 12648: 12641: 12635: 12633: 12629: 12628: 12625: 12624: 12622: 12621: 12614: 12607: 12599: 12597: 12593: 12592: 12590: 12589: 12584: 12578: 12572: 12568: 12567: 12564: 12563: 12561: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12539: 12538: 12525: 12519: 12513: 12509: 12508: 12505: 12504: 12502: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12480: 12478: 12474: 12473: 12471: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12444: 12442: 12438: 12437: 12435: 12434: 12427: 12420: 12413: 12406: 12399: 12392: 12385: 12378: 12371: 12366: 12359: 12352: 12345: 12338: 12331: 12321: 12314: 12308: 12306: 12300: 12299: 12297: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12275: 12274: 12261: 12255: 12247: 12246: 12236: 12235: 12232: 12231: 12228: 12227: 12225: 12224: 12218: 12216: 12212: 12211: 12209: 12208: 12207: 12206: 12197: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12171: 12169: 12165: 12164: 12162: 12161: 12156: 12154:Metropolis GZM 12151: 12145: 12143: 12142:Socioeconomics 12135: 12134: 12124: 12123: 12120: 12119: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12106: 12104: 12103: 12098: 12092: 12090: 12088:constituencies 12081: 12080: 12077: 12076: 12073: 12072: 12070: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12052:Lower Silesian 12048: 12046: 12040: 12039: 12037: 12036: 12027: 12022: 12016: 12010: 12006: 12005: 12003: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11981: 11980: 11975: 11965: 11960: 11959: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11938: 11937: 11936: 11931: 11920: 11918: 11911: 11903: 11902: 11892: 11891: 11888: 11887: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11874: 11871: 11870: 11868: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11836: 11834: 11828: 11827: 11825: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11773: 11771: 11765: 11764: 11762: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11745: 11743: 11734: 11730: 11729: 11727: 11726: 11725: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11704: 11703: 11702: 11697: 11686: 11684: 11680: 11679: 11677: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11650: 11648: 11644: 11643: 11641: 11640: 11635: 11633:Wał Trzebnicki 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11598:Silesian Walls 11595: 11590: 11588:Oświęcim Basin 11585: 11583:Ostrava Valley 11580: 11575: 11570: 11568:Kłodzko Valley 11565: 11559: 11557: 11549: 11548: 11536: 11535: 11532: 11531: 11529: 11528: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11471: 11466: 11460: 11457: 11456: 11444: 11443: 11435: 11434: 11427: 11420: 11412: 11403: 11402: 11392: 11389: 11388: 11386: 11385: 11380: 11378:Van Wijk's law 11375: 11373:Ruki sound law 11370: 11368:Pedersen's law 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11314: 11312: 11306: 11305: 11303: 11302: 11295: 11288: 11281: 11276: 11275: 11274: 11263: 11261: 11253: 11252: 11250: 11249: 11244: 11237: 11232: 11225: 11218: 11213: 11211:Romano-Serbian 11208: 11203: 11198: 11191: 11184: 11176: 11170: 11168: 11162: 11161: 11158: 11157: 11155: 11154: 11153: 11152: 11142: 11137: 11136: 11135: 11128:Eastern Slovak 11124: 11122: 11116: 11115: 11113: 11112: 11107: 11106: 11105: 11100: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11069: 11068: 11058: 11052: 11050: 11044: 11043: 11041: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11029: 11028: 11017: 11015: 11006: 11002:Microlanguages 10998: 10997: 10994: 10993: 10991: 10990: 10989: 10988: 10978: 10972: 10970: 10964: 10963: 10961: 10960: 10959: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10938: 10937: 10936: 10931: 10921: 10920: 10919: 10918: 10917: 10905: 10904: 10903: 10896: 10889: 10884: 10873:East Lechitic 10870: 10868: 10862: 10861: 10859: 10858: 10857: 10856: 10855: 10854: 10847:Eastern Slovak 10844: 10832: 10831: 10830: 10828:White Croatian 10825: 10820: 10813: 10806: 10804:Biblical Czech 10795: 10793: 10784: 10778: 10777: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10770: 10765: 10764: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10736:Serbo-Croatian 10733: 10725: 10723: 10717: 10716: 10714: 10713: 10707: 10705: 10699: 10698: 10696: 10695: 10690: 10684: 10682: 10673: 10667: 10666: 10664: 10663: 10662: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10641: 10636: 10635: 10634: 10633: 10632: 10627: 10612: 10605: 10604: 10603: 10589: 10588: 10587: 10576: 10574: 10568: 10567: 10565: 10564: 10557: 10556: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10535: 10523: 10516: 10508: 10506: 10500: 10499: 10492: 10491: 10484: 10477: 10469: 10460: 10459: 10457: 10456: 10445: 10442: 10441: 10439: 10438: 10432: 10430: 10429:Sign languages 10426: 10425: 10423: 10422: 10417: 10411: 10409: 10405: 10404: 10402: 10401: 10395: 10393: 10389: 10388: 10381: 10380: 10373: 10366: 10358: 10349: 10348: 10346: 10345: 10339: 10337: 10336:Sign languages 10333: 10332: 10330: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10278: 10276: 10270: 10269: 10267: 10266: 10260: 10258: 10254: 10253: 10246: 10245: 10238: 10231: 10223: 10214: 10213: 10211: 10210: 10205: 10198: 10197: 10190: 10182: 10181: 10178: 10177: 10175: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10113: 10112: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10086: 10084: 10078: 10077: 10074: 10073: 10071: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10024: 10018: 10012: 10011: 10008: 10007: 10005: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9992:Stock Exchange 9989: 9984: 9976: 9975: 9974: 9963: 9957: 9951: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9944: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9892: 9891: 9886: 9884:Municipalities 9881: 9870: 9864: 9858: 9857: 9854: 9853: 9851: 9850: 9848:Urban planning 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9819: 9813: 9807: 9806: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9794: 9792:Czech Republic 9789: 9787:Czechoslovakia 9784: 9783: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9726: 9724: 9718: 9717: 9715: articles 9713:Czech Republic 9709: 9708: 9701: 9694: 9686: 9677: 9676: 9671: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9631: 9630:External links 9628: 9627: 9626: 9620: 9607: 9596: 9590: 9577: 9571: 9558: 9552: 9539: 9530: 9524: 9511: 9505: 9492: 9486: 9473: 9467: 9454: 9448: 9435: 9429: 9416: 9410: 9404:. De Gruyter. 9397: 9391: 9374: 9368: 9351: 9342: 9336: 9323: 9317: 9304: 9298: 9281: 9275: 9262: 9256: 9243: 9237: 9224: 9218: 9205: 9199: 9182: 9176: 9163: 9157: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9132: 9114: 9085: 9059: 9033: 9021: 9006: 9002:Mathesius 2013 8989: 8977: 8965: 8940: 8928: 8916: 8914:, p. 306. 