1063:
1667:
1499:
613:
1044:
1402:
2447:
to the
Philippines for the restoration of the heritage towns they destroyed, effectively destroying any chances of restoration, since the prewar Philippines' economy was devastated and had limited monetary supply. On the other hand, the United States gave minimal funding for only two of the hundreds of cities they destroyed, namely, Manila and Baguio. Today, only the centers (poblacion or downtown areas) of Filipino heritage towns and cities remain in most of the expansive heritage cities and towns in the country. Yet, some heritage cities in their former glory prior to the war still exist, such as the
927:
1220:, many heritage districts and towns outside Metro Manila were heavily destroyed and damaged by American and Japanese bombs. Reports of deliberate burning of colonial structures by Japanese soldiers were also rampant. Most destroyed or damaged heritage structures have never been restored and now lay in ruins or have been replaced with shanty houses or concrete structures with no significant architectural aesthetics. Many scholars have championed for Japan and America's accountability for the destruction of many Filipino architectural landscapes and towns, but to no avail.
1975:
2432:
54:
637:
2241:
4137:
2594:
5213:
2022:. It is dominated by a two-storey travertine block suspended 12 meters (39 ft) high by deep concave cantilevers on three sides. The building is built on a massive podium, and entry is through a vehicular ramp in front of the raised lobby and a pedestrian side entry on its northwest side. In front of the National Theater and below the ramp, there is an octagonal reflecting pool with fountains and underwater lights. Aside from the National Theater, other structures located inside the
1762:
492:
331:
1025:
2330:
5619:
5224:
1712:. During the liberation of Manila by the combined American and Filipino troops in 1945, the theatre was totally destroyed. After reconstruction by the Americans it gradually fell into disuse in the 1960s. In the following decade it was meticulously restored but again fell into decay. The sculptures upon the façade of the theater are by Italian sculptor Francesco Riccardo Monti, who lived in Manila from 1930 until his death in 1958, and worked closely with
1108:
1078:
19:
2344:
5629:
1009:
1323:
2465:
heritage houses. In 2010, the
Philippine Cultural Heritage Act passed into law, effectively giving protections to all cultural heritage properties of the Philippines. However, despite its passage, many ancestral home owners continue to approve the demolition of ancestral structures. In certain cases, government entities themselves were the purveyors of such demolitions.
1355:
earthquake-proof baroque style architecture. The bell tower served as an observation post in 1896 for the
Katipuneros during the Philippine revolution against the Spaniards, and again by the Filipino guerillas during the Japanese occupation in World War II. The present structure is the third to stand on the site and has survived seven major earthquakes, and the wars in
508:
their environment. The structures' original builders used stone and mud walls to carefully carve and construct terraces that could hold flooded pond fields for the cultivation of rice. They also established a system to water these plots by harvesting water from mountaintop forests. These engineering feats were done by hand as was the farming itself.
2456:
heritage townscapes. Some heritage buildings have been demolished or sold to corporations, and have been replaced by commercial structures such as shopping centers, condominium units, or newly furnished modern-style buildings, completely destroying the old aesthetics of many former heritage towns and cities. This is one of the reasons why
594:. A torogan is elevated above the ground by columns cut from trees of huge girth. Its walls are covered with plywood sticks and the roof thatched with dried coconut leaves. There is no interior partition, so it appears as a huge hall. Apart from the basic elements of this structure, it is intricately engraved with flowing
2179:
Festival are featured on the glass walls of the center. It is a two-storey structure with a total floor area of 11,832 square meters. The main hall on the ground floor has a 3,700-seat capacity and 500-seat function rooms on the second floor. A rooftop of 1,500 sqm is available for outdoor functions.
444:
There have been proposals to establish a policy where each municipality and city will have an ordinance mandating all constructions and reconstructions within such territory to be inclined with the municipality or city's architecture and landscaping styles to preserve and conserve the country's dying
1299:
Pursuant to the
Intramuros Register of Styles, new constructions in Intramuros that do not follow the Bahay na Bato typology may only be allowed only in specific locations where a Non-Bahay na Bato structure (e.g. a Neoclassical building) was known to exist. Otherwise, new constructions are required
2446:
The
Philippines is home to numerous heritage towns and cities, many of which have been intentionally destroyed by the Japanese through fire tactics in World War II and the Americans through bombings during the same war. After the war, the government of the Empire of Japan withheld from giving funds
1966:. By the 1980s the country's architectural idiom was swept by the tide of Post Modernism, a hearkening back of some sort to classical architecture. Today, architecture in the Philippines continue to be vibrant and with the country opening up to the world, more first rate architecture is pouring in.
1001:
Later on the invention of various tools allowed for the fabrication of tent-like shelters and tree houses. Early
Classical houses were characterized by rectangular structures elevated on stilt foundations and covered by voluminous thatched roofs ornamented with gable-finials and its structure could
895:
Prior to the usage of the common
Islamic mosque architecture, which can also be seen in Arabia and modern architecture, the vernacular mosques of the Philippines used to be the hut-style and the pagoda-style, which were very common until the late 19th century. Most of the mosques in the Philippines
2581:
formed in 1975 (officially known as the
Integrated and Accredited Professional Organization of Architects) is the official architectural association of the Philippines. It is the first professional organization to be accredited by the Professional Regulation Commission, and it currently has 38,000
724:
During the colonization of the
Philippines, fortifications were also built by the foreign powers to assert political control in the islands. The Spanish, for example, made use of their forts against attacks from Chinese and Moro pirates, as well as the Dutch and the British. These forts were made
507:
have been carefully cultivated with terraced fields. These rice terraces illustrate the ability of human culture to adapt to new social and climate pressures as well as to implement and develop new ideas and technologies. They also epitomize a harmonic, sustainable relationship between humans and
2455:
which was the only heritage town saved from
American bombing and Japanese fire and kamikaze tactics. The country currently lacks a city/town-singular architectural style law. Due to this, unaesthetic cement or shanty structures have taken over heritage buildings annually, destroying many former
2464:
since 1999. Only the heritage city of Vigan has a town law that guarantees its singular architecture (the Vigan colonial style) shall always be used in constructions and reconstructions. Silay, Iloilo City, and San Fernando de Pampanga have ordinances giving certain tax exemptions to owners of
515:
reflects a primarily cooperative approach of the whole community which is based on detailed knowledge of the rich diversity of biological resources existing in the Ifugao agro-ecosystem, a finely tuned annual system respecting lunar cycles, zoning and planning, extensive soil conservation, and
1267:
Intramuros in Manila is the only locality in the Philippines where, for cultural reasons, the use, height, scale, and aesthetics of all new constructions and development are pre-determined and strictly regulated under the force of a national law. The Register of Styles, as an integral part of
1180:
was constructed out of brick and stone rather than the traditional bamboo, timbre and other wooden materials that elevates the house. It is a mixture of native Filipino, Spanish and Chinese influences. During the 19th century, wealthy Filipinos built some fine houses, usually with solid stone
1354:
is one of the most prominent types of these churches. This unique specimen of Filipino architecture called Filipino Baroque from the Spanish era has been included in the World Heritage Sites List of the UNESCO. The church was built by the Augustinian friars from 1694 until 1710. It shows the
448:
The proposal advocates for the usage and reinterpretations of indigenous, colonial, and modern architectural and landscaping styles that are prevalent or used to be prevalent in a given city or municipality. The proposal aims to foster a renaissance in Philippine landscaping and townscaping,
2316:) prevalent in most of the colonial period, and sometimes combined with the church which served as refuge. Many towns and cities, especially along bodies of water like rivers, lakes, and channels were built on preceding precolonial settlements - Manila and Tondo are famous examples.
720:
were then necessary to keep their subjects and interests protected. Due to foreign attacks and colonization, only a few of these fortresses physically remain. However, many cities in the country, such as Manila, were built on the basis of fortifications that predated the colony.
907:
declaration in the future. The proposals made were to input the historic mosques of the Philippines (mosque in Simunul), to input the vernacular mosques of the Philippines (langga/rangga-style and pagoda-style mosques), or to combine both and input them in the tentative list of
1522:. Foremost of the American contributions to the country was the establishment of civil government. This led to the erection of government buildings from the city all the way to the municipal level. Designed in the most respectable manner, these government houses resembled
453:, where business proposals to construct structures that are not inclined with Manila's architectural styles have been continuously accepted and constructed by such experts, effectively destroying Manila's architectural townscape one building at a time. Only the city of
449:
especially in rural areas which can easily be transformed into new architectural heritage towns within a 50-year time frame. Unfortunately, many Philippine-based architecture and engineering experts lack the sense of preserving heritage townscapes, such as the case in
1296:. Churches, fortifications, and palaces fashioned in European styles, though few, became icons and objects of popular imagination. In contrast, the vernacular Bahay na Bato, which was adopted in majority of buildings, prevailed in terms of number of constructions.
1252:
as the default style for new constructions in Intramuros. It explicitly recognized the Bahay na Bato as the dominant architectural typology of Intramuros during the Spanish colonial era until the destruction of the Walled City in 1945 during the Second World War.
