578:
521:
512:, and also because it was isolated and less-well protected than other Ming fortresses. Its commander, Li Yongfang, was a mid-ranking commandant with only about 1,200 men under his command. Nurhaci was also familiar with the terrain and administration of Fushun since as a Ming tributary, he had traded there in the past. He knew that while Ming strength in the region was nominally 90,000, military administration had been lax, the quality of soldiers was poor, and salaries and rations had gone unpaid for several months. In strategic terms, Fushun made for a good springboard for a Jin assault.
135:
128:
589:. Although spared and given privileged status as one of the first to defect, Li lost Nurhaci's confidence in 1622 when he opposed the khan's desire to massacre any Chinese refugees who sought to escape his rule. Despite this, Li remained ambivalent towards Ming overtures trying to re-enlist him in their army. Li Yongfang died in 1634 with the rank of viscount. All nine of his sons continued to provide service to the imperial throne.
37:
608:, but their lackluster performance during the war had resulted in demotions. Hence Wanli's selection was at once understandable for choosing veterans, but also complicated by their careers. Furthermore, Li Rubai's father Li Chengliang had once served as Nurhaci's surrogate father, after Nurhaci's own father had been killed during a conflict for the leadership of the Jianzhou Jurchens.
485:
culmination of years of effort and planning. Nurhaci's preparations included establishing military farms to raise soldiers and supplies, distributing cattle to increase agricultural output, and cutting down trees to build siege weapons and buildings. By attacking Ming, Nurhaci hoped to consolidate his position as khan among the recently assimilated
Jurchen tribes such as the
549:) at all. I will let you live just as you did before. I will promote not only the people with great knowledge and foresight but also many other people, give them daughters in marriage and care for them. I will give you a higher position than you have and treat you like one of my officials of the first degree.
622:
The Ming court hoped to raise enough resources to amass a force of 130,000 for a punitive expedition against the Later Jin. The
Ministry of War released 200,000 taels of silver for recruitment of soldiers. The Court of the Imperial Stud released 60,000 taels to purchase war horses. The Ming court was
540:
If there is a battle then the arrows shot by our soldiers will strike all in sight. If you are hit, you will surely die. Your strength cannot withstand. Even though you die in battle, there is no profit. If you come out and surrender, our soldiers will not enter the city. The soldiers attached to you
484:
was motivated to attack Fushun due to his grievances with Ming policies toward
Jurchen tribes and heavy rains that had ruined the crops of his people, causing impending starvation. Military action against the Ming dynasty had been planned by Nurhaci for several years, and its initial success was the
626:
Problems with military administration such as unpaid salaries and a lack of funds were also presented to Wanli by Acting
Minister of War Bi Sancai. Bi hoped that Wanli would dip into his own personal funds to finance the war effort, which required five times more than what the Ministry of War could
557:
Nurhaci left 4,000 men to hold Fushun while he took the remaining army to capture two nearby fortresses, which fell in quick succession. Meanwhile, news of the loss of Fushun had reached Ming on the 12th and a relief contingent of 10,000 under Zhang
Chengyin was dispatched to retake the city. The
553:
The Jin army assailed the city walls with siege ladders and the unprepared garrison gave their lives in a hasty defense. Li
Yongfang and his lieutenant, Zhao Yipeng, decided to surrender on the condition that no one was to be harmed. Nurhaci agreed to the terms and entered the city. Li was made a
535:
against the Ming and departed his capital of Hetu Ala with 20,000 men. The Jin army was met with heavy rains which hampered their movement but they were still able to make quick progress and arrived at Fushun on the 9th. A letter was delivered to the city explaining that the
Jurchens were there
541:
will be given complete protection. But suppose our soldiers do attack and enter. The old and young inside the city will surely be in jeopardy, your official salaries will be taken away and your ranks will soon be reduced ... If you submit without fighting I will not change your great
2040:
623:
also intent on building new ships for military transportation, but ran into a lack of funds in the Ming capital, and were forced to requisition supplies from
Nanjing, the secondary capital.
2104:
203:
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554:
commander in the Jin army and granted a granddaughter of
Nurhaci as his concubine for his role in minimizing Jin losses. Li would be the first in a series of Ming defections.
1938:
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196:
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1201:
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Ming army arrived on the 15th and immediately set up three camps, dug trenches, and began bombarding the city with cannon fire. However
Nurhaci's sons
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the Military Affairs Commissioner. These two had previously served as commanders in the Ming army during the
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Li Yongfang later fought as a lieutenant-general at the side of Nurhaci and participated in the
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The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China
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468:. The battle ended in a decisive victory for the Later Jin and resulted in the capture of
8:
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raise on their own. Wanli responded by saying that the imperial coffers were empty.
