1169:, hence respiratory acidosis; the kidneys then attempt to compensate for the low pH by raising blood bicarbonate. The kidneys only partially compensate, so the patient may still have a low blood pH, i.e. acidemia. In summary, the kidneys partially compensate for respiratory acidosis by raising blood bicarbonate.
790:
1115:
98:. Thus, a deviation of serum bicarbonate from the reference range is ordinarily mirrored by a deviation in base excess. However, base excess is a more comprehensive measurement, encompassing all metabolic contributions.
82:
defines the respiratory component of acidâbase balance, base excess defines the metabolic component. Accordingly, measurement of base excess is defined, under a standardized pressure of carbon dioxide, by
901:
67:
present in the blood. The value is usually reported as a concentration in units of mEq/L (mmol/L), with positive numbers indicating an excess of base and negative a deficit. A typical
1009:
600:
Base excess is defined as the amount of strong acid that must be added to each liter of fully oxygenated blood to return the pH to 7.40 at a temperature of 37°C and a pCO
1885:
658:
604:
of 40 mmHg (5.3 kPa). A base deficit (i.e., a negative base excess) can be correspondingly defined by the amount of strong base that must be added.
1020:
68:
1279:
Base deficit with normal anion gap indicates loss of bicarbonate (e.g., diarrhea). The anion gap is maintained because bicarbonate is exchanged for
1158:). Often a disturbance in one triggers a partial compensation in the other. A secondary (compensatory) process can be readily identified because it
1878:
626:
Base excess (or deficit) is one of several values typically reported with arterial blood gas analysis that is derived from other measured data.
2447:
1871:
1441:
208:
1208:, usually involves either excretion of bicarbonate or neutralization of bicarbonate by excess organic acids. Common causes include
799:
1488:
1363:
1335:
1150:
Blood pH is determined by both a metabolic component, measured by base excess, and a respiratory component, measured by PaCO
223:
2245:
2183:
370:
111:
364:
1534:
1832:
1434:
546:
288:
2384:
2140:
1751:
916:
17:
2442:
2076:
2038:
1810:
1519:
457:
418:
406:
1272:
is useful for determining whether a base deficit is caused by addition of acid or loss of bicarbonate.
43:
2417:
1759:
1614:
1539:
1529:
1968:
1842:
1769:
1726:
1686:
1514:
1454:
1427:
1419:
1293:
400:
75:
2118:
1731:
1567:
1478:
181:
166:
630:
438:
2113:
1981:
1946:
1837:
1572:
590:
584:
382:
273:
258:
84:
1389:
264:
172:
2379:
2233:
2128:
2071:
2033:
1241:
482:
432:
426:
2173:
2150:
2135:
2066:
1774:
1693:
1218:
1213:
1194:
1143:
907:
785:{\displaystyle Base~excess=0.93\times \left(\left-24.4+14.8\times \left(pH-7.4\right)\right)}
634:
540:
470:
247:
119:
2371:
2228:
2216:
2193:
2123:
2048:
1916:
1799:
1779:
1764:
1232:
1198:
1185:
1133:
508:
496:
461:
309:
8:
2209:
2204:
2101:
1941:
1718:
1675:
1659:
1577:
1524:
1302:
1173:
1129:
620:
563:
502:
476:
144:
74:
Comparison of the base excess with the reference range assists in determining whether an
1414:
2005:
1926:
1736:
1665:
1409:
1307:
1298:
1205:
1139:
340:
315:
190:
2311:
2290:
1958:
1953:
1794:
1789:
1703:
1562:
1359:
1331:
1276:
Base deficit with elevated anion gap indicates addition of acid (e.g., ketoacidosis).