982:
groves and orchards. The houses sit on posts raised above the ground. The rooms were small, and generally, with a single multipurpose room, having only the cooking space differentiated among the areas in the houses. There is a particular architectural piece called
1943:
and a time of rebuilding ensued. The modern era dawned on Philippine architecture using the simple straight lines of the International Modern Style as a chief mode of expression. By the 1970s, a new form of Philippine architecture emerged with the
978:, it integrated with the new Christianized lifestyle of Spanish governance. Houses were built in a more or less similar manner, in the same way that the settlements were built beside rivers and streams. The houses were built near rice fields and
426:, many of the destroyed buildings were rebuilt, however, a majority of heritage structures, especially in the provinces, were lost and never rebuilt. Most of the structures that were lost are considered focal properties of former heritage towns.
997:
The doors of the houses were usually oriented to the direction where the sun rises and never faced towards the west, an architectural tradition which can be explained by the values and belief systems that early inhabitants of the land have.
774:
were dismantled. During the American occupation, insurgents still built strongholds and the sultans often had these reinforced. Many of these forts were destroyed during American attacks, which is why very few have survived to this day.
2532:(1928–1994) was one of the modern architects who shaped the modern Filipino Architecture. During his career, he built five churches, over 30 different buildings, over 70 residences, and major landmarks in the Philippines including the
2007:, the construction of the National Theater began in 1966 and was completed in 1969. The theater is a primary example of the architect's signature style known as the floating volume, a trait can be seen in structures indigenous to the
441:. After the return of democracy in 1986, a new age of Philippine architecture came into focus through modernism. Early in the 21st century, a revival of the respect for the traditional Filipino elements in the architecture returned.
1291:
and cosmopolitan. While its Church and State buildings were European in orientation, albeit adapted and localized, most of the buildings enclaved within its walls embraced tropical vernacular constructions as exemplified by the
696:'s top archaeologist "a complex archaeological site with both habitation and burial remains from the period of approximately 10th to the 14th century ... the first of its kind in the Philippines having carved limestone tombs."
1276:, the former Administrator of Intramuros. Being an integral part of Presidential Decree No. 1616, the Register of Styles is the only architectural stylebook in the Philippines with the force and potency of a national law.
1648:. Three were built before World War II and two, after. Although FEU buildings were totally damaged during the war, the university was restored to its original Art Deco design immediately after. The university was given a
1171:, the colonial Filipino house, followed the nipa hut's arrangements such as open ventilation and elevated apartments. The most obvious difference between the two houses would be the materials that was used to build them.
612:
5584:
1871:
churches can be uniquely identified for "its exuberant use of fanciful forms and ornaments". Churches were started to be built in this style during the late 1940s and early 1950s with the first concrete chapel built in
1271:
The Register of Styles is the first document to detail the historical styles of Intramuros. It was authored by Rancho Arcilla, who was then the Archivist of the Intramural Administration, and under the initiative of
896:
today have common Islamic architectures imported from Arabia merged with modern style, though some vernacular pagoda-style mosques can still be seen in Mindanao such as the Masjid Datu Untong Balabaran of Taviran in
1568:
city in the tropics and as such opposed to develop its architecture in line with the existing style. The style of architecture, as suggested, varies little from existing architecture at the time as typified by the
755:
which has the modern meaning "city". In addition to its military uses, it also served as a palace for the local lord. These structures were usually made of stone and wood and were surrounded by trench networks.
3458:
Yengoyan, Aram A. (2006). "Chapter 17: Christianity and Austronesian Transformations: Church, Polity and Culture in the Philippines and the Pacific". In Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tryon, Darrell (eds.).
3311:
2542:(May 26, 1899 – May 7, 1986) was a Filipino architect, teacher and a community leader. In 1973, he was named one of the National Artists for architecture. He was regarded as the Dean of Filipino Architects.
5594:
881:
on hills and elevated areas. These structures were designed so that the entrance was only accessible by the use of rope ladder which was only lowered for villagers to the disadvantage of the enemies.
523:
Although popularly known as and listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage site believed to be older than 2,000 years, recent research suggests that the terraces may in fact be approximately 400 years old.
2548:(January 25, 1901 – June 14, 1975) was a Filipino architect. A pioneer of modern Philippine architecture, he was recognized in some quarters as the foremost Filipino modernist architect of his time.
422:, large portions of Intramuros and Manila were destroyed; many heritage districts in the provinces were burned down by the Japanese before the end of the war. In the reconstruction period after the
5553:
2999:
770:
with such fortifications to prevent the Spanish from advancing into the region. However, the sultanate was eventually subdued after further Spanish campaigns in the region and majority of the
2374:) architecture are unique within the country for its predominantly stone structure - a protective, durable element from the particularly storm and earthquake-wrought landscape of the region.
1339:
1573:. New structures continued the use of conventional motifs but were made of more durable materials such as concrete. This style of architecture prevailed even after the turn of the century.
2409:. Formerly, precolonial Ivatan society was clan-based and was divided by small, tightly knit settlements of cogon houses, and were protected by terraced citadels of stone and earth called
1062:
987:
that is often situated in the rear part of the house, and is utilized for domestic work like washing, bathing, water storage, etc. The houses were made of raw material like wood and bamboo
3398:
1588:, the hotel was designed by the Spanish Architect and Engineer Salvador Farre. The structure is the only remaining example of the French Renaissance architecture with Filipino stylized
1486:
The historic city was once home to many colonial churches, schools, convents, government buildings and residences. Many of these products of Spanish architecture were destroyed during
1043:
5589:
4058:
5548:
3677:
955:
built homes prior to the arrival of the Spanish colonizers. They are still in use today, especially in rural areas. Different architectural designs are present among the different
2258:
Christian lowland architecture, encompassing a vast majority of the archipelago from northern Luzon to coastal Mindanao, have several ubiquitous characteristics: towns (colonial
5558:
2149:
allocated P200 million for the construction of the convention center, while another P250 million was sourced from the Priority Development Assistance Fund of Senator
445:
heritage sites, which have been demolished one at a time in a fast pace due to urbanization, culturally-irresponsible development, and lack of towns-cape architectural vision.
5503:
5423:
636:
590:
in the Maranao community. Nowadays, concrete houses are found all over Maranao communities, but there remain torogans a hundred years old. The best-known are in Dayawan and
399:(Filipino for "house of stone") style for the large houses emerged. These were large houses built of stone and wood combining Filipino, Spanish and Chinese style elements.
5488:
5333:
692:
were responsible for the creation of the tombs. It is composed of fifteen limestone coffins that can be dated back from the period of 10th to 14th century based on one of
3166:
5543:
2798:
Acabado, Stephen B.; Koller, Jared M.; Liu, Chin-hsin; et al. (2019). "The Short History of the Ifugao Rice Terraces: A Local Response to the Spanish Conquest".
1724:
Manila campus is a living art museum with United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation-Asia Pacific Heritage buildings and auditorium done in the
4170:
4165:
3319:
5313:
1138:
in 1571 brought in European colonial architecture to the Philippines. Though not specifically suited for the hot tropics, European architecture was transposed via
410:
in 1898, the architecture of the Philippines was influenced by American aesthetics. In this period, the plan for the modern City of Manila was designed, with many
2833:
2101:
for centuries. The old church that housed the virgin was destroyed in February 1945 when the combined American and Filipino forces bombed Antipolo as part of the
712:
The architecture of the early Filipinos are also reflected in the historical military structures in the country. There was often competition in trade between the
395:
friars, along with other religious orders, built many grand churches and cathedrals all over the Philippine Islands. During this period the traditional Filipino
1584:, is one of the remaining structures that survived the liberation of Manila in 1945. The hotel was completed in 1918. According to Dean Joseph Fernandez of the
5443:
4160:
4051:
1379:
who are buried and laid to rest in a tomb, underneath the church. Together with three other ancient churches in the country, it was designated as part of the
4190:
3034:
467:
To help establish a national architectural policy, bills to establish a Department of Culture were filed in the Senate and House of Representatives in 2016.
1268:
Presidential Decree No. 1616, is the main legal document prescribing and guiding the implementation of pre-war architectural colonial styles in Intramuros.
3952:
2146:
359:
3526:
1717:
3972:
1533:
The revival period, popular at the turn of the century, became the foremost architectural parlance of the era as seen in such buildings particularly in
2297:
1396:
3008:
4106:
4044:
2612:
2054:
5162:
3733:
310:
2554:(December 6, 1912 – 1994) was a Filipino architect known for his European style during an era which used American architecture in the Philippines.
5027:
4716:
4487:
4200:
4155:
2655:
186:
3367:
4805:
4793:
4180:
3406:
4550:
4358:
2560:(December 21, 1888 – December 22, 1965) was a Filipino architect, educator and businessman. He is also the founder and 1st president of the
845:
built forts made of stone walls that averaged several meters in width and about two to three times the width in height around 2000 BC.
4555:
4249:
4175:
4101:
1343:
1317:
3685:
3197:
5047:
4620:
4513:
4477:
4185:
496:
486:
959:, although most homes built along the shorelines conform to being stilt houses, similar to those found in neighboring countries such as
376:
reflects the historical and cultural traditions in the country. Most prominent historic structures in the archipelago are influenced by
4593:
4455:
4353:
4348:
4333:
4328:
3540:
2023:
1986:
1837:
1807:
1542:
1119:
388:
4023:
3107:
2015:. It houses three performing arts venues, one theater for film screenings, galleries, a museum and the center's library and archives.