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2013:
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140:
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1403:
1259:
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508:. Fushun was targeted because of its close location to the Jin capital
272:
181:
113:
1548:
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2336:
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1444:
566:
sallied forth and routed the Ming forces, dealing heavy casualties.
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because "your Ming country helped the Yehe." The letter stated:
36:
469:
60:
2530:
2089:
1309:
64:
619:, were also ordered to hasten to the northeastern frontier.
2700:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
2189:
1223:
569:
The victorious Jin army returned to Hetu Ala on the 20th.
736:
724:
456:
was the first military conflict in the war between the
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712:
2705:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
748:
673:
654:
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2105:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
500:, was one of 18 key fortresses established in
2525:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
2496:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
1564:
1409:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
804:
784:, vol. 1, University of California Press
773:The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty
197:
581:Nurhaci's army assaulting the city of Tulun
1571:
1557:
811:
797:
204:
190:
35:
2185:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
2034:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
576:
519:
211:
2641:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
1578:
818:
779:
742:
730:
718:
2962:
1360:Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty
2939:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
2180:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
1552:
792:
770:
754:
706:
694:
667:
606:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592ā98)
185:
2160:Ministry of Posts and Communications
2908:History of Qing (People's Republic)
592:In response to Jin aggression, the
515:
13:
2975:Battles involving the Ming dynasty
2625:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
1994:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
1987:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
1867:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
1691:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
16:Military conflict in Fushun, China
14:
3001:
2914:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
2755:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
2630:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
1782:DograāTibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
531:On 7 May, Nurhaci proclaimed his
472:and two other nearby fortresses.
2725:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
2041:Articles of Favourable Treatment
1797:Red Turban Rebellion (1854ā1856)
133:
126:
1772:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
1658:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
995:Japanese missions to Ming China
764:
611:Two other military commanders,
430:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
2426:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
1716:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
869:Campaign against the Uriankhai
1:
2860:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
2635:Islam during the Qing dynasty
2491:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
2175:Provincial military commander
2165:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
2150:Imperial Household Department
1977:Preparative Constitutionalism
1681:Sino-Russian border conflicts
929:Campaigns against the Mongols
647:
475:
2985:Military history of Liaoning
2619:Researches on Manchu Origins
2024:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
1634:Transition from Ming to Qing
1624:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
1467:Covered jar with carp design
1083:Transition from Ming to Qing
642:Timeline of the Qing dynasty
637:Timeline of the Ming dynasty
587:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
572:
496:about 10 kilometers east of
7:
2519:Changzhou School of Thought
2029:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
2004:Railway Protection Movement
1982:1909 Parliamentary election
1967:British expedition to Tibet
1877:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
1837:Self-Strengthening Movement
1812:NepalāTibet War (1855ā1856)
1462:Ming presentation porcelain
1061:Japanese invasions of Korea
630:
600:Commander of Liaodong, and
10:
3006:
2919:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
1807:Miao Rebellion (1854ā1873)
1746:Miao Rebellion (1795ā1806)
1736:Battle of Ngį»c Hį»i-Äį»ng Äa
1706:Miao Rebellion (1735ā1736)
1324:Compilations and Documents
955:LuchuanāPingmian campaigns
