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how these disparities arise and persist, which makes it a model of interest in targeting health inequities. A holistic biopsychosocial model approach considers additional elements influencing the perceived necessity for healthcare and the focus on health-related matters: Information, Beliefs, and
Conduct. Based on the model's dependence on perception, it has been considered imperative to actively engage the individuals or communities whose requirements are being addressed, regardless of whether the focus is on their health, education, employment, housing, or any other needs. A key term in the biopsychosocial model is "syndemic" which refers to a set of health problem factors that interact synergistically with each other ranging from socioeconomic status to genetics.
245:
incorporates the idea of non-biological factors such as socioeconomic status, race, and sex to be important components to one's health along with the common biological indicators. Until recent years, the conventional method for handling health and illness centered around the medical or biological model, concentrating solely on medical interventions to address an individual's health issues. While this approach was once deemed sufficient, contemporary research within psychology and the social sciences has cast doubt on its effectiveness. Scholars are now working on developing a broader health model, incorporating insights from psychology and social sciences, with the intention of improving its practical application in clinical settings.
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biopsychosocial model adopts a holistic viewpoint, acknowledging the complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors in shaping health and illness. Unlike the biomedical model, which sees diseases as isolated physical abnormalities, the biopsychosocial model views them as outcomes of dynamic interactions among various dimensions. Treatment under the biopsychosocial model is comprehensive, involving medical, psychological, and social interventions to address overall well-being. This model emphasizes the interconnectedness of these dimensions, recognizing their mutual influence on an individual's health.
92:
221:'s psychobiology model is considered the forerunner to the biopsychosocial model by many. Meyer emphasised understanding mental illness in the context of a patient's personal history over diagnostic categories. Meyer laid down the groundwork for understanding the interplay of psychology and biology but tended to view these as separate entities that interacted. Engel's model represents a broader and more integrated approach that considers biological, psychological, and social factors as interconnected elements.
168:, psychiatry was faced with two key challenges: firstly, taking control of the asylum system from lay administrators and secondly, constructing a credible knowledge base for medical authority over mental illness. At the time, the solution to this was developing a rhetoric of justification for psychiatry which was that the brain is the root of insanity, and physicians are the guardians of mental health. This position both reflected and contributed to the rise of
409:
elements that continually interact and shape one another. In this dynamic process, a person's gender identity emerges as the result of a complex interplay between their biological characteristics, psychological experiences, and social interactions. This holistic perspective is in harmony with the biopsychosocial model's approach, which acknowledges the inseparable connection between these various dimensions in influencing an individual's overall well-being.
36:
208:, but was forgotten during the biomedical approach. Engel emphasized that the biomedical approach is flawed because the body alone does not contribute to illness. Instead, the individual mind (psychological and social factors) play a significant role in how an illness is caused and how it is treated. Engel proposed a dialogue between the patient and the doctor in order to find the most effective treatment solution.
405:
interrelationship between three key dimensions: body, identity, and social gender. In essence, this characterization aligns with the fundamental principles of the biopsychosocial model, emphasizing the need to consider not only biological determinants but also the profound influences of psychological and social contexts on the formation of gender.
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see if hostile marital interactions in the early middle years could wear down couples regulator systems through greater psychological distress, more health-risk behaviors, and a higher body mass index (BMI). Their findings confirmed negative outcomes and increased vulnerability to later physical health problems for both husbands and wives.