1084:
464:
in 1999 and awarding of various recognition for the conservation and preservation of its unique architectural and landscaping styles.
4761:
4460:
4320:
3621:
3342:
2760:
Acabado, Stephen (2018). "Zones of Refuge: Resisting Conquest in The Northern Philippine Highlands Through Environmental Practice".
5508:
4588:
4067:
1803:
1666:
956:
897:
434:
352:
1923:, had been involved in designing INC churches while the Engineering and Construction Department of INC oversees the uniformity in
716:
states in the archipelago. Neighboring kingdoms would often wage wars against one another to gain control of trade and territory.
5533:
5037:
4878:
4467:
3591:
2660:
155:
2053:. Known for its architectural design, the church is recognized as a National Historical Landmark and a Cultural Treasure by the
4711:
4418:
4340:
1853:
3174:
5042:
4900:
4776:
4391:
4195:
3478:
2229:
2050:
1620:. Eventually succeeded by Architect George Corner Fenhagen up until 1916. Some structures which have been constructed before
1503:
516:
mastery of a complex pest control regime based on the processing of a variety of herbs, accompanied by religious rituals and
429:
In the late 20th century, modern architecture with straight lines and functional aspects was introduced, particularly in the
206:
196:
97:
4014:
5260:
5099:
5082:
4934:
4917:
4781:
4528:
4450:
4297:
4096:
3892:
3857:
3776:
2650:
2578:
1708:. It later became the Jaro District Police Station and after the full restoration is now the regional branch office of the
1498:
952:
243:
5114:
4871:
4824:
4637:
4581:
4292:
4287:
4111:
4091:
2634:
2309:
1384:
1313:
345:
259:
3278:
2947:
2377:
Nonetheless, many other Ivatan houses and other structures are still built entirely of cogon like in precolonial times.
1844:
movements, often with religious undertones, and American Protestant missionaries introduced several alternatives to the
5077:
4922:
4438:
4116:
4086:
3801:
2841:
2645:
2533:
2286:, school, and other public facilities alongside concentrated clusters of large houses of the wealthy landowning elite (
2205:
2062:
2058:
1978:
1963:
1739:
1731:
The following are the Philippine architects who contributed and lead to the design of the classic Philippine theaters:
1709:
1652:
Asia Pacific-Heritage Award for Cultural Heritage in 2005 for the outstanding preservation of its Art Deco structures.
890:
693:
238:
2156:
The state-of-the-art convention center designed by Ilonggo architect, William Coscolluela. The design was inspired by
5343:
4883:
4800:
4472:
4428:
4406:
3929:
3508:
2982:
2922:
5653:
4895:
4888:
4746:
4741:
4632:
4445:
4433:
4242:
3573:
2255:
Lowland and coastal regions roughly divide into Christian and Muslim, and highland regions are largely indigenous.
2189:
92:
3832:
3042:
2561:
900:. There have been proposals to put the Heritage Mosques of the Philippines into the Philippine tentative list for
703:
for most of its centuries in some coastal areas at the south, plus the interior of Lanao, after the 13th century.
5203:
5132:
4959:
4856:
4751:
4649:
4533:
4518:
4386:
280:
3956:
3747:
2863:
1185:, and a tiled roof. Excellent preserved examples of these houses of the illustrious Filipinos can be admired in
1077:
4929:
4731:
4706:
4538:
4307:
4282:
4216:
1811:
1564:. Burnham's arrival led to the formation of the Burnham Plan which identifies the city of Manila as a uniquely
1257:
673:
119:
3651:
1775:
or Fort Drum, also known as "the concrete battleship," is a heavily fortified island situated at the mouth of
1008:
5152:
5057:
4846:
4841:
4565:
4423:
4315:
3996:
3976:
3708:
2624:
2035:
1546:
1229:
725:
almost entirely of stone; hence some of them have survived numerous wars and are still standing to this day.
300:
221:
201:
5468:
4979:
4974:
4944:
4907:
4866:
4810:
4627:
4603:
4523:
4374:
3140:
2629:
1895:
which opened on July 27, 1984, can accommodate up to 7,000 persons, and cost about US$ 2 million. The
1625:
1401:
1210:
661:
75:
4136:
2137:
in Mandurriao, Iloilo City, Philippines. Its construction was completed in September 2015 in time for the
5393:
5388:
5283:
4969:
4964:
4836:
4771:
4726:
4610:
4501:
4482:
4411:
4235:
2073:
served as the structural engineer for the project. Around the chapel are fifteen large murals painted by
1685:
1661:
1264:
is the agency of the Philippine Government responsible for the implementation of the Register of Styles.
226:
104:
1024:
377:
5513:
5403:
5383:
5303:
5293:
5198:
4999:
4954:
4861:
4788:
4694:
4598:
4576:
4401:
4396:
4267:
3428:
2607:
2225:
2224:. After numerous studies conducted, the local government units of Cordova and Cebu City entered into a
2117:
design centered around the image of the Virgin. It functions as the center point of the pilgrimages to
2061:
respectively. Five National artists collaborated on the project. The building was designed by the late
1995:). The theater is the centerpiece of the 77 hectare (190 acres) arts and culture complex located along
1287:
or backyards were exceptionally well adapted to the climate. By style Intramuros was described as both
795:
191:
70:
43:
3375:
3261:
1433:
1368:
974:
Developed by the lowland Filipino population from ancestral knowledge originated from the prehispanic
499:, built about 2000 years ago represents an illustration of an ancient civilization in the Philippines.
27:("house of stone") is a type of building originating during the Philippines' Spanish colonial period.
5599:
5478:
5473:
5353:
5094:
5017:
4912:
4766:
4736:
4721:
4615:
4121:
3068:
1959:
1677:
1609:
1585:
1507:
1261:
975:
411:
250:
216:
4036:
3092:
1920:
1490:. Of all the buildings within the 67-acre city, only one, the San Agustin Church, survived the war.
951:
is the term for huts built out of nipa. These types of edifices were characteristic of the way that
5493:
5448:
5428:
5418:
5318:
5275:
5253:
5072:
5062:
5032:
4984:
4949:
4851:
2551:
2130:
1279:
By form, the urban landscape of Intramuros mostly lacked setbacks, with buildings that were mostly
763:
407:
392:
211:
165:
150:
1924:
1860:
church buildings primarily serve as places of worship and are used for other religious functions.
1831:
1256:
The Register became part of Presidential Decree No. 1616, as amended, when it was gazetted by the
5518:
5433:
5413:
5298:
5288:
5137:
5012:
4669:
3221:
2617:
2497:
2401:
are temporary, well-less shelters that serve either as open-air storage or other activity, while
2102:
1948:
of architecture. The Filipino style found its way in the re-emergence of traditional motifs, the
1765:
1701:
1589:
1288:
700:
285:
140:
5563:
5498:
5463:
5398:
5378:
5368:
5328:
5308:
5167:
4676:
4545:
2415:, typically on hilltops and ridges for defense during clan wars. The Spanish period introduced
2019:
1904:
1721:
1637:
1123:
1031:
994:
or houses built on trunk of trees rooted to the grounds were seen as an advantageous position.
430:
80:
5604:
5523:
5483:
5458:
5438:
5373:
5348:
5338:
5323:
5052:
2513:
2142:
2138:
2078:
1845:
1670:
1613:
1538:
512:
160:
3547:
926:
5408:
5363:
5358:
5227:
5067:
4654:
4642:
3115:
2517:
2501:
2440:
2134:
1915:
and provincial capitals can accommodate up to 3,000 persons. Prominent architects, such as
1181:
foundations or brick lower walls, and overhanging, wooden upper story with balustrades and
437:. During this period many of the older structures fell into decay due to the imposition of
233:
3921:
Cities and Nationhood: American Imperialism and Urban Design in the Philippines, 1898–1916
2141:
hosting. It is built on a 1.7-hectare of lot in the district of Mandurriao donated by the
8:
5573:
5246:
5177:
5089:
2461:
1991:
1788:
1605:
1380:
904:
461:
320:
2565:
1680:
as a form of recreation, several theaters were constructed in the 1930s to 1950s in the
1452:. which was destroyed by the Spanish in 1570 while engaging in several battles with the
5217:
4939:
3727:
3080:
2815:
2777:
2599:
2110:
2039:
1974:
1908:
1896:
1892:
1876:
in 1948. The pioneer concrete structures of the church are mostly influenced by mixing
1849:
1593:
1527:
1523:
1409:
1331:
1309:
1182:
786:
762:
were notably used by Muslims for defense against foreign invaders. It is said that the
335:
114:
3865:
3599:
2744:
Antiquity, Archaeological Processes, and Highland Adaptation: The Ifugao Rice Terraces
1376:
582:. A torogan was a symbol of high social status. Such a residence was once a home to a
5628:
5157:
3925:
3514:
3504:
3474:
2978:
2819:
2781:
2529:
2106:
2097:
The image of "Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage" has been venerated in the church of
2074:
2004:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1629:
1592:
in the Philippines to date. Other notable American Architects in the Philippines was
1054:
829:
600:
geometrical and foliage motifs. A torogan is not complete without the legendary bird
305:
145:
2431:
2397:
for fishermen - they may become houses depending on availability of plank flooring.
