Culture of the Song dynasty

1813:. The types of clothes worn by peasants and commoners were largely uniform in appearance (with color standard of black and white), and so was the case for the upper class and elite. In fact, wealthy and leading members of society followed accepted guidelines and ritual requirements for clothing. In the upper class, each stratified grade in the social hierarchy was distinguished by the color and specific ornamentation of robes, the shape and type of headgear, and even the style of girdle worn. This rigid order was especially so during the beginning of the dynasty. However, the lines of hierarchy slowly began to blur as the color purple, once reserved solely for the attire of third rank officials or higher, began to diffuse amongst all ranks of officials who bore the color indiscriminately. Along with lower grade civil officials in the government protesting the rigid regulations for attire, the wealthy members of the merchant class also contributed to the disintegration of rules for ceremonial attire worn only by certain members of society. Yet there were still visible distinctions between civil officials and the class of rich merchants and business owners; the officials were distinguished by their long robes reaching to the ground, while merchants often wore a blouse that came down below the waist with trousers. Pants and trousers were introduced to China during the 1770: 969: 1064: 1008: 370: 830: 1671: 1247: 806: 218: 467: 1957: 1020: 1871: 2270: 519: 613: 693: 321: 534: 729: 628: 926: 953: 549: 31: 504: 818: 842: 1080: 1462: 1048: 914: 938: 128: 194: 446: 434: 886: 870: 2144: 712: 389: 407: 854: 2077: 340: 674: 45: 790: 2196: 744: 902: 598: 1450: 1594: 1750: 564: 488: 209:

of their society, hence their paintings often depicted huge, sweeping landscapes. On the other hand, Southern Song officials were more interested in reforming society from the bottom up and on a much smaller scale, a method they believed had a better chance for eventual success. Hence, their paintings often focused on smaller, visually closer, and more intimate scenes, while the background was often depicted as bereft of detail as a realm without substance or concern for the artist or viewer. This change in attitude from one era to the next stemmed largely from the rising influence of

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drink so that everyone could join in the celebration. People would gather around their local sanctuary to observe the festival's games, theatrical entertainments, juggling, clowning, and other performances. The festivities on New Years were considered the most important of the year by the Chinese, its momentous occasion correlating with the beginning of February on the Western calendar. Preparations for the New Years festival took place over a month's time, as people busied themselves painting

1239: 1723:, lavish Chinese carnivals were revived and once again celebrated during the Song dynasty. Chinese carnival celebrations were held nationwide when the emperor felt a great occasion warranted a grand display of his benevolence and generosity, such as renowned military victories, abundant harvests after long droughts or famines, the granting of grand amnesties by the throne, sacrifices to deities, the installation of a crown prince, marriages within the imperial family, etc. 992: 2266:

function normally, there would have to be substance as well as vital energy. This allowed Song intellectuals to validate the teachings of Mencius on the innate goodness of human nature, while at the same time providing an explanation for human wrongdoing. In essence, the principle underlying a human being is good and benevolent, but vital energy has the potential to go astray and be corrupted, giving rise to selfish impulses and all other negative human traits.

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these other two groups as mere professionals, since they relied on paid commissions for their livelihood and did not paint merely for enjoyment or self-expression. The scholar-artists considered that painters who concentrated on realistic depictions, who employed a colorful palette, or, worst of all, who accepted monetary payment for their work were no better than butchers or tinkers in the marketplace. They were not to be considered real artists.

1562:. Although trained to speak in the erudite Classical language, acting troupes commonly drew their membership from one of the lowest classes in society: prostitutes. Themes enjoyed in stage skits varied from satires about corrupt officials to comedy acts with titles like "Setting fire when delivering the soup," "Raising a ruckus in the winehouse," "The peony smells best when the wine is stolen," and "Catching a monkey in a restaurant." The only 1574:

claims "the city itself was turned into a stage and the citizens into the essential audience." Many of the songs played for stage performances were tunes that originated from vendors' and peddlers' songs. Contests were held on New Year's Day to determine which vendor or peddler had the best chants and songs while selling wares; the winners were brought before the imperial court to perform. The

1923:. However, records indicate that already in the Northern Song period, the first capital at Kaifeng sported restaurants that served southern Chinese cuisine. This catered to capital officials whose native provinces were in the southeast, and would have found northern cuisine lacking in sufficient seasoning for their tastes. In fact, texts from the Song era provide the first use of the phrases 233:(420–589), painting had become an art of high sophistication that was associated with the gentry class as one of their main artistic pastimes, the others being calligraphy and poetry. During the Song dynasty there were avid art collectors that would often meet in groups to discuss their own paintings, as well as rate those of their colleagues and friends. The poet and statesman 1495:

direct link between the two due to their close proximity within the cities. Of the fifty-some theatres located in the 'pleasure districts' of Kaifeng, four of these theatres were large enough to entertain audiences of several thousand each, drawing huge crowds which nearby businesses thrived upon. The chief crowd that gathered was composed of those from

1199:(who ruled the Southern Tang under the name Li Houzhu) wrote some of his most famous works during his time as a prisoner at the first Song court, following the demise of his former kingdom: Li Yu is an important transitional figure, sometimes considered to be the first major Song poet, and sometimes acclaimed as the last major Tang poet. 2131:(r. 581–604) abolished the Nine Ranks in favor of a Confucian-taught bureaucracy drafted through civil service examinations, he also heavily sponsored the popular ideology of Buddhism to legitimate his rule. Hence, it was given free rein and influence to flourish and dominate Chinese culture during the Sui and Tang periods; historian 2186:

the charity and alms to the poor, the Song government took on this ideal role instead, through its various programs of welfare and charity (refer to Society section). In addition, the historian Arthur F. Wright notes this situation during the Song period, with philosophical nativism taking from Buddhism its earlier benevolent role:

67:. It saw great advancements in the visual arts, music, literature, and philosophy. Officials of the ruling bureaucracy, who underwent a strict and extensive examination process, reached new heights of education in Chinese society, while general Chinese culture was enhanced by widespread printing, growing literacy, and various arts. 241:(1051–1107) often partook in these affairs, borrowing art pieces to study and copy, or if they really admired a piece then an exchange was often proposed. The small round paintings popular in the Southern Song were often collected into albums as poets would write poems along the side to match the theme and mood of the painting. 185:. However, even though intricate bronze-casting, ceramics and lacquerware, jade carving, sculpture, architecture, and the painting of portraits and closely viewed objects like birds on branches were held in high esteem by the Song Chinese, landscape painting was paramount. By the beginning of the Song dynasty a distinctive 1712:, when it was recorded that a large fireworks display was held alongside Chinese dancers in strange costumes moving through clouds of colored smoke in their performance. The common people also purchased firecrackers from city shopkeepers and vendors, made of simple sticks of bamboo filled with a small amount of gunpowder. 2054:

fermented bean soup, fruit cooked in scented honey, and 'honey crisps' of kneaded and baked honey, flour, mutton fat and pork lard. Dessert molds of oiled flour and sugared honey were shaped into girls' faces or statuettes of soldiers with full armor like door guards, and were called "likeness foods" (

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ideal of ethical universalism with benevolent charity and relief to those in need inspired those such as Fan Zhongyan and Wang Anshi, along with the Song government. In contrast to the earlier heavily Buddhist Tang period, where wealthy and pious Buddhist families and Buddhist temples handled much of

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The attire of Song women was distinguished from men's clothing by being fastened on the left, not on the right. Women wore long dresses or blouses that came down almost to the knee. They also wore skirts and jackets with short or long sleeves. When strolling about outside and along the road, women of

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Color and clothing distinguished the rank of theatre actors in the Song. Similar to vendors who wore specific outfits to identify which guild they belonged to, actors' generic costumes reflected the role type they played on stage, whether it be student, young man, young woman, official, soldier, etc.

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in 1182 AD, and many others. There were also great authors of written works pertaining to geography and cartography during the Song, such as Yue Shi (his book in 983), Wang Zhu (in 1051), Li Dechu (in 1080), Chen Kunchen (in 1111), Ouyang Wen (in 1117), and Zhu Mu (in 1240). Although an early form of

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in 1088 AD, an enormous encyclopedic book that covered a wide range of subjects, including literature, art, military strategy, mathematics, astronomy, meteorology, geology, geography, metallurgy, engineering, hydraulics, architecture, zoology, botany, agronomy, medicine, anthropology, archeology, and

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There was a significant difference in painting trends between the Northern Song period (960–1127) and Southern Song period (1127–1279). The paintings of Northern Song officials were influenced by their political ideals of bringing order to the world and tackling the largest issues affecting the whole

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were also popular, and remained open all day and night along the Imperial Way. According to one Song source on Kaifeng, the night markets closed at the third night watch but reopened on the fifth, while they had also gained a reputation for staying open during winter storms and the darkest, rainiest

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for restaurants and taverns, as well as for feasts at banquets, festivals and carnivals, and modest dining. Many of the peculiar names for these dishes do not provide clues as to what types of food ingredients were used. However, judging from the listed seasonings they used for these dishes, such as

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People in the Song dynasty never left their homes barefoot, and always had some sort of headgear on. Shops in the city specialized in certain types of hats and headgear, including caps with pointed tails, as well as belts and waistwraps. Only Buddhist monks shaved their heads and strolled about with

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In ancient China, there were many domestic and public pleasures in the rich urban environment unique to the Song dynasty. For the austere and hardworking peasantry, annual festivals and holidays provided a time of joy and relaxation, and for the poorest it meant a chance to borrow food and alcoholic

2261:. They emphasized moral self-cultivation over service to the ruler of the state (healing society's ills from the bottom-up, not the top-down), as opposed to statesmen like Fan Zhongyan or Su Shi, who pursued their agenda to advise the ruler to make the best decisions for the common good of all. The 1935:

to refer specifically to northern, southern, and Sichuan cooking, respectively. Many restaurants were known for their specialties; for example, there was one restaurant in Hangzhou that served only iced foods, while some restaurants catered to those who wanted either hot, warm, room temperature, or

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It was during the Song dynasty that the custom of sitting on chairs instead of floormats became commonplace. However, the older practice continued to be customary for some time, with a Imperial birthday banquet in the Southern Song reportedly involving "officials sitting on sheets with purple edges

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also taught that the workings of nature and metaphysics could be taught through the principle (li) and the vital energy (qi). The principle of nature could be moral or physical, such as the principle of marriage being moral, while the principle of trees is physical. Yet for principles to exist and

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and saltwater fish. The memory and patience of waiters had to be keen; in the larger restaurants, serving dinner parties that required twenty or so dishes became a hassle if even a slight error occurred. If a guest reported the mistake of a waiter to the head of the restaurant, the waiter could be

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would host festivals with tens of thousands of colorful and brightly lit paper lanterns hoisted on long poles up and down the main street, the poles also wrapped in colorful silk with numerous dramatic paper figures flying in the wind like fairies. There were also other venerated holidays, such as

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Surprisingly, actors on stage did not have a wholesale monopoly on theatrical entertainment, as even vendors and peddlers in the street, singing lewd songs and beating on whatever they could find to compensate for percussion instruments, could draw crowds. This practice was so widespread that West

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was the first real center where the performing arts became "an industry, a conglomerate involving theatre, gambling, prostitution, and food." The rise in consumption by merchants and scholar-officials, he states, "accelerated the growth of both the performance and the food industries," asserting a

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were products of infrequent demands from the central government and were typically only four chapters long. The widespread availability of printing in the Song allowed many ordinary people to access materials that were once read almost exclusively by experts, such as printed texts and handbooks on

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soup, spicy soup with mussels and fish cooked with plums, sweet soya soup, baked sesame buns stuffed with either sour bean filling or pork tenderloin, mixed vegetable buns, fragrant candied fruit, strips of ginger and fermented beanpaste, jujube-stuffed steamed dumplings, fried chestnuts, salted

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During the Northern Song (960–1126 CE), a new class of scholar-artists emerged who did not possess the trompe-l'oeil skills of the academy painters nor even the proficiency of common marketplace painters. The literati's painting was simpler and at times quite unschooled, yet they would criticize

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Although they were avid art collectors, some Song scholars did not readily appreciate artworks commissioned by those painters found at shops or common marketplaces, and some of the scholars even criticized artists from renowned schools and academies. Anthony J. Barbieri-Low, a Professor of Early

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It is true that Buddhist monks were given official appointments as managers of many of these enterprises, but the initiative came from Neo-Confucian officials. In a sense the Buddhist idea of compassion and many of the measures developed for its practical expression had been appropriated by the

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deplored this and devoted himself to teaching benevolence and righteousness. His exposition of benevolence and righteousness won the day, and the teachings of Mo Di and Yang Zhu were extirpated. In Han times the myriad schools of thought all flourished together. Tung Chung-shu deplored this and

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fruit juice, honey and ginger drinks, tea, and pawpaw juice. Dairy products and farming were foreign concepts to the Chinese, which explains the absence of cheese and milk in their diet. Beef was also rarely eaten, since the bull was an important draft animal. The main diet of the lower classes

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had emerged. Artists mastered the formula of creating intricate and realistic scenes placed in the foreground, while the background retained qualities of vast and infinite space. Distant mountain peaks rise out of high clouds and mist, while streaming rivers run from afar into the foreground.

2299:, and other ideas became the official imperial ideology from late Song times to the late 19th century. The basis of his teaching was influenced by the Cheng brothers, but he greatly extended their teachings, forming the core of Neo-Confucianism. This included emphasis on the Four Books: the 1578:

of the Southern Song states that these vendors, when presented to the consorts and concubines of the palace, were lavished with heaps of gold and pearls for their wares; some vendors would "become rich in a single evening." Theatrical stunts were also performed to gain attention, such as

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philosophy. Adherents to Neo-Confucianism focused on reforming society from the bottom up, not the top down, which can be seen in their efforts to promote small private academies during the Southern Song instead of the large state-controlled academies seen in the Northern Song era.

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flourished during the Song dynasty, especially in regard to paintings, which is an art practiced by many. Trends in painting styles amongst the gentry notably shifted from the Northern (960–1127) to Southern Song (1127–1279) periods, influenced in part by the gradual embrace of the

2049:, apricots and pears; in the region around Hangzhou alone, there were eleven kinds of apricots and eight different kinds of pears that were produced. Specialties and combination dishes in the Song period included scented shellfish cooked in rice-wine, geese with apricots, 2025:

remained rice, pork, and salted fish, while it is known from restaurant dinner menus that the upper classes did not eat dog meat. The rich are known to have consumed an array of different meats, such as chicken, shellfish, fallow deer, hares, partridge, pheasant,

2139:"This curse has overspread the empire for a thousand years, and what can one man in one day do about it? The people are drunk with it, and it has entered the marrow of their bones; it is surely not to be overcome by eloquent talk. What, then, is to be done? 1865:

was invited to the home of an Arab merchant, and described the jujube as thus: "This fruit is the color of sugar, its skin and its pulp are sweet, and it gives the impression, when you eat it, of having first been cooked in the oven and then allowed to

1303:(1063–1135). 'Travel record literature' ('youji wenxue') was also a popular category of literature during the Song period, which was accounts of one's own travel experiences typically written in narrative or prose styles, and included authors such as 1769: 1542:. In Kaifeng drama, one singer was preferred for each play, accompanied by string and percussion instruments. In Hangzhou drama, there was a multitude of singers on stage for each set, while string and wind instruments were preferred. 1830:

around their shoulders. Ladies also wore hairpins and combs in their hair, while princesses, imperial concubines, and the wives of officials and wealthy merchants wore head ornaments of gold and silver that were shaped in the form of

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in the 4th century BC, and were not exclusive to merchants; every soldier wore trousers as part of his uniform, while trousers were also worn by the common people. Although most men were cleanshaven, soldiers, military officers, and

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philosophers, finding a certain purity in the originality of the ancient classical texts, wrote commentaries on them. The most influential of these philosophers was Zhu Xi, whose synthesis of Confucian thought and Buddhist,

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Historiography in literature remained prominent during the Song, as it had in previous ages and would in successive ages of China. Along with Song Qi, the essayist and historian Ouyang Xiu were responsible for compiling the

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cold foods. Descendants of those from Kaifeng owned most of the restaurants found in Hangzhou, but many other regional varieties in foodstuffs and cooking were sponsored by restaurants. This included restaurants catering

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Actors honed their theatrical skills at drama schools. Musicians also found work in the theatre industry, since plays performed in the markets were often accompanied by music. Actors on stage always spoke their lines in

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Although Confucianism was cast in stark contrast to the perceived alien and morally inept Buddhism by those such as Ouyang Xiu, Confucianism nonetheless borrowed ideals of Buddhism to provide for its own revival. From

885: 2096:, which was then largely regarded as foreign, and as offering few solutions for practical problems. However, Buddhism in this period continued as a cultural underlay to the more accepted Confucianism and even 1288:

of 1037. Although Neo-Confucianism became dominant over Buddhism in China during this period, there was still a significant amount of Buddhist literature. For example, there was the collection of Zen Buddhist

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fried-glutinous-rice-ball vendors hanging small red lamps on portable bamboo racks who would twirl them around to the beat of a drum to dazzle crowds. Puppet shows in the streets and wards were also popular.

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writers often pursued the discovery of patterns and principles that they believed caused all social and natural phenomena. The making of glazed and translucent porcelain and celadon wares with complex use of

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Regional differences in culture brought about different types of foods, while in certain areas the cooking traditions of regional cultures blended together; such was the case of the Southern Song capital at

805: 2100:, both seen as native and pure by conservative Neo-Confucians. The continuing popularity of Buddhism can be seen with strong evidence by achievements in the arts, such as the 100 painting set of the 1839:

no headgear or hat of any sort to cover their heads. For footwear, people could purchase leather shoes called 'oiled footwear', wooden sandals, hempen sandals, and the more expensive satin slippers.

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revived Confucianism. Therefore the Way of Confucius shone forth, and the myriad schools expired. This is the effect of what I have called "correcting the root cause in order to overcome the evil".

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testified that the custom of low-level furniture was preserved in the palace but became phased out among the commoners, and the etiquette rules against the use of chairs was increasingly outdated.

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used for heating one's home was scarce and often expensive, so people often wore clothing with extra silk-floss and fur-lined coats in the winter. The clothing material preferred by the rich was

1891:, oil, salt, and vinegar, Song era cuisine is perhaps not too different from the Chinese cuisine of today. Other additional seasonings and ingredients included walnuts, turnips, crushed Chinese 156:

style painting—"shan" meaning mountain, and "shui" meaning river—became prominent features in Chinese landscape art. The emphasis laid upon landscape painting in the Song period was grounded in

1534:) developed separately. These two different regional genres of musical drama used different regional dialects of speech, recitation, and dialogue, entailed their own unique sets of role types ( 369: 925: 1789:

There were many types of clothing and different clothing trends in the Song period, yet clothes in China were always modeled after the seasons and as outward symbols of one's social class.

829: 627: 1359:. Although these two figures were perhaps the greatest technical authors in their field during the time, there were many others. For producing textiles, Qin Guan's book of 1090 AD, the 1019: 817: 612: 853: 1879: 1651: 2211:

Although Buddhism lost its prominence in the elite circles and government sponsorships of Chinese society, this did not mean the disappearance of Buddhism from Chinese culture.

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The conservative Confucian movement could be seen before the likes of Zhu Xi (1130–1200), with staunch anti-Buddhists such as Ouyang Xiu (1007–1072). In his written work of the

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During the Song period Buddhism saw a small revival since its persecution during the Tang dynasty. This could be seen in the continued construction of sculpture artwork at the

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form being especially being associated with Song poetry. Song developments in poetry included the works of the social critic and pioneer of the "new subjective style"

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period. He argued that Buddhism became widely accepted when China's traditional institutions were weakened at the time. This was due to many factors, such as foreign

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Hargett, James M. "Some Preliminary Remarks on the Travel Records of the Song Dynasty (960–1279)," Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (July 1985): 67–93.

2323:. His approach to Confucianism was shunned by his contemporaries, as his writings were forbidden to be cited by students taking the Imperial Examinations. However, 1424:

were products of local initiative and decision-making, were typically ten to fifty chapters in length, and were almost always printed for a large audience, whereas

937: 533: 597: 2238:'s influence into the lower classes, so too did Neo-Confucians of the 13th century succeed in driving Buddhism out of the higher echelons of Chinese society. 743: 3706: 1570:(张協狀元), featuring interludes such as a clown stealing food and wine at a wedding banquet in act 16 and a quick comedy sketch about renting a room in act 24. 2327:

found his writing to be intriguing, reversing the policy against him, and making it a requirement for students to study his commentaries on the Four Books.

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In conclusion on how to root out the 'evil' that was Buddhism, Ouyang Xiu presented a historical example of how it could be uprooted from Chinese culture:

913: 86:, restaurants that catered to a variety of regional cooking, lavish clothing and apparel sold in the markets, while both urban and rural people engaged in 2029:, quail, fox, badger, clam, crab, and many others. Local freshwater fish from the nearby lake and river were also caught and brought to market, while the 1627: 320: 3627:

Sorensen, Henrik H. 1995. "Buddhist Sculptures from the Song Dynasty at Mingshan Temple in Anyue, Sichuan," Artibus Asiae (Vol. LV, 3/4, 1995): 281–302.

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form of Chinese poetry found its greatest acceptance and popularity during the Song dynasty, and was used by most Song poets. The high court Chancellor

249:, points out that Song scholars' appreciation of art created by their peers was not extended to those who made a living simply as professional artists: 388: 901: 1976:

In the early morning in Hangzhou, along the wide avenue of the Imperial Way, special breakfast items and delicacies were sold. This included fried

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There were many technical and scientific writings during the Song period. The two most eminent authors of the scientific and technical fields were

309:, Sichuan province features a wealth of Song era Buddhist sculptures, including the Buddha and deities clad in lavish imperial and monastic robes. 290:. The Southern Song dynasty court painters included Zhao Mengjian (趙孟堅, c. 1199–1264), a member of the Imperial family, known for popularising the 548: 991: 503: 487: 1115:

during the Song period contained a range of many different genres and was enriched by the social complexity of the period. Although the earlier

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and official headgear of the emperor. This type of headgear, along with the headgear of officials and merchants, was made of black-colored

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in the 10th century and fully edited by the time of Cefu Yuangui in the 11th century. The largest of these was the 1013 publication of the

728: 4773: 4497: 4436: 4328: 3943: 1490:, founded in the early 8th century during the Tang dynasty. However, historian Stephen H. West asserts that the Northern Song era capital 433: 3701: 17: 952: 4625: 4163: 445: 1602: 673: 268: 1343:(Illustrated Pharmacopoeia), which had the related subjects of botany, zoology, metallurgy, and mineralogy, and wrote his famous 578: 246: 3804: 4737: 2475: 2346: 789: 4638: 1235:(1130–1200), while this project was totally complete with the efforts of his disciples around the time of his death in 1200. 30: 1708:

displays could also be held during festivities. For example, the martial demonstration in 1110 AD to entertain the court of

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all the way up to the 10th century and the fall of the Tang. In 1189 it was compiled and condensed into fifty-nine books by

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However, during the Song period, there were many acclaimed court painters and they were highly esteemed by emperors and the

4065: 4050: 4037: 4002: 3967: 3938: 421: 1278:, a massive encyclopedia consisting of 9.4 million written Chinese characters divided into 1000 volumes. There were also 1274: 563: 4846: 4070: 2953: 3834: 3736: 3685: 3611: 3596: 3515: 3498: 3483: 3475: 3460: 3441: 3405: 3390: 3375: 339: 642: 181:

of the Song period featured beautifully carved artwork of miniature nature scenes, landscapes, or simple decorative

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West, Stephen H. "Playing With Food: Performance, Food, and The Aesthetics of Artificiality in The Sung and Yuan,"

2120: 1246: 354: 278: 230: 1663:, as it was supposedly this period of the year that was depicted in the artwork (mentioned above) by the artist 3792: 3370:

Banhart, Richard M. et al. (1997). Three Thousand Years of Chinese Painting. New Haven: Yale University Press.

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Central Asia, grape-wine was often reserved for the elite. Besides wine, other beverages included pear juice,

1217:(1021–1086), was responsible for heading a team of scholars that compiled the enormous historical work of the 4598: 3896: 3787: 3418:

Bol, Peter K. "The Rise of Local History: History, Geography, and Culture in Southern Song and Yuan Wuzhou,"

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verbally reprimanded, have his salary docked, or in extreme cases, kicked out of the establishment for good.

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Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering

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in 294 volumes. It covered the major themes and intricate nuances of Chinese history from 425 BC during the

4096: 3765: 3729: 2092:. This renewed interest in the Confucian ideals and society of ancient times coincided with the decline of 1996:

There were also some exotic foreign foods imported to China from abroad, including raisins, dates, Persian

1785:(儒巾) headscarf. Various kinds of headscarves became fashionable among the commoners and the educated gentry 1588: 1430: 87: 2944:

Ruixi Zhu; Bangwei Zhang; Fusheng Liu; Chongbang Cai; Zengyu Wang; Bang Qian Zhu; Peter Ditmanson (2016).

2319:). His viewpoint was that improvement of the world began with improvement of the mind, as outlined in the 2135:

describes Confucianism in this period as being reverted to a state of "stale archaism". Ouyang Xiu wrote:

4557: 4088: 4010: 3982: 3761: 1810: 1434: 1141:), there were important poetic developments by famous poets of the Song era, with the flourishing of the 750: 3923: 2016:. Although grape-based wine had been known in China since the ancient Han dynasty Chinese ventured into 3972: 3782: 1848: 3547:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth

2119:, he wrote of his theory for how Buddhism had so easily penetrated Chinese culture during the earlier 1618:, crafting paper streamers with lucky characters for "welcoming the spring," making printed images of 3844: 1335:

more. As for Shen Kuo's equally brilliant peer, Su Song created a celestial atlas of five different

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Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, and Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World

2017: 1754: 1630:(1232–1298 AD), during the Xiao-Zong period (1163–1189 AD) the best lantern festivals were held at 1264: 186: 2089: 1367:), included description of a silk-reeling machine that incorporated the earliest known use of the 4682: 4451: 4026: 3859: 2127:

ruling over the north, and China's political schism that caused warfare and other ills. Although

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provided geese and duck as well. Common fruits that were consumed included melons, pomegranates,

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such as these were imported to Song China from South Asia and the Middle East. An official from

4276: 3824: 2324: 2254: 2216: 1780: 1622:, and cooking special kinds of foods such as porridge of red haricot beans. The widely popular 1269: 118: 1667:(although some would argue the painting actually represented the time of autumn in the year). 217: 4851: 4806: 4045: 3554:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 1, Physics

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Japanese Historians and the National Myths, 1600–1945: The Age of the Gods and Emperor Jinmu.

2269: 2224: 1526: 1228: 98: 2257:(who were brothers), and was a major influence for Zhu Xi, one of the leading architects of 1469:

feather banner like the one used in dramatical theater to signal an acting leader of troops.

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existed in China since the 1st century, the matured form known as "treatise on a place", or

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Science and Civilization: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 2, Agriculture

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during the Song dynasty reached a new level of sophistication with further development of

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Statesmen and Gentlemen: The Elite of Fu-Chou, Chiang-Hsi, in Northern and Southern Sung

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A cut and engraved sandstone and celadon jar from Yaozhou in Shaanxi, 10th–11th century.

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Song intellectuals sought answers to all philosophical and political questions in the

1822:

champions preferred side-whiskers and goatee beards, as they were a sign of virility.

1307:(1126–1193). A great example of Chinese travel literature in the Song period would be 1262:

There were also very large encyclopedic works written in the Song period, such as the

1191:(1140–1207) were especially known for their ci poetry, amongst many others. The great 305:

province. Similar in design to the sculptures at Dazu, the Song temple at Mingshan in

4746: 4586: 4581: 4518: 4055: 3879: 3864: 3854: 3849: 3809: 3681: 3607: 3592: 3511: 3494: 3479: 3471: 3456: 3437: 3401: 3386: 3371: 2949: 2249:

influenced the beliefs and teachings of Northern Song-era Confucian scholars such as

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cloth, but cotton clothes were also used, the latter being most widely available in

1626:

was held every 15th day of 1st lunar month. According to the literatus and official

4657: 4591: 4138: 4106: 3889: 3884: 3644: 2336: 2278: 2258: 2132: 2071: 1961: 1937: 1744: 1623: 1496: 1461: 1251: 1205: 944: 777: 210: 174: 165: 143: 76: 2195: 2143: 1670: 1223:, a universal history completed in 1084 AD with a total of over 3 million written 127: 4324: 3911: 3814: 3774: 1989: 1716: 1279: 222: 170: 164:

stressed that humans were but tiny specks amongst vast and greater cosmos, while

1242:

A butterfly and wisteria flowers, by Xü Xi (c. 886 – c. 975), painted around 970

1079: 193: 4644: 4294: 4015: 3977: 3535: 2262: 2164: 2042: 1814: 1539: 1219: 1184: 1120: 1103: 1013:

The bodhisattva Kuan-yan (Guanyin), Northern Song dynasty, China, c. 1025, wood

931:

A Southern Song (1127–1279) vase with applied dragons and painted floral sprays

892: 847:

A small celadon tripod from Yaozhou in Shaanxi, dated to the late 10th century.

262:. One of the greatest landscape painters given patronage by the Song court was 71: 2943: 1956: 4840: 4723: 4717: 4702: 4524: 4512: 3992: 3987: 2316: 2291: 2220: 2152: 2001: 1900: 1643: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1449: 1168: 1164: 975: 83: 1503:

only went to restaurants and attended theatre performances during holidays.

4818: 4697: 4672: 4506: 4457: 4306: 4198: 4153: 4148: 4020: 3752: 3617: 3584: 3448: 2235: 2109: 1969: 1965: 1915:-style cooking and foods (popular in the previous Northern Song capital at 1720: 1679: 1664: 1606: 1559: 1555: 1300: 1176: 1125: 1116: 1087: 774: 276:(1127–1162) once commissioned an art project of numerous paintings for the 263: 259: 60: 1988:, soups of various kinds, hot pancakes, steamed pancakes, and iced cakes. 1853: 4812: 4769: 4662: 4652: 4614: 4603: 4493: 4469: 4343: 4312: 4216: 4143: 4101: 3580: 2351: 2283: 2242: 2182: 2105: 2081: 1487: 1454: 1364: 1304: 1160: 1148: 1143: 1107: 287: 178: 114: 107: 1167:(502–557 AD), and further development during the brief existence of the 44: 4608: 4565: 4463: 4426: 4396: 4390: 4367: 4349: 4258: 4246: 4222: 2246: 2050: 2013: 1888: 1214: 1210: 1180: 860: 796: 702: 477: 272:

scroll, one of the most well-known masterpieces of Chinese visual art.

3721: 3702:

Song Dynasty art and video commentary at Minneapolis Institute of Arts

3540:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 1, Introductory Orientations

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share the Chán (Zen) doctrine with the imperial court. Much like the

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Standing Bodhisattva, China, Song dynasty, 12th century, painted wood

1054: 1038: 959: 683: 474: 283: 201: 198: 152: 132: 811:

Longquan ware black stoneware vase with celadon glaze, Song dynasty.

4794: 4782: 4763: 4687: 4576: 4536: 4408: 4384: 4361: 4318: 4300: 4126: 3493:. Translated by H. M. Wright. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 2178: 2093: 2076: 1945: 1920: 1908: 1892: 1874:

Song dynasty painting showing commoners engaged in tea competition.

1639: 1615: 1517: 1383:

Prevention and Relief) edited by Dong Wei in the 12th century, the

1372: 1344: 1336: 1321: 1255: 1188: 1138: 835:

Stoneware with greenish glaze, Northern Song, 10th to 11th century.

379: 1420:, under the Song. The major differences between the two were that 177:

wares were particularly popular in the Song period. Black and red

4800: 4788: 4677: 4432: 4210: 4204: 4131: 4116: 3839: 3819: 2231: 2204: 2200: 2168: 2124: 1916: 1802: 1655: 1491: 1466: 1400: 1356: 1325: 998: 395: 330: 302: 136: 52: 3491:

Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276

2008:

was more common in China, a fact noted even by the 13th century

1919:) to Hangzhou, which was blended with the cooking traditions of 1882:

preserve lists of names for entrées and food dishes in customer

1880:

Dongjing Meng Hua Lu (Dreams of Splendor of the Eastern Capital)

1652:

Dongjing Meng Hua Lu (Dreams of Splendor of the Eastern Capital)

1290: 51:, by Zhang Zeduan, a painting depicting the imperial gardens of 4414: 4355: 4337: 4288: 4282: 4228: 2596: 2578: 2296: 2097: 2046: 2038: 2034: 2021: 2009: 1997: 1981: 1949: 1896: 1858: 1728: 1635: 1631: 1404: 1380: 1308: 1232: 1152: 1151:(1002–1060), the politically controversial yet renowned master 1134: 457: 234: 161: 2890: 2888: 1682:; the female musicians in the center of the image are playing 1209:

by 1060, covering the history of the Tang dynasty. Chancellor

780:

with gold and silver markings, from the Nantoyōsō Collection,

63:(960–1279 AD) was a culturally rich and sophisticated age for 4475: 4445: 1985: 1977: 1941: 1912: 1827: 1740: 1715:

Although they were discontinued after the devastation of the

1284: 1156: 1130: 1091: 876: 875:

Gray sandstone dish with a celadon coating, decorated with a

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trace their roots back to the academy of music known as the

891:

A funerary porcelain figurine in the personification of the

633:

Official Song era portrait painting of Empress Cao, wife of

4530: 2885: 2614: 2605: 2234:

amongst the leading members of Roman society while pushing

1883: 1806: 1794: 1790: 1762: 1749: 1692:, and the male musician is playing a wooden clapper called 1508: 1163:(1084–1151), and many others. Although having roots in the 2215:

Buddhism continued to flourish during the Song period, as

2167:, Yang Zhu and Mo Di were engaged in violent controversy. 1558:

was not introduced into theatrical performances until the

2460: 2458: 2396:

Barnhart, "Three Thousand Years of Chinese Painting", 93.

2212: 2148: 1940:

that emphasized use of pepper, dishes and beverages from

1516:

style of poetic lyrics. After the capital had shifted to

1457:" (傀儡婴戏图轴), a painting by Liu Songnian (刘松年 1174–1224 AD) 1388: 1351:

in 1092 AD, which described in full detail his ingenious

907:

Celadon plate from Yaozhou in Shaanxi, 10th–11th century.

225:

spout, gray sandstone with celadon coating, 10th century.

3385:. Seattle & London: University of Washington Press. 2560: 1566:

play to have survived from the Southern Song era is the

1238: 1911:. After the mass exodus from the north, people brought 943:

A Song five-tubed jar with lotus petal design, made of

722:, painted in 1207 by Liu Songnian, Southern Song period 2455: 1674:

A half-section of the 12th-century Song remake of the

1465:

A 12th-century painting by Su Hanchen; a girl waves a

3398:

China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty

2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 3624:. Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing. 3622:

Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections

3453:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

2623: 2542: 139:

husband (Zuoxianwang) dating from the Southern Song.

2897: 2650: 1805:. The clothing material used by the poor was often 1339:, wrote the 1070 AD pharmaceutical treatise of the 1037:White-glazed pillow in the shape of an infant boy; 173:was also developed further during the Song period. 3671: 2408: 2368: 1258:province, Northern Song era, 10th or 11th century. 879:motif, from Yaozhou in Shaanxi, 11th–12th century. 439:Palace children playing, Northern or Southern Song 427:A duckling, anonymous painter of the Southern Song 3141: 3139: 2508: 2506: 1642:was also known for its great variety of colorful 4838: 2948:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 139–140. 2494: 2478:. Shanghai News and Press Bureau. Archived from 1371:in order to function. In the literary field of 1355:clock tower constructed in the capital city of 606:, a painting in the Litang style, 12th century. 3530:China: Its History and Culture: Fourth Edition 3189: 3171: 3136: 3127: 3022: 2524: 2503: 2315:(the latter two being chapters in the ancient 3737: 3525:. New York: Basic Books, Perseus Books Group. 3219: 3217: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3106: 3104: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3015: 3013: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2979: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2878: 2876: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2533: 1282:written during the Song dynasty, such as the 1159:(1051–1107), the premier Chinese female poet 4170:Along the River During the Qingming Festival 3680:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 3632:Academies and Society in Southern Sung China 3606:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3353: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3307: 2928: 1025:Bodhisattva, Song Dynasty, 11th–12th century 3589:Korea: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary 2515: 1540:musical instruments playing different tunes 895:, from Jingdezhen in Jiangxi, 12th century. 88:seasonal festivities and religious holidays 3744: 3730: 3468:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 3235: 3226: 3214: 3198: 3180: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3148: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3101: 3074: 3060: 3031: 3010: 2986: 2974: 2962: 2873: 2859: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2825: 2823: 2811: 2793: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2738: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2684: 2677: 2675: 2473: 2437: 1826:wealthy means chose to wear square purple 1250:Funerary vase and cover, stoneware in the 604:Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism are one 3707:Paintings of Song, Liao and Jin dynasties 3669: 3528:Morton, Scott and Charlton Lewis (2005). 3510:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3470:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3348: 3334: 3316: 3298: 3289: 3280: 3271: 2587: 2399: 2381: 1654:how the earlier Northern Song capital at 1605:), a large horizontal scroll painting by 1379:(The Rescue of the People; a Treatise on 1155:(1037–1101), the eccentric yet brilliant 919:A Song ceramic box with floral medallions 795:A Song teapot in the Qingbai style, from 4756: 3447:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, Anne Walthall, 3325: 2919: 2467: 2446: 2268: 2194: 2142: 2075: 1955: 1869: 1852: 1768: 1748: 1669: 1603:Along the River During Qingming Festival 1592: 1460: 1448: 1245: 1237: 1078: 1074: 400:, anonymous painter of the Southern Song 269:Along the River During Qingming Festival 216: 192: 126: 97: 43: 29: 3751: 3634:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 3415:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 3262: 3244: 3157: 3113: 3051: 2910: 2841: 2832: 2820: 2802: 2784: 2775: 2752: 2720: 2702: 2693: 2672: 2663: 1734: 540:Birds in a Bamboo and Plum Tree Thicket 247:University of California, Santa Barbara 14: 4839: 4738:Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified 4663:Endless power transmitting chain drive 3651:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 3577:. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons Ltd. 2905:Cambridge Illustrated History of China 2658:Cambridge Illustrated History of China 2641: 2632: 2423:Cambridge Illustrated History of China 2376:Cambridge Illustrated History of China 2347:Society and culture of the Han dynasty 1727:on the ground". Southern Song scholar 1213:(1019–1086), the political nemesis of 1187:(1045–1105), and the military general 1053:Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara (Guanyin), 497:, a renowned scholar and painter, 1112 266:(1085–1145), who painted the original 3725: 3656:An Illustrated Chinese Materia Medica 3575:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder 3413:Chinese Thought, Society, and Science 1797:, and for special occasions they had 619:Mountain Magpie, Sparrows and Bramble 376:Travelers among Mountains and Streams 104:A Thousand Li of Rivers and Mountains 3658:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3641:(Volume 57, Number 1, 1997): 67–106. 3455:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 1878:From the Song period, works such as 1700:With the advent of the discovery of 1328:(1020–1101). Shen Kuo published his 1183:(1007–1072), the great calligrapher 859:A small "qinbai" porcelain jar from 415:, Li Anzhong, early-mid 12th century 34:Song Dynasty officials listening to 3422:(Volume 61, Number 1, 2001): 37–76. 2602:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 107–108. 2584:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 445–448. 1842: 1538:), and employed different types of 1416:, replaced the old "map guide", or 1275:Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau 997:Seated Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara ( 24: 3663: 3639:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 3573:Partington, James Riddick (1960). 3420:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 2946:A Social History of Medieval China 1968:painting and possible remake of a 1444: 1441:, divination, and Taoist rituals. 1171:immediate preceding the Song, the 1041:, Northern Song Dynasty (960–1127) 699:Holding a Wand Under the Pine Tree 621:, by Huang Zhucai (933–after 993). 25: 4863: 3695: 3604:Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times 3466:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. (1999). 3381:Barbieri-Low, Anthony J. (2007). 2566:Needham, Volume 3, 208 & 278. 1399:(Master Zhu on Managing Communal 1324:(1031–1095) and his contemporary 1179:(989–1052), ardent Neo-Confucian 1001:), wood and pigment, 11th century 525:The Peacock King, Gunsho Mingwang 481:, by Zhang Shengwen, c. 1173–1176 3922: 3717:Art of the Southern Song Dynasty 3712:Art of the Northern Song Dynasty 3383:Artisans in Early Imperial China 2045:, jujubes, Chinese and Japanese 1119:is viewed as the zenith era for 1062: 1046: 1030: 1018: 1006: 990: 967: 951: 936: 924: 912: 900: 884: 868: 852: 840: 828: 816: 804: 788: 766: 742: 727: 710: 691: 672: 657: 641: 626: 611: 596: 577: 562: 547: 532: 517: 502: 486: 465: 444: 432: 420: 405: 387: 368: 353: 338: 319: 3253: 3092: 2937: 2894:Needham, Volume 4, Part 1, 128. 2766: 2711: 2620:Needham, Volume 6, Part 2, 623. 2611:Needham, Volume 6, Part 2, 621. 2569: 2551: 2121:Southern and Northern Dynasties 1903:, citrus zest, and sesame oil. 1650:(active 1126–1147) recalled in 1299:of 1125, which was expanded by 279:Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute 237:(1037–1101) and his accomplice 231:Southern and Northern Dynasties 4164:Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding 2428: 2390: 1582: 974:Bluish white glazed figurine, 863:in Jiangxi, 11th–12th century. 754:by Zhao Mengjian, c. 1199–1264 93: 82:People in urban areas enjoyed 70:Appreciation of art among the 13: 1: 4599:Southern Song dynasty coinage 3532:. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. 3363: 2230:promoting Roman paganism and 2061: 1314:Record of Stone Bell Mountain 79:political ideology at court. 3429:. New York: W.W. Norton Inc. 2084:statue from the Song dynasty 1589:Traditional Chinese holidays 1512:dramatic style employed the 983: 312: 286:(177–250 AD) of the earlier 7: 4011:Department of State Affairs 3649:Buddhism in Chinese History 3556:. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. 3427:The World of Late Antiquity 3400:. Oxford University Press. 2464:Barbieri-Low (2007), 39–40. 2330: 2276:, Buddhist artwork of five 2163:Of old, in the time of the 1646:, in all shapes and sizes. 1086:of mixed styles written by 759: 751:The Three Friends of Winter 18:Culture of the Song Dynasty 10: 4868: 3973:Bureau of Military Affairs 3570:. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. 3563:. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. 3549:. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. 3542:. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. 3432:Brownlee, John S. (1997). 2065: 1849:History of Chinese cuisine 1846: 1738: 1586: 1484:Theatre and drama in China 1472: 1097: 363:, by Mao Yi, 12th century. 282:, based on the woman poet 112: 4847:Cultural history of China 4624: 4556: 4377: 4191: 4083: 4036: 4001: 3931: 3920: 3845:Alliance Conducted at Sea 3835:Song–Viet war (1075–1077) 3760: 3566:Needham, Joseph. (1986). 3559:Needham, Joseph. (1986). 3552:Needham, Joseph. (1986). 3545:Needham, Joseph. (1986). 3506:Hymes, Robert P. (1986). 1964:of an outdoor banquet, a 1676:Night Revels of Han Xizai 1429:agriculture, childbirth, 84:theatrical drama on stage 49:Games in the Jinming Pool 27:Aspect of Chinese history 4176:Four Great Books of Song 3602:Rossabi, Morris (1988). 3591:. Surrey: Curzon Press. 3489:Gernet, Jacques (1962). 2362: 2147:Portrait of the Chinese 1755:Emperor Zhenzong of Song 1684:transverse bamboo flutes 1520:, the dramatic style of 1265:Four Great Books of Song 555:The White Jasmine Branch 4027:Secretariat-Chancellery 3675:Sung and Yuan paintings 2629:Needham, Volume 3, 521. 2548:Needham, Volume 1, 136. 1948:, and coastal foods of 1597:A small section of the 962:tea bowls from the Song 737:, anonymous Song artist 635:Emperor Renzong of Song 587:, by Mi Youren (son of 572:, by Li Kan (1244–1320) 495:Emperor Huizong of Song 348:, by Su Han Chen, 1150. 292:Three Friends of Winter 274:Emperor Gaozong of Song 245:Chinese History at the 4658:Early Bessemer process 4626:Science and technology 3825:Nong Zhigao rebellions 3654:Wu, Jing-nuan (2005). 3630:Walton, Linda (1999). 3436:Vancouver: UBC Press. 3259:West, 75, footnote 25. 3098:West, 73, footnote 17. 2512:Pratt & Rutt, 478. 2325:Emperor Lizong of Song 2287: 2282:and one attendant, by 2217:Emperor Lizong of Song 2208: 2207:, 11th to 12th century 2199:A seated lion statue, 2193: 2174: 2156: 2141: 2085: 1973: 1875: 1867: 1786: 1766: 1697: 1610: 1556:common spoken language 1470: 1458: 1259: 1243: 1095: 333:, latter 11th century. 329:, signed and dated by 256: 226: 205: 140: 131:Anonymous painting of 119:History of Chinese art 110: 56: 41: 4046:Ministry of Personnel 3951:Imperial examinations 3425:Brown, Peter (1971). 3396:Benn, Charles. 2002. 2272: 2241:In terms of Buddhist 2225:Eastern Roman Emperor 2198: 2188: 2161: 2155:, painted in 1238 AD. 2146: 2137: 2079: 1959: 1873: 1856: 1847:Further information: 1772: 1752: 1739:Further information: 1719:(755–763) during the 1673: 1596: 1568:Zhang Xie zhuang yuan 1473:Further information: 1464: 1452: 1431:pharmacy and medicine 1408:the local geographic 1377:Jiu Huang Huo Min Shu 1369:mechanical belt drive 1249: 1241: 1082: 1075:Poetry and literature 735:Mother Hen and Chicks 665:Listening to the Wind 510:A Scholar in a Meadow 460:(c. 1020–1090), 1072. 251: 220: 204:bottle, 11th century. 196: 130: 113:Further information: 101: 47: 33: 4182:Dongjing Meng Hua Lu 3956:Administrative units 3830:Song–Tibet relations 3805:Song–Đại Cồ Việt war 3521:Kelly, Jack (2004). 3411:Bodde, Derk (1991). 2309:Doctrine of the Mean 1735:Clothing and apparel 1599:Qingming Shang He Tu 1501:government officials 4732:Forensic entomology 4693:Watertight bulkhead 4572:Joint-stock company 4066:Ministry of Justice 4051:Ministry of Revenue 3961:Sixteen Prefectures 2482:on 27 February 2015 2357:The Qing Ding Pearl 2228:Julian the Apostate 2102:Five Hundred Luohan 1820:professional boxing 1349:Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao 1084:Chinese calligraphy 652:by Chen Rong, 1244. 102:A small section of 4668:Astronomical clock 3875:Treaty of Shaoxing 3670:Fong, Wen (1973). 3357:Ebrey et al., 169. 3345:Ebrey et al., 168. 2690:West, 69 & 74. 2500:Sorensen, 282–283. 2288: 2209: 2157: 2129:Emperor Wen of Sui 2090:Confucian Classics 2086: 2068:Chinese philosophy 1974: 1876: 1868: 1787: 1767: 1698: 1611: 1554:that imitated the 1552:vernacular Chinese 1506:From Kaifeng, the 1497:the merchant class 1471: 1459: 1435:domestic economics 1280:rhyme dictionaries 1268:compiled first by 1260: 1244: 1225:Chinese characters 1123:(particularly the 1113:Chinese literature 1100:Chinese literature 1096: 667:, by Ma Lin, 1246. 361:Cats in the Garden 299:Dazu Rock Carvings 227: 206: 158:Chinese philosophy 148:landscape painting 141: 111: 57: 42: 4832: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4747:Dream Pool Essays 4639:Gunpowder weapons 4552: 4551: 4079: 4078: 4071:Ministry of Works 4056:Ministry of Rites 4003:Three Departments 3840:Fang La rebellion 3820:Wang Ze rebellion 3645:Wright, Arthur F. 2274:Luohan Laundering 1773:Scholars wearing 1704:in China, lavish 1661:Qingming Festival 1548:Classical Chinese 1331:Dream Pool Essays 1296:Blue Cliff Record 398:and Mountain Bird 123:Chinese paintings 16:(Redirected from 4859: 4778: 4775: 4754: 4753: 4502: 4501: 1174–1189 4499: 4441: 4440: 1050–1080 4438: 4333: 4332: 1111–1117 4330: 4189: 4188: 4139:Longquan celadon 4107:Five Great Kilns 3999: 3998: 3926: 3746: 3739: 3732: 3723: 3722: 3691: 3679: 3358: 3355: 3346: 3343: 3332: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3314: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3296: 3293: 3287: 3284: 3278: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3260: 3257: 3251: 3248: 3242: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3224: 3221: 3212: 3209: 3196: 3195:Gernet, 184–185. 3193: 3187: 3184: 3178: 3177:Gernet, 134–135. 3175: 3169: 3166: 3155: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3134: 3131: 3125: 3122: 3111: 3108: 3099: 3096: 3090: 3087: 3072: 3069: 3058: 3055: 3049: 3046: 3029: 3028:Gernet, 127–128. 3026: 3020: 3017: 3008: 3005: 2984: 2981: 2972: 2969: 2960: 2959: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2908: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2883: 2880: 2871: 2868: 2857: 2854: 2839: 2836: 2830: 2827: 2818: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2791: 2788: 2782: 2779: 2773: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2750: 2747: 2736: 2733: 2718: 2715: 2709: 2706: 2700: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2670: 2667: 2661: 2654: 2648: 2645: 2639: 2636: 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Wright 2072:Chinese Buddhism 1993:days of winter. 1962:Chinese painting 1887:pepper, ginger, 1843:Food and cuisine 1745:Chinese clothing 1624:Lantern Festival 1395:in 1060 AD, the 1375:, there was the 1347:treatise of the 1252:Longquan celadon 1206:New Book of Tang 1129:style poetry of 1066: 1050: 1034: 1022: 1010: 994: 971: 955: 945:Longquan celadon 940: 928: 916: 904: 888: 872: 856: 844: 832: 820: 808: 792: 778:Chinese inkstone 770: 746: 731: 714: 695: 676: 661: 645: 630: 615: 600: 585:Cloudy Mountains 581: 570:Bamboos and Rock 566: 551: 536: 521: 506: 490: 469: 448: 436: 424: 413:Bird on a Branch 409: 391: 372: 357: 346:Playing Children 342: 327:Magpies and Hare 323: 175:Longquan celadon 166:Neo-Confucianist 144:Chinese painting 55:, Northern Song. 21: 4867: 4866: 4862: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4856: 4837: 4836: 4833: 4824: 4776: 4752: 4708:Horner's method 4620: 4548: 4500: 4452:Emperor Huizong 4439: 4373: 4331: 4187: 4075: 4061:Ministry of War 4032: 3997: 3927: 3918: 3897:Mongol conquest 3815:Chanyuan Treaty 3775:Chenqiao mutiny 3756: 3750: 3698: 3688: 3666: 3664:Further reading 3661: 3581:Pratt, Keith L. 3536:Needham, Joseph 3366: 3361: 3356: 3349: 3344: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3215: 3210: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3145:Gernet, 183–184 3144: 3137: 3133:Gernet, 133–134 3132: 3128: 3123: 3114: 3109: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3075: 3070: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3011: 3006: 2987: 2982: 2975: 2970: 2963: 2956: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2886: 2881: 2874: 2869: 2860: 2855: 2842: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2753: 2748: 2739: 2734: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2557:Sivin, III, 32. 