8904: 8891:(3): 351–373. 8868: 8856: 8830: 8818: 8796: 8770: 8758: 8725: 8713: 8686: 8674: 8659: 8647: 8632: 8625: 8607: 8570: 8528: 8497: 8485: 8473: 8447: 8435: 8423: 8396: 8384: 8372: 8360: 8348: 8336: 8324: 8312: 8309:. p. 255. 8297: 8295:, pp. 6–8 8285: 8273: 8261: 8243: 8231: 8219: 8207: 8195: 8183: 8157: 8145: 8133: 8131:, pp. 134 8121: 8109: 8082: 8070: 8058: 8041: 8026: 8014: 7999: 7987: 7975: 7963: 7951: 7939: 7927: 7915: 7903: 7891: 7879: 7867: 7855: 7843: 7831: 7816: 7804: 7779: 7767: 7755: 7743: 7741:, p. 325. 7731: 7716: 7714:, p. 324. 7704: 7692: 7680: 7668: 7656: 7644: 7632: 7630:, pp. 6–8 7620: 7595: 7583: 7571: 7559: 7547: 7535: 7517: 7505: 7493: 7481: 7456: 7444: 7429: 7417: 7381: 7345: 7308: 7275: 7252: 7213: 7201: 7189: 7177: 7160: 7145: 7133: 7118: 7106: 7094: 7079: 7053: 7038: 7001: 6989: 6974: 6962: 6950: 6935: 6928: 6907: 6892: 6874: 6868: 6847: 6822: 6810: 6801: 6778: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6728: 6727: 6713: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6692: 6679: 6678: 6662: 6659: 6611:in Polish and 6564:folk etymology 6552: 6549: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6440: 6436: 6435: 6410: 6406: 6405: 6376: 6372: 6371: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6308: 6304: 6303: 6274: 6270: 6269: 6240: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6218:Nářečí slezská 6214: 6213: 6212: 6211: 6201: 6188: 6187: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6177: 6164: 6163: 6157: 6082:Main article: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6059: 6058: 6051: 6050: 6049: 6048: 6038: 6025: 6024: 6018: 5973: 5970: 5962: 5961: 5950: 5948:mladými ženami 5939: 5928: 5917: 5913: 5912: 5901: 5899:mladých ženách 5890: 5879: 5877:mladých lidech 5868: 5864: 5863: 5861:mladá zvířata! 5852: 5841: 5830: 5819: 5815: 5814: 5803: 5792: 5781: 5770: 5766: 5765: 5754: 5743: 5732: 5721: 5717: 5716: 5714:mladých zvířat 5705: 5694: 5683: 5672: 5668: 5667: 5656: 5645: 5634: 5623: 5620: 5616: 5615: 5604: 5597: 5586: 5575: 5571: 5570: 5568:mladém zvířeti 5559: 5548: 5537: 5526: 5522: 5521: 5510: 5503: 5492: 5490:mladý člověče! 5481: 5477: 5476: 5465: 5458: 5447: 5436: 5432: 5431: 5420: 5409: 5398: 5387: 5383: 5382: 5371: 5360: 5349: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5322: 5315: 5304: 5293: 5290: 5286: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5266: 5257: 5256: 5225: 5203: 5151: 5034:(small town), 5013:Czech Republic 4984:), which is a 4973:obecná čeština 4940: 4937: 4913:obecná čeština 4891:Josef Jungmann 4873:Josef Jungmann 4859: 4856: 4651:Main article: 4640: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4395: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4275: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4195: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4170: 4154:Main article: 4151: 4148: 4144:auxiliary verb 4140:-me/-eme/-ejme 4136:-te/-ete/-ejte 4110: 4109: 4107:koupili/y/a by 4104: 4099: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4042: 4039: 4033:("I go") > 3994:which ends in 3982: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3916: 3913: 3756: 3753: 3745:můžu tě slyšet 3735:(archaically, 3676:Main article: 3673: 3670: 3622:(nominative); 3588: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3510: 3506: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3479: 3458: 3454: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3417: 3413: 3412: 3407: 3398: 3389: 3384: 3368: 3364: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3337: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3230: 3227: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3206: 3199: 3195:s malou kočkou 3192: 3185: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3169:o tvrdém dřevě 3166: 3159: 3152: 3148:o velkém psovi 3145: 3141: 3140: 3133: 3126: 3119: 3112: 3108: 3107: 3100: 3093: 3086: 3079: 3075: 3074: 3067: 3060: 3053: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3034: 3030:bez malé kočky 3027: 3020: 3013: 3009: 3008: 3001: 2994: 2987: 2980: 2976: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2961: 2958: 2895: 2892: 2867: 2852: 2844: 2829: 2821: 2806: 2791: 2772: 2771: 2743: 2742: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2627: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2543:direct objects 2527:Božena Němcová 2518: 2515: 2491:Main article: 2488: 2485: 2460: 2449: 2430: 2422: 2406: 2395: 2384: 2383: 2340:Jí pes bagetu? 2328: 2327: 2324:Jí pes bagetu? 2321: 2318:Pes bagetu jí. 2315: 2312:Bagetu jí pes. 2309: 2306:Pes jí bagetu. 2234:, in Czech an 2218: 2217: 2201: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2175: 2165: 2161: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2112: 2109: 2023: 2020: 1990: 1987: 1983:tongue twister 1965:/r/,/l/,and/m/ 1940:"řeka" (river) 1857: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1832: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1817: 1815: 1805: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1778: 1776: 1768: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1749: 1747: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1711: 1701: 1691: 1683: 1682: 1680: 1670: 1668: 1658: 1648: 1638: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1609: 1600: 1598: 1590: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1573: 1563: 1561: 1554: 1548: 1547: 1545: 1533: 1523: 1521: 1511: 1501: 1493: 1492: 1490: 1480: 1470: 1468: 1458: 1448: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1420: 1418: 1408: 1398: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1350: 1347: 1299: 1298: 1290: 1282: 1227: 1224: 1208:Main article: 1205: 1202: 1111:Czech American 1106: 1103: 1076:Czech Republic 1067:European Union 1052:European Union 1048:first language 1040:Czech Republic 1019: 1016: 1014:the language. 