5127:
5022:
3887:
3522:
3464:
3286:
3064:
2807:
2769:
2557:
2481:
1873:
1841:
1772:
1750:
1713:
1705:
1693:
1198:
668:(a term used to connote a polity during the classical era) found in the jungles of
423:
275:
181:
2811:
2245:
1911:. These are designed to accommodate 250 to 1,000 persons while larger churches in
53:
5147:
5142:
5122:
5104:
4756:
4664:
4659:
4029:
4018:
4011:
3919:
3498:
2509:
2485:
2477:
2367:
2209:
2150:
2082:
1996:
1468:
1372:
1127:
295:
290:
270:
109:
3240:
2171:
is a native double outrigger sailboat in the Visayas region, used in the annual
2539:
2473:
2468:
Other notable heritage towns and cities include the UNESCO cities and towns of
2460:
has repeatedly withheld from inscribing further Filipino heritage towns in the
2349:
2240:
2070:
2066:
1684:
style designed by prominent architects now recognized as National Artists. The
1641:
1633:
1597:
1557:
1554:
1453:
1280:
1202:
1194:
968:
717:
689:
669:
642:
627:
571:
517:
2773:
2105:. In 1954, a new church was built designed by the renowned Filipino architect
1822:
petroleum and gasoline in the fort, leaving it permanently out of commission.
5647:
5622:
2545:
2359:
2288:
2217:
2213:
2201:
2172:
2164:
1799:
1745:
1716:. Highly stylized relief carving of Philippine plants executed by the artist
1645:
1449:
1420:
1405:
1364:
1293:
1273:
1249:
1233:
1113:
1102:
1050:
864:
854:
842:
816:
812:
807:
803:
736:
713:
623:
403:
381:
23:
3809:
1761:
1475:. It was established to replace Kota Seludong, the seat of the power of the
491:
457:
has an ordinance on architectural policy, which led to its declaration as a
4126:
3752:
2416:
2000:
1936:
1912:
1815:
1621:
1601:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1553:, the military government at the time invited the well-known architect and
1487:
1480:
1430:
1360:
1351:
1347:
1327:
1217:
1206:
1015:
798:
was a fortified upriver polity which occupied both shores of an arm of the
419:
391:, the Philippine architecture was dominated by the Spanish influences. The
3469:
1644:, five Art Deco structures on the campus were designed by National Artist
832:; converted into a walled city by the Spanish upon occupation in the 1870s
330:
5632:
4258:
2423:, ushering much of the stone architecture the region is known for today.
2420:
2293:
2263:
2008:
1916:
1900:
1780:
1735:
1550:
1519:
1472:
1245:
991:
936:
799:
685:
591:
438:
2706:. Vol. 3. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Co. – via gutenberg.org.
2701:
2192:, also known as the Cebu–Cordova Bridge, is a toll bridge expressway in
2081:. The marble altar and the large wooden cross above it were sculpted by
699:
The architecture of the classical period of the Philippines is based on
5238:
4227:
2329:
2193:
2086:
1877:
1819:
1795:
1784:
1776:
1560:
together with William Pierce Anderson (a Chicago architect) to develop
1464:
1441:
1237:
1190:
1107:
825:
820:
645:(Palace of Flowers), the royal residence of the ruler of the Tausug in
575:
18:
2893:
2717:
1545:, as such, public education was established, foremost of which is the
1340:
Augustinian Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus of the Philippines
1223:
4066:
3833:"Top 50 Philippine Heritage Cities and Towns to See in Your Lifetime"
3567:
3565:
3544:
Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Ateneo de Manila University
3075:. Vol. 3. Ohio, Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Company. p. 145.
2871:
2343:
2249:
2221:
2197:
2176:
2160:
2133:(also known as I-Con) is a state-of-the-art convention center in the
1515:
1284:
1147:
1135:
960:
602:
87:
2308:) were commonly built especially among coastal towns to defend from
2085:. The mosaic floor mural called the “River of Life” was designed by
1768:
built by the Americans to guard the Islands nearby against invaders.
1720:
decorate the lobby walls and interior surfaces of the building. The
2389:
which uses sliding panels. Commonly used as temporary shelters are
2118:
2098:
2046:
2012:
1950:
1885:
1881:
1791:
1725:
1697:
1689:
1681:
1617:
1476:
1363:
who founded it. The church also houses the legacies of the Spanish
1165:(stone house) and became the typical house of noble Filipinos. The
1139:
964:
946:
921:
767:
665:
646:
579:
415:
3946:
3562:
3518:
3141:"15 Most Intense Archaeological Discoveries in Philippine History"
766:, at the height of their power, blanketed the area around Western
3992:
3029:
3027:
2406:
2382:
2363:
2283:
1437:
1322:
979:
878:
868:
677:
619:
606:
being displayed inside. Furniture is also common among Maranaws.
537:
2909:
Built 2000 years ago and passed on from generation to generation
806:, and is presumed to be the present site of the municipality of
2505:
2489:
2469:
2457:
2448:
2157:
2114:
1940:
1649:
1565:
1561:
1534:
1445:
1356:
1241:
1143:
1035:
909:
901:
873:
858:
790:
681:
583:
567:
504:
458:
450:
3198:"Sultan of the River: The Rise and Fall of Datu Uto of Buayan"
3024:
2312:
of marauding fleets from Sulu and Maguindanao (generalized as
5172:
4989:
2523:
2493:
2452:
2436:
2411:
2168:
1969:
1958:
became popular forms to be copied and modernized such as the
1429:) is a defensive fortress established in 1571 by the Spanish
1186:
454:
418:
buildings by famous American and Filipino architects. During
315:
3436:
2695:
2693:
2147:
Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority (TIEZA)
1939:
brought major destruction especially in the capital city of
1518:
in 1898 came a new breed of architectural structures in the
626:, the traditional residences of community leaders among the
2204:. It opened on April 27, 2022, to the public, becoming the
1632:
designed by Architect Edgar K. Bourne who also worked with
1483:
fortress equipped with stockades, battlements and cannons.
863:
Fortifications for wartime purposes were also built by the
815:: "stone fort"; a stone fortification based in present-day
596:
587:
433:
that characterized government-built structures done in the
3461:
The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives
2362:
architecture is found in both the northernmost islands of
1806:
at the wider South Channel entrance to the bay during the
1193:. Preserved examples of "bahay na bato" are also found in
802:. It was located not far from where the Pasig River meets
3678:"PNoy to Unveil Convention Center, Business Park Markers"
2690:
1903:" and ribbed windows. Recent buildings are variations of
2426:
1541:. Education of the masses also became the thrust of the
939:
indigenous to the Philippines especially in rural areas.
2826:
2686:(in Spanish). Madrid: Fundacion Universitaria Española.
2572:
2175:
Festival sailboat race. Abstract designs of the famous
3503:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 86.
3492:
3490:
2700:
Blair, Emma Helen; Robertson, James Alexander (eds.).
3993:"United Architects of the Philippines Makati Chapter"
3057:
2797:
2793:
2791:
3777:"Silay in Negros Passes Landmark Heritage Ordinance"
2977:(2nd ed.). Manila, Philippines: Rex Bookstore.
2677:
2675:
2589:
2018:
The façade of the National Theater is an example of
1840:
over the Philippines, there were a variety of rural
3487:
2948:"Ifugao Rice Terraces May Be Younger than We Think"
2220:, to connect his municipality and mainland Cebu in
1825:
1493:
1224:
Intramuros Register of Styles and the Bahay na Bato
3007:
2788:
1397:Spanish colonial fortifications in the Philippines
4107:National Historical Commission of the Philippines
2923:"For Ifugao Rice Terraces, Age Should Not Matter"
2746:. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
2672:
2613:Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines
2045:The Parish of the Holy Sacrifice is the landmark
5645:
3622:"P450-M Iloilo Convention Center Launched Today"
3108:"Ancient and Pre-Spanish Era of the Philippines"
1002:be lifted as a whole and carried to a new site.
3707:Semilla, Dale Israel, Nestle (April 27, 2022).
3073:Relation of the Conquest of the Island of Luzon
3035:"The Battle of Bayan – May 2, 1902 (continued)"
2656:List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines
2370:, and a subset of its vernacular common house (
2183:
1549:. With American rule firmly established in the
664:is an excavated remains of a thousand-year-old
3775:Sembrano, Edgar Allan M. (November 23, 2015).
3306:
3304:
3063:
2755:
2753:
2235:
1704:in Iloilo built in 1934 by Filipino architect
1175:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1111:
944:
930:
5254:
4243:
4052:
3135:
3133:
3000:"1,000-Year-Old Village Found in Philippines"
2894:"Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras"
2864:"Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras"
2718:"Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras"
2684:Intramuros: Arquitectura en Manila, 1739–1762
2248:, showing a typical layout of a city or town
1696:, and built in 1935. Another fine example of
1424:
353:
4102:National Commission for Culture and the Arts
3806:National Commission for Culture and the Arts
3732:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3645:
3643:
3463:. Canberra: Australian National University.
3316:National Commission for Culture and the Arts
3171:National Commission for Culture and the Arts
2381:is the general term for such houses, though
1692:building designed by the Filipino architect
1318:List of Catholic churches in the Philippines
739:in the country before colonization were the
3650:Burgos, Nestor P. Jr. (December 10, 2012).