1236:
554:
376:
78:
is caused by a respiratory, metabolic, or mixed metabolic/respiratory problem. While
1863:
2401:
2058:
1815:
1557:
1483:
1450:
1110:{\displaystyle BE=0.02786\times PaCO_{2}\times 10^{(pH-6.1)}+13.77\times pH-124.58}
444:
355:
64:
2255:
1165:
For example, inadequate ventilation, a respiratory problem, causes a buildup of CO
2394:
2389:
1493:
1325:
1258:
1228:
532:
514:
488:
412:
328:
108:
2260:
2302:
2158:
1931:
1921:
1624:
1155:
214:
138:
79:
619:
is at 5 g/dl. The latter gives a better view of the base excess of the entire
2436:
2345:
2324:
2238:
2163:
2096:
1806:
1644:
1634:
1222:
526:
2350:
2319:
2222:
1911:
1670:
1509:
1378:
1244:, preventing excretion of acid and resorption and production of bicarbonate
607:
A further distinction can be made between actual and standard base excess:
132:
2168:
2108:
2043:
1996:
1991:
1903:
1847:
1712:
1609:
1604:
1177:
646:
578:
572:
199:
123:
95:
2088:
2028:
2015:
1936:
1895:
1650:
1629:
1549:
616:
391:
351:
52:
1449:
238:
2250:
2178:
1976:
1708:
1269:
2340:
2272:
2023:
1280:
1254:
1247:
2280:
1654:
1390:
Medical
Calculators > Calculated Bicarbonate & Base Excess
1353:
1262:
453:
303:
154:
794:
with units of mEq/L. The same can be alternatively expressed as
2285:
279:
229:
63:
refer to an excess or deficit, respectively, in the amount of
1852:
1619:
1463:
896:{\displaystyle Base~excess=0.93\times +13.77\times pH-124.58}
629:
The term and concept of base excess were first introduced by
38:
1404:
1326:
Frances
Talaska Fischbach; Marshall Barnett Dunning (2008),
1784:
1392:
Steven Pon, MD, Weill
Medical College of Cornell University
1136:
with renal compensation if too high (more than +2 mEq/L)
1146:
with renal compensation if too low (less than â2 mEq/L)
650:
88:
1893:
1023:
919:
802:
661:
1250:, in which large amounts of bicarbonate are excreted
94:
The predominant base contributing to base excess is
27:
Excess or deficit in amount of base present in blood
1204:A base deficit (a below-normal base excess), thus
1109:
1003:
895:
784:
1190:Excessive loss of HCl in gastric acid by vomiting
1125:Base excess beyond the reference range indicates
2434:
611:base excess is that present in the blood, while
1193:Renal overproduction of bicarbonate, in either
1410:Anthology on Base Excess (O.Siggaard-Andersen)
1879:
1435:
1354:Jonathan D. Kibble; Colby R. Halsey (2009),
1328:A Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests
1886:
1872:
1442:
1428:
1349:
1347:
561:
451:
389:
349:
295:
245:
188:
117:
14:
2435:
1383:
645:Base excess can be estimated from the
1867:
1423:
1344:
1004:{\displaystyle pH=pK+log{\frac {}{}}}
1162:the observed deviation in blood pH.
2184:Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
1356:Medical Physiology: The Big Picture
71:for base excess is â2 to +2 mEq/L.
24:
2448:Diagnostic intensive care medicine
615:base excess is the value when the
25:
2459:
1398:
1221:, in which high levels of acidic
1120:
1379:Acid-Base Tutorial â Terminology
1176:, usually involves an excess of
1833:Fractional excretion of sodium
1372:
1319:
1081:
1066:
1014:Ultimately the end result is:
995:
979:
974:
950:
906:Calculations are based on the
869:
845:
13:
1:
2141:Comprehensive metabolic panel
1330:(8th ed.), p. 973,
1313:
1253:Ingestion of poisons such as
640:
101:
87:back to a standardized blood
7:
2077:Thyroid-stimulating hormone
2039:Total iron-binding capacity
1811:Effective renal plasma flow
1655:Intracellular fluid/Cytosol
10:
2464:
2418:Elevated alpha-fetoprotein
1760:Glomerular filtration rate
1752:Assessment and measurement
1615:Atrial natriuretic peptide
1415:Emedicine: Lactic Acidosis
2410:
2370:
2363:
2333:
2310:
2301:
2271:
2192:
2149:
2087:
2057:
2014:
1967:
1902:
1843:Tubuloglomerular feedback
1825:
1770:Augmented renal clearance
1750:
1727:Bicarbonate buffer system
1685:
1643:
1597:
1590:
1548:
1502:
1471:
1461:
1451:Physiology of the kidneys
1235:during heavy exercise or
1212:Compensation for primary
1184:Compensation for primary
1172:A high base excess, thus
149:
37:
32:
1732:Respiratory compensation
1489:Clearance of medications
1947:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
1838:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
1573:Countercurrent exchange
2380:Elevated transaminases
2072:Thyroid function tests
2034:Transferrin saturation
1894:Clinical biochemistry
1287:
1242:Chronic kidney failure
1180:. It can be caused by
1111:
1005:
897:
786:
2174:Lactate dehydrogenase
2136:Basic metabolic panel
2067:ACTH stimulation test
1775:Renal clearance ratio
1694:Darrow Yannet diagram
1294:Acidâbase homeostasis
1219:Diabetic ketoacidosis
1214:respiratory alkalosis
1195:contraction alkalosis
1154:(partial pressure of
1144:respiratory alkalosis
1112:
1006:
908:Henderson-Hasselbalch
898:
787:
649:concentration () and
635:Ole Siggaard-Andersen
76:acid/base disturbance
2194:Liver function tests
2049:Transferrin receptor
1800:Hemodialysis product
1780:Urea reduction ratio
1765:Creatinine clearance
1605:Antidiuretic hormone
1455:acidâbase physiology
1233:anaerobic metabolism
1186:respiratory acidosis
1134:respiratory acidosis
1021:
917:
800:
659:
462:LIVER FUNCTION TESTS
2210:Serum total protein
2205:Human serum albumin
1676:Transcellular fluid
1660:Extracellular fluid
1578:Filtration fraction
1303:Metabolic alkalosis
1174:metabolic alkalosis
1130:metabolic alkalosis
973:
868:
734:
621:extracellular fluid
114:
2443:Chemical pathology
1982:Arterial blood gas
1737:Renal compensation
1666:Interstitial fluid
1308:Arterial blood gas
1299:Metabolic acidosis
1206:metabolic acidosis
1140:metabolic acidosis
1107:
1001:
959:
893:
854:
782:
720:
191:ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS
107:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2359:
2358:
2312:Blood sugar level
2291:Pancreatic lipase
2129:Total cholesterol
1959:Serum osmolal gap
1954:Plasma osmolality
1861:
1860:
1795:Dialysis adequacy
1790:Standardized Kt/V
1746:
1745:
1704:Davenport diagram
1687:Acidâbase balance
1586:
1585:
1563:Renal plasma flow
1365:978-0-07-164302-3
1337:978-0-7817-7194-8
1283:during excretion.
1199:Cushing's disease
999:
817:
676:
653:by the equation:
597:
596:
49:
48:
16:(Redirected from
2455:
2402:Hyperproteinemia
2368:
2367:
2308:
2307:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1816:Extraction ratio
1719:Winters' formula
1595:
1594:
1558:Renal blood flow
1484:Pharmacokinetics
1469:
1468:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1351:
1342:
1341:
1323:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1085:
1084:
1057:
1056:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
993:
977:
972:
967:
948:
902:
900:
899:
894:
867:
862:
815:
791:
789:
788:
783:
781:
777:
776:
772:
739:
735:
733:
728:
674:
352:SERUM OSMOLARITY
161:
152:
115:
106:
30:
29:
21:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2422:
2406:
2395:Hypoalbuminemia
2390:Hypoproteinemia
2355:
2329:
2303:Small molecules
2297:
2267:
2188:
2145:
2083:
2053:
2010:
2000:
1963:
1898:
1892:
1862:
1857:
1821:
1742:
1681:
1639:
1591:Other functions
1582:
1568:Ultrafiltration
1544:
1498:
1494:Urine flow rate
1457:
1448:
1401:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1358:, p. 249,
1352:
1345:
1338:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1290:
1261:, or excessive
1259:ethylene glycol
1229:Lactic acidosis
1168:
1153:
1123:
1065:
1061:
1052:
1048:
1022:
1019:
1018:
989:
985:
978:
968:
963:
949:
947:
918:
915:
914:
904:
863:
858:
801:
798:
797:
759:
755:
729:
724:
713:
709:
708:
704:
660:
657:
656:
643:
603:
598:
319:
283:
278:
268:
263:
233:
228:
218:
213:
203:
176:
159:
158:
153:
150:
109:Pathophysiology
104:
69:reference range
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2461:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2198:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2159:Cardiac marker
2155:
2153:
2151:Cardiovascular
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2102:Hemoglobin A1c
2093:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1932:Renal function
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1744:
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1739:
1734:
1729:
1721:
1716:
1706:
1701:
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1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1649:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1635:Prostaglandins
1632:
1627:
1625:Erythropoietin
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1458:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1399:External links
1397:
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1311:
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1305:
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1265:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1226:
1216:
1202:
1201:
1191:
1188:
1166:
1156:carbon dioxide
1151:
1148:
1147:
1137:
1122:
1121:Interpretation
1119:
1118:
1117:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
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1026:
1012:
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988:
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971:
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934:
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922:
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866:
861:
857:
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829:
826:
