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218:) deemed it important to liberate an important city itself, without direct French aid, to support its claims to independent authority in the Netherlands. It therefore sent Krayenhoff to Amsterdam, in a French lieutenant's uniform, to organize another insurrection. On Sunday afternoon – at Daendels' instruction – Krayenhoff came to tell Amsterdam's burgomasters that they had better resign the next day. Golovkin unexpectedly went along with this charade and in effect surrendered the city to Krayenhoff then and there. Krayenhoff next proceeded to city hall at the head of an enormous crowd and demanded the surrender of the city from Straalman. The latter tried to stall, but the crowd became threatening, and fearing for his personal safety Straalman transferred command of the garrison to Krayenhoff at midnight. Amsterdam had "fallen" to an unarmed Dutch revolutionary.
166:, protesting the billeting of British troops in Amsterdam, and this was supposed to be the signal for the revolt. This did not materialize, due to the intimidation by the garrison troops, that occupied strategic points with cannon and barricades. The petition had inadvertently provided the political police with the names and addresses of the would-be revolutionaries and these were rounded up following 17 October. Before they were ordered to appear at court on 28 October, Gogel, Van Staphorst and Krayenhoff, etc. fled the city; the latter joined the central Patriot Revolutionary Committee at the French headquarters in
146:. This proved as yet too much of an obstacle for the French. Nevertheless, the French success had emboldened the Patriot partisans that had remained in Amsterdam. Despite the vigilance of the political police of the stadtholder, they had been able to form secret societies, masquerading as "reading clubs" that spread revolutionary propaganda, and prepared for insurrection by secretly amassing arms in an arsenal near Bickerseiland. Ringleaders were
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demonstrate that the pretensions of the committee to exercise independent authority could be validated. Amsterdam was the obvious choice. The news of the fall of
Utrecht galvanized the remnants of the Amsterdam Revolutionary Committee into action on 17 January. Posters and handbills appeared on every street corner and rumors started to fly that the revolutionaries would seize power the next day.
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the garrison. However, differently than in
October, General Golovkin now hesitated as he was reluctant to shed blood with the French so nearby. His mind was made up when that same evening Krayenhoff arrived in a French lieutenant's uniform, bearing a commission from the central Revolutionary Committee in Utrecht to remove the "illegal" Orangist city government.
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street, near city hall. A substantial crowd gathered and a deputation, led by Gogel, was sent at the head of this crowd to city hall to demand arms "so as to be able to maintain public order." As in
October of the previous year, burgomaster Matthijs Straalman refused to be intimidated and ordered out
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as its president, rode in a triumphant procession of carriages to city hall, where they proceeded to read a proclamation declaring that the incumbent city councilors had forfeited their offices. It also promised democratic elections of a new city government (the first in the history of the city, as
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The
Batavian Revolutionary Committee followed these developments with mixed feelings. Well aware of the French predilection for annexation (as their Belgian neighbors had experienced the previous year) they deemed it necessary that a big Dutch city should be taken by Dutch efforts next, so as to
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The model of the transfer of power in
Amsterdam was soon followed in other Dutch cities not yet occupied by the French. Revolutionary committees sprang up left and right, demanding surrender of the ruling city councils to new provisional administrations and the disarmament of the Orangist civic
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During the Winter of 1794 French troops had been on the Waal river, poised to advance. Only when the river froze over, in the severe weather that started mid
December, were they able to go forward. They advanced very rapidly due to the collapse of the Dutch army and their British, Prussian and
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On 14 October 1794, the stadtholder (aware that something was afoot) ordered the city council of
Amsterdam to take measures to ensure that civil order would be preserved. The garrison under General Gabriel Golovkin was reinforced with 4,000 British troops. That same day, however, the Patriot
230:) in the near future. Meanwhile, a provisional government of 22 members was put in charge of the city. This provisional government had as its first order of business the welcome of the French (who had delayed their advance from Utrecht in happy expectation of the outcome). The first French
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beach. Much of the Pro-British faction of the city of
Amsterdam fled along with the Prince of Orange, so there was very little opposition to the change of power. The British armies made no effort to retake Amsterdam, instead, they continued retreating towards
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had evacuated the province of the same name. By Spring 1795, the last
British troops had been evacuated from the Dutch Republic, "taking with them virtually anything that could be moved."