3301:
3257:
3255:
3253:
2750:
2212:in Luzon. The bridge was first proposed by
2124:
1471:city of Manila along the south bank of the
1359:. The church remains under the care of the
541:
487:Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras
470:
5261:
5247:
4250:
4236:
4059:
4045:
3652:"Iloilo Set to Turn Into a Convention Hub"
3196:Palafox, Quennie Ann J. (August 6, 2010).
3189:
3130:
2710:
2699:
2524:Filipino National Artists for Architecture
1987:Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex
1970:Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex
1390:
360:
346:
4564:
3640:
3468:
3399:"Art Deco Buildings Thrive on FEU Campus"
2997:
688:. It is widely believed that precolonial
5268:
4257:
4068:Philippine Registry of Cultural Property
3774:
3457:
3360:
3334:
3250:
2998:Kaznowska, Helena (September 20, 2012).
2430:
2292:). Spanish colonial policies introduced
2239:
2230:Metro Pacific Tollways Development Corp.
1973:
1760:
1665:
1497:
1400:
1321:
1248:. The Register of Styles prescribes the
1118:are Filipino colonial houses during the
1106:
925:
898:Datu Odin Sinsuat, Maguindanao del Norte
490:
17:
4030:"Early Architecture in the Philippines"
3830:
3709:"Cebu's third bridge CCLEX inaugurated"
3706:
3676:French, lilibeth (September 14, 2015).
3236:
3234:
3195:
2920:
2759:
2741:
2661:Colonial architecture of Southeast Asia
2262:) follow a grid plan centered around a
1818:, and was recaptured by the U.S. after
402:After the Philippines was ceded to the
5646:
3999:from the original on September 6, 2007
3917:
3675:
3649:
3500:Culture and Customs of the Philippines
3496:
3341:Hollie, Pamela G. (November 7, 1982).
3340:
3099:
2972:
2966:
2762:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
2681:
1930:
1810:. It was captured and occupied by the
503:For years the mountainous province of
5242:
4231:
4040:
3802:"Republic Act No. 10066 Heritage Law"
3571:
3396:
3343:"Colonial Comfort in the Philippines"
3266:Lawphil Intramuros Register of Styles
2427:Heritage towns and cities (1942–1945)
2051:University of the Philippines Diliman
1884:, and some are built in the style of
1832:Iglesia ni Cristo § Architecture
1655:
1504:National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)
957:ethnolinguistic groups in the country
387:During three hundred thirty years of
3953:"History of Philippine Architecture"
3893:United Architects of the Philippines
3824:
3574:"History of Philippine Architecture"
3533:
3312:"History of Philippine Architecture"
3231:
3215:
3158:
2651:United Architects of the Philippines
2579:United Architects of the Philippines
2573:United Architects of the Philippines
953:indigenous people of the Philippines
3808:. February 17, 2015. Archived from
3740:
3397:Ortiz, Margaux (January 15, 2007).
3368:"Manila: The Riviera of the Orient"
3226:Rules and Regulations in Intramuros
3167:"History of Phllipine Architecture"
2635:Baroque Churches of the Philippines
1756:
1596:(a consulting architect trained by
1385:Baroque Churches of the Philippines
1314:Baroque Churches of the Philippines
1258:Official Gazette of the Philippines
1240:, the historic core of the City of
13:
4087:Cultural Center of the Philippines
3910:
3748:"Review on 3rd Bridge Almost Done"
3596:Cultural Center of the Philippines
2921:Cabreza, Vincent (July 15, 2013).
2646:List of mosques in the Philippines
2534:Cultural Center of the Philippines
2208:at 8.9 kilometers, surpassing the
2092:
1979:Cultural Center of the Philippines
1300:to follow the Bahay na Bato type.
891:List of mosques in the Philippines
531:
52:
14:
5665:
4024:La Iglesia de San Agustin, Manila
3973:"Architecture in the Philippines"
3940:
3572:Tajar, Fudge (January 24, 2015).
3374:. August 20, 2005. Archived from
3222:Intramuros Administration Website
3164:
3105:
2973:Madale, Abdullah T. (July 1997).
2840:. August 18, 2018. Archived from
2703:The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803
2419:and imported large quantities of
2206:longest bridge in the Philippines
1989:is home to the National Theater (
1899:features octagonal spires, "fine
1616:and termite-resistant Philippine
1510:built during the American period.
1183:capiz-shell sliding window sashes
707:
5627:
5618:
5617:
5223:
5222:
5211:
4135:
3285:. April 16, 2013. Archived from
2592:
2342:
2328:
1826:Iglesia Ni Cristo (INC) Churches
1494:American and Commonwealth period
1415:
1096:
1076:
1061:
1042:
1023:
1018:nipa hut in Southern Philippines
1007:
789:: the foundation of the city of
735:The surviving attested forms of
635:
611:
480:
329:
3880:
3850:
3831:Henares, Ivan (July 22, 2014).
3794:
3768:
3700:
3669:
3614:
3584:
3451:
3421:
3390:
3271:
2991:
2940:
2914:
1338:The order of the Augustinians,
1332:earthquake baroque architecture
836:
374:architecture of the Philippines
5585:British Indian Ocean Territory
4217:National Cultural Heritage Act
3924:. University of Hawaii Press.
3433:Iglesia Filipina Independiente
2886:
2856:
2735:
1925:design of INC church buildings
1346:all over the Philippines. The
1091:
1049:The raised bale houses of the
828:: the capital and seat of the
674:Buenavista Protected Landscape
672:in Sitio Kamhantik within the
475:
1:
4171:National Historical Landmarks
4166:Important Cultural Properties
3918:Morley, Ian (June 30, 2018).
3682:Philippine Information Agency
3245:Intramuros Register of Styles
3241:Intramuros Register of Styles
2812:10.1080/00934690.2019.1574159
2666:
2625:Spanish Colonial architecture
2562:Mapúa Institute of Technology
2103:liberation campaign of Manila
2055:National Historical Institute
1547:University of the Philippines
1459:
1230:Intramuros Register of Styles
1153:In this era, the nipa hut or
915:
4717:Business process outsourcing
3764:– via pressreader.com.
2898:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
2868:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
2800:Journal of Field Archaeology
2742:Acabado, Stephen B. (2015).
2722:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
2630:Spanish Baroque architecture
2405:are simple two-slope roofed
2270:) accompanying a city hall (
2190:Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway
2184:Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway
2032:Tanghalang Aurelio Tolentino
1626:Americans in the Philippines
1624:or during the occupation of
1612:, while applying the use of
1330:is an example of Philippine
1211:Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte
7:
4161:National Cultural Treasures
4156:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
4092:Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino
2585:
2236:Vernacular styles by region
2028:Tanghalang Nicanor Abelardo
1686:Manila Metropolitan Theater
1662:Art Deco theaters of Manila
1444:, built on the site of the
1303:
654:
10:
5670:
3541:"Fernando Zialcita, Ph.D."
3069:Robertson, James Alexander
2834:"Philippine Rice Terraces"
2608:Culture of the Philippines
2226:public-private partnership
1829:
1659:
1394:
1307:
1100:
919:
888:
884:
852:
751:is cognate with the Malay
526:
484:
45:Culture of the Philippines
5613:
5572:
5532:
5274:
5194:
5113:
4998:
4832:
4823:
4702:
4693:
4509:
4500:
4382:
4373:
4306:
4275:
4266:
4209:
4201:Other Cultural Properties
4191:Works of National Artists
4144:
4133:
4122:Intramuros Administration
4075:
4017:October 31, 2020, at the
4012:San Agustin Church Photos
2774:10.1016/j.jaa.2018.05.005
2319:
1678:cinema in the Philippines
1610:Gabaldon School Buildings
1586:University of Santo Tomas
1262:Intramuros Administration
976:Austronesian architecture
967:, and other countries of
848:
412:neoclassical architecture
5334:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
4621:House of Representatives
4514:Administrative divisions
4186:National Heritage Houses
3497:Rodell, Paul A. (2002).
2558:Don Tomás Bautista Mapúa
2131:Iloilo Convention Center
2125:Iloilo Convention Center
1865:Fernando Nakpil-Zialcita
1808:American colonial period
1514:With the arrival of the
1479:that was protected by a
471:Classical – Early modern
406:as a consequence of the
5654:Arts in the Philippines
5595:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2618:Arts in the Philippines
2335:Sinadumparan in Sabtang
2034:or the Little Theater,
1854:Spanish colonial period
1702:Old Jaro Municipal Hall
1600:) who is known for the
1590:Beaux-Arts architecture
1434:Miguel López de Legazpi
1391:Colonial fortifications
1369:Miguel López de Legazpi
1176:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1112:
945:
931:
728:
701:vernacular architecture
36:Part of a series on the
5218:Philippines portal
4762:Science and technology
3947:Arkitekturang Filipino
2682:Luengo, Pedro (2012).