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Psychiatrist Hamid
Tavakoli argues that Engel's biopsychosocial model should be avoided because it unintentionally promotes an artificial distinction between biology and psychology, and merely causes confusion in psychiatric assessments and training programs, and that ultimately it has not helped the
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One application of the biopsychosocial model within health and medicine relates to pain, such that several factors outside an individual's health may affect their perception of pain. For example, a 2019 study linked genetic and biopsychosocial factors to increased post-operative shoulder pain. Future
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In the last decade, there has been a rising interest among healthcare researchers and practicing medical professionals in the biopsychosocial model. However, despite the rising interest, medical schools have had limited use of the model in their curriculums relative to the increasing literature about
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The biomedical and biopsychosocial models offer distinct perspectives on understanding and addressing health and illness. The biomedical model, historically prevalent, takes a reductionist approach by focusing on biological factors and treating diseases through medical interventions. In contrast, the
251:
Health inequities, often rooted in social determinants of health, highlight the disparities in health outcomes experienced by different populations. The biopsychosocial model, which considers biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding health, provides a framework for comprehending
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in 1977. The model builds upon the idea that "illness and health are the result of an interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors." which according to Derick T. Wade and Peter W. Halligan, as of 2017, is generally accepted. The idea behind the model was to express mental
282:
The biopsychosocial model is still widely used as both a philosophy of clinical care and a practical clinical guide useful for broadening the scope of a clinician's gaze. Borrell-CarriĂł and colleagues reviewed Engel's model 25 years on. They proposed the model had evolved into a biopsychosocial and
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Wickrama and colleagues have conducted several biopsychosocial-based studies examining marital dynamics. In a longitudinal study of women divorced midlife they found that divorce contributed to an adverse biopsychosocial process for the women. In another study of enduring marriages, they looked to
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Within the framework of the biopsychosocial model, gender is regarded by some as a complex and nuanced construct, shaped by the intricate interplay of social, psychological, and biological factors. This perspective, as echoed by the Gender
Spectrum Organization, defines gender as the multifaceted
130:
distress as a triggered response of a disease that a person is genetically vulnerable when stressful life events occur. In that sense, it is also known as vulnerability-stress model. It is now referred to as a generalized model that interprets similar aspects, and has become an alternative to the
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In essence, within the biopsychosocial paradigm, gender is not merely a product of biological determinants; rather, it is a dynamic and interconnected aspect of human identity. This perspective urges a more nuanced understanding, encouraging researchers and medical professionals to consider the
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A number of these criticisms have been addressed over recent years. For example, the biopsychosocial pathways model describes how it is possible to conceptually separate, define, and measure biological, psychological, and social factors, and thereby seek detailed interrelationships among these
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According to the insights of Alex
Iantaffi and Meg-John Barker, the biopsychosocial model provides a comprehensive framework to understand the complexities of gender. They illustrate that biological, psychological, and social factors are not isolated entities but rather intricately intertwined
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When Engel first proposed the biopsychosocial model it was for the purpose of better understanding health and illness. While this application still holds true the model is relevant to topics such as health, medicine, and development. Firstly, as proposed by Engel, it helps physicians better
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Preventative medicine is a large component of biopsychosocial model which considers preventative measures to stop patients from obtaining infirmity in the first place. By combatting preventable chronic diseases which make up a majority of deaths in patients of the US, the BPS model has been
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The patients that fall under the biopsychosocial model may not fall under the biomedical model, as the biopsychosocial model considers factors that may not physiologically manifest in a person. By broadening the scope of patients that are encompassed in healthcare, the biopsychosocial model
160:
The biopsychosocial model is not just one of many competing possibilities - another intelligently constructed explanation of health. Its emergence is best understood within a historical context. The biopsychosocial model's emergence in psychiatry was influenced by the credibility problem in
215:, popularized the belief that social factors play a role in developing illnesses and behaviors. Simply, Engel used Bronfenbrenner's research as a column of his biopsychosocial model and framed this model to display health at the center of social, psychological, and biological aspects.
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actually coined the term 'biopsychosocial' long before Engel (1954 vs 1977). The difference between the two researchers is that
Grinker sought to highlight biological aspects of mental health. Engel instead emphasised psychosocial aspects of general health.
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There have been a number of criticisms of Engel's biopsychosocial model. Benning summarized the arguments against the model including that it lacked philosophical coherence, was insensitive to patients' subjective experience, was unfaithful to the
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A biopsychosocial approach was used to assess race and ethnic differences in aging and to develop the
Michigan Cognitive Aging Project. Banerjee and colleagues used a biopsychosocial narrative to describe the dual pandemic of suicide and COVID-19.
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Lumley and colleagues used a non-Engel model to conduct a biopsychosocial assessment of the relationship between and pain and emotion. Zucker and
Gomberg used a non-Engel biopsychosocial perspective to assess the etiology of alcoholism in 1986.
196:
played a significant role in bridging the gap between these approaches and favoured a unified psychosomatic approach. Under these conditions, the biopsychosocial model was set up to revolutionise our understanding of psychiatry and health.