1002:), the use of 984:Josef Jungmann 927: 924: 888: 885: 789: 786: 775:Main article: 772: 769: 732:branch of the 699: 698:Classification 696: 588:Czech Republic 459: 458: 445:, you may see 431: 430: 423: 417: 415: 407: 406: 401: 395: 394: 386: 380: 379: 372: 364: 363: 356: 348: 347: 320: 312: 311: 302: 294: 293: 292:Language codes 289: 288: 277: 271: 270: 267: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 235: 234: 232: 227: 224: 223: 221: 220: 218:European Union 215: 213:Czech Republic 209: 207: 204: 201: 200: 196: 195: 193: 192: 187: 184:Czech alphabet 176: 174: 170:Writing system 167: 164: 163: 162: 161: 156: 151: 146: 139: 135: 134: 132: 131: 130: 129: 128: 127: 126: 125: 124: 123: 94: 92: 85: 82: 81: 78: 75: 72: 71: 66: 62: 61: 59:Czech Republic 56: 55:Native to 52: 51: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12795: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12755: 12753: 12743: 12733: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12720: 12717: 12704: 12696: 12695: 12692: 12683: 12678: 12664: 12661: 12657: 12654: 12653: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12646: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12636: 12634: 12630: 12620: 12619: 12618:Slezská hymna 12615: 12613: 12612: 12611:Schlesierlied 12608: 12606: 12605: 12601: 12600: 12598: 12594: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12582:Coats of arms 12580: 12579: 12576: 12573: 12569: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12543:Lach dialects 12541: 12537: 12531: 12530: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12520: 12517: 12514: 12510: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12481: 12479: 12475: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12445: 12443: 12439: 12433: 12432: 12428: 12426: 12425: 12421: 12419: 12418: 12414: 12412: 12411: 12407: 12405: 12404: 12403:Modrŏ kapusta 12400: 12398: 12397: 12393: 12391: 12390: 12386: 12384: 12383: 12379: 12377: 12376: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12364: 12360: 12358: 12357: 12353: 12351: 12350: 12346: 12344: 12343: 12339: 12337: 12336: 12332: 12330: 12328: 12327:(ciapkapusta) 12322: 12320: 12319: 12315: 12313: 12312:Black noodles 12310: 12309: 12307: 12305: 12301: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12273: 12272: 12268: 12267: 12266: 12263: 12262: 12259: 12256: 12252: 12248: 12241: 12237: 12223: 12220: 12219: 12217: 12213: 12205: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12192: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12172: 12170: 12166: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12146: 12144: 12140: 12136: 12129: 12125: 12116: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12093: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12082: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12049: 12047: 12045: 12041: 12035: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12017: 12014: 12011: 12007: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11979: 11978:Lower Silesia 11976: 11974: 11973:Upper Silesia 11971: 11970: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11963:State country 11961: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11943: 11942: 11939: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11926: 11925: 11922: 11921: 11919: 11915: 11912: 11908: 11904: 11897: 11893: 11884: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11837: 11835: 11833: 11829: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11774: 11772: 11770: 11766: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11749:Divoká Orlice 11747: 11746: 11744: 11742: 11738: 11735: 11731: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11709: 11708: 11705: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11692: 11691: 11688: 11687: 11685: 11681: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11651: 11649: 11645: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11560: 11558: 11554: 11550: 11546: 11541: 11537: 11527: 11526: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11509: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11487: 11483: 11479: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11461: 11458: 11454: 11449: 11445: 11440: 11433: 11428: 11426: 11421: 11419: 11414: 11413: 11410: 11399: 11395: 11390: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11363:Meillet's law 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11315: 11313: 11307: 11301: 11300: 11296: 11294: 11293: 11289: 11287: 11286: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11273: 11270: 11269: 11268: 11265: 11264: 11262: 11260: 11254: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11242: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11230: 11226: 11224: 11223: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11196: 11192: 11190: 11189: 11185: 11183: 11182: 11179:20th century 11177: 11175: 11172: 11171: 11169: 11167: 11163: 11151: 11148: 11147: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11134: 11131: 11130: 11129: 11126: 11125: 11123: 11121: 11117: 11111: 11108: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11098:Slavomolisano 11096: 11095: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11067: 11064: 11063: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11053: 11051: 11049: 11045: 11039: 11038:West Polesian 11036: 11034: 11031: 11027: 11024: 11023: 11022: 11019: 11018: 11016: 11014: 11010: 11007: 11003: 10999: 10987: 10984: 10983: 10982: 10981:Lower Sorbian 10979: 10977: 10976:Upper Sorbian 10974: 10973: 10971: 10969: 10965: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10943: 10942: 10941:West Lechitic 10939: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10926: 10925: 10922: 10916: 10915: 10911: 10910: 10909: 10906: 10902: 10901: 10900:Middle Polish 10897: 10895: 10894: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10879: 10878: 10875: 10874: 10872: 10871: 10869: 10867: 10863: 10853: 10850: 10849: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10842: 10838: 10837: 10836: 10833: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10818: 10814: 10812: 10811: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10801: 10800: 10797: 10796: 10794: 10792: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10779: 10769: 10766: 10762: 10761:Slavomolisano 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10738: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10731: 10730:Alpine Slavic 10727: 10726: 10724: 10722: 10718: 10712: 10709: 10708: 10706: 10704: 10700: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10685: 10683: 10681: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10668: 10660: 10659:Simple speech 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10646: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10622: 10621: 10618: 10617: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10610: 10606: 10602: 10601: 10597: 10596: 10595: 10594: 10590: 10586: 10585:Simple speech 10583: 10582: 10581: 10578: 10577: 10575: 10573: 10569: 10563: 10562: 10558: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10540: 10539: 10536: 10533: 10529: 10528: 