2443:
2294:private land ownership
2252:
2020:Brutalist architecture
1982:
1921:Carlos Raúl Villanueva
1905:Carlos A. Santos-Viola
1838:American colonial rule
1802:in 1909 as one of the
1769:
1722:Far Eastern University
1673:
1638:Far Eastern University
1511:
1425:
1412:
1335:
1260:on June 17, 2022. The
1131:
940:
500:
431:Brutalist architecture
57:
28:
5173:Sport and martial art
4589:Executive departments
3470:10.22459/A.09.2006.17
3378:on September 26, 2007
3012:on September 25, 2015
2844:on September 17, 2016
2564:, currently known as
2435:The heritage town of
2434:
2243:
2143:Megaworld Corporation
2079:Stations of the Cross
2030:or the Main Theater,
1977:
1846:Roman Catholic Church
1764:
1671:First United Building
1669:
1539:Philippine Commission
1508:neoclassical building
1501:
1404:
1325:
1308:Further information:
1110:
929:
889:Further information:
877:which were a type of
764:Maguindanao Sultanate
566:) is the traditional
494:
316:Sport and martial art
56:
21:
5509:United Arab Emirates
5269:Architecture of Asia
5038:Fashion and clothing
4879:Environmental issues
4806:Water and sanitation
4643:Regional Trial Court
4488:World Heritage Sites
3688:on December 22, 2015
3602:on February 18, 2013
3045:on December 30, 2015
2441:New 7 Wonders Cities
2135:Iloilo Business Park
1281:terraced (rowhouses)
1209:in the Visayas, and
1085:Rizal Shrine Dapitan
1083:The Casa Redonda at
497:Ifugao Rice Terraces
408:Spanish–American War
389:Spanish colonization
156:Fashion and clothing
5536:limited recognition
5028:Cultural properties
4794:Tourist attractions
4341:Japanese occupation
3858:"Leandro V. Locsin"
3628:. November 23, 2012
3409:on October 12, 2012
3039:morolandhistory.com
2975:The Maranaw Torogan
2838:National Geographic
2552:José María Zaragoza
2462:World Heritage List
1992:Tanghalang Pambansa
1931:Contemporary period
1789:reinforced concrete
1676:During the rise of
1606:The Mansion, Baguio
1543:American occupation
1381:World Heritage Site
1201:in southern Luzon,
1134:The arrival of the
905:World Heritage Site
511:Maintenance of the
462:World Heritage Site
187:Cultural Properties
128:Arts and literature
5043:Historical markers
4901:Indigenous peoples
4777:Telecommunications
4551:Political families
4392:Biosphere reserves
4181:National Monuments
3756:. October 20, 2014
3347:The New York Times
3118:on August 16, 2018
3106:Irwin, Michael R.
2874:on October 7, 2016
2600:Philippines portal
2444:
2253:
2065:for Architecture,
2040:Manila Film Center
1983:
1907:'s designs on the
1893:INC Central Temple
1850:established church
1770:
1674:
1656:Art Deco buildings
1594:William E. Parsons
1528:Roman architecture
1512:
1477:Kingdom of Maynila
1426:Fuerza de Santiago
1413:
1410:Intramuros, Manila
1336:
1310:Earthquake Baroque
1234:architectural code
1132:
1122:. Pictured is the
941:
867:in the islands of
747:(tower). The word
501:
336:Philippines portal
197:Historical markers
98:indigenous peoples
58:
29:
5641:
5640:
5578:other territories
5236:
5235:
5190:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5100:Traditional games
4935:Income inequality
4918:Human trafficking
4819:
4818:
4782:Telephone numbers
4689:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4556:Political parties
4529:Foreign relations
4496:
4495:
4369:
4368:
4354:Marcos presidency
4345:Postcolonial era
4225:
4224:
4196:Marked Structures
4097:National Archives
3979:on March 14, 2007
3868:on April 16, 2013
3480:978-1-920942-85-4
3439:on March 19, 2014
3322:on April 21, 2017
3289:on April 16, 2013
3202:Nhcpmanila's Blog
3065:Blair, Emma Helen
2530:Leandro V. Locsin
2385:particularly has
2075:Vicente Manansala
2036:Folks Art Theater
2005:Leandro V. Locsin
1960:Batasang Pambansa
1935:The aftermath of
1858:Iglesia ni Cristo
1798:was built by the
1718:Isabelo Tampingco
1630:Insular Ice Plant
1055:Cordillera Region
830:Sultanate of Sulu
743:(stronghold) and
370:
369:
5661:
5631:
5621:
5620:
5590:Christmas Island
5276:Sovereign states
5263:
5256:
5249:
5240:
5239:
5226:
5225:
5216:
5215:
5214:
4996:
4995:
4950:Overseas workers
4872:Higher education
4830:
4829:
4700:
4699:
4638:Court of Appeals
4594:Executive office
4562:
4561:
4507:
4506:
4380:
4379:
4321:Pre-colonial era
4273:
4272:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4229:
4228:
4176:National Shrines
4139:
4112:National Library
4061:
4054:
4047:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3975:. Archived from
3968:
3966:
3964:
3955:. Archived from
3935:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3864:. Archived from
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3812:on July 19, 2018
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3731:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3684:. Archived from
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3647:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3598:. Archived from
3588:
3582:
3581:
3569:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3550:on June 23, 2011
3546:. Archived from
3537:
3531:
3530:
3494:
3485:
3484:
3472:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3435:. Archived from
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3405:. Archived from
3394:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3318:. Archived from
3308:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3275:
3269:
3259:
3248:
3238:
3229:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3173:. Archived from
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3137:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3114:. Archived from
3103:
3097:
3096:
3090:
3086:
3084:
3076:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3041:. Archived from
3031:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3011:
3006:. Archived from
2995:
2989:
2988:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2954:. April 29, 2015
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2904:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2870:. Archived from
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2795:
2786:
2785:
2757:
2748:
2747:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2679:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2566:Mapúa University
2346:
2332:
1964:National Theater
1874:Sampaloc, Manila
1773:El Fraile Island
1757:El Fraile Island
1751:Juan M. Arellano
1742:for Architecture
1714:Juan M. Arellano
1706:Juan M. Arellano
1694:Juan M. Arellano
1428:
1199:Boac, Marinduque
1179:
1170:
1164:
1159:gave way to the
1158:
1146:into a uniquely
1117:
1080:
1065:
1046:
1027:
1011:
950:
934:
662:Kamhatik village
639:
615:
565:
562:
559:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
424:Second World War
362:
355:
348:
333:
262:
46:
37:
31:
30:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5637:
5609:
5577:
5568:
5549:Northern Cyprus
5535:
5528:
5270:
5267:
5237:
5232:
5212:
5210:
5182:
5109:
5078:Public holidays
4994:
4923:Sex trafficking
4815:
4681:
4599:Law enforcement
4560:
4492:
4456:Protected areas
4365:
4334:American period
4302:
4262:
4256:
4226:
4221:
4205:
4148:
4146:
4140:
4131:
4117:National Museum
4079:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4028:
4019:Wayback Machine
4002:
4000:
3991:
3982:
3980:
3971:
3962:
3960:
3959:on June 9, 2007
3951:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3913:
3911:Further reading
3908:
3898:
3896:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3871:
3869:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3841:
3839:
3837:Ivan About Town
3829:
3825:
3815:
3813:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3785:
3783:
3773:
3769:
3759:
3757:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3725:
3724:
3717:
3715:
3705:
3701:
3691:
3689:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3658:
3648:
3641:
3631:
3629:
3626:Philstar Global
3620:
3619:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3570:
3563:
3553:
3551:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3527:DS664 .R63 2001
3511:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3440:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3410:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3379:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3351:
3349:
3339:
3335:
3325:
3323:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3279:"Fort Santiago"
3277:
3276:
3272:
3260:
3251:
3239:
3232:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3204:
3194:
3190:
3180:
3178:
3177:on May 28, 2014
3165:Noche, Manuel.
3163:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3139:
3138:
3131:
3121:
3119:
3104:
3100:
3088:
3087:
3078:
3077:
3071:, eds. (1903).
3062:
3058:
3048:
3046:
3033:
3032:
3025:
3015:
3013:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2971:
2967:
2957:
2955:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2931:
2929:
2919:
2915:
2902:
2900:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2796:
2789:
2758:
2751:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2698:
2691:
2680:
2673:
2669:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2575:
2526:
2510:Puerto Princesa
2429:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2322:
2244:Plaza Rizal in
2238:
2210:Candaba Viaduct
2186:
2167:festivals. The
2151:Franklin Drilon
2127:
2111:Antipolo Church
2095:
2093:Antipolo Church
2083:Napoleon Abueva
2063:National Artist
2059:National Museum
1997:Roxas Boulevard
1972:
1933:
1863:Anthropologist
1834:
1828:
1804:harbor defenses
1783:, due south of
1759:
1740:national artist
1738:, a Philippine
1710:National Museum
1664:
1658:
1496:
1462:
1418:
1399:
1393:
1377:Martín de Goiti
1373:Juan de Salcedo
1320:
1306:
1226:
1128:Calamba, Laguna
1105:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1081:
1072:
1066:
1057:
1047:
1038:
1028:
1019:
1012:
924:
918:
893:
887:
861:
853:Main articles:
851:
839:
733:
710:
694:National Museum
657:
650:
640:
631:
616:
563:
560:
557:
553:
550:
547:
544:
534:
532:Maranao torogan
529:
489:
483:
478:
473:
384:architectures.