356:, and how it related to parents’ ability to engage in sensitive and supportive behaviors. They found parents’ physiological regulatory functioning was an important factor in shaping parenting behaviors directed toward children's emotions.
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Kovacs and colleagues meta-study examined the biopsychosocial experiences of adults with congenital heart disease. Zhang and colleagues used a biopsychosocial approach to examine parents own physiological response when facing children's
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that Engel claimed it be rooted in, and that it engendered an undisciplined eclecticism that provides no safeguards against either the dominance or the under-representation of any one of the three domains of bio, psycho, or social.
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While Engel's call to arms for a biopsychosocial model has been taken up in several healthcare fields and developed in related models, it has not been adopted in acute medical and surgical domains, as of 2017.
176:– there was a fundamental incompatibility between a eugenic view of lunacy and the sad reality of respectable men breaking down with predictable regularity in the war trenches. This led to the recognition of
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Patient populations that the biopsychosocial model accounts for that may not be considered under the biomedical model include those affected by health inequities and those at risk of infirmity.
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and/or psychological dominance of many health care systems. The biopsychosocial model has been growing in interest for researchers in healthcare and active medical professionals in the past decade.
335:(IPNB) model is similar, although, perhaps to distinguish IPNB from Engel's model, he describes how the brain, mind, and relationships are part of one reality rather three separate elements. Most
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in 1977, are widely credited with being the first to propose a biopsychosocial model. However, it had been proposed 100 years earlier and by others. Engel struggled with the then-prevailing
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understand their whole patient. Considering not only physiological and medical aspects but also psychological and sociological well-being. Furthermore, this model is closely tied to
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There are a number of key theorists that predate the biopsychosocial model. For example, Engel broadened medical thinking by re-proposing a separation of body and mind. The idea of
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Zhang X, Han ZR, Gatzke-Kopp LM (August 2021). "A biopsychosocial approach to emotion-related parenting: Physiological responses to child frustration among urban
Chinese parents".
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approach by recognizing that each patient has their own thoughts, feelings, and history. In developing his model, Engel framed it for both illnesses and psychological problems.
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Gatchel and colleagues argued in 2007 the biopsychosocial model is the most widely accepted as the most heuristic approach to understanding and treating chronic pain.
325:
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Miaskowski C, Blyth F, Nicosia F, Haan M, Keefe F, Smith A, Ritchie C (September 2020). "A Biopsychosocial Model of
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Crittenden PM, Landini A, Spieker SJ (2021). "Staying alive: A 21st century agenda for mental health, child protection and forensic services".
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Kovacs AH, Sears SF, Saidi AS (August 2005). "Biopsychosocial experiences of adults with congenital heart disease: review of the literature".
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relationship-centered framework for physicians. They proposed three clarifications to the model, and identified seven established principles.
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Wickrama KA, Klopack ET, O'Neal CW (2022). "Stressful family contexts and health in divorced and married mothers: Biopsychosocial process".
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193:
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The developmental applications of this model are equally relevant. One particular advantage of applying the biopsychosocial model to
373:. Health psychology examines the reciprocal influences of biology, psychology, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness.
328:(DMM), to be a biopsychosocial model. It incorporates many disciplines to understand human development and information processing.
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Other theorists and researchers are using the term biopsychosocial, or sometimes bio-psycho-social to distinguish Engel's model.
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The idea that there are several factors that may contribute to one's mental suffering is nothing new. Past psychologists such as
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intricate interplay of social, psychological, and biological factors when exploring and addressing the complexities of gender.
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were both established, marking the start of a nuanced interplay between biological psychiatry and medical psychotherapy. The
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After publication, the biopsychosocial model was adopted by the World Health
Organization (WHO) in 2002 as a basis for the
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Gatchel RJ, Haggard R (2014). "Biopsychosocial Prescreening for Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Devices".
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Kozlowska's Functional Somatic Symptoms model uses a biopsychosocial approach to understand somatic symptoms. Siegel's
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Zucker RA, Gomberg ES (July 1986). "Etiology of alcoholism reconsidered. The case for a biopsychosocial process".