10524: 10522: 10521: 10517: 10515: 10514: 10510: 10509: 10507: 10505: 10501: 10497: 10490: 10485: 10483: 10478: 10476: 10471: 10470: 10467: 10455: 10447: 10446: 10443: 10437: 10434: 10433: 10431: 10427: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10412: 10410: 10406: 10400: 10397: 10396: 10394: 10390: 10386: 10379: 10374: 10372: 10367: 10365: 10360: 10359: 10356: 10344: 10341: 10340: 10338: 10334: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10279: 10277: 10275: 10271: 10265: 10262: 10261: 10259: 10255: 10251: 10244: 10239: 10237: 10232: 10230: 10225: 10224: 10221: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10200: 10195: 10191: 10188: 10184: 10183: 10179: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10144: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10111: 10108: 10107: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10087: 10085: 10083: 10079: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10025: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10013: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9977: 9973: 9970: 9969: 9968: 9965: 9964: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9952: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9876: 9875: 9872: 9871: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9859: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9833:Geomorphology 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9820: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9808: 9803: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9767: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9750:Great Moravia 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9727: 9725: 9723: 9719: 9714: 9707: 9702: 9700: 9695: 9693: 9688: 9687: 9684: 9680: 9675: 9672: 9669: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9641: 9637: 9634: 9633: 9623: 9617: 9613: 9608: 9604: 9603: 9597: 9593: 9587: 9583: 9578: 9574: 9568: 9564: 9559: 9555: 9549: 9545: 9540: 9536: 9531: 9527: 9521: 9517: 9512: 9508: 9502: 9498: 9493: 9489: 9483: 9479: 9474: 9470: 9464: 9460: 9455: 9451: 9445: 9441: 9436: 9432: 9426: 9422: 9417: 9413: 9407: 9403: 9398: 9394: 9388: 9383: 9382: 9375: 9371: 9365: 9361: 9357: 9352: 9348: 9343: 9339: 9333: 9329: 9324: 9320: 9314: 9310: 9305: 9301: 9295: 9291: 9287: 9282: 9278: 9272: 9268: 9263: 9259: 9253: 9249: 9244: 9240: 9234: 9230: 9225: 9221: 9215: 9211: 9206: 9202: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9183: 9179: 9173: 9169: 9164: 9160: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9141: 9140: 9128: 9124: 9118: 9104:on 2022-01-07 9103: 9099: 9095: 9089: 9074: 9070: 9063: 9048: 9044: 9037: 9030: 9025: 9019:, p. 101 9018: 9013: 9011: 9003: 8998: 8996: 8994: 8987:, p. 160 8986: 8981: 8975:, p. 159 8974: 8969: 8952: 8944: 8937: 8932: 8925: 8924:Esposito 2011 8920: 8913: 8908: 8899: 8894: 8890: 8886: 8882: 8875: 8873: 8866:, p. 173 8865: 8860: 8845: 8841: 8834: 8828:, p. 516 8827: 8822: 8806: 8800: 8785: 8781: 8774: 8768:, p. 714 8767: 8762: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8732: 8730: 8722: 8717: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8690: 8683: 8678: 8671: 8666: 8664: 8657:, p. 116 8656: 8651: 8645:, p. 117 8644: 8639: 8637: 8628: 8626:9780230583474 8622: 8618: 8611: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8581: 8574: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8544: 8537: 8535: 8533: 8517: 8512: 8504: 8502: 8494: 8489: 8483:, p. 136 8482: 8477: 8462: 8458: 8451: 8445:, p. 252 8444: 8439: 8433:, p. 245 8432: 8427: 8411: 8407: 8400: 8393: 8392:Pansofia 1993 8388: 8381: 8380:Naughton 2005 8376: 8369: 8368:Členění čísel 8364: 8357: 8352: 8345: 8344:Hajičová 1986 8340: 8333: 8332:Pansofia 1993 8328: 8321: 8316: 8308: 8301: 8294: 8289: 8282: 8277: 8270: 8269:Pansofia 1993 8265: 8257: 8253: 8247: 8240: 8239:Naughton 2005 8235: 8228: 8227:Naughton 2005 8223: 8217:, p. 159 8216: 8215:Naughton 2005 8211: 8205:, p. 157 8204: 8203:Naughton 2005 8199: 8193:, p. 359 8192: 8187: 8172: 8168: 8161: 8155:, p. 150 8154: 8153:Naughton 2005 8149: 8142: 8141:Naughton 2005 8137: 8130: 8129:Naughton 2005 8125: 8119:, p. 149 8118: 8117:Naughton 2005 8113: 8097: 8093: 8086: 8079: 8078:Naughton 2005 8074: 8068:, p. 147 8067: 8066:Naughton 2005 8062: 8056:, p. 151 8055: 8054:Naughton 2005 8050: 8048: 8046: 8039:, p. 146 8038: 8037:Naughton 2005 8033: 8031: 8023: 8022:Naughton 2005 8018: 8012:, p. 131 8011: 8010:Naughton 2005 8006: 8004: 7997:, p. 238 7996: 7991: 7984: 7983:Naughton 2005 7979: 7973:, p. 117 7972: 7971:Naughton 2005 7967: 7960: 7959:Naughton 2005 7955: 7949:, p. 114 7948: 7947:Naughton 2005 7943: 7937:, p. 238 7936: 7935:Naughton 2005 7931: 7925:, p. 141 7924: 7923:Naughton 2005 7919: 7912: 7911:Naughton 2005 7907: 7900: 7899:Naughton 2005 7895: 7888: 7887:Naughton 2005 7883: 7876: 7875:Naughton 2005 7871: 7865:, p. 199 7864: 7863:Naughton 2005 7859: 7852: 7851:Naughton 2005 7847: 7841:, p. 201 7840: 7839:Naughton 2005 7835: 7829:, p. 196 7828: 7827:Naughton 2005 7823: 7821: 7814:, p. 271 7813: 7808: 7794: 7790: 7783: 7776: 7775:Naughton 2005 7771: 7764: 7763:Naughton 2005 7759: 7752: 7751:Naughton 2005 7747: 7740: 7735: 7727: 7720: 7713: 7708: 7701: 7700:Naughton 2005 7696: 7690:, p. 134 7689: 7688:Naughton 2005 7684: 7678:, p. 212 7677: 7676:Naughton 2005 7672: 7665: 7664:Naughton 2005 7660: 7653: 7652:Naughton 2005 7648: 7641: 7636: 7629: 7624: 7609: 7605: 7599: 7592: 7587: 7580: 7575: 7568: 7567:Naughton 2005 7563: 7556: 7551: 7544: 7539: 7531: 7527: 7521: 7514: 7509: 7502: 7501:Naughton 2005 7497: 7490: 7485: 7470: 7466: 7460: 7453: 7448: 7440: 7433: 7426: 7421: 7402: 7398: 7391: 7385: 7366: 7362: 7355: 7349: 7330: 7326: 7319: 7312: 7293: 7286: 7279: 7263: 7256: 7237: 7234:. June 2012. 