366:
334:
260:
239:Public holidays
44:
35:
12:
11:
5:
5667:
5657:
5656:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5625:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5581:
5579:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5540:
5538:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5280:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5265:
5258:
5251:
5243:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5220:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5119:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5004:
5002:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4884:Climate change
4876:
4875:
4874:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4833:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4801:Transportation
4798:
4797:
4796:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4774:
4769:
4767:Stock exchange
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4703:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4570:
4568:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4461:National parks
4453:
4448:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4431:
4429:Extreme points
4426:
4421:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4407:Climate change
4399:
4394:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4359:Fifth Republic
4356:
4351:
4349:Third Republic
4343:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4329:Spanish period
4323:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4279:
4277:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4261: articles
4255:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4232:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4152:
4150:
4142:
4141:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4073:
4072:
4064:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4026:
4021:
4009:
3989:
3969:
3949:
3942:
3941:External links
3939:
3937:
3936:
3930:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3879:
3862:Arkitektura.ph
3849:
3823:
3793:
3767:
3739:
3699:
3668:
3639:
3613:
3583:
3561:
3532:
3509:
3486:
3479:
3450:
3420:
3389:
3359:
3333:
3300:
3283:Arkitektura.ph
3270:
3249:
3230:
3214:
3188:
3157:
3129:
3098:
3056:
3023:
2990:
2983:
2965:
2939:
2913:
2885:
2855:
2825:
2806:(3): 195–214.
2787:
2749:
2734:
2709:
2689:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2604:
2603:
2587:
2584:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2540:Juan F. Nakpil
2537:
2525:
2522:
2428:
2425:
2348:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2310:seasonal raids
2278:, less common
2237:
2234:
2185:
2182:
2126:
2123:
2107:Jose de Ocampo
2094:
2091:
2077:depicting the
2071:Alfredo Juinio
2067:Leandro Locsin
2049:chapel in the
2003:. Designed by
1971:
1968:
1946:filipinization
1932:
1929:
1909:Central Temple
1897:Central Temple
1827:
1824:
1794:shaped like a
1758:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1657:
1654:
1642:Quiapo, Manila
1634:Daniel Burnham
1598:Daniel Burnham
1558:Daniel Burnham
1495:
1492:
1461:
1458:
1450:Rajah Sulayman
1417:
1414:
1395:Main article:
1392:
1389:
1305:
1302:
1225:
1222:
1203:Iloilo, Iloilo
1195:Taal, Batangas
1120:Spanish period
1101:Main article:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1060:
1058:
1048:
1041:
1039:
1029:
1022:
1020:
1013:
1006:
969:Southeast Asia
920:Main article:
917:
914:
886:
883:
850:
847:
838:
835:
834:
833:
823:
810:
793:
737:fortifications
732:
727:
718:Fortifications
714:thalassocratic
709:
708:Fortifications
706:
705:
704:
697:
690:Tagalog people
670:Mount Maclayao
656:
653:
652:
651:
643:Daru Jambangan
641:
634:
632:
630:(c. 1908–1924)
628:Maranao people
617:
610:
561:sleeping place
533:
530:
528:
525:
518:tribal culture
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
368:
367:
365:
364:
357:
350:
342:
339:
338:
326:
325:
324:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
265:
264:
256:
255:
254:
253:
248:
247:
246:
236:
231:
230:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
199:
194:
189:
184:
176:
175:
171:
170:
169:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
130:
129:
125:
124:
123:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
101:
100:
95:
85:
84:
83:
73:
65:
64:
60:
59:
49:
48:
40:
39:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5666:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5624:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5575:
5571:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5559:South Ossetia
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5531:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5273:
5264:
5259:
5257:
5252:
5250:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5229:
5221:
5219:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5168:Sign language
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4896:Ethnic groups
4894:
4890:
4889:Deforestation
4887:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4747:National debt
4745:
4743:
4742:Fiscal policy
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4678:
4675:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4633:Supreme Court
4631:
4630:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4434:Island groups
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4325:Colonial era
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4260:
4253:
4248:
4246:
4241:
4239:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4143:
4138:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4074:
4069:
4062:
4057:
4055:
4050:
4048:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4010:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3933:
3931:9780824872922
3927:
3923:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3883:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3782:
3781:Lifestyle.INQ
3778:
3771:
3760:September 19,
3755:
3754:
3749:
3743:
3735:
3729:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3672:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3644:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3566:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3536:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3510:0-313-30415-7
3506:
3502:
3501:
3493:
3491:
3482:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3454:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3393:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3010:
3005:
3004:The Telegraph
3001:
2994:
2986:
2984:971-23-2017-0
2980:
2976:
2969:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2792:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2754:
2745:
2738:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2705:
2704:
2696:
2694:
2685:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2590:
2583:
2580:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2546:Pablo Antonio
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2442:
2439:, one of the
2438:
2433:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2345:
2331:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2289:bahay na bato
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2264:public square
2261:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2246:Biñan, Laguna
2242:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2218:Adelino Sitoy
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2202:Cordova, Cebu
2199:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2173:Paraw Regatta
2170:
2166:
2165:Paraw Regatta
2162:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1956:bahay na bato
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1842:anti-colonial
1839:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1800:United States
1797:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1763:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1746:Pablo Antonio
1744:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1646:Pablo Antonio
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1614:hollow blocks
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1580:, located in
1579:
1574:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1555:urban planner
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1491:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:. It was the
1435:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1421:Fort Santiago
1416:Fort Santiago
1411:
1407:
1406:Fort Santiago
1403:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1365:conquistadors
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:many churches
1341:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1294:Bahay na bato
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1274:Guiller Asido
1269:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1250:Bahay na bato
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1177:bahay na bato
1172:
1169:
1168:bahay na bato
1163:
1162:bahay na bato
1157:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1114:Bahay na Bato
1109:
1104:
1103:Bahay na bato
1097:Bahay na bato
1086:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1051:Ifugao people
1045:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1032:Mabini Shrine
1026:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1005:
1004:
1003:
999:
995:
993:
990:
986:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
949:
948:
938:
933:
928:
923:
913:
911:
906:
903:
899:
892:
882:
880:
876:
875:
871:. They built
870:
866:
860:
856:
855:Ivatan people
846:
844:
831:
827:
826:Kota Sug/Jolo
824:
822:
818:
814:
811:
809:
808:Cainta, Rizal
805:
804:Laguna de Bay
801:
797:
794:
792:
788:
787:Kota Seludong
785:
784:
783:
781:
776:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
731:
726:
722:
719:
715:
702:
698:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:
648:
644:
638:
633:
629:
625:
624:Lanao del Sur
621:
614:
609:
608:
607:
605:
604:
599:
598:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
551:resting place
539:
524:
521:
519:
514:
513:rice terraces
509:
506:
498:
493:
488:
481:Rice terraces
468:
465:
463:
460:
456:
452:
446:
442:
440:
436:
435:Marcos period
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
404:United States
400:
398:
397:Bahay na bató
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
363:
358:
356:
351:
349:
344:
343:
341:
340:
337:
332:
328:
327:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
267:
266:
263:
258:
257:
252:
249:
245:
242:
241:
240:
237:
235:
232:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
204:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
179:
178:
177:
173:
172:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
133:
132:
131:
127:
126:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
99:
96:
94:
93:ethnic groups
91:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:sign language
79:
78:
77:
74:
72:
69:
68:
67:
66:
62:
61:
55:
51:
50:
47:
42:
41:
38:
33:
32:
26:
25:
24:Bahay na bato
20:
16:
5574:Dependencies
5504:Turkmenistan
5469:Saudi Arabia
5453:
5204:Bibliography
5133:Coat of arms
5105:Value system
5008:Architecture
5007:
4960:Prostitution
4857:Demographics
4727:Central bank
4670:Marine Corps
4650:Armed Forces
4534:Human rights
4519:Constitution
4468:Ramsar sites
4127:Sentro Rizal
4001:. Retrieved
3981:. Retrieved
3977:the original
3961:. Retrieved
3957:the original
3920:
3897:. Retrieved
3891:
3882:
3870:. Retrieved
3866:the original
3861:
3852:
3840:. Retrieved
3836:
3826:
3814:. Retrieved
3810:the original
3805:
3796:
3784:. Retrieved
3780:
3770:
3758:. Retrieved
3753:SunStar Cebu
3751:
3742:
3716:. Retrieved
3713:INQUIRER.net
3712:
3702:
3692:December 18,
3690:. Retrieved
3686:the original
3681:
3671:
3661:December 18,
3659:. Retrieved
3656:Inquirer.net
3655:
3630:. Retrieved
3625:
3616:
3604:. Retrieved
3600:the original
3595:
3586:
3577:
3552:. Retrieved
3548:the original
3543:
3535:
3499:
3460:
3453:
3441:. Retrieved
3437:the original
3432:
3423:
3411:. Retrieved
3407:the original
3403:Inquirer.net
3402:
3392:
3380:. Retrieved
3376:the original
3372:Philstar.com
3371:
3362:
3350:. Retrieved
3346:
3336:
3326:September 8,
3324:. Retrieved
3320:the original
3315:
3291:. Retrieved
3287:the original
3282:
3273:
3268:May 1, 2023.
3265:
3247:May 1, 2023.
3244:
3228:May 1, 2023.