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The
Amsterdam Revolutionary Committee took the initiative to convene a constituent assembly of representatives of the cities that constituted the constituencies of the
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In 1794, the campaign was more successful for the French and their Batavian allies. North Brabant was again invaded by the French army under general
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fled the country. Amsterdam was the first city that declared itself in the Batavian Revolution that brought about the Batavian Republic.
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held out; its Orangist city government sought its own accommodation with the French and it was only replaced on 26 February.
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militias and their replacement with "Free Corps" companies from the days of the 1785–1787 Patriot Revolt. In this way
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That next day, Sunday 18 January, the Revolutionary Committee met secretly in their haunt, a tavern by the name of
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on 24 January. This resulted in two days later in the abolition of those States and their replacement with the
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on 1 February 1793, the exiles strongly favored the inclusion of the Dutch territory. During the early
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Austrian allies. A number of important cities fell in rapid succession. On 16 January 1795 general
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Postma, J.K. (2017) Alexander Gogel (1765–1821) Grondlegger van de Nederlandse staat, p. 39-40
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The previous night, around midnight of 18 January, stadtholder William V followed his wife
500:"Politicq Journaal van den 15den tot den 19den Januarij 1795. Medegedeeld door L. Wichers"
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whose foreign policy was determined in London and Berlin, while the exiled Patriots in
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in 1787 and the subsequent Orangist repression, the city reverted to control by the
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arrived that afternoon to general acclaim. On 19 January, the population erected a
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revolutionary fervor during the Patriot Revolution of 1785–1787. After the
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The next morning, 19 January, the Amsterdam Revolutionary Committee, with
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War of Wars: The Epic Struggle Between Britain and France 1789–1815.
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Bijdragen en mededeelingen van het Historisch Genootschap. Deel 12.
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insurrection began. The Patriots presented a petition to the city
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Liberty tree inaugurated on Dam Square, 4 March 1795; by H. Numan
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Patriots and Liberators. Revolution in the Netherlands 1780–1813
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of the stadtholder. The Dutch Republic became an Anglo-Prussian
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on 18 January 1795 to a Revolutionary Committee of the new
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For the Fall of Amsterdam to German forces in 1940, see
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Provisional Representatives of the People of Holland
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115:) fought side by side with the armies of general
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488:"Much in Little: The Dutch Revolution of 1795,"
40:refers to the transfer of power in the city of
226:previously it had always been governed by an
506:(in Dutch). Martinus Nijhoff. pp. 32–93
539:Campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars
210:The Patriot Revolutionary Committee (with
88:and Paris plotted its overthrow. When the
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156:Cornelis Rudolphus Theodorus Krayenhoff
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183:accepted the surrender of the city of
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187:after Prussian troops under general
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311:Schama, pp. 116, 131–135, 138–160.
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135:. Dumouriez defected to Austria.
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142:and occupied up to the river
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189:Ludwig von Wallmoden-Gimborn
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492:(1954) 26#1 pp. 15–35
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133:French defeat at Neerwinden
58:William V, Prince of Orange
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202:("the Emden Arms") on the
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490:Journal of Modern History
119:under command of general
18:Battle of the Netherlands
442:Schama, pp. 190–191, 212
212:Samuel Iperusz. Wiselius
216:Nicolaas van Staphorst
152:Nicolaas van Staphorst
121:Herman Willem Daendels
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93:First French Republic
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329:Schama, pp. 175–178.
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48:. The same day the
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508:. Retrieved
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82:client state
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38:in Amsterdam
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204:Nieuwendijk
50:stadtholder
523:Categories
462:Schama, S.
300:References
279:Leeuwarden
254:Wilhelmina
242:Dam Square
64:Background
283:The Hague
248:Aftermath
233:chasseurs
228:oligarchy
42:Amsterdam
510:30 April
494:in JSTOR
464:(1977),
271:Schiedam
99:and the
449:Sources
275:Haarlem
185:Utrecht
164:regents
70:Patriot
52:of the
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263:Bremen
512:2013
470:ISBN
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33:The
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