780:Wakeman, Frederic (1985),
545:(guiding principles; Ch.,
2929:Names of the Qing dynasty
2872:
2840:
2797:
2790:
2659:
2577:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
2504:
2436:
2357:
2262:
2058:
1949:
1907:Dungan Revolt (1895ā1896)
1902:Gongche Shangshu movement
1847:Dungan Revolt (1862ā1877)
1759:
1696:Chinese Rites controversy
1666:
1596:
1587:
1528:
1495:
1457:Chinese lacquerware table
1417:
1376:
1323:
1280:
1237:
1219:Embroidered Uniform Guard
1147:
1033:
980:Prince of Anhua rebellion
942:
836:
827:
504:by the Ming founder, the
405:Manchuria under Ming rule
223:
165:
150:
103:
86:
43:
34:
26:
21:
2850:Great Qing Treasure Note
2670:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
2380:Administrative divisions
2197:Administrative divisions
2125:Flag of the Qing dynasty
1520:Great Ming Treasure Note
1399:Ming Ancestors Mausoleum
1182:Administrative divisions
985:Prince of Ning rebellion
51:7 May 1618 ā 15 May 1618
2446:Chengde Mountain Resort
2247:Three Eastern Provinces
1897:First Sino-Japanese War
1872:Northern Chinese Famine
1731:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
1629:Qing invasion of Joseon
1339:The Hundred-word Eulogy
1005:Great Rites Controversy
859:Ming conquest of Yunnan
771:Swope, Kenneth (2014),
492:Fushun, located on the
2827:Great Qing Copper Coin
2715:Convention of Tientsin
2648:Annotated Bibliography
2596:Qing official headwear
1639:Battle of Shanhai Pass
1377:Palaces and Mausoleums
1367:Ming Veritable Records
1015:Luso-Chinese agreement
582:
551:
528:
420:2nd invasion of Joseon
415:1st invasion of Joseon
176:Zhang Chengying: 8,000
161:Zhang Chengyin: 10,000
104:Commanders and leaders
2901:Draft History of Qing
2760:Treaty of Shimonoseki
2541:performance criticism
2145:Imperial Commissioner
2135:Great Qing Legal Code
1934:Eight-Nation Alliance
1917:Third plague pandemic
1827:PuntiāHakka Clan Wars
1751:White Lotus Rebellion
1472:Yongning Temple Stele
1209:Imperial Commissioner
934:Reign of Ren and Xuan
894:Ming treasure voyages
884:Dao Ganmeng rebellion
580:
538:
527:attacking a city wall
523:
166:Casualties and losses
2832:Great Qing Gold Coin
2765:Treaty of Tarbagatai
2710:Convention of Peking
2590:Pentaglot Dictionary
2572:Literary inquisition
2282:Ever Victorious Army
2115:Deliberative Council
2019:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
1972:1905 Batang uprising
1912:Hundred Days' Reform
1802:Small Swords Society
1071:Sino-Dutch conflicts
970:Rebellion of Cao Qin
899:MingāTurpan conflict
849:Red Turban Rebellion
215:MingāQing transition
139:Zhang Chengyin
29:Ming-Qing transition
2885:Anti-Qing sentiment
2735:Treaty of the Bogue
2675:Treaty of Nerchinsk
2607:Complete Tang Poems
2287:Green Standard Army
2170:Provincial governor
2140:Imperial Clan Court
2120:Diplomatic missions
2095:Consultative Bureau
1842:Tongzhi Restoration
1721:Afaqi Khoja revolts
1701:Ten Great Campaigns
1609:Jurchen unification
1418:Society and Culture
1353:Yongle Encyclopedia
1192:Imperial Clan Court
1135:Kingdom of Tungning
1088:Jurchen unification
1020:Jiajing wokou raids
909:Battle of Palembang
874:Battle of Buir Lake
410:Jurchen unification
2770:Treaty of Tientsin
2481:Western Qing tombs
2476:Eastern Qing tombs
2302:Peking Field Force
2046:Manchu Restoration
1939:Declaration of war
1892:Jindandao incident
1711:Lhasa riot of 1750
1267:Military conquests
1113:Peasant rebellions
990:Capture of Malacca
965:Defense of Beijing
879:Lin Kuan rebellion
583:
529:
263:Peasant rebellions
159:Li Yongfang: 1,200
2990:History of Fushun
2970:Conflicts in 1618
2957:
2956:
2868:
2867:
2780:Treaty of Whampoa
2775:Treaty of Wanghia
2750:Treaty of Nanking
2720:LiāLobanov Treaty
2695:Chefoo Convention
2690:Burlingame Treaty
2561:Kangxi Dictionary
2466:Old Summer Palace
2297:Firearm Battalion
2100:Cup of Solid Gold
2054:
2053:
1999:Manchurian plague
1962:Late Qing reforms
1953:(1901–1912)
1887:Sikkim expedition
1817:Panthay Rebellion
1787:Taiping Rebellion
1763:(1801–1900)
1741:Sino-Nepalese War
1686:DzungarāQing Wars
1672:(1683–1799)
1600:(1616–1683)
1546:
1545:
1255:Gunpowder weapons
1214:Grand coordinator
1177:Grand Secretariat
1143:
1142:
1037:(1572–1683)
946:(1435–1572)
914:Battle of Kherlen
864:MingāMong Mao War
854:Wu Mian rebellion
840:(1368–1435)
449:
448:
180:
179:
132:Zhao Yipeng
82:
81:
2997:
2934:New Qing History
2817:Qianlong Tongbao
2795:
2794:
2740:Treaty of Canton
2680:Unequal treaties
2486:Fuling Mausoleum
2085:Advisory Council
2014:Wuchang Uprising
1954:
1857:Tianjin Massacre
1822:Second Opium War
1764:
1726:Sino-Burmese War
1673:
1651:Battle of Penghu
1619:Seven Grievances
1601:
1594:
1593:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1550:
1549:
1346:Huang-Ming Zuxun
1118:Jiashen Incident
1108:She-An Rebellion
1093:Seven Grievances
1066:Donglin movement
1051:Bozhou rebellion
1038:
947:
924:Lam Sʔn uprising
904:MingāÄįŗ”i Ngu War
889:Jingnan campaign
841:
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833:
813:
806:
799:
790:
789:
785:
776:
758:
752:
746:
745:, p. 61-62.