3225:
3217:
3205:. Retrieved
3201:
3191:
3179:. Retrieved
3175:the original
3170:
3160:
3148:. Retrieved
3144:
3120:. Retrieved
3116:the original
3112:liveCebu.com
3111:
3101:
3072:
3059:
3047:. Retrieved
3043:the original
3038:
3014:. Retrieved
3009:the original
3003:
2993:
2974:
2968:
2956:. Retrieved
2951:
2942:
2930:. Retrieved
2927:Inquirer.net
2926:
2916:
2908:
2901:. Retrieved
2897:
2888:
2878:September 8,
2876:. Retrieved
2872:the original
2867:
2858:
2848:September 8,
2846:. Retrieved
2842:the original
2837:
2828:
2803:
2799:
2765:
2761:
2743:
2737:
2725:. Retrieved
2721:
2712:
2702:
2683:
2576:
2467:
2445:
2417:stonemasonry
2410:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2378:
2376:
2372:sinadumparan
2371:
2358:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2196:which links
2187:
2155:
2128:
2096:
2044:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2011:such as the
1990:
1984:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1937:World War II
1934:
1927:since 1971.
1913:Metro Manila
1901:lattice-work
1890:
1867:, said that
1862:
1835:
1816:World War II
1787:Island. The
1771:
1730:
1675:
1622:World War II
1602:Manila Hotel
1582:Kalaw Avenue
1578:Luneta Hotel
1575:
1571:Manila Hotel
1532:
1513:
1488:World War II
1485:
1481:rammed earth
1463:
1431:conquistador
1419:
1361:Augustinians
1352:Ilocos Norte
1348:Paoay Church
1337:
1328:Paoay Church
1298:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1255:
1232:is the main
1227:
1218:World War II
1215:
1207:Carcar, Cebu
1173:
1152:
1133:
1124:Rizal Shrine
1068:
1000:
996:
988:
984:
973:
942:
935:, a type of
894:
872:
862:
840:
837:Igorot forts
779:
777:
771:
759:
758:
752:
748:
744:
740:
734:
729:
723:
711:
601:
595:
535:
522:
510:
502:
466:
447:
443:
428:
420:World War II
401:
396:
386:
378:Austronesian
373:
371:
281:Coat of arms
136:Architecture
135:
110:Value system
34:
22:
15:
5633:Asia portal
5534:States with
5454:Philippines
5394:South Korea
5389:North Korea
5284:Afghanistan
4930:Immigration
4732:Child labor
4707:Agriculture
4677:Coast Guard
4611:Legislative
4546:Legal codes
4419:Earthquakes
4283:Archaeology
4259:Philippines
4147:of cultural
3413:October 10,
3089:|work=
2958:January 29,
2932:January 29,
2768:: 180–195.
2727:February 8,
2498:Santa Maria
2391:chivuvuhung
2274:), church (
2024:CCP Complex
2009:Philippines
1917:Juan Nakpil
1781:Philippines
1736:Juan Nakpil
1551:Philippines
1520:Philippines
1473:Pasig River
1387:" in 1993.
1246:Philippines
1092:Spanish Era
992:Tree houses
937:stilt house
800:Pasig River
686:Philippines
574:royalty in
476:Civic works
439:martial law
393:Augustinian
5514:Uzbekistan
5489:Tajikistan
5404:Kyrgyzstan
5384:Kazakhstan
5304:Bangladesh
5294:Azerbaijan
5153:Great Seal
5090:Psychology
5053:Literature
5048:Inventions
4847:Corruption
4842:Censorship
4712:Automotive
4573:Executive
4566:Government
4424:Ecoregions
4316:Prehistory
4308:Chronology
4149:properties
4145:Categories
4076:Government
3632:October 6,
3519:2001023338
3443:August 16,
3382:August 28,
3352:August 27,
3145:FilipiKnow
2903:October 6,
2667:References
2502:Santa Cruz
2379:Mayhurahed
2194:Metro Cebu
2087:Arturo Luz
1951:bahay kubo
1878:Neo-Gothic
1830:See also:
1796:battleship
1785:Corregidor
1777:Manila Bay
1660:See also:
1537:under the
1465:Intramuros
1460:Intramuros
1442:Intramuros
1289:vernacular
1285:Courtyards
1238:Intramuros
1191:Ilocos Sur
1156:bahay kubo
1069:Bahay Kubo
947:bahay kubo
932:Bahay kubo
916:Bahay kubo
821:Bangsamoro
485:See also:
301:Great Seal
207:newspapers
161:Literature
120:Honorifics
5600:Hong Kong
5554:Palestine
5479:Sri Lanka
5474:Singapore
5354:Indonesia
5083:Festivals
5068:Mythology
4980:Squatting
4975:Sexuality
4945:Languages
4867:Education
4811:ZIP codes
4655:Air Force
4604:President
4524:Elections
4478:Volcanoes
4451:Mountains
4375:Geography
4298:Political
4276:Overviews
4003:August 8,
3888:"Profile"
3728:cite news
3606:April 12,
3592:"History"
3429:"History"
3207:March 17,
3150:March 17,
3091:ignored (
3081:cite book
3049:March 17,
2820:133693424
2782:150245254
2582:members.
2352:Cathedral
2250:poblacion
2232:(MPTDC).
2222:Cebu City
2198:Cebu City
2177:Dinagyang
2161:Dinagyang
2139:APEC 2015
1766:Fort Drum
1640:(FEU) in
1636:. At the
1516:Americans
1136:Spaniards
1071:, ca.1900
961:Indonesia
603:sarimanok
556: or
244:festivals
234:Mythology
5648:Category
5623:Category
5544:Abkhazia
5494:Thailand
5449:Pakistan
5429:Mongolia
5424:Maldives
5419:Malaysia
5319:Cambodia
5228:Category
5158:Language
4970:Religion
4965:Refugees
4908:Genetics
4837:Abortion
4772:Taxation
4628:Judicial
4502:Politics
4483:Wildlife
4412:Typhoons
4293:Military
4080:agencies
4078:cultural
4070:(PRECUP)
4015:Archived
3997:Archived
3872:April 6,
3842:April 6,
3816:April 6,
3786:April 6,
3554:June 11,
3293:April 6,
2586:See also
2482:Hungduan
2451:city of
2407:lean-tos
2403:lagatiti
2387:niriñdiñ
2276:simbahan
2272:tribunal
2158:Iloilo's
2119:Antipolo
2115:cupolaed
2113:is of a
2099:Antipolo
2057:and the
2047:Catholic
2038:and the
2013:nipa hut
1962:and the
1954:and the
1886:Art Deco
1882:Art Deco
1820:igniting
1812:Japanese
1792:fortress
1726:Art Deco
1698:Art Deco
1690:Art Deco
1682:Art Deco
1628:was the
1618:Hardwood
1566:European
1467:was the
1342:, built
1304:Churches
1148:Filipino
1140:Acapulco
965:Malaysia
922:Nipa hut
817:Cotabato
813:Cotabato
778:Notable
768:Mindanao
666:barangay
655:Villages
647:Maimbung
580:Mindanao
416:art deco
382:American
306:Language
227:Internet
192:Folklore
105:Religion
76:Language
5519:Vietnam
5434:Myanmar
5414:Lebanon
5344:Georgia
5299:Bahrain
5289:Armenia
5199:Outline
5115:Symbols
5023:Cuisine
5000:Culture
4955:Poverty
4940:Kinship
4862:Divorce
4825:Society
4789:Tourism
4695:Economy
4577:Cabinet
4439:islands
4402:Climate
4397:Borders
4288:Economy
4268:History
4210:Related
3983:June 8,
3963:June 8,
3899:May 18,
3718:May 27,
3578:Hoppler
3262:Lawphil
3181:May 23,
3122:May 23,
3016:May 20,
2952:Rappler
2486:Kiangan
2478:Mayoyao
2399:Rahaung
2383:Itbayat
2368:Babuyan
2364:Batanes
2296:(tbe).
2284:convent
2280:iglesia
2260:pueblos
2214:Cordova
2026:is the
1888:Alone.
1852:during
1836:During
1814:during
1779:in the
1728:style.
1700:is the
1454:Tagalog
1448:and of
1438:citadel
1216:During
1150:style.
1053:in the
985:batalan
980:coconut
885:Mosques
879:citadel
869:Batanes
678:Mulanay
620:torogan
572:Maranao
570:of the
545:
538:torogan
527:Palaces
261:Symbols
182:Cuisine
115:Kinship
71:History
63:Society
5564:Taiwan
5499:Turkey
5464:Russia
5399:Kuwait
5379:Jordan
5369:Israel
5329:Cyprus
5314:Brunei
5309:Bhutan
5143:Flower
5123:Anthem
5095:Sports
5018:Cinema
4913:Health
4737:Energy
4722:Census
4616:Senate
4473:Rivers
3928:
3525:
3517:
3507:
3477:
2981:
2818:
2780:
2516:, and
2514:Tugaya
2506:Miagao
2500:, and
2490:Baguio
2474:Banaue
2470:Manila
2458:UNESCO
2449:UNESCO
2395:jinjin
2360:Ivatan
2320:Ivatan
2302:fuerza
2216:mayor
2145:. The
2109:. The
2001:Manila
1941:Manila
1848:, the
1688:is an
1650:UNESCO
1562:Manila
1535:Manila
1469:walled
1446:palace
1357:Manila
1316:, and
1242:Manila
1144:Mexico
1036:Manila
910:UNESCO
902:UNESCