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577:. The blockade of Soviet Russia had ended for most items in February 1921, and on July 5, 1921, he departed New York on his first trip to Soviet Russia as Allied Drug's representative in Soviet Russia. Prior to his departure, he visited Charles Recht, Lenin's United States attorney that supported Soviet Russia's best interests in the United States and whose law office was in the same building that the former Soviet Russian Government Bureau had occupied, and Recht gave Hammer a package to deliver to Ludwig Martens in Moscow. During this first visit, Armand Hammer allowed the
59:
438:. Four weeks after her death, a Bronx County grand jury indicted Julius Hammer for first-degree manslaughter. The following summer, a criminal prosecutor convinced a jury that Julius Hammer had let his patient "die like a dog" and that the claims that she had actually died from complications due to influenza were mere attempts to cover up his crime. In 1920, a judge sentenced Julius Hammer to three and a half years in
1040:
Nixon's second campaign: "He wished his substantial contribution to Nixon to be anonymous because he himself was a
Democrat." Hammer anonymously gave $ 46,000 to support Nixon before a 1971 law took effect on April 7, 1972, which banned political contributions both anonymous and through another person. Later, in September 1972, Armand Hammer made an additional three illegal contributions totaling $ 54,000 to
897:, $ 46,000 in cash from a numbered bank account in Switzerland which Hammer used as his slush fund money. Later, in September 1972 Hammer gave Nixon's campaign fund an additional $ 54,000 from the same Swiss bank account amounting to a total of $ 100,000 that Hammer donated to Nixon's campaign fund. On July 18, 1972, Hammer returned to the United States through London and called
526:, Hammer went to the Soviet Union for a trip that lasted until late 1930. Although his career in medicine was cut short, he relished being referred to as "Dr. Hammer". Hammer's intentions in the 1921 trip have been debated ever since. He has claimed that he originally intended to recoup $ 150,000 in debts for drugs shipped during the
466:, who had been Armand's mistress. According to Murphy and Epstein's account, the legal strategy was that Julius did not deny that an abortion had been performed, but insisted that it had been medically necessary and that a licensed doctor, rather than a medical student, would be more convincing in presenting that argument.
836:) also called Mike or Michael Brook or Brooke, who was an English-Russian translator, as Hammer's personal ambassador and expediter and was present as Hammer's translator at all meetings between Armand Hammer and Soviet leaders in the Soviet Union beginning in 1964. Bruk had been a technical translator at the first
640:
them rich. Barmine further contends that the
Soviets were eventually able to duplicate certain items such as typewriter parts and pens, and end those concessions, but were never able to match the quality of Hammer's pencils, so that concession became permanent. Armand Hammer remained in the Soviet Union until 1930.
1004:
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products; he also served on its board of directors. However, the Arm & Hammer company's brand name did not originate with Armand Hammer. It was in use 31 years before Hammer was born. While Hammer and
Occidental said that the Church & Dwight investment was a coincidence, Hammer acknowledged
1039:
Politically, Hammer was a
Democrat; but according to the memoir of his lawyer Louis Nizer, he was also one of "many executives who contribute to both political parties preferred no publicity about his dual gifts." In 1972, "under pressure" from various sources, Hammer donated an unusual amount to
778:
came to power in
September 1969. By the 1974 deal, 81% of the oil extracted by Occidental Petroleum was going to the Libyan government, with only 19% retained by Occidental Petroleum. At the time, Oxy was the second largest producer of oil in Libya, and Libya was the company's only major source of
429:
wife of a former tsarist diplomat) entering Julius's medical office located in a wing of his Bronx home. Oganesoff, "who had accumulated a life-threatening history of miscarriages, abortions, and poor health, was pregnant and wanted to terminate her pregnancy." The surgical procedure took place in
639:
company to compete with Hammer, the stationery concession to produce such items in the Soviet Union was actually granted to Julius Hammer. Barmine states the party spent five million gold rubles on stationery supplies made in factories controlled by Julius Hammer and other concessionaires, making
868:
717:
He gained enormous wealth through his United
Distillers of America, which was a 1933 established firm known as the A. Hammer Cooperage Corporation until 1946, when it changed its name to United Distillers of America Ltd. In early 1944, Hammer purchased American Distilling Co. and a former
593:
During his time in Soviet Russia and later the Soviet Union, he perfected bribery and money-laundering techniques, which were exposed later in the 1960s and 1970s during which he tape-recorded his payoffs. After returning to the United States, Hammer stated that Lenin had granted him an
474:
After the Soviet
Russian Government Bureau closed, Allied Drug's smuggling activities between the United States and Soviet Union ceased, which caused Allied Drug to gain enormous debts from storing large amounts of unpaid items in warehouses in New York and Riga. In March 1921,
510:
While Julius was imprisoned, he sent Armand Hammer, who could not speak any
Russian, to the Soviet Union to look after the affairs of Allied Drug and Chemical. Hammer traveled back and forth from the Soviet Union for the next 10 years. In the meantime, Hammer graduated from
1101:
received much criticism from environmentalists, when the shares passed to the estate after the death of Gore Sr., and Gore Jr. was a son and the executor of the estate. Gore Jr. did not exercise control over the shares, which were eventually sold when the estate closed.
387:
supported the police raid of the Soviet
Russian Government Bureau on June 12, 1919, Ludwig Martens escaped and went underground, often hiding at Hammer's home. On December 18, 1920, Martens was deported; he was returned to Soviet Russia in January 1921.
371:, headed the Soviet Bureau's commercial department. Julius Hammer and Heller traveled extensively across the United States to stop the embargo of Soviet Russia and to increase United States trade with Soviet Russia and improve the image of
1055:, who was Hammer's vice president of Occidental Petroleum, after which both Hammer and Babcock pleaded guilty to charges involving illegal contributions. Hammer received probation and a $ 3,000 fine. In August 1989, US President
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in the
Justice Department knew this was false, but Hammer was allowed to travel, anyway. The 26-year-old Hoover, who was the Justice Department's expert on subversives, was tipped off that Armand Hammer was a courier for the
1109:. Hammer supposedly promised Gore Sr. that he could make his son the president of the United States. It was under Hammer's encouragement and support that Gore Jr. sought the Democratic Party presidential nomination in 1988.
675:
by Habsburg), with commissions going back to Mikoyan. Although certainly some fakes were produced, on close examination many of the so-called fake items turned out to actually be from various workshops, particularly that of
461:
puts forward the claim that it was Armand Hammer, then a medical student, rather than his father, who performed the abortion and his father Julius assumed the blame. Epstein's claims come from interview comments made by
483:
to Julius Hammer, who was imprisoned at Sing Sing until 1924, granting his Allied Drug and Chemical concessions for trade with the Soviets and requested an Allied Drug representative to be present in the Soviet Union.
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tractors into the USSR, which served a major role in agricultural mechanization in the country. Later, after Stalin came to power, additional deals were negotiated with Hammer as an American–Soviet negotiator.
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Like his father before him, Al Gore Jr.'s political career was lavishly sponsored by Hammer from the moment it began until Hammer died, only two years before Gore Clinton race for the White House in 1992.
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as his legal advisor, negotiated the first trade agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union following Nixon's summit. Six weeks prior to Nixon's departure, Hammer personally gave
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This picture is from the article Самый-самый порт Пивденный: от Хаммера до наших дней (The most-most port of Pivdenny: from Hammer to the present day) in the Ukrainian Shipping Magazine (USM).
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In 1973, Libya nationalized 51% of Oxy's holdings in Libya. In 1974, Armand Hammer announced a 35-year oil exploration agreement with Libya, the first such agreement signed by Libya after
671:
tools to Armand to sell fakes, and Victor stated a 1938 New York sale he ran with Armand, which grossed several million dollars, consisted of both authentic and inauthentic items (called
1461:, who was the daughter of a czarist general. In 1943, he married Angela Zevely. In 1956, he married the wealthy widow Frances Barrett, and they remained married until her death in 1989.