740:
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733:, p. 59-60.
728:
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710:
709:, p. 11-12.
704:
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671:
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533:Seven Grievances
516:Course of battle
454:Battle of Fushun
425:Seven Grievances
280:SheāAn Rebellion
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174:Li Yongfang: 590
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22:Battle of Fushun
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2949:Willow Palisade
2895:Chuang Guandong
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2745:Treaty of Kulja
2730:Treaty of Aigun
2663:
2655:
2554:History of Ming
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2432:
2358:Special regions
2353:
2292:Imperial Guards
2258:
2050:
2009:1911 Revolution
1955:
1952:
1945:
1922:Boxer Rebellion
1882:Sino-French War
1832:Amur Annexation
1777:First Opium War
1765:
1762:
1755:
1674:
1671:
1662:
1646:Great Clearance
1602:
1599:
1583:
1577:
1547:
1542:
1537:History of Ming
1524:
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1413:
1389:Chaotian Palace
1372:
1332:History of Yuan
1319:
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1233:
1139:
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1036:
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1025:Single whip law
1000:Ningbo incident
975:Miao rebellions
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440:Great Clearance
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2812:Kangxi Tongbao
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2687:
2685:Boxer Protocol
2677:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2615:
2610:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2533:
2528:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2451:Forbidden City
2448:
2442:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2414:General of Ili
2411:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2397:List of ambans
2394:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2064:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1862:Margary Affair
1859:
1854:
1852:Mudan incident
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1792:Nian Rebellion
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1513:Yongle Tongbao
1510:
1508:Hongwu Tongbao
1499:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1384:Forbidden City
1380:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1272:Nine Garrisons
1269:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1056:Ordos campaign
1053:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
951:
949:
944:
940:
939:
937:
936:
931:
926:
921:
919:MingāKotte War
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
845:
843:
838:
831:
825:
824:
816:
815:
808:
801:
793:
787:
786:
777:
766:
763:
760:
759:
747:
735:
723:
711:
699:
672:
652:
651:
649:
646:
645:
644:
639:
632:
629:
574:
571:
517:
514:
506:Hongwu Emperor
487:Haixi Jurchens
477:
474:
447:
446:
443:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
401:
400:
396:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
288:
287:
283:
282:
277:
276:
275:
270:
260:
259:
258:
248:
247:
246:
241:
230:
229:
225:
224:
221:
220:
209:
208:
201:
194:
186:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
148:
147:
120:
106:
105:
101:
100:
95:
89:
88:
84:
83:
80:
79:
73:
69:
68:
59:
57:
53:
52:
49:
41:
40:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3002:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2980:1618 in China
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2924:Manchu people
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2890:Canton System
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2855:Hubu Guanpiao
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2505:Society &
2503:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:Summer Palace
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2461:Mukden Palace
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2437:Palaces &
2435:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:Eight Banners
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:Grand Council
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1950:20th century
1948:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1760:19th century
1758:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:Ming Xiaoling
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1202:Vassal prince
1200:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1187:Eastern Depot
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1130:Southern Ming
1128:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
952:
950:
941:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
846:
844:
835:
832:
830:
826:
821:
814:
809:
807:
802:
800:
795:
794:
791:
783:
778:
774:
769:
768:
757:, p. 14.
756:
751:
744:
739:
732:
727:
721:, p. 59.
720:
715:
708:
703:
697:, p. 13.
696:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
670:, p. 12.
669:
664:
662:
660:
658:
653:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
628:
624:
620:
618:
614:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:Wanli Emperor
590:
588:
579:
570:
567:
565:
561:
555:
550:
548:
544:
537:
534:
526:
522:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
490:
488:
483:
480:The Jin khan
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
398:
397:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
285:
284:
281:
278:
274:
271:
269:
266:
265:
264:
261:
257:
254:
253:
252:
249:
245:
242:
240:
239:Southern Ming
237:
236:
235:
232:
231:
227:
226:
222:
217:
207:
202:
200:
195:
193:
188:
187:
184:
173:
170:
169:
164:
158:
155:
154:
149:
146:
144:
136:
129:
124:
121:
119:
115:
111:
108:
107:
102:
99:
96:
94:
91:
90:
85:
77:
74:
71:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
54:
50:
47:
46:
42:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
2944:Treaty ports
2906:
2899:
2873:Other topics
2646:
2639:
2617:
2605:
2588:
2583:Peiwen Yunfu
2581:
2559:
2552:
2523:
2272:Beiyang Army
2254:Zongli Yamen
2110:Da-Qing Bank
1927:Red Lanterns
1580:Qing dynasty
1535:
1529:Other topics
1440:Four Masters
1365:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1170:House of Zhu
1123:Shanhai Pass
1103:Great Plague
1046:Jianzhou war
820:Ming dynasty
781:
772:
765:Bibliography
750:
743:Wakeman 1985
738:
731:Wakeman 1985
726:
719:Wakeman 1985
714:
702:
625:
621:
610:
591:
584:
568:
556:
552:
546:
542:
539:
530:
491:
479:
466:Ming dynasty
453:
451:
435:Great Plague
388:Shanhai Pass
291:
228:Belligerents
142:
98:Ming dynasty
87:Belligerents
27:Part of the
2880:Aisin Gioro
2842:Paper money
2601:Qing poetry
2322:Wuwei Corps
2317:Shuishiying
2078:Family tree
1482:Tai history
1165:Family tree
1076:Liaoluo Bay
1010:Renyin plot
960:Tumu Crisis
775:, Routledge
123:Li Yongfang
2964:Categories
2548:Four Wangs
2439:mausoleums
2392:Golden Urn
2365:Inner Asia
2342:Xiang Army
2312:Hushenying
2237:Liangguang
2217:Liangjiang
2155:Lifan Yuan
2060:Government
1450:Zhe School
1404:Ming tombs
1288:Inner Asia
1260:Shenjiying
1250:Great Wall
1148:Government
755:Swope 2014
707:Swope 2014
695:Swope 2014
668:Swope 2014
648:References
560:Hong Taiji
476:Background
114:Hong Taiji
2370:Manchuria
2337:Huai Army
2327:Yong Ying
2212:Shaan-Gan
1668:High Qing
1614:Later Jin
1445:Wu School
1430:Musicians
1293:Manchuria
1281:Frontiers
573:Aftermath
494:Hun River
462:Later Jin
337:Guangning
332:Zhenjiang
327:Shen-Liao
256:Later Jin
93:Later Jin
76:Later Jin
2822:Hongqian
2791:Currency
2661:Treaties
2567:Kaozheng
2514:Booi Aha
2456:Hetu Ala
2409:Timeline
2404:Xinjiang
2375:Mongolia
2332:Chu Army
2307:New Army
2264:Military
2202:Viceroys
1496:Currency
1435:Painting
1245:Military
1238:Military
631:See also
617:Liu Ting
602:Yang Hao
598:Li Rubai
510:Hetu Ala
502:Liaodong
498:Shenyang
464:and the
378:Song-Jin
358:Dalinghe
348:Ning-Jin
343:Ningyuan
244:Tungning
151:Strength
56:Location
2807:Zhiqian
2799:Coinage
2536:Economy
2507:culture
2242:Yun-Gui
2232:Min-Zhe
2227:Sichuan
2222:Huguang
2068:Emperor
1589:History
1503:Coinage
1477:Economy
1305:Vietnam
1197:Princes
1155:Emperor
943:Middle
829:History
613:Du Song
525:Nurhaci
482:Nurhaci
458:Jurchen
399:Related
383:Beijing
317:Xicheng
312:Tieling
307:Kaiyuan
286:Battles
143:†
110:Nurhaci
78:victory
2421:Taiwan
1597:Early
1582:topics
1425:Poetry
1315:Yunnan
837:Early
822:topics
564:DaiŔan
470:Fushun
393:Penghu
368:LĆ¼shun
363:Wuqiao
322:Chahar
297:Qinghe
292:Fushun
156:20,000
125:
118:DaiŔan
72:Result
61:Fushun
2613:Queue
2531:Dibao
2387:Tibet
2207:Zhili
2090:Amban
1487:Islam
1310:Wokou
1298:Tibet
1229:Fotou
1098:Sarhū
1034:Late
596:made
547:li yi
460:-led
302:Sarhū
65:China
2349:Navy
2190:Ejen
2073:List
1224:Tusi
1160:List
615:and
562:and
543:doro
452:The
373:Amur
353:Jisi
268:Shun
251:Qing
234:Ming
48:Date
171:Few
2966::
675:^
656:^
489:.
273:Xi
63:,
1572:e
1565:t
1558:v
812:e
805:t
798:v
205:e
198:t
191:v
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