2556: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2539:Hargett, 67–68. 2538: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2485: 2483: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2456: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2420: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2333: 2104:, completed by 2074: 2066:Main articles: 2064: 1938:Sichuan cuisine 1851: 1845: 1747: 1737: 1717:Anshi Rebellion 1710:Emperor Huizong 1591: 1585: 1481: 1447: 1445:Performing arts 1341:Ben Cao Tu Jing 1311:'s (1037–1101) 1110: 1098:Main articles: 1077: 1070: 1067: 1058: 1051: 1042: 1035: 1026: 1023: 1014: 1011: 1002: 995: 986: 979: 972: 963: 956: 947: 941: 932: 929: 920: 917: 908: 905: 896: 889: 880: 873: 864: 857: 848: 845: 836: 833: 824: 821: 812: 809: 800: 793: 784: 771: 762: 755: 747: 738: 732: 723: 715: 706: 696: 687: 686:, 11th century. 680:Monkey and cats 677: 668: 662: 653: 646: 637: 631: 622: 616: 607: 601: 592: 582: 573: 567: 558: 557:, 12th century. 552: 543: 542:, 12th century. 537: 528: 527:, 11th century. 522: 513: 512:, 11th century. 507: 498: 491: 482: 470: 461: 449: 440: 437: 428: 425: 416: 410: 401: 392: 383: 373: 364: 358: 349: 343: 334: 324: 315: 229:Ever since the 187:landscape style 125: 96: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4865: 4855: 4854: 4849: 4830: 4829: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4777: 10th c. 4767: 4760: 4758: 4751: 4750: 4743: 4742: 4741: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4720: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4645:Wujing Zongyao 4641: 4630: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4574: 4569: 4562: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4467: 4461: 4455: 4449: 4443: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4295:Huang Tingjian 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4195: 4193: 4186: 4185: 4178: 4173: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4104: 4099: 4093: 4091: 4081: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4042: 4040: 4038:Six Ministries 4034: 4033: 4031: 4030: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4007: 4005: 3996: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3978:Qingli Reforms 3975: 3970: 3965: 3964: 3963: 3953: 3948: 3947: 3946: 3935: 3933: 3929: 3928: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3916: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3894: 3893: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3801: 3800: 3798:Gaoliang River 3795: 3790: 3785: 3777: 3771: 3769: 3758: 3757: 3749: 3748: 3741: 3734: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3697: 3696:External links 3694: 3693: 3692: 3686: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3659: 3652: 3642: 3635: 3628: 3625: 3615: 3600: 3578: 3571: 3564: 3557: 3550: 3543: 3533: 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1678:, original by 1644:paper lanterns 1587:Main article: 1584: 1581: 1453:"A Children's 1446: 1443: 1397:Zhu Zi Cang Fa 1229:Warring States 1220:Zizhi Tongjian 1185:Huang Tingjian 1121:Chinese poetry 1104:Chinese poetry 1076: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1061: 1059: 1057:, Song dynasty 1052: 1045: 1043: 1036: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1005: 1003: 996: 989: 985: 982: 981: 980: 973: 966: 964: 957: 950: 948: 942: 935: 933: 930: 923: 921: 918: 911: 909: 906: 899: 897: 893:Chinese zodiac 890: 883: 881: 874: 867: 865: 858: 851: 849: 846: 839: 837: 834: 827: 825: 822: 815: 813: 810: 803: 801: 794: 787: 785: 772: 765: 761: 758: 757: 756: 748: 741: 739: 733: 726: 724: 716: 709: 707: 705:, 11th century 697: 690: 688: 678: 671: 669: 663: 656: 654: 647: 640: 638: 632: 625: 623: 617: 610: 608: 602: 595: 593: 583: 576: 574: 568: 561: 559: 553: 546: 544: 538: 531: 529: 523: 516: 514: 508: 501: 499: 492: 485: 483: 471: 464: 462: 450: 443: 441: 438: 431: 429: 426: 419: 417: 411: 404: 402: 393: 386: 384: 382:, 11th century 374: 367: 365: 359: 352: 350: 344: 337: 335: 325: 318: 314: 311: 223:phoenix-headed 221:A vase with a 95: 92: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4864: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4835: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4724:Yingzao Fashi 4721: 4719: 4718:Liaodi Pagoda 4716: 4715: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4703:Tianchi basin 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4525:Zhao Mengjian 4523: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4513:Wuzhun Shifan 4511: 4508: 4505: 4495: 4492: 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3994: 3993:Three Bureaus 3991: 3989: 3988:Baojia system 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3898: 3895: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3860:Huangtiandang 3858: 3856: 3853: 3852: 3851: 3850:Jin–Song Wars 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3810:Song–Xia wars 3808: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3793:Southern Tang 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3747: 3742: 3740: 3735: 3733: 3728: 3727: 3724: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3689: 3687:0-87099-084-5 3683: 3678: 3677: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3657: 3653: 3650: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3633: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3619: 3618:Sivin, Nathan 3616: 3613: 3612:0-520-05913-1 3609: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3597:0-7007-0463-9 3594: 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1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1403:) written by 1402: 1398: 1394: 1391:) written by 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1266: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1240: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1169:Southern Tang 1166: 1165:Liang dynasty 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1065: 1060: 1056: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1033: 1028: 1021: 1016: 1009: 1004: 1000: 993: 988: 987: 977: 976:Northern Song 970: 965: 961: 954: 949: 946: 939: 934: 927: 922: 915: 910: 903: 898: 894: 887: 882: 878: 871: 866: 862: 855: 850: 843: 838: 831: 826: 819: 814: 807: 802: 798: 791: 786: 783: 779: 776: 769: 764: 763: 753: 752: 745: 740: 736: 730: 725: 721: 720: 713: 708: 704: 700: 694: 689: 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The 121:, and 4807:Li Ye 4592:Huizi 4476:Li Di 4446:Mi Fu 3912:Yamen 3865:De'an 2363:Notes 1986:goose 1978:tripe 1942:Hebei 1913:Henan 1884:menus 1866:dry." 1782:rujin 1741:Hanfu 1564:xiwen 1536:juese 1532:nanqu 1527:nanxi 1522:xiwen 1514:beiqu 1291:kōans 1285:Jiyun 1197:Li Yu 1195:poet 1157:Mi Fu 1131:Du Fu 1092:Mi Fu 1090:poet 877:peony 782:Japan 701:, by 682:, by 589:Mi Fu 456:, by 378:, by 307:Anyue 239:Mi Fu 197:Song 106:, by 65:China 37:guqin 4653:Coke 4531:Muqi 4087:and 3682:ISBN 3608:ISBN 3593:ISBN 3583:and 3512:ISBN 3495:ISBN 3480:ISBN 3472:ISBN 3457:ISBN 3438:ISBN 3402:ISBN 3387:ISBN 3372:ISBN 2950:ISBN 2488:2014 2253:and 2108:and 2070:and 1944:and 1795:silk 1791:Coal 1763:silk 1743:and 1689:guan 1686:and 1659:the 1634:and 1509:zaju 1477:and 473:The 59:The 4774:fl. 4498:fl. 4437:fl. 4329:fl. 2213:Zen 2149:Zen 2058:). 1984:or 1530:or 1389:Tea 1126:shi 301:in 4843:: 3350:^ 3336:^ 3216:^ 3200:^ 3159:^ 3138:^ 3115:^ 3103:^ 3076:^ 3062:^ 3033:^ 3012:^ 2988:^ 2976:^ 2964:^ 2887:^ 2875:^ 2861:^ 2843:^ 2822:^ 2754:^ 2740:^ 2722:^ 2674:^ 2505:^ 2457:^ 2410:^ 2307:, 2303:, 2245:, 2041:, 2037:, 2004:; 1960:A 1927:, 1550:; 1437:, 1433:, 1317:. 1193:ci 1173:ci 1144:ci 1137:, 1133:, 1102:, 773:A 294:. 160:; 117:, 90:. 4779:) 4772:( 4503:) 4496:( 4442:) 4435:( 4334:) 4327:( 4029:) 4025:( 3768:) 3764:( 3745:e 3738:t 3731:v 3690:. 3614:. 3599:. 3518:. 3463:. 3444:. 3408:. 3393:. 3378:. 2958:. 2490:. 1765:. 1696:. 1601:( 799:. 40:. 20:)

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