885:, as the first United States President to visit the Soviet Union, traveled to Moscow for a summit that ended on June 1, 1972, Hammer traveled to Moscow arriving July 14, 1972, and, with
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After returning to the US, Hammer entered into a diverse array of business, art, cultural, and humanitarian endeavors, including investing in various U.S. oil-production efforts.
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When his father was imprisoned, Hammer and his brother took Allied Drug, the family business, to new heights, reselling equipment they had bought at depressed prices at the end of
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The article is near the end of the list of excerpts from the 2006 book Ностальгические хроники (Nostalgic Chronicles) by Александр Степанович Ольбик (Alexander Stepanovich Olbik).
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and ensured that foreign intelligence agencies were notified of Armand Hammer's travels. A skeptical U.S. government watched him through this trip and for the rest of his life.
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centuries of masterpieces, sometimes in conjunction with museums where the collection was displayed. and his philanthropic projects were the subject of numerous publications.
413:" graphic symbol of the SLP, in which his father had a leadership role. Late in his life, Hammer confirmed that the latter story contained the true origin of his given name.
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680:, and had been appropriated by the Soviet government when they closed the Faberge company. As the items were either unfinished or not ready for retail sale, many were not
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concession for 25 years to mine asbestos from the Urals in Soviet Russia. According to Hammer, on his initial trip, he took $ 60,000 in medical supplies to aid in a
4237:
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1086:, among others. Gore, who had a longtime close friendship with Hammer, became the head of the subsidiary Island Creek Coal Company, upon his election loss in the
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erroneously places the Hammer and Gore families close to each other in Europe. Occidental's coal interests were represented for many years by attorney and former
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1200:
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on a foggy Saturday July 28 in 1945, Hammer purchased the damaged 78th floor, refurbished it, and made it the headquarters of his United Distillers of America.
356:
4712:
722:, rum distillery at which his American Distilling employee, Dr. Hanns G. Maister, began producing the first United States-made potato-based spirit, which was a
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and he later served as chairman of the panel from 1984 to 1989. As chairman of the panel, he announced a campaign to raise $ 1 billion a year to fight cancer.
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3035:
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4644:
Donald Woutat (June 7, 1987). "The Unfinished Business of Armand Hammer; After A Lifetime in the Public Eye, He Still Worries About His Place in History".
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in Los Angeles, estimated that Tower International's International Trade Center project in Moscow would cost $ 100 million and would be a complete flop if
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2791:
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2306:
618:, Armand Hammer became the mediator for 38 international companies in their dealings with the USSR. Before Lenin's death, Hammer negotiated the import of
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Due to his socialist and communist activities, Hammer's father Julius had been put under federal surveillance. On July 5, 1919, federal agents witnessed
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disliked the idea. In the 1980s, Hammer gave strong financial support to Prince Charles's projects of nearly 40 million pounds and free use of Hammer's
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He moved to the USSR in the 1920s to oversee these operations, especially his large business manufacturing and exporting pens and pencils. According to
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1027:) until 1978 and as the Port of Yuzhne from 1978 until April 17, 2019, when the port was renamed from the Russian word to the Ukrainian word for
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to finance in part the deal, valued at $ 20 billion over 20 years, and fund the Soviet construction of four ammonia plants in the greater
753:, Hammer was pivotal in breaking the tight grip that the major United States domestic producers had on the price of oil, and instead gave
5724:
2758:
1283:), Weinberg 1989, Blumay 1992, Epstein 1996, and Alef 2009; and two autobiographies (1932 and a bestseller in 1987). His art collection,
1211:, who was president of United World Colleges International. Due to his closeness to the future Charles III, he was figuratively called a
969:
516:
4507:"John Richardson's "Sacred monsters, sacred masters", a vision of the idiosyncratic personalities that left their mark on the art world"
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During this trip which Mike Brook organized, Hammer was the first person to fly to the Soviet Union in a privately owned airplane, his
786:. In later years, he lobbied and traveled extensively at a great personal expense, working for peace between the United States and the
3660:
5689:
5684:
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4062:"Campaigner's finances Where the presidential hopefuls have invested their fortunes may reveal something about the character of each"
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Hammer was very fond of Gore Jr. and, in 1984, under Hammer's guidance, Gore Jr. sought Tennessee's Senate office previously held by
1230:
Together with his friends Harry and Rosa Strygler, he also supported several Jewish foundations, particularly those associated with
855:'s Tower International through which Hammer would have a controlling majority stake in Tower International in exchange for Hammer's
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606:, and jewelry expropriated by the Soviet state in exchange for a million bushels (27,216 tons) shipment of surplus American wheat.
375:, whom American socialists despised overwhelmingly. During the United States embargo against Soviet Russia, Julius Hammer used his
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1015:), which is the deepest port in Ukraine servicing vessels with drafts up to 18.5 metres (61 ft). Pivdenny is located at the
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1346:
905:, who was Nixon's chief of staff, in order to debrief the President about Hammer's trade deal which occurred on July 20, 1972.
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crude. The Libyan government continually threatened the assets of the company, who would usually give in to Gaddafi's demands.
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Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations; An Encyclopedia of American Espionage: Hammer, Armand (May 21, 1898–December 10, 1990)
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assuming the debts of Tower International and Eaton receiving 45% of any profits from Tower International's future projects.
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failed. On July 31, 1972, Commons voiced his thoughts with Hammer after which Hammer fired Commons effective August 1, 1972.
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to the then-starving Russians. In his passport application, Hammer stated that he intended to visit only Western Europe.
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4032:"THE 2000 CAMPAIGN: THE VICE PRESIDENT; Gore Family's Ties to Oil Company Magnate Reap Big Rewards, and a Few Problems"
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Hammer was the middle of three sons. He had close relationships, including in business, with his brothers, Harry and
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1173:. Together with his brother Victor, he was the owner of the "Hammer Galleries" in New York City. Hammer purchased
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3623:
3025:
2930:"A Virtual Spy: DOSSIER: The Secret History of Armand Hammer. By Edward J. Epstein (Random House, 1996, 418 pp.)"
1279:
As of 2016, he has been the subject of six biographies: in 1975 (Considine, authorized biography), 1985 (Bryson,
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805:
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Honore Daumier 1808–1879: The Armand Hammer Daumier Collection Incorporating a Collection from George Longstreet
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In July 1972, Armand Hammer's financial wizard Dorman Commons, who was the chief financial officer at Hammer's
1300:
932:, which Occidental mined in northern Florida, in return for the Soviet Union, and later Russia, exporting from
20:
4897:"Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis-The Region-Book Review: Hammer: Odyssey of an Entrepreneur (August 1987)"
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to act as an intermediary because direct trade between the United States and the Soviet Union was unthinkable.
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1356:
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3277:
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1660:, Cyrus Eaton World Trade Ltd. contributed to the opening up of trade between the Soviet Union and Canada.
1439:
1261:(as the grandfather of a friend of Theo Huxtable's who was suffering from cancer), saying that a cure for
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957:
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355:, Julius Hammer was assigned to generate support for the Russian Soviet Government Bureau and funded the
220:
35:
2993:"Army Pushes Bomber Crash Investigation: 5 of 13 Dead Remain Unidentified as Empire State Bldg. Reopens"
5172:
Interview with Epstein on occasion of the publication of "Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer"
4821:
4689:
4238:"Appointment of Armand Hammer as a Member of the President's Cancer Panel, and Designation as Chairman"
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Throughout his life Hammer continued personal and business dealings with the Soviet Union, despite the
689:
324:
259:'s chosen capitalist" by the press, he was also known for his art collection and his close ties to the
4302:
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4748:
Dreams & Promises: The Story of the Armand Hammer United World College : A Critical Analysis
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by the Soviets between 1930 and 1933. The authenticity of the artifacts was questioned. According to
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4152:"The Straight Dope: Did tycoon Armand Hammer have anything to do with Arm & Hammer baking soda?"
453:) state that Julius had performed the abortion, an opposing position has been put forward by author
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2252:
1216:
925:
901:, Hammer's lobbyist for the Nixon administration, to have him arrange a meeting with Nixon through
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2333:. New York: Office of Alumni Affairs and Development, Columbia College, Columbia University. 1988.
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countries of the world, including ferrying physicians and supplies into the Soviet Union to help
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previously trying to buy the Arm & Hammer brand as a result of often being asked about it.
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1016:
983:, Soviet Union, with the opening of the port and the Odessa plants near the former location of
2746:
1464:
Hammer had one son, Julian Armand Hammer, by his first wife. Hammer's grandson is businessman
379:
as a front to smuggle items and materials between the United States and Soviet Russia through
4851:
Peter Flint (December 19, 1989). "Frances Hammer, A Painter, Was 87; Wife of Industrialist".
1960:
1928:
1922:
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In 1978, Hammer, as a non-citizen of the Soviet Union, received the Soviet Union's award the
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to one of the Prince's children. It has been reported that Charles intended to make Hammer
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491:. According to Hammer, his first business success was in 1919, manufacturing and selling a
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8:
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5072:
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1094:, the state Gore represented in the Senate, and Gore owned shares in the company. Former
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Hammer said originally that his father had named him after a character, Armand Duval, in
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3131:(First Simon & Schuster trade paperback ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster.
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1932:
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968:, was the United States port through which this trade occurred. Nixon encouraged the
632:
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368:
267:
4000:
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1643:, Eaton's son Cyrus Eaton Jr., established the Canadian firm Tower International in
1287:, published by the Armand Hammer Foundation in multiple editions, eventually became
749:(Oxy) which he obtained in 1956. Through his Occidental Petroleum and its stakes in
498:, which legally contained high levels of alcohol. This was extremely popular during
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5272:
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paintings. His personal donation forms the core of the permanent collection of the
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2538:
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5303:
5252:
5015:
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3185:Ольбик (Olbik), Александр Степанович (Alexander Stepanovich) (October 13, 2011).
1590:
List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States
1527:
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as director at Knoedler; Richardson later wrote an unflattering portrait of him.
913:
886:
775:
758:
727:
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317:
27:
3129:
Midnight in Chernobyl: The Untold Story of the World's Greatest Nuclear Disaster
312:), respectively. Julius Hammer came to the United States in 1875 and settled in
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2050:[Ludwig Christian Alexander Karl Martens - Ludwig Karlovich Martens].
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4314:
4272:"Designation of Armand Hammer To Be Chairman of the President's Cancer Panel"
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that was signed by Hammer in April 1973 in which the Hammer controlled firms
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817:
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709:
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530:, but was soon moved by a capitalistic and philanthropic interest in selling
331:(SLP) under Julius' leadership split off to become a founding element of the
279:
248:
4550:"Why Is Princess Diana In The New 'House Of Hammer' Doc About Armie Hammer?"
4398:
4278:. The American Presidency Project, University of California, Santa Barbara.
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in November 1970. Much of Occidental's coal and phosphate production was in
569:
ventures with a successful business importing many goods from and exporting
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4581:
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3236:
See the entry at 11/15/2009, 10:42 pm by Camilio at the bottom of the page.
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The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America in Its First Age of Terror
2149:
Loans and Legitimacy: The Evolution of Soviet-American Relations, 1919–1933
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that was retailed through the cooperage's account with West Shore. After a
566:
446:
409:. According to other sources, Hammer later was said to be named after the "
260:
232:
39:
2506:[The most-most port of Pivdenny: from Hammer to the present day].
2104:
Death and Oil: The True Story of the Piper Alpha Disaster on the North Sea
1889:
Death and Oil: The True Story of the Piper Alpha Disaster on the North Sea
1584:
672:
5555:
5441:
5436:
5308:
5282:
5277:
3731:[The government changed the name of the Odessa port "Southern"].
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1609:
1579:
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1541:
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1315:. By the time of his death, Hammer had received other awards, including:
1269:
1189:
1177:, the oldest art gallery in America, in 1971. Hammer hired art historian
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the proceeds from illegal sales of smuggled diamonds through his company
3026:"Restoration and removal: James Fenton on moving rooms around the world"
1514:
1501:
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3072:
Canby, Thomas Y. (February 1981). "Synfuels: Fill 'er up! With what?".
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Hammer married three times. In 1927, Hammer married a Russian actress,
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450:
372:
340:
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1034:
909:
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Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni
5451:
3895:[Albert Gore and his family served the USSR for many years].
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313:
2747:"Armand Hammer, Elated Over Bush Pardon, Usually Gets What He Wants"
912:
in July 1972, Armand Hammer negotiated a twenty year agreement with
573:
to the newly formed Soviet Union, together with his younger brother
4342:"Hammer Begins a Drive to Raise $ 1 Billion a Year to Fight Cancer"
2048:"Ludwig Christian Alexander Karl Martens - Людвиг Карлович Мартенс"
1644:
1632:
1629:
1403:
1370:
1174:
783:
681:
668:
595:
426:
58:
1483:, across the street from the Occidental Petroleum headquarters on
4963:
Biographical Dictionary of American Business Leaders, Vol. 2: H–M
4618:
1690:, and did not go through the typical passport and customs checks.
1479:
cancer in December 1990, aged 92 in Los Angeles. He is buried in
1412:
1361:
941:
833:
768:
619:
480:
309:
301:
297:
270:" helped him cultivate a wide network of friends and associates.
5166:
1956:"Reaches Into Her Gypsy Songbag For Tunes To Give To Posterity"
1394:
1379:
1352:
1262:
1246:
1207:), which he helped found in 1981, with the support of the then-
1020:
979:
On July 27, 1978, the fertilizer deal began functioning in the
945:
933:
829:
603:
599:
492:
289:
4762:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
976:
region, and a pipeline connecting them to the port at Odessa.
873:, which opened in 1979 and became known as the Hammer Center.
284:
5353:
5216:
1342:
1023:. The Port of Pivdenny was known as "Grigorievsky" (Russian:
973:
804:
writes that Hammer "ended up as a go-between for five Soviet
750:
723:
578:
531:
305:
5135:
The Armand Hammer Collection: Four Centuries of Masterpieces
4666:. Excerpted All the Money in the World. September 14, 2007.
2349:
1509:, vol. 39, no. 2: China in Transition (Winter 1986): 19–25.
1285:
The Armand Hammer Collection: Four Centuries of Masterpieces
1117:
In the 1980s Hammer owned a considerable amount of stock in
956:
deal was to continue until Hammer's 100th birthday in 1998.
5181:
3473:
3471:
2234:
Murder by Madness 9/11: The Government & the Goon Squad
1163:
949:
754:
731:
698:
discusses Hammer's "extensive involvement with Russia." In
380:
3444:
3432:
3391:
3337:
3311:
Chisholm, Patricia; Newman, Peter C. (November 13, 1989).
3292:
3268:"Forging a Really Big Deal: A Tycoon's Son Makes His Mark"
3166:
2465:
1150:
Hammer was a philanthropist, supporting causes related to
767:
described Occidental chairman Hammer as "a pioneer in the
710:
Oil company, Libya deals, and return to Soviet negotiation
288:
Lipschitz) and Julius Hammer. Rose and Julius Hammer were
3969:"Gore Getting $ 20,000 a Year for Mineral Rights on Farm"
3422:
3420:
3418:
3246:
3244:
3055:
3053:
2785:
2405:
876:
845:
582:
581:, the Soviet secret police who later became known as the
4532:
4530:
4528:
3655:[10 interesting facts about the port "Yuzhny"].
3468:
2259:
2136:. Vol. 2. Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated.
2027:
2025:
2012:
2010:
1997:
1995:
1980:
1268:
Hammer was leading Occidental in 1988 when its oil rig,
1238:, and he was repeatedly nominated for one, including by
745:
His oil investments were later parlayed into control of
479:
sent a letter from Moscow through the Soviet mission in
3189:[WAS ARMAND HAMMER A KGB AGENT?] (in Russian).
1201:
Armand Hammer United World College of the American West
844:
held in July 1957. According to Armand Hammer, "Mike's
648:
Back in the United States, Hammer was bequeathed a few
635:, who was assigned by the Central Committee to run the
5138:. An exhibition catalog (February 18 – April 9, 1978).
3456:
3415:
3403:
3349:
3241:
3050:
2963:"UNITED DISTILLERS (OF AMERICA), LTD. v. COMMISSIONER"
2880:
2598:"Deal-maker Armand Hammer Moscow's capitalist comrade"
2539:"Deal-maker Armand Hammer Moscow's capitalist comrade"
2504:"Самый-самый порт Пивденный: от Хаммера до наших дней"
2477:
1814:"Deal-maker Armand Hammer Moscow's capitalist comrade"
1219:'s godfather but was forced to abandon these plans as
522:
In 1921, while waiting for his internship to begin at
502:, and the company had $ 1 million in sales that year.
266:
Hammer's business interests around the world and his "
4525:
4511:
The Art Newspaper - International art news and events
2417:
2361:
2337:
2271:
2183:
Historical Dictionary of Cold War Counterintelligence
2146:
2070:
2022:
2007:
1992:
1059:
pardoned Hammer for the illegal contributions to aid
4114:
2134:
Biographical Dictionary of American Business Leaders
1866:
1276:
highlighted failings in many areas on the platform.
1255:
Hammer made a guest appearance on a 1988 episode of
928:
would export to the Soviet Union, and later Russia,
862:
During Soviet times Armand Hammer also financed the
706:
called Hammer "a virtual spy" for the Soviet Union.
3891:АРХИПОВ, Андрей (ARKHIPOV, Andrey) (July 8, 2003).
3261:
3259:
2957:
2955:
1779:
1070:
1035:
Illegal financial support of Nixon's Watergate fund
316:, where he ran a general medical practice and five
5720:Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery
4932:Dossier : the secret history of Armand Hammer
3765:
3651:Мячина, Анна (Myachina, Anna) (October 17, 2015).
3646:
3644:
3126:
2163:
2101:
1886:
684:, so Hammer and his associates finished the work.
251:business manager and owner. He spent decades with
5117:with author Edward Jay Epstein (January 5, 1997).
4745:
2200:
1802:. No. 6558. London. May 3, 1969. p. 76.
851:In early 1969, Armand Hammer obtained control of
515:in 1919 and received his medical degree from the
434:. Six days after the abortion, Oganesoff died of
5745:Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples
5606:
4208:"Armand Hammer to Own Pinch of Arm & Hammer"
3893:"Альберт Гор и его семья много лет служили СССР"
3697:"Hammer Exhibit Opens at Odessa Fine Art Museum"
3256:
2952:
2434:
2432:
1154:, medicine, and the arts. He was a collector of
1145:
626:
5755:United States National Medal of Arts recipients
3641:
2573:"Soviets Failing a Lesson Taught by Henry Ford"
2099:
1884:
1203:(now generally called the UWC-USA, part of the
585:, to take control of Allied Drug and Chemical.
505:
247:(May 21, 1898 – December 10, 1990) was an
5750:Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
3793:
3791:
3789:
3310:
3184:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2249:"Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer"
2246:
2131:
1734:
1699:Occidental held large phosphate reserves near
1134:In 1981, Hammer was appointed by US President
643:
602:epidemic and made a deal with Lenin for furs,
5630:American chief executives of energy companies
5202:
4643:
4452:"150 Years of Helping Shape a Nation's Taste"
2429:
2231:
2042:
2040:
1761:"History of Occidental Petroleum Corporation"
5092:Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer
4702:
4660:"Forbes 400 Members In Trouble With The Law"
4092:"Gore may be flawed, but message is sincere"
3921:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3681:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2161:
1916:
1914:
1532:. William Farquhar Payson (1932). 241 pages.
1112:
700:Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer
609:
459:Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer
5715:American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
5700:Recipients of American presidential pardons
4850:
4705:"TV Reviews; An Update On 'The Cosby Show'"
3786:
3729:"Уряд змінив назву одеського порту "Южний""
3220:Форумы inFrance - Франция по-русски website
2510:(in Russian). June 11, 2021. Archived from
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2373:
1129:
517:Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons
5660:Deaths from multiple myeloma in California
5209:
5195:
5068:Dark Side of Power: The Real Armand Hammer
4178:"Armand Hammer buys into Arm & Hammer"
3480:"Phosphate treasure draws little interest"
3218:[Hemingway's Paris and more ...].
2847:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2180:
2037:
1307:because of his strong support of both the
1252:estimated his net worth at $ 200 million.
57:
5635:American people of Russian-Jewish descent
4413:
4387:
3993:
2727:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp.
2704:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp.
2681:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp.
2508:"Юкрейниан Шиппинг Мегазин" (USM) website
2127:
2125:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
1920:
1911:
1188:Sign of the Armand Hammer Golf Course in
820:, Andropov assigned Mikhail Ilyich Bruk (
343:. As the administrative head, commercial
5710:American expatriates in the Soviet Union
5011:The Remarkable Life of Dr. Armand Hammer
4934:(1st ed.). New York: Random House.
4609:"It's time to clean up your act Charles"
4383:. New York: S & R Hayden. p. 8.
4372:
3759:
3757:
2666:
2570:
2489:
1924:The remarkable life of Dr. Armand Hammer
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1438:
1183:
551:
416:
390:
4929:
4536:
4246:University of California, Santa Barbara
4132:
4120:
3967:Babcock, Charles R. (August 15, 1992).
3966:
3935:
3890:
3862:"Hammer Enters Plea In Nixon Fund Case"
3859:
3576:
3574:
3488:. Jacksonville, Florida. Archived from
3462:
3450:
3438:
3426:
3409:
3397:
3355:
3343:
3298:
3250:
3172:
3127:Higginbotham, Adam (February 4, 2020).
3090:"Occidental-Libya Exploration Pact Set"
3059:
2900:"What's New on the Corporate Bookshelf"
2886:
2744:
2718:
2695:
2672:
2483:
2471:
2439:Persico, Joseph E. (October 13, 1996).
2438:
2423:
2411:
2384:
2367:
2355:
2343:
2277:
2265:
2189:
2076:
2031:
2016:
2001:
1986:
1872:
1785:
1767:from the original on September 25, 2018
1481:Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery
1445:Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery
556:
197: 1956; died 1989)
5607:
4867:"Miss Mobley Has Nuptials In Oklahoma"
4832:from the original on December 26, 2018
4776:from the original on December 15, 2016
4703:O'Connor, John J. (January 21, 1988).
4670:from the original on November 20, 2016
4574:
4378:
4339:
4042:from the original on February 24, 2018
4029:
3981:from the original on November 10, 2021
3828:
3653:"10 интересных фактов о порте "Южный""
3650:
3477:
3265:
3163:, page 557. Simon & Schuster, 1991
3023:
2940:from the original on December 17, 2014
2848:Blumenthal, Ralph (October 14, 1996).
2819:"Faberge show exposes market in fakes"
2745:Andrews, Robert M. (August 15, 1989).
2654:from the original on December 17, 2021
2309:from the original on December 17, 2021
2213:from the original on November 20, 2016
2201:Joseph E. Persico (October 13, 1996).
2122:
2082:
1950:
1948:
1347:Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
1013:Морський торговельний порт «Південний»
877:Trade deals between Nixon and Brezhnev
588:
5740:Philanthropists from New York (state)
5655:Deaths from bone cancer in California
5190:
4449:
4360:from the original on November 1, 2020
4321:from the original on October 31, 2020
4282:from the original on November 2, 2020
4252:from the original on January 21, 2021
4218:from the original on November 6, 2020
4188:from the original on January 14, 2021
4072:from the original on October 15, 2007
3948:from the original on October 23, 2018
3829:Ripley, Anthony (December 11, 1974).
3797:
3763:
3754:
3616:"Aerial view of the Port of Pivdenny"
3510:
3108:from the original on October 11, 2022
3071:
2850:"Armand Hammer's Maze of Skulduggery"
2829:from the original on November 8, 2021
2813:
2811:
2809:
2781:"Faberge Eggs - the fate of the eggs"
2740:
2738:
2616:from the original on January 19, 2021
2533:
2531:
2529:
1968:from the original on February 4, 2021
1844:
1832:from the original on January 19, 2021
1717:
5705:20th-century American businesspeople
4625:from the original on August 15, 2021
4589:from the original on August 15, 2021
4462:from the original on August 19, 2016
4158:from the original on August 18, 2020
3872:from the original on August 15, 2021
3841:from the original on August 15, 2021
3663:from the original on August 19, 2021
3580:
3571:
3193:from the original on August 15, 2021
3038:from the original on August 15, 2021
3005:from the original on August 15, 2021
2868:from the original on October 6, 2018
2571:Flanigan, James (December 7, 1988).
1561:"Hammer: Odyssey of an Entrepreneur"
4877:from the original on March 26, 2010
4826:Columbia College Alumni Association
4244:. The American Presidency Project,
3860:Oelsner, Lesley (October 2, 1975).
3810:from the original on March 14, 2021
3742:from the original on April 17, 2019
3705:. September 3, 1986. Archived from
3583:"Soviets Dumping Ammonia, ITC Says"
3538:
3513:"OCCIDENTAL SIGNS DEAL WITH SOVIET"
3187:"БЫЛ ЛИ АРМАНД ХАММЕР АГЕНТОМ КГБ?"
2973:from the original on August 1, 2022
2761:from the original on August 1, 2022
1945:
1557:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
1309:International Workers and Communist
13:
5725:Columbia College (New York) alumni
4949:
4300:
4154:. straightdope.com. May 21, 1982.
4102:from the original on April 3, 2007
4030:Frantz, Douglas (March 19, 2000).
3369:"World Trade Center Set To Expand"
3266:Demont, John (November 13, 1989).
3222:. 2009. p. 17. Archived from
2910:from the original on July 27, 2018
2806:
2735:
2564:
2526:
2058:from the original on June 20, 2021
1608:In 1954 during the United States'
1529:The Quest of the Romanoff Treasure
893:, the finance chairman of Nixon's
14:
5766:
5218:National Medal of Arts recipients
5156:
4715:from the original on May 31, 2013
4575:Holden, Anthony (March 8, 2003).
4482:"Knoedler Kasmin Limited Records"
4427:. August 16, 1937. Archived from
4011:from the original on July 1, 2009
3831:"Guilt Admitted by a Nixon Donor"
3581:Rich, Spencer (October 4, 1979).
2794:from the original on May 25, 2012
1806:
1739:. Random House Value Publishing.
1612:era and to affect the trading of
1272:, exploded, killing 167 men. The
367:, while his Allied Drug partner,
255:in the mid 20th century. Called "
5690:People in the petroleum industry
5685:People from Bel Air, Los Angeles
4889:
4859:
4844:
4814:
4788:
4754:
4739:
4727:
4696:
4652:
4637:
4601:
4568:
4542:
4499:
4474:
4443:
4333:
4294:
4264:
4230:
4200:
4170:
4144:
4126:
4084:
3800:"Armand Hammer Pardoned by Bush"
3798:Rampe, David (August 15, 1989).
3738:(in Ukrainian). April 17, 2019.
3511:Smith, Hedrick (June 29, 1974).
3216:"Париж Хемингуэя и не только..."
3024:Fenton, James (March 14, 2008).
1506:Journal of International Affairs
1434:
1121:, the company that manufactures
1071:Association with the Gore family
660:stated Stalin's trade commissar
353:Russian Soviet Government Bureau
329:Socialist Labor Party of America
171:
151:
16:American businessman (1898–1990)
5695:Philanthropists from California
5640:Businesspeople from Los Angeles
5047:Armand Hammer: The Untold Story
4986:Macmillan Library Reference USA
4923:
4770:American Academy of Achievement
4450:Landi, Ann (December 1, 1996).
4054:
4023:
3960:
3929:
3897:"Стрингер" (stringer-agency.ru)
3884:
3853:
3822:
3721:
3689:
3622:. June 11, 2021. Archived from
3608:
3504:
3478:Cristy, Matt (March 31, 1997).
3361:
3304:
3208:
3178:
3153:
3120:
3082:
3078:(special report on energy): 80.
3065:
3017:
3001:. July 30, 1945. pp. 1–2.
2985:
2922:
2892:
2841:
2773:
2712:
2689:
2628:
2590:
2385:Hastedt, Glenn P., ed. (2011).
2321:
2283:
2240:
2225:
2174:
2155:
2151:. University Press of Kentucky.
2140:
1737:Armand Hammer, The Untold Story
1693:
1680:
1663:
1650:
1602:
1490:
1321:American Academy of Achievement
445:While most historians (such as
347:, and financial advisor of the
194:
147:
4395:"The Armand Hammer Collection"
4340:Kolata, Gina (March 2, 1988).
3375:. May 17, 2005. Archived from
2391:. ABC-Clio. pp. 354–355.
2147:Katherine A.S. Siegel (1996).
1878:
1791:
1753:
1555:Reviewed by Tom Gainor, VP of
1468:; his great-grandson is actor
1375:Hilal-i-Quaid-Azam Peace Award
1311:movement and the needs of the
1301:Order of Friendship of Peoples
816:Through Hammer's closeness to
469:
21:Armand Hammer (disambiguation)
1:
5645:Businesspeople from Manhattan
4903:. August 1987. Archived from
3936:Reitwiesner, William Addams.
3546:"THE RIDDLE OF ARMAND HAMMER"
3485:Jacksonville Business Journal
2636:"THE RIDDLE OF ARMAND HAMMER"
2291:"The Riddle of Armand Hammer"
1927:. Harper & Row. pp.
1798:"Lenin's capitalist friend".
1710:
1357:Royal Order of the Polar Star
1146:Other activities and pursuits
1138:to serve on the three-member
1019:west of the 1974 established
940:that would be converted into
627:Hammer's move to Soviet Union
273:
98:Los Angeles, California, U.S.
5531:John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie
4930:Epstein, Edward Jay (1996).
3899:(in Russian). Archived from
3657:Одесская жизнь (odessa1.com)
808:and seven U.S. Presidents."
506:Family envoy in Soviet Union
7:
5152:(in Greek). Patakis (2000).
5150:To Ergostassio ton Molivion
3768:Reflections without Mirrors
2719:Barmine, Alexander (1945).
2696:Barmine, Alexander (1945).
2673:Barmine, Alexander (1945).
1573:
736:crashed into the north face
644:Return to the United States
36:Armand Hammer (music group)
10:
5771:
5735:Jews from New York (state)
5031:The World of Armand Hammer
4746:Theodore Lockwood (1997).
4646:Los Angeles Times Magazine
4379:Hammer, Victor J. (1976).
4303:"Cancer Panel Chief Named"
3772:. Doubleday. p. 432.
1893:. Pantheon Books. p.
1454:, throughout their lives.
1399:National Recognition Award
1319:Golden Plate Award of the
1199:Among his legacies is the
1048:through friends of former
811:
565:, Hammer extended earlier
278:Armand Hammer was born in
25:
18:
5569:
5561:Dayton Hudson Corporation
5500:
5429:
5367:
5296:
5225:
4982:Tycoons and Entrepreneurs
2602:Christian Science Monitor
2543:Christian Science Monitor
2236:. CreateSpace Publishing.
1818:Christian Science Monitor
1502:"On a Vast China Market."
1294:
1194:Holmby Hills, Los Angeles
1113:Stake in Arm & Hammer
1024:
1012:
1008:
1000:
992:
864:World Trade Center Moscow
825:
757:control over oil prices.
738:of the 79th floor of the
720:New Market, New Hampshire
610:Lenin New Economic Policy
546:
213:
205:
124:
114:
103:
87:
68:
56:
49:
5178:Armand Hammer Collection
2100:Bradford Matsen (2011).
1885:Bradford Matsen (2011).
1656:Later, during the 1980s
1595:
1366:Knight Commander's Cross
1234:. Hammer hungered for a
1209:Prince of Wales, Charles
1140:President's Cancer Panel
1130:President's Cancer Panel
1009:Морской порт “Пивденный”
377:Allied Drug and Chemical
110:(B.A., 1919; M.D., 1921)
26:Not to be confused with
5625:American art collectors
5268:Dorothy Buffum Chandler
2185:. Scarecrow Press, Inc.
2132:John N. Ingham (1983).
1921:Considine, Bob (1975).
1735:Steve Weinberg (1990).
1548:, 1988. Co-authored by
1459:Olga Vadimovna von Root
1345:: Grand Officer of the
1171:Los Angeles, California
936:through Hammer's firms
794:survivors. In his book
563:Columbia Medical School
4796:"Hammer, Dott. Armand"
4688:: CS1 maint: others (
4397:. UCLA. Archived from
4214:. September 23, 1986.
2330:Columbia College today
2232:Rachel Verdon (2012).
1447:
1331:National Medal of Arts
1196:
1075:A 2003 interview with
1017:Small Adzhalyk Estuary
726:, and also produced a
396:
184:Frances Barrett Tolman
5675:Jewish art collectors
5148:Triantafyllou, Soti.
4955:Biographical profiles
4828:. December 14, 2016.
4431:on September 17, 2008
3938:"Ancestry of Al Gore"
3552:. November 29, 1981.
3313:"To Russia with Cash"
2642:. November 29, 1981.
2358:, pp. 22, 49–50.
2297:. November 29, 1981.
2162:Beverly Gage (2008).
1961:Meriden Daily Journal
1701:Jacksonville, Florida
1466:Michael Armand Hammer
1442:
1390:Order of Andrés Bello
1205:United World Colleges
1187:
966:Jacksonville, Florida
740:Empire State Building
637:Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga
552:Early Soviet ventures
417:Father's imprisonment
395:The symbol of the SLP
394:
357:Soviet Russian Bureau
5730:Jews from California
5288:Hallmark Cards, Inc.
5073:Simon & Schuster
4873:. January 13, 1985.
4381:Elizabeth Charleston
4301:Ap (June 24, 1984).
3764:Nizer, Lois (1978).
3325:on November 24, 2020
3280:on November 26, 2020
3096:. February 8, 1974.
2936:. October 27, 1996.
2247:Edward Jay Epstein.
1862:on October 22, 2012.
1671:Occidental Petroleum
962:Port of Jacksonville
922:Occidental Petroleum
857:Occidental Petroleum
747:Occidental Petroleum
557:First trip to Russia
432:a great flu epidemic
402:La Dame aux Camélias
253:Occidental Petroleum
209:Julian Armand Hammer
150: 1927;
136:Olga Vadina von Root
19:For other uses, see
5472:Sydney J. Freedberg
5087:Epstein, Edward Jay
4556:. September 2, 2022
4276:presidency.ucsb.edu
4242:presidency.ucsb.edu
4212:The Washington Post
4098:. August 16, 2006.
3974:the Washington Post
3492:on November 7, 2002
3453:, pp. 267–276.
3441:, pp. 270–271.
3400:, pp. 266–267.
3346:, pp. 271–273.
3301:, pp. 263–265.
3175:, pp. 265–268.
3075:National Geographic
2474:, pp. 249–258.
2181:Nigel West (2007).
1763:. FundingUniverse.
1635:primarily from the
1119:Church & Dwight
1061:Nixon's re-election
926:Tower International
806:General Secretaries
764:National Geographic
761:was Oxy's auditor.
656:, Armand's brother
616:New Economic Policy
589:Asbestos concession
528:Allied intervention
333:Communist Party USA
292:emigrants from the
164:Angela Carey Zevely
108:Columbia University
82:New York City, U.S.
5516:Alfred Eisenstaedt
5492:Obert Clark Tanner
5405:Robert Penn Warren
5359:Seymour H. Knox II
5349:Dominique de Menil
5233:Elliott Carter Jr.
4871:The New York Times
4853:The New York Times
4709:The New York Times
4621:. March 10, 2003.
4456:The New York Times
4346:The New York Times
4307:The New York Times
4036:The New York Times
4001:"Gore's Oil Money"
3866:The New York Times
3835:The New York Times
3804:The New York Times
3709:on August 19, 2021
3626:on August 19, 2021
3550:The New York Times
3517:The New York Times
3226:on August 15, 2021
3094:The New York Times
2904:The New York Times
2854:The New York Times
2640:The New York Times
2514:on August 19, 2021
2453:on August 15, 2021
2446:The New York Times
2295:The New York Times
2255:on March 16, 2015.
2207:The New York Times
2108:. Pantheon Books.
1485:Wilshire Boulevard
1448:
1417:Order of the Crown
1382:: Leadership Award
1197:
1160:Post-Impressionist
1077:Aleksey Mitrofanov
1003:) at the seaport "
970:Export–Import Bank
838:Pugwash conference
704:Edward Jay Epstein
687:In his 1983 book,
457:, who in his book
455:Edward Jay Epstein
397:
335:, which supported
325:Russian Revolution
5602:
5601:
5551:Robert Motherwell
5541:Vladimir Horowitz
5354:Exxon Corporation
5319:Willem de Kooning
5130:Denver Art Museum
5075:(November 1992).
5044:Weinberg, Steve.
4970:(1983): 533–536.
4822:"John Jay Awards"
3903:on August 6, 2003
3734:Українська правда
3702:Los Angeles Times
3379:on August 3, 2022
3138:978-1-5011-3463-0
2969:. March 9, 1959.
2934:Los Angeles Times
2906:. July 31, 1983.
2577:Los Angeles Times
2441:"The Last Tycoon"
2414:, p. 48, 50.
2268:, pp. 42–43.
2203:"The Last Tycoon"
1989:, pp. 40–41.
1964:. March 6, 1934.
1281:coffee table book
1242:, but never won.
1236:Nobel Peace Prize
1057:George H. W. Bush
826:Михаил Ильич Брук
654:Géza von Habsburg
633:Alexander Barmine
524:Bellevue Hospital
425:(the 33-year-old
369:Abraham A. Heller
268:citizen diplomacy
242:
241:
91:December 10, 1990
5762:
5511:Katherine Dunham
5477:Roger L. Stevens
5329:Eva Le Gallienne
5273:Lincoln Kirstein
5258:Georgia O'Keeffe
5211:
5204:
5197:
5188:
5187:
5033:. Abrams, 1985.
5016:Harper & Row
4960:Ingham, John N.
4945:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4907:on July 24, 2008
4893:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4687:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4546:
4540:
4534:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4066:The Boston Globe
4058:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3920:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3795:
3784:
3783:
3771:
3761:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3680:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3648:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3631:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3578:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3475:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3373:The Moscow Times
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3321:. Archived from
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3276:. Archived from
3263:
3254:
3248:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3231:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3198:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3159:Yergin, Daniel.
3157:
3151:
3150:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2959:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2815:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2755:Associated Press
2742:
2733:
2732:
2726:
2723:One Who Survived
2716:
2710:
2709:
2703:
2700:One Who Survived
2693:
2687:
2686:
2680:
2677:One Who Survived
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2604:. July 3, 1980.
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2545:. July 3, 1980.
2535:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2500:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2449:. Archived from
2436:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2382:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2251:. Archived from
2244:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2198:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2107:
2097:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2044:
2035:
2029:
2020:
2014:
2005:
1999:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1892:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1858:. Archived from
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1820:. July 3, 1980.
1810:
1804:
1803:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1732:
1704:
1697:
1691:
1684:
1678:
1667:
1661:
1654:
1648:
1606:
1429:, his alma mater
1427:Columbia College
1349:(August 1, 1981)
1123:Arm & Hammer
1050:Montana Governor
1026:
1014:
1010:
1002:
994:
872:
827:
513:Columbia College
361:money laundering
327:, a part of the
235:(great-grandson)
198:
196:
175:
173:
155:
153:
149:
119:Business magnate
94:
78:
76:
61:
47:
46:
28:Arm & Hammer
5770:
5769:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5680:Museum founders
5605:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5565:
5521:Martin Friedman
5496:
5425:
5400:William Schuman
5380:Ella Fitzgerald
5363:
5304:Marian Anderson
5292:
5253:Louise Nevelson
5221:
5215:
5159:
4988:(1998): 87–92.
4968:Greenwood Press
4952:
4950:Further reading
4942:
4926:
4921:
4920:
4910:
4908:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4880:
4878:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4849:
4845:
4835:
4833:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4805:
4803:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4779:
4777:
4766:achievement.org
4760:
4759:
4755:
4744:
4740:
4732:
4728:
4718:
4716:
4701:
4697:
4681:
4680:
4673:
4671:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4642:
4638:
4628:
4626:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4592:
4590:
4573:
4569:
4559:
4557:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4535:
4526:
4516:
4514:
4513:. June 30, 2002
4505:
4504:
4500:
4490:
4488:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4465:
4463:
4448:
4444:
4434:
4432:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4404:
4402:
4401:on July 3, 2008
4393:
4392:
4388:
4377:
4373:
4363:
4361:
4338:
4334:
4324:
4322:
4299:
4295:
4285:
4283:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4255:
4253:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4221:
4219:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4191:
4189:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4161:
4159:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4131:
4127:
4119:
4115:
4105:
4103:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4075:
4073:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4045:
4043:
4028:
4024:
4014:
4012:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3984:
3982:
3965:
3961:
3951:
3949:
3934:
3930:
3914:
3913:
3906:
3904:
3889:
3885:
3875:
3873:
3858:
3854:
3844:
3842:
3827:
3823:
3813:
3811:
3796:
3787:
3780:
3762:
3755:
3745:
3743:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3712:
3710:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3674:
3673:
3666:
3664:
3649:
3642:
3629:
3627:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3599:
3597:
3587:Washington Post
3579:
3572:
3562:
3560:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3493:
3476:
3469:
3461:
3457:
3449:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3425:
3416:
3408:
3404:
3396:
3392:
3382:
3380:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3354:
3350:
3342:
3338:
3328:
3326:
3309:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3283:
3281:
3264:
3257:
3249:
3242:
3229:
3227:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3196:
3194:
3183:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3158:
3154:
3139:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3109:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3070:
3066:
3058:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3022:
3018:
3008:
3006:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2976:
2974:
2961:
2960:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2869:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2817:
2816:
2807:
2797:
2795:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2762:
2743:
2736:
2717:
2713:
2694:
2690:
2671:
2667:
2657:
2655:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2537:
2536:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2502:
2501:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2437:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2383:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2245:
2241:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2199:
2190:
2179:
2175:
2170:. Oxford Press.
2160:
2156:
2145:
2141:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2098:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2030:
2023:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1733:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1698:
1694:
1685:
1681:
1668:
1664:
1655:
1651:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1576:
1493:
1475:Hammer died of
1443:Family tomb in
1437:
1432:
1338:Legion of Honor
1305:Leonid Brezhnev
1297:
1179:John Richardson
1148:
1132:
1115:
1073:
1037:
1025:«Григорьевский»
914:Leonid Brezhnev
887:Sargent Shriver
879:
866:
842:Thinkers' Lodge
814:
776:Muammar Gaddafi
759:Arthur Andersen
728:blended whiskey
712:
678:Henrik Wigstrom
662:Anastas Mikoyan
646:
629:
614:During Lenin's
612:
591:
571:pharmaceuticals
567:entrepreneurial
559:
554:
549:
536:J. Edgar Hoover
508:
472:
423:Marie Oganesoff
419:
407:Alexandre Dumas
276:
238:
201:
200:
192:
188:
185:
177:
174: 1954)
169:
165:
157:
154: 1943)
145:
141:
138:
104:Alma mater
99:
96:
92:
83:
80:
74:
72:
64:
52:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5768:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5546:Czesław Miłosz
5543:
5538:
5536:Walker Hancock
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5489:
5487:Francis Goelet
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5467:Virgil Thomson
5464:
5459:
5457:Jerome Robbins
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5412:Frances Fisher
5410:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5390:Alwin Nikolais
5387:
5385:Howard Nemerov
5382:
5377:
5375:Romare Bearden
5371:
5369:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5324:Agnes de Mille
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5263:Leontyne Price
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5229:
5227:
5223:
5222:
5214:
5213:
5206:
5199:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5175:
5169:
5158:
5157:External links
5155:
5154:
5153:
5140:
5139:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5105:978-0679448020
5084:
5081:978-0671700539
5065:Blumay, Carl.
5063:
5060:978-0316928397
5042:
5039:978-0810910935
5029:Bryson, John.
5027:
4998:
4997:
4994:978-0028649825
4979:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4941:978-0679448020
4940:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4888:
4858:
4843:
4813:
4787:
4753:
4738:
4726:
4695:
4651:
4636:
4600:
4577:"Bad heir day"
4567:
4541:
4524:
4498:
4473:
4442:
4421:"Hammer Icons"
4412:
4386:
4371:
4332:
4293:
4263:
4229:
4199:
4169:
4143:
4125:
4113:
4083:
4053:
4022:
3992:
3959:
3928:
3883:
3852:
3821:
3785:
3778:
3753:
3720:
3688:
3659:(in Russian).
3640:
3607:
3570:
3537:
3503:
3467:
3465:, p. 267.
3455:
3443:
3431:
3429:, p. 270.
3414:
3412:, p. 268.
3402:
3390:
3360:
3358:, p. 273.
3348:
3336:
3303:
3291:
3255:
3253:, p. 266.
3240:
3207:
3177:
3165:
3152:
3137:
3119:
3081:
3064:
3062:, p. 233.
3049:
3016:
2998:Brooklyn Eagle
2984:
2951:
2921:
2891:
2889:, p. 138.
2879:
2840:
2805:
2772:
2734:
2711:
2688:
2665:
2627:
2589:
2563:
2525:
2488:
2486:, p. 257.
2476:
2464:
2428:
2416:
2404:
2398:978-1851098088
2397:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2336:
2320:
2282:
2270:
2258:
2239:
2224:
2188:
2173:
2154:
2139:
2121:
2114:
2081:
2069:
2054:(in Russian).
2052:pseudology.org
2036:
2021:
2006:
1991:
1979:
1944:
1937:
1910:
1903:
1877:
1865:
1843:
1805:
1790:
1778:
1752:
1745:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1692:
1688:Gulfstream jet
1679:
1662:
1649:
1622:Republic Steel
1600:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1567:, August 1987.
1533:
1519:
1518:
1492:
1489:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1423:John Jay Award
1420:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1350:
1340:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1296:
1293:
1265:was imminent.
1258:The Cosby Show
1240:Menachem Begin
1221:Princess Diana
1217:Prince William
1147:
1144:
1131:
1128:
1114:
1111:
1096:Vice President
1072:
1069:
1046:Watergate fund
1036:
1033:
903:H. R. Haldeman
878:
875:
813:
810:
711:
708:
645:
642:
628:
625:
611:
608:
590:
587:
561:After leaving
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
507:
504:
477:Ludwig Martens
471:
468:
418:
415:
411:arm and hammer
385:Lusk Committee
349:Ludwig Martens
337:Vladimir Lenin
323:Following the
294:Russian Empire
275:
272:
240:
239:
237:
236:
230:
227:Michael Hammer
224:
217:
215:
211:
210:
207:
203:
202:
190:
186:
183:
182:
181:
180:
167:
163:
162:
161:
160:
143:
139:
134:
133:
132:
131:
128:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
105:
101:
100:
97:
95:(aged 92)
89:
85:
84:
81:
70:
66:
65:
63:Hammer in 1982
62:
54:
53:
50:
32:arm and hammer
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5767:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5670:Hammer Museum
5668:
5666:
5665:Hammer family
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5574:Complete list
5572:
5571:
5568:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5526:Leigh Gerdine
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:Leopold Adler
5506:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5462:Rudolf Serkin
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5416:Armand Hammer
5414:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5395:Isamu Noguchi
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5339:Lewis Mumford
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5314:Aaron Copland
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5248:Martha Graham
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5238:Ralph Ellison
5236:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5219:
5212:
5207:
5205:
5200:
5198:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5151:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5116:
5114:
5109:
5108:
5107:. 418 pages.
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5052:Little, Brown
5049:
5048:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5007:Cosidine, Bob
5005:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4943:
4937:
4933:
4928:
4927:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4854:
4847:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4801:
4797:
4791:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4757:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4730:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4699:
4691:
4685:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4655:
4647:
4640:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4604:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4571:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4538:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4487:
4486:oac.cdlib.org
4483:
4477:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4446:
4435:September 27,
4430:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4405:September 27,
4400:
4396:
4390:
4382:
4375:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4336:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4297:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4140:
4136:
4133:Neil Lyndon.
4129:
4122:
4117:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4026:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3963:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3932:
3924:
3918:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3887:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3856:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3781:
3779:9780385126700
3775:
3770:
3769:
3760:
3758:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3684:
3678:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3647:
3645:
3637:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3575:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3507:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3474:
3472:
3464:
3459:
3452:
3447:
3440:
3435:
3428:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3411:
3406:
3399:
3394:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3357:
3352:
3345:
3340:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3295:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3262:
3260:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3237:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3204:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3169:
3162:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3077:
3076:
3068:
3061:
3056:
3054:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3020:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2888:
2883:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2739:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2715:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2692:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2669:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2485:
2480:
2473:
2468:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2426:, p. 48.
2425:
2420:
2413:
2408:
2400:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2370:, p. 22.
2369:
2364:
2357:
2352:
2346:, p. 45.
2345:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2324:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2280:, p. 43.
2279:
2274:
2267:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2235:
2228:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2184:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2158:
2150:
2143:
2135:
2128:
2126:
2117:
2115:9780307378811
2111:
2106:
2105:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2079:, p. 35.
2078:
2073:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2034:, p. 42.
2033:
2028:
2026:
2019:, p. 41.
2018:
2013:
2011:
2004:, p. 40.
2003:
1998:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1940:
1938:0-06-010836-3
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1917:
1915:
1906:
1904:9780307378811
1900:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1881:
1875:, p. 34.
1874:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1801:
1800:The Economist
1794:
1787:
1782:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1748:
1746:9780517062821
1742:
1738:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1716:
1702:
1696:
1689:
1683:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1659:
1653:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1546:Perigee Books
1543:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1452:Victor Hammer
1446:
1441:
1435:Personal life
1428:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1408:Jubilee Medal
1405:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1274:Cullen Report
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1232:the Holocaust
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:Hammer Museum
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:Impressionist
1153:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1136:Ronald Reagan
1127:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:Richard Nixon
1032:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1011:, Ukrainian:
1006:
998:
990:
986:
982:
981:Ukrainian SSR
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
895:campaign fund
892:
891:Maurice Stans
888:
884:
883:Richard Nixon
874:
870:
865:
860:
858:
854:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
823:
819:
818:Yuri Andropov
809:
807:
803:
802:Daniel Yergin
799:
798:
793:
789:
785:
780:
777:
772:
770:
766:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
715:
707:
705:
701:
697:
696:Joseph Finder
693:
691:
685:
683:
679:
674:
670:
667:
663:
659:
658:Victor Hammer
655:
651:
641:
638:
634:
624:
621:
617:
607:
605:
601:
597:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
544:
542:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
503:
501:
497:
494:
490:
485:
482:
478:
467:
465:
464:Bettye Murphy
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
430:the midst of
428:
424:
414:
412:
408:
405:, a novel by
404:
403:
393:
389:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:
281:
280:New York City
271:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:Armand Hammer
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
221:Victor Hammer
219:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
179:
178:
159:
158:
137:
130:
129:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
109:
106:
102:
90:
86:
71:
67:
60:
55:
51:Armand Hammer
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
5482:Brooke Astor
5447:Gordon Parks
5421:Sydney Lewis
5415:
5409:J. W. Fisher
5344:Eudora Welty
5149:
5142:
5141:
5134:
5123:
5122:
5112:
5097:Random House
5095:. New York:
5091:
5083:. 494 pages.
5071:. New York:
5067:
5062:. 501 pages.
5046:
5041:. 255 pages.
5030:
5026:. 287 pages.
5014:. New York:
5010:
5000:
4999:
4984:. New York:
4962:
4954:
4953:
4931:
4924:Bibliography
4909:. Retrieved
4905:the original
4900:
4891:
4879:. Retrieved
4870:
4861:
4852:
4846:
4834:. Retrieved
4825:
4816:
4806:November 27,
4804:. Retrieved
4802:(in Italian)
4800:quirinale.it
4799:
4790:
4778:. Retrieved
4765:
4756:
4747:
4741:
4733:
4729:
4717:. Retrieved
4708:
4698:
4672:. Retrieved
4663:
4654:
4648:. p. 8.
4645:
4639:
4627:. Retrieved
4612:
4603:
4591:. Retrieved
4582:The Guardian
4580:
4570:
4558:. Retrieved
4553:
4544:
4539:, p. 8.
4537:Epstein 1996
4515:. Retrieved
4510:
4501:
4489:. Retrieved
4485:
4476:
4464:. Retrieved
4455:
4445:
4433:. Retrieved
4429:the original
4424:
4415:
4403:. Retrieved
4399:the original
4389:
4380:
4374:
4362:. Retrieved
4345:
4335:
4323:. Retrieved
4306:
4296:
4284:. Retrieved
4275:
4266:
4254:. Retrieved
4241:
4232:
4220:. Retrieved
4211:
4202:
4190:. Retrieved
4181:
4172:
4162:December 14,
4160:. Retrieved
4146:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4121:Epstein 1996
4116:
4104:. Retrieved
4095:
4086:
4074:. Retrieved
4065:
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1053:Tim Babcock
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