7233: 7232:Eurobarometer 7226: 7220: 7218: 7210: 7209:Naughton 2005 7205: 7198: 7193: 7186: 7181: 7174: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7157: 7152: 7150: 7143:, p. 250 7142: 7137: 7131:, p. 106 7130: 7125: 7123: 7115: 7110: 7103: 7098: 7091: 7086: 7084: 7068: 7064: 7057: 7049: 7042: 7028: 7021: 7014: 7012: 7010: 7008: 7006: 6998: 6993: 6986: 6981: 6979: 6972:, p. 153 6971: 6966: 6960:, p. 112 6959: 6954: 6947: 6942: 6940: 6931: 6925: 6921: 6914: 6912: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6889: 6885: 6878: 6871: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6856:Jones, Daniel 6851: 6835: 6829: 6827: 6819: 6814: 6805: 6797: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6772: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6757: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6732:Czech Centers 6730: 6729: 6725: 6719: 6714: 6711: 6700: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6669: 6658: 6656: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6645: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6609: 6602: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6571: 6570: 6565: 6558: 6548: 6546: 6541: 6540:Prague Spring 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6495:in Czech and 6494: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6476: 6475:locative case 6472: 6467: 6462: 6460: 6456: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6275: 6273:Common Czech: 6272: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6209: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6175: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6161: 6158: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6122:are known as 6121: 6117: 6109: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6091: 6090:Lach dialects 6085: 6070: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6046: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6032: 6029: 6028: 6027: 6026: 6022: 6019: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5983: 5982:Český Krumlov 5978: 5969: 5968: 5960: 5955: 5951: 5949: 5944: 5940: 5938: 5937:mladými státy 5933: 5929: 5927: 5926:mladými lidmi 5922: 5918: 5916:Instrumental 5915: 5914: 5911: 5906: 5902: 5900: 5895: 5891: 5889: 5884: 5880: 5878: 5873: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5857: 5853: 5851: 5846: 5842: 5840: 5835: 5831: 5829: 5824: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5813: 5812:mladá zvířata 5808: 5804: 5802: 5797: 5793: 5791: 5786: 5782: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5764: 5759: 5755: 5753: 5748: 5744: 5742: 5741:mladým státům 5737: 5733: 5731: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5715: 5710: 5706: 5704: 5699: 5695: 5693: 5692:mladých států 5688: 5684: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5666: 5665:mladá zvířata 5661: 5657: 5655: 5650: 5646: 5644: 5639: 5635: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5603: 5598: 5596: 5595:mladým státem 5591: 5587: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5574:Instrumental 5573: 5572: 5569: 5564: 5560: 5558: 5553: 5549: 5547: 5542: 5538: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5520: 5515: 5511: 5509: 5504: 5502: 5497: 5493: 5491: 5486: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5464: 5459: 5457: 5452: 5448: 5446: 5441: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5419: 5414: 5410: 5408: 5407:mladému státu 5403: 5399: 5397: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5370: 5365: 5361: 5359: 5358:mladého státu 5354: 5350: 5348: 5343: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5332: 5327: 5323: 5321: 5316: 5314: 5309: 5305: 5303: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5260: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5152: 5150: 5146: 5144: 5138: 5136: 5130: 5128: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5106:morphological 5104:Non-standard 5102: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5079: 5073: 5071: 5065: 5063: 5057: 5055: 5049: 5047: 5041: 5039: 5033: 5031: 5025: 5022:Common Czech 5020: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4936: 4934: 4929: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4883: 4874: 4870: 4865: 4855: 4853: 4852:Prague Castle 4849: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4819:typographical 4815: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4749: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4737: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4725: 4721:, as well as 4720: 4719: 4714: 4713: 4708: 4707: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4659:Czech Braille 4654: 4645: 4631: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4102:koupil/a/o by 4100: 4097: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4072:koupil/a bych 4070: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4050: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3903: 3898: 3897: 3892: 3891: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3879: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3858:frequentative 3855: 3851: 3847: 3844:(to buy) and 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3796: 3795:present tense 3792: 3788: 3787: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3723: 3719: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3679: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3552: 3550:Instrumental 3549: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3193: 3189: 3186: 3182: 3181:s velkým psem 3179: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3167: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3139:(hard wood!) 3137: 3134: 3132:(small cat!) 3130: 3127: 3123: 3122:černý batohu! 3120: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3028: 3024: 3021: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2955: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2870: 2865: 2855: 2850: 2847: 2842: 2832: 2827: 2824: 2819: 2809: 2804: 2794: 2789: 2775: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2764: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2752: 2740: 2738: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2715: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2692: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2669: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2646: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2623: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2600: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2566: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2548:noun adjuncts 2544: 2540: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2494: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2463: 2458: 2452: 2447: 2433: 2428: 2425: 2420: 2409: 2404: 2398: 2393: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2353: 2350:, "who") are 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2123: 2118: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2067:interjections 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2040:agglutinative 2037: 2033: 2029: 2019: 2018:"to Prague". 