823:
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601:
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588:
582:
576:
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568:
559:
558:
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536:
530:
524:
522:
519:
518:
512:
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492:
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466:
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201:
196:
195:
186:
185:
179:
174:
170:
163:
162:
148:
142:
136:
129:
128:
105:
103:
100:
80:carbon dioxide
47:
46:
41:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2460:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2346:Hyperuricemia
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2325:Hyperglycemia
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2239:AST/ALT ratio
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2223:transaminases
2220:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2164:Troponin test
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2124:Triglycerides
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2097:Blood glucose
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1807:PAH clearance
1805:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1645:Fluid balance
1642:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1535:Oligopeptides
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1405:acid-base.com
1403:
1402:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1375:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1348:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1318:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:ketone bodies
1220:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1017:
1016:
1015:
990:
986:
982:
969:
964:
960:
956:
953:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
913:
912:
911:
909:
903:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
864:
859:
855:
851:
848:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
812:
809:
806:
803:
795:
792:
778:
773:
769:
766:
763:
760:
756:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
736:
730:
725:
721:
717:
714:
710:
705:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
671:
668:
665:
662:
654:
652:
648:
638:
636:
632:
627:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
605:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
570:
567:
565:
560:
556:
553:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
538:
534:
531:
528:
525:
523:
521:
520:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
494:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
468:
465:
463:
459:
455:
450:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
424:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
398:
395:
393:
388:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
362:
359:
357:
353:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
326:
323:
320:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
301:
298:
294:
290:
287:
284:
275:
272:
269:
260:
257:
255:
254:
251:
249:
244:
240:
237:
234:
225:
222:
219:
210:
207:
204:
198:
197:
194:
192:
187:
183:
180:
177:
171:
168:
165:
164:
156:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
125:
121:
116:
113:
112:sample values
110:
99:
97:
92:
90:
86:
81:
77:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
45:
42:
40:
36:
31:
19:
2385:Elevated ALP
2351:Hypouricemia
2320:Hypoglycemia
2256:Unconjugated
2221:
1986:
1904:Electrolytes
1698:
1510:Solvent drag
1503:Reabsorption
1385:
1374:
1355:
1327:
1321:
1267:
1225:are produced
1203:
1171:
1164:
1159:
1149:
1124:
1013:
905:
796:
793:
655:
644:
628:
625:
612:
608:
606:
599:
562:
452:
390:
350:
334:
296:
248:ALVEOLAR GAS
246:
189:
124:ELECTROLYTES
118:
93:
73:
61:base deficit
60:
56:
50:
18:Base deficit
2334:Nitrogenous
2169:CPK-MB test
2109:Lipid panel
2044:Transferrin
1992:Bicarbonate
1987:Base excess
1896:blood tests
1848:Natriuresis
1713:Delta ratio
1699:Base excess
1610:Aldosterone
1178:bicarbonate
647:bicarbonate
631:Poul Astrup
96:bicarbonate
57:base excess
33:Base excess
2437:Categories
2261:Conjugated
2089:Metabolism
2029:Serum iron
2016:Iron tests
1937:Creatinine
1723:Buffering
1651:Body water
1630:Calcitriol
1550:Filtration
1314:References
1268:The serum
910:equation:
641:Estimation
617:hemoglobin
392:URINALYSIS
102:Definition
53:physiology
2251:Bilirubin
2201:Proteins
2179:Myoglobin
1977:Anion gap
1969:Acid-base
1917:Potassium
1709:Anion gap
1479:Clearance
1472:Secretion
1462:Creating
1270:anion gap
1231:, due to
1102:−
1093:×
1076:−
1059:×
1037:×
970:−
888:−
879:×
865:−
843:×
767:−
753:×
741:−
731:−
702:×
637:in 1958.
591:CSF/S glu
585:CSF/S alb
91:of 7.40.