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cause of trying to de-stigmatize mental health. The perspectives model does not make that arbitrary distinction.
45:
17:
236:(ICF). However, The WHO definition of health adopted in 1948 clearly implied a broad socio-medical perspective.
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studies are needed to model and further explore the relationship between biopsychosocial factors and pain.
2125:"Biopsychosocial pathways in dementia inequalities: Introduction to the Michigan Cognitive Aging Project"
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factors. These models specifically examine how these aspects play a role in a range of topics but mainly
2223:"Biopsychosocial Influences on Shoulder Pain: Analyzing the Temporal Ordering of Postoperative Recovery"
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debate. This model provides developmental psychologists a theoretical basis for the interplay of both
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thought in western intellectual culture. However, this was challenged by the shellshock problem after
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Clinical Case Management for People with Mental Illness: A Biopsychosocial Vulnerability-Stress Model
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Communicating clinical evidence to foster dialogue, not just the mechanical application of protocol.
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Educating the emotions to assist with diagnosis and forming therapeutic relationships.
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are a class of trans-disciplinary models which look at the interconnection between
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in psychiatric discourse. A year after the end of the war, the
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Explanatory model emphasizing the interplay among causal forces
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The term is generally used to describe a model advocated by
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Functional Somatic Symptoms in Children and Adolescents
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Dynamic-Maturational Model of Attachment and Adaptation
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An emotional style characterized by empathic curiosity.
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2657:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112846
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2566:
2359:
2334:
2320:. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
2165:
2116:
2073:
2030:
1981:
1938:
1889:
1867:
1832:
1791:
1750:
1715:
1666:
1631:
1582:
1540:
1427:
1282:
1243:
1126:
1101:
1049:
1034:
993:
961:Ghaemi, S. Nassir (July 2009).
954:
915:
868:
835:
776:Pilgrim, David (January 2002).
313:Relevant theories and theorists
188:and the Medical Section of the
2616:The perspectives of psychiatry
2190:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113577
1595:Journal of Clinical Psychology
1405:"Family-Oriented Patient Care"
808:
640:
503:
13:
1:
2645:Social Science & Medicine
2573:Tavakoli HR (February 2009).
1440:Journal of Lifestyle Medicine
967:British Journal of Psychiatry
922:Wallace, Edwin R. IV (2007).
817:"The Bio-Psycho-Social Model"
442:
416:
190:British Psychological Society
2123:Zahodne LB (December 2021).
2082:Journal of Family Psychology
1994:Journal of Family Psychology
1045:. World Health Organization.
844:Practical Management of Pain
823:. American Addiction Centers
399:
290:Active cultivation of trust.
7:
2240:10.1016/j.jpain.2019.11.008
1767:10.1007/978-3-030-46184-3_7
1568:10.1037/0033-2909.133.4.581
1254:. Oxford University Press.
1199:Journal of Cancer Education
815:Dombeck M (17 March 2019).
278:Current status of the model
61:conditions to do so are met
10:
2709:
1652:10.1037/0003-066X.41.7.783
1368:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_145_17
1250:White, Peter, ed. (2005).
607:10.1186/s13030-020-00204-9
333:Interpersonal Neurobiology
137:
2518:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.063859
2470:10.3109/00048679809062712
2129:The American Psychologist
2051:10.1016/j.ahj.2004.08.025
1959:10.1177/02654075221098627
1808:10.1007/978-3-030-46184-3
1640:The American Psychologist
1504:Annals of Family Medicine
1409:American Family Physician
1211:10.1080/08858190903412091
979:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.063859
794:10.1080/09638230020023930
556:10.1177/26344041211007831
324:Crittenden considers the
302:Using informed intuition.
1679:(2nd ed.). London.
1452:10.15280/jlm.2015.5.2.49
1308:10.1177/0269215517709890
1152:10.1177/0269215517709890
893:10.1177/1039856220960367
782:Journal of Mental Health
700:10.1177/0269215517709890
594:BioPsychoSocial Medicine
480:10.1177/0269215517709890
382:developmental psychology
343:Biopsychosocial research
2499:Ghaemi SN (July 2009).
2405:Benning TB (May 2015).
2316:Iantaffi, Alex (2017).