2016: 2014: 2008: 2004: 2001:, except for 2000: 1997:on its first 1996: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1950: 1942: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1908: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1851: 1845: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1830: 1828: 1822: 1818: 1816: 1810: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1783: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1754: 1750: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1730: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1716: 1712: 1706: 1702: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1675: 1671: 1669: 1663: 1659: 1653: 1649: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1578: 1574: 1568: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1546: 1539: 1534: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1516: 1512: 1506: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1471: 1469: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1425: 1421: 1419: 1413: 1409: 1403: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1346: 1339: 1326: 1313: 1306: 1296: 1291: 1288: 1283: 1280: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1261: 1244: 1241: 1232: 1211: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1112: 1105:United States 1102: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1044:Eurobarometer 1041: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1015: 1011: 1009: 1006:(rather than 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 968: 966: 962: 958: 954: 949: 944: 936: 932: 923: 920: 916: 912: 908: 907: 901: 898: 897:Kralice Bible 893: 884: 882: 878: 874: 869: 867: 863: 857: 855: 851: 848:group within 847: 843: 839: 838:Great Moravia 835: 831: 826: 824: 820: 816: 812: 803: 799: 794: 784: 778: 768: 766: 761: 759: 755: 751: 750:Lower Sorbian 747: 743: 739: 735: 734:Indo-European 731: 727: 721: 717: 709: 704: 695: 693: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 667: 665: 664:Czech Silesia 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 628: 627:high medieval 623: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 582:, written in 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 564: 554: 509: 504: 500: 496: 492: 491: 483: 465: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 438: 432: 413: 408: 402: 400: 396: 391: 390:53-AAA-b...-d 387: 385: 381: 377: 373: 371: 370: 365: 361: 357: 354: 349: 344: 339: 331: 326: 321: 318: 313: 308: 303: 300: 295: 290: 286: 281: 278: 276: 272: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 236: 233: 225: 219: 216: 214: 211: 210: 208: 202: 197: 191: 190:Czech Braille 188: 185: 181: 178: 177: 175: 171: 165: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 141: 140: 136: 122: 119: 118: 117: 114: 113: 112: 109: 108: 107: 104: 103: 102: 99: 98: 97: 96:Indo-European 93: 89: 83: 79: 73: 70: 67: 63: 60: 57: 53: 49: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 12643: 12639:Demographics 12632:Other topics 12616: 12609: 12602: 12522: 12429: 12422: 12415: 12410:Siymiyniotka 12408: 12401: 12394: 12387: 12381: 12373: 12361: 12354: 12347: 12340: 12333: 12326: 12316: 12269: 12265:Architecture 12202: / 12044:Voivodeships 12032: / 11910:Subdivisions 11812:Nysa Kłodzka 11523: 11506: 11393: 11383:Winter's law 11343:Havlík's law 11297: 11290: 11283: 11239: 11227: 11220: 11195:Mednyj Aleut 11193: 11186: 11178: 11048:South Slavic 11005:and dialects 10912: 10898: 10891: 10839: 10815: 10810:Czechoslovak 10808: 10798: 10791:Czech-Slovak 10728: 10703:Transitional 10671:South Slavic 10607: 10598: 10591: 10559: 10527:Proto-Slavic 10525: 10518: 10511: 10263: 10142: 10116: 10100:Coat of arms 10095:Architecture 10063:Prostitution 10033:Demographics 9896:Constitution 9678: 9611: 9601: 9581: 9562: 9543: 9534: 9515: 9496: 9477: 9458: 9439: 9420: 9401: 9380: 9355: 9346: 9327: 9308: 9285: 9266: 9247: 9228: 9209: 9186: 9167: 9144: 9126: 9117: 9106:. Retrieved 9102:the original 9097: 9088: 9076:. Retrieved 9072: 9069:"polka (n.)" 9062: 9050:. Retrieved 9046: 9043:"robot (n.)" 9036: 9024: 9004:, p. 20 8980: 8968: 8956:. Retrieved 8943: 8936:Maxwell 2009 8931: 8926:, p. 82 8919: 8907: 8888: 8884: 8864:Koudela 1964 8859: 8847:. Retrieved 8842:(in Czech). 8833: 8821: 8809:. Retrieved 8799: 8789:30 September 8787:. Retrieved 8783: 8773: 8761: 8749:. Retrieved 8745:the original 8716: 8699: 8695: 8689: 8682:Komárek 2012 8677: 8655:Komárek 2012 8650: 8643:Komárek 2012 8616: 8610: 8586: 8573: 8549: 8519:. Retrieved 8495:, p. 21 8488: 8481:Koudela 1964 8476: 8464:. Retrieved 8460: 8450: 8438: 8426: 8414:. Retrieved 8410:the original 8399: 8394:, p. 34 8387: 8382:, p. 11 8375: 8363: 8356:Harkins 1952 8351: 8346:, p. 31 8339: 8334:, p. 26 8327: 8320:Harkins 1952 8315: 8306: 8300: 8293:Harkins 1952 8288: 8281:Harkins 1952 8276: 8271:, p. 11 8264: 8255: 8246: 8234: 8222: 8210: 8198: 8186: 8174:. Retrieved 8170: 8160: 8148: 8136: 8124: 8112: 8100:. Retrieved 8096:the original 8085: 8073: 8061: 8017: 7995:Komárek 2012 7990: 7985:, p. 40 7978: 7966: 7961:, p. 83 7954: 7942: 7930: 7918: 7913:, p. 51 7906: 7894: 7882: 7877:, p. 25 7870: 7858: 7846: 7834: 7812:Harkins 1952 7807: 7796:. Retrieved 7792: 7782: 7777:, p. 48 7770: 7765:, p. 10 7758: 7746: 7734: 7725: 7719: 7707: 7702:, p. 74 7695: 7683: 7671: 7659: 7647: 7635: 7623: 7611:. Retrieved 7607: 7598: 7591:Harkins 1952 7586: 7581:, p. 12 7579:Harkins 1952 7574: 7562: 7557:, p. 71 7550: 7543:Harkins 1952 7538: 7529: 7520: 7515:, p. 73 7508: 7496: 7491:, p. 11 7489:Harkins 1952 7484: 7472:. Retrieved 7468: 7459: 7447: 7441:. Routledge. 7438: 7432: 7427:, p. 72 7420: 7408:. Retrieved 7401:the original 7397:U.S. English 7384: 7372:. Retrieved 7348: 7336:. Retrieved 7311: 7299:. Retrieved 7292:the original 7278: 7266:. Retrieved 7255: 7243:. Retrieved 7204: 7192: 7187:, p. 96 7180: 7175:, p. 18 7136: 7129:Maxwell 2009 7116:, p. 95 7109: 7104:, p. 92 7097: 7092:, p. 26 7071:. Retrieved 7066: 7056: 7047: 7041: 7030:. Retrieved 6999:, p. 95 6992: 6965: 6953: 6919: 6883: 6877: 6859: 6850: 6838:. Retrieved 6813: 6804: 6768: 6760: 6689: 6685:in English: 6682: 6680: 6675: 6666: 6664: 6661:Example text 6648: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6606: 6603: 6580: 6573: 6567: 6560: 6532:World War II 6528:Nazi Germany 6524:Slovak State 6508:Čechoslované 6507: 6505: 6498: 6496: 6490: 6488: 6481: 6478: 6463: 6452: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6412: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6378: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6344: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6310: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6276: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6242: 6231:dialectology 6228: 6217: 6203: 6193: 6183: 6169: 6159: 6153: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6127: 6113: 6064: 6054: 6040: 6030: 6020: 6014: 6005: 6001: 5998:Chod dialect 5966: 5965: 5958: 5953: 5947: 5942: 5936: 5931: 5925: 5920: 5909: 5904: 5898: 5893: 5887: 5882: 5876: 5871: 5860: 5855: 5849: 5844: 5839:mladé státy! 5838: 5833: 5827: 5822: 5811: 5806: 5800: 5795: 5789: 5784: 5778: 5773: 5762: 5757: 5752:mladým ženám 5751: 5746: 5740: 5735: 5730:mladým lidem 5729: 5724: 5713: 5708: 5702: 5697: 5691: 5686: 5681:mladých lidí 5680: 5675: 5664: 5659: 5653: 5648: 5642: 5637: 5631: 5626: 5612: 5607: 5602:mladou ženou 5601: 5599:mladou ženou 5594: 5589: 5583: 5578: 5567: 5562: 5556: 5551: 5546:mladém státě 5545: 5540: 5534: 5529: 5519:mladé zvíře! 5518: 5513: 5507: 5501:mladý státe! 5500: 5495: 5489: 5484: 5473: 5468: 5462: 5455: 5450: 5444: 5439: 5428: 5423: 5417: 5412: 5406: 5401: 5395: 5390: 5379: 5374: 5368: 5363: 5357: 5352: 5346: 5341: 5330: 5325: 5319: 5312: 5307: 5302:mladý člověk 5301: 5296: 5258: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5218: 5217:(he could), 5214: 5210: 5206: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5168: 5160: 5155:instrumental 5148: 5142: 5140: 5134: 5132: 5126: 5124: 5103: 5096: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5077: 5075: 5074:(to waste), 5069: 5067: 5061: 5059: 5053: 5051: 5045: 5043: 5037: 5035: 5029: 5027: 5021: 5001:interdialect 4998: 4977: 4972: 4962: 4939:Common Czech 4930: 4918:interdialect 4909: 4878: 4848:Pražský hrad 4847: 4827:Proper nouns 4823:Latin script 4816: 4812:onomatopoeia 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4767: 4764:acute accent 4760:vowel length 4757: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4662: 4629: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4165: 4159: 4150:Verb classes 4139: 4135: 4131: 4113: 4106: 4101: 4091: 4087:koupil/a bys 4086: 4076: 4071: 4047: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4023:budu šťastný 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3985: 3978: 3973: 3963: 3958: 3948: 3943: 3921: 3908:nadchnout se 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3799: 3784: 3778: 3775:imperfective 3764: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3715: 3702:) and mood ( 3681: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3643: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3609: 3608:("two") and 3605: 3591: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3489:(fem, neut) 3486: 3481: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3347:(fem, neut) 3344: 3339: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3290: 3284: 3277: 3267: 3257: 3247: 3237: 3215: 3201: 3194: 3187: 3180: 3168: 3162:o malé kočce 3161: 3154: 3147: 3136:tvrdé dřevo! 3135: 3128: 3121: 3114: 3102: 3095: 3088: 3081: 3069: 3063:k malé kočce 3062: 3055: 3048: 3036: 3029: 3022: 3015: 3007:(hard wood) 3003: 3000:(small cat) 2996: 2989: 2982: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2897: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2871: 2868: 2856: 2853: 2848: 2845: 2833: 2830: 2825: 2822: 2810: 2807: 2795: 2792: 2776: 2773: 2768: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2737:instrumental 2732:instrumentál 2731: 2726: 2708: 2703: 2685: 2680: 2662: 2657: 2639: 2634: 2616: 2611: 2593: 2588: 2556:prepositions 2550:(genitive), 2536: 2531:Protectorate 2496: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2464: 2461: 2453: 2450: 2434: 2431: 2426: 2423: 2410: 2408:universit-u, 2407: 2399: 2396: 2388: 2385: 2366: 2363:relativizers 2356: 2347: 2346:, "what" or 2343: 2339: 2330:In parts of 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2296: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2272:periphrastic 2257: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2236:intransitive 2221: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2177: 2171: 2167: 2157: 2152: 2104: 2100: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2063:conjunctions 2059:prepositions 2048: 2025: 2012: 1992: 1976: 1971:, acting as 1962: 1957: 1953: 1947: 1931: 1927: 1911: 1905: 1903: 1887: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1858: 1835: 1352: 1300: 1292:Diphthongs: 1271: 1237: 1221:Spoken Czech 1186:North Dakota 1128: 1124:Praha, Texas 1096: 1064: 1037: 1012: 1007: 1003: 999: 998:in place of 995: 991: 987: 975: 969: 965:high culture 961:philologists 950: 946: 926:Modern Czech 904: 902: 894: 890: 870: 858: 846:Czech-Slovak 827: 823:Latin script 811:Old Slavonic 807: 762: 723: 708:Balto-Slavic 689: 671:monophthongs 668: 648:interdialect 624: 584:Latin script 563:-mee-ən, bə- 507: 463: 462: 434: 384:Linguasphere 367: 180:Latin script 120: 116:Czech–Slovak 101:Balto-Slavic 29: 12324:Panczkraut 11990:New Silesia 11985:Sudetenland 11951:politicians 11358:Ivšić's law 11285:Army Slavic 11272:Interslavic 11257:Constructed 11120:West Slavic 11013:East Slavic 10782:West Slavic 10751:Montenegrin 10572:East Slavic 10137:Nationalism 10058:LGBT rights 10038:Drug policy 9972:Electricity 9828:Czech lands 9765:Czech lands 9098:unicode.org 8721:Eckert 1993 8587:Bohemistyka 8550:Bohemistyka 8493:Wilson 2009 8358:, p. 8 8322:, p. 7 8283:, p. 1 8024:, p. 7 7642:, p. 5 7640:Qualls 2012 7628:Qualls 2012 7593:, p. 9 7569:, p. 5 7545:, p. 6 7211:, p. 2 7173:Wilson 2009 6796:"Full list" 6578:, "list"). 6536:Axis powers 5850:mladé ženy! 5828:mladí lidé! 5790:mladé státy 5769:Accusative 5703:mladých žen 5643:mladé státy 5622:Nominative 5508:mladá ženo! 5505:mladá ženo! 5474:mladé zvíře 5463:mladou ženu 5460:mladou ženu 5435:Accusative 5331:mladé zvíře 5292:Nominative 5213:(he said), 4844:proper noun 4839:punctuation 4835:capitalized 4639:Orthography 4604:3rd p. pl. 4579:2nd p. pl. 4554:1st p. pl. 4529:3rd p. sg. 4504:2nd p. sg. 4479:1st p. sg. 4454:Infinitive 4437:Definition 4398:3rd p. pl. 4368:2nd p. pl. 4338:1st p. pl. 4308:3rd p. sg. 4278:2nd p. sg. 4248:1st p. sg. 4218:Infinitive 4198:Definition 4128:conditional 3887:(to want), 3712:conditional 3692:participles 3457:Accusative 3320:Nominative 3129:malá kočko! 3118:(big dog!) 3004:tvrdé dřevo 2990:černý batoh 2580:Main usage 2411:university- 2334:(including 2190:(masculine) 2053:, numbers, 1801:Approximant 1301:The letter 1196:and before 1115:Czech Texan 980:descriptive 850:West Slavic 821:written in 817:, later by 813:written in 726:West Slavic 449:instead of 48:český jazyk 12752:Categories 12369:Kopalnioki 12356:Karminadle 11946:parliament 11807:Mała Panew 11690:Carpathian 11464:Offensives 11348:Hirt's law 11338:Dybo's law 11309:Historical 11222:Russenorsk 11201:Ponaschemu 11093:Shtokavian 11033:Podlachian 10934:Slovincian 10924:Pomeranian 10893:Old Polish 10693:Macedonian 10580:Belarusian 10327:Vietnamese 10282:Belarusian 10167:Television 10152:Philosophy 10127:Literature 10053:Irreligion 10048:Healthcare 9981:(currency) 9936:Parliament 9911:Government 9740:Marcomanni 9644:(in Czech) 9137:References 9108:2022-01-07 8958:August 18, 8912:Short 2009 8670:Tahal 2010 8521:August 10, 8443:Tahal 2010 8431:Tahal 2010 8416:25 October 7798:2017-10-18 7739:Short 2009 7712:Short 2009 7613:3 November 7361:Census.gov 7156:Agnew 1994 7141:Agnew 1994 7073:2021-11-02 7032:2014-08-09 6893:0893572969 6770:Ethnologue 6737:Czech name 6671:in Czech: 6555:See also: 6551:Vocabulary 6516:Hungarians 6471:nominative 6130:). In the 6128:moravština 6088:See also: 5988:, spelled 5801:mladé ženy 5779:mladé lidi 5654:mladé ženy 5632:mladí lidé 5557:mladé ženě 5456:mladý stát 5418:mladé ženě 5369:mladé ženy 5320:mladá žena 5317:mladá žena 5313:mladý stát 5278:inanimate 5121:adjectives 5090:, such as 4831:honorifics 4657:See also: 4210:to suffer 4207:to wander 4187:Class III 4124:imperative 4120:indicative 3992:participle 3771:perfective 3759:See also: 3722:infinitive 3708:imperative 3704:indicative 3468:(masc in.) 3463:(masc an.) 3115:velký pse! 2997:malá kočka 2986:(big dog) 2869:přítel-em. 2668:accusative 2658:čtvrtý pád 2599:nominative 2487:Declension 2397:navštív-it 2299:intonation 2290:is in the 2255:, "but"). 2228:word order 2195:(feminine) 2115:See also: 1934:(example: 1892:consonants 1883:declension 1349:Consonants 1295:ou, au, eu 1263:"car" and 1109:See also: 941:See also: 815:Glagolitic 781:See also: 675:diphthongs 658:spoken in 640:vernacular 612:word order 608:morphology 12730:Languages 12663:Silesians 12512:Languages 12424:Wodziōnka 12349:Hauskyjza 11860:Pszczynka 11683:Mountains 11545:Geography 11469:Uprisings 11396:indicate 11311:phonology 11259:languages 11247:Trasianka 11073:Kajkavian 11061:Chakavian 10986:Schleifer 10929:Kashubian 10711:Torlakian 10688:Bulgarian 10644:Ukrainian 10609:Ruthenian 10322:Ukrainian 10297:Hungarian 10043:Education 10002:Transport 9916:Judiciary 9901:Elections 9879:Districts 9811:Geography 9605:. Factum. 9029:Mann 1957 8985:Mann 1957 8973:Mann 1957 8595:1642-9893 8558:1642-9893 8466:21 August 8176:18 August 8102:August 5, 7474:11 August 6840:6 January 6429:na na voz 6399:na na voz 6375:Silesian: 6365:na na voz 6331:na na voz 6297:na na voz 6263:na na voz 6210:subgroup) 6200:subgroup) 6176:subgroup) 6071:subgroup) 6047:subgroup) 6037:subgroup) 5956:zvířatama 5907:zvířatech 5867:Locative 5818:Vocative 5671:Genitive 5532:člověkovi 5525:Locative 5480:Vocative 5393:člověkovi 5337:Genitive 5281:Feminine 5276:Masculine 5271:Masculine 5024:phonology 4858:Varieties 4669:graphemes 4204:to print 4201:to carry 4190:Class IV 4184:Class II 4132:-Ø/-i/-ej 4060:Singular 4052:(to buy) 4015:budu jíst 3932:Singular 3902:otěhotnět 3881:(to be), 3509:Locative 3367:Genitive 2983:velký pes 2727:sedmý pád 2704:šestý pád 2635:třetí pád 2612:druhý pád 2603:Subjects 2594:nominativ 2589:první pád 2513:classes. 2381:example: 2247:, "and", 2216:(neuter) 2200:(neuter) 2174:(formal) 2141:Singular 2032:inflected 2003:enclitics 1916:Kashubian 1910:(capital 1846:Neutral: 1773:fricative 1635:voiceless 1629:Fricative 1558:voiceless 1552:Affricate 1445:voiceless 1204:Phonology 1190:Minnesota 1157:(besides 1149:. 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Long 4677:digraph 4446:to eat 4407:tisknou 4292:putuješ 4287:tiskneš 4232:putovat 4162:classes 4063:Plural 4057:Person 3935:Plural 3929:Person 3850:kupovat 3786:kupovat 3751:you"). 3717:mluvíme 3618:(hand)— 3566:(neut) 3539:čtyřech 3525:(neut) 3478:(neut) 3461:jednoho 3432:(neut) 3430:jednomu 3420:jednomu 3416:Dative 3405:čtyřech 3383:(neut) 3381:jednoho 3371:jednoho 3336:(neut) 2904:animate 2900:genders 2872:friend- 2686:vokativ 2617:genitiv 2507:genders 2503:numbers 2454:attend- 2432:kter-ou 2379:glossed 2352:intoned 2332:Bohemia 2275:passive 2144:Plural 2138:Person 2051:adverbs 2036:affixes 2022:Grammar 1967:can be 1439:Plosive 1389:Glottal 1379:Palatal 1331:); but 1276:Short: 1198:Swedish 1194:Turkish 1182:Spanish 1159:English 1092:Germany 1060:Hungary 877:Jan Hus 771:History 683:phoneme 660:Moravia 652:Bohemia 578:of the 499:čeština 495:endonym 451:Unicode 341: ( 328: ( 259:Romania 249:Croatia 239:Austria 42:čeština 12558:Polish 12528:German 12417:Szałŏt 12396:Moczka 12375:Kreple 12363:Kołŏcz 12342:Galert 12335:Klōzki 11929:Piasts 11917:Former 11777:Barycz 11754:Jizera 11733:Rivers 11669:Nyskie 11482:Second 11441:topics 11206:Quelia 11088:Resian 10877:Polish 10835:Slovak 10532:Accent 10399:Slovak 10317:Slovak 10307:Romany 10302:Polish 10292:German 10208:Portal 9967:Energy 9843:Rivers 9618: 9588: 9569: 9550: 9522: 9503: 9484: 9465: 9446: 9427: 9408: 9389: 9366: 9334: 9315: 9296: 9273: 9254: 9235: 9216: 9197: 9174: 9155: 9127:un.org 8706: 8623: 8593: 8556: 6926: 6900: 6890: 6866: 6655:Polish 6647:(from 6638:robota 6635:(from 6617:muzyka 6613:музыка 6608:muzyka 6595:Arabic 6591:Hebrew 6587:French 6225:Sample 6174:Tišnov 5945:ženama 5896:ženách 5874:lidech 5836:státy! 5738:státům 5711:zvířat 5592:státem 5516:zvíře! 5498:státe! 5299:člověk 5253:mladym 5249:mladym 5245:mladým 5241:mladým 5237:mladém 5181:, žena 5173:dobrej 5165:plural 5158:ending 5114:plural 4969:Prague 4955:, and 4922:Prague 4916:), an 4837:, and 4817:Czech 4790:) and 4745:, and 4715:, and 4630: 4613:chtějí 4588:chcete 4563:chceme 4440:to be 4422:dělají 4412:putují 4392:děláte 4387:trpíte 4372:nesete 4362:děláme 4357:trpíme 4342:neseme 4322:putuje 4317:tiskne 4262:putuji 4257:tisknu 4049:koupit 4035:pojedu 3964:budete 3949:budeme 3866:chodit 3846:prodat 3842:koupit 3806:napsat 3780:koupit 3755:Aspect 3725:mluvit 3700:future 3696:gender 3688:number 3684:person 3652:(ear)— 3646:, and 3642:(eye)— 3630:nohama 3628:(leg)— 3598:plural 3580:čtyřmi 3564:jedním 3559:jednou 3556:(masc) 3554:jedním 3523:jednom 3515:(masc) 3513:jednom 3484:(masc) 3446:čtyřem 3422:(masc) 3373:(masc) 3342:(masc) 3326:(masc) 3229:Czech 3218:number 3212:Number 3177:Inst. 2936:dělalo 2932:dělala 2894:Gender 2834:house- 2777:carry- 2645:dative 2451:chod-í 2435:which- 2400:visit- 2375:agrees 2336:Prague 1995:stress 1989:Stress 1949:Dvořák 1889:Voiced 1852:Soft: 1840:Hard: 1688:voiced 1595:voiced 1498:voiced 1362:Labial 1329:/bjɛs/ 1322:(e.g. 1284:Long: 1226:Vowels 1167:Butler 1163:Valley 1088:Poland 1056:Greece 1032:Serbia 864:, the 754:Slovak 738:Polish 730:Slavic 654:. 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