85:titrating
2364:Proteins
2341:Azotemia
2273:Pancreas
2059:Hormones
2024:Ferritin
1922:Chloride
1598:Hormones
1520:Chloride
1281:chloride
1255:methanol
1248:Diarrhea
613:standard
337:= â0.36
2281:Amylase
2006:Lactate
2001:content
1927:Calcium
1540:Protein
1530:Glucose
1263:aspirin
1237:hypoxia
1160:opposes
1034:0.02786
579:CSF glu
573:CSF alb
527:AST/ALT
454:PROTEIN
435:= 1.01
421:= 0.95
367:= 300
241:= 7.40
44:11555-0
2286:Lipase
1912:Sodium
1671:Plasma
1515:Sodium
1362:
1334:
1105:124.58
891:124.58
816:
675:
609:actual
593:= 0.6
587:= 7.5
549:= 1.0
543:= 3.0
541:AF alb
535:= 0.2
529:= 0.6
517:= 0.5
505:= 4.0
491:= 0.7
479:= 7.6
473:= 100
447:= 800
409:= 100
383:BUN:Cr
373:= 295
312:= 2.0
306:= 9.5
297:OTHER:
285:= 105
184:= 1.0
141:= 100
135:= 140
2411:Other
1853:Urine
1826:Other
1620:Renin
1464:urine
1142:, or
1132:, or
1090:13.77
876:13.77
581:= 60
575:= 30
557:= 60
511:= 40
499:= 71
485:= 25
441:= 60
429:= 25
403:= 80
385:= 20
356:RENAL
343:= 16
331:= 55
291:= 10
289:A-a g
270:= 36
235:= 95
220:= 40
205:= 24
178:= 22
157:= 150
147:= 20
39:LOINC
1942:Urea
1785:Kt/V
1525:Urea
1453:and
1360:ISBN
1332:ISBN
840:0.93
750:14.8
744:24.4
699:0.93
633:and
547:SAAG
489:TBIL
419:FENa
415:= 5
379:= 5
321:= 1
169:= 4
65:base
59:and
2372:LFT
2246:GGT
2234:AST
2229:ALT
2217:ALP
2119:HDL
2114:LDL
1288:See
1197:or
1079:6.1
770:7.4
564:CSF
555:SOG
509:ALT
503:Alb
497:ALP
483:AST
471:LDH
439:UCr
433:USG
413:UAG
407:UCl
401:UNa
377:POG
371:PCO
365:PMO
200:HCO
182:PCr
155:Glu
145:BUN
120:BMP
51:In
2439::
1997:CO
1653::
1346:^
1301:/
1257:,
1063:10
651:pH
623:.
533:BU
515:BC
477:TP
458:GI
445:UO
427:UK
341:AG
335:BE
329:CK
316:PO
310:Mg
304:Ca
265:CO
239:pH
215:CO
173:CO
139:Cl
133:Na
89:pH
55:,
1999:2
1887:e
1880:t
1873:v
1818:)
1809:(
1715:)
1711:(
1678:)
1664:(
1443:e
1436:t
1429:v
1368:.
1340:.
1167:2
1152:2
1099:H
1096:p
1087:+
1082:)
1073:H
1070:p
1067:(
1054:2
1050:O
1046:C
1043:a
1040:P
1031:=
1028:E
1025:B
996:]
991:2
987:O
983:C
980:[
975:]
965:3
961:O
957:C
954:H
951:[
945:g
942:o
939:l
936:+
933:K
930:p
927:=
924:H
921:p
885:H
882:p
873:+
870:]
860:3
856:O
852:C
849:H
846:[
837:=
834:s
831:s
828:e
825:c
822:x
819:e
813:e
810:s
807:a
804:B
779:)
774:)
764:H
761:p
757:(
747:+
737:]
726:3
722:O
718:C
715:H
711:[
706:(
696:=
693:s
690:s
687:e
684:c
681:x
678:e
672:e
669:s
666:a
663:B
602:2
566::
464::
460:/
456:/
394::
358::
354:/
318:4
282:2
280:O
277:A
274:p
267:2
262:A
259:p
250::
232:2
230:O
227:a
224:p
217:2
212:a
209:p
202:3
193::
175:2
167:K
160:\
151:/
126::
122:/
20:)
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