1295:Clinical Rehabilitation
1139:Clinical Rehabilitation
881:Australasian Psychiatry
846:. pp. 933–938.e2.
687:Clinical Rehabilitation
467:Clinical Rehabilitation
147:University of Rochester
2343:"Understanding Gender"
2039:American Heart Journal
1722:Crittenden PM (2011).
1673:Crittenden PM (2016).
1556:Psychological Bulletin
752:10.1126/science.847460
424:general systems theory
364:Potential applications
204:goes back at least to
145:and Jon Romano of the
100:Biopsychosocial models
96:
1061:www.sciencedirect.com
386:nature versus nurture
94:
1205:(Suppl 2): S26–S32.
337:trauma informed care
2424:10.2147/AMEP.S82937
2227:The Journal of Pain
2178:Psychiatry Research
1914:10.1192/bja.2018.29
744:1977Sci...196..129E
240:Patient Populations
213:Urie Bronfenbrenner
48:of this article is
2614:McHugh PR (1998).
2559:10.1111/spc3.12328
2141:10.1037/amp0000936
2094:10.1037/fam0000824
2007:10.1037/fam0000827
1839:Siegel DJ (2012).
1607:10.1002/jclp.20816
940:10.1353/ppp.0.0144
180:and acceptance of
97:
2286:10.1093/pm/pnz329
1953:(11): 3436–3457.
1852:978-1-4625-4275-8
1817:978-3-030-46183-6
1776:978-3-030-46183-6
1735:978-0-393-70667-3
1686:978-0-415-50829-2
1269:978-0-19-853034-3
1027:978-0-7020-3020-8
861:978-0-323-08340-9
738:(4286): 129–136.
523:978-1-317-82498-5
371:health psychology
354:negative emotions
202:mind–body dualism
89:
88:
81:
16:(Redirected from
2700:
2677:
2676:
2636:
2630:
2629:
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2570:
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2280:(9): 1793–1805.
2269:
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2242:
2233:(7–8): 808–819.
2218:
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2163:
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2152:
2135:(9): 1470–1481.
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1902:BJPsych Advances
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2347:Gender Spectrum
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1301:(8): 995–1004.
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287:Self-awareness.
280:
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143:George L. Engel
140:
127:George L. Engel
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18:Biopsychosocial
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2372:Family Process
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821:MentalHelp.Net
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2274:Pain Medicine
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544:Human Systems
538:
536:
534:
525:
519:
516:. Routledge.
515:
514:
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498:
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481:
476:
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457:
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166:Victorian era
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158:
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116:environmental
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2585:(2): 25–30.
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2508:
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2494:
2464:(1): 86–92.
2461:
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2451:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2350:. Retrieved
2346:
2336:
2317:
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2267:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2132:
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1446:(2): 49–59.
1443:
1439:
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1284:
1273:. Retrieved
1245:
1202:
1198:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1117:. Retrieved
1115:. 2023-05-26
1112:
1103:
1092:. Retrieved
1090:. 2024-08-05
1087:
1064:. Retrieved
1060:
1051:
1042:
1041:WHO (1948).
1036:
1003:
995:
970:
966:
956:
931:
927:
917:
884:
880:
870:
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837:
825:. Retrieved
820:
810:
785:
781:
735:
731:
725:
690:
686:
659:. Retrieved
654:
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597:
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547:
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512:
505:
470:
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420:
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394:psychosocial
379:
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210:
199:
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159:
141:
124:
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44:
2417:: 347–352.
1113:www.cdc.gov
274:the model.
226:Roy Grinker
219:Adolf Meyer
174:World War I
2651:: 112846.
2579:Psychiatry
2511:(1): 3–4.
2378:(1): 5–8.
2352:2023-03-04
1861:1141039476
1275:2023-12-07
1119:2023-12-07
1094:2024-08-06
1066:2023-12-07
973:(1): 3–4.
443:References
417:Criticisms
390:hereditary
151:biomedical
132:biomedical
120:psychiatry
108:psychology
69:March 2023
46:neutrality
2673:211262159
2341:Prismic.
2110:232209248
2024:232123555
1975:245279287
1967:0265-4075
1826:226614004
1785:226613256
1744:667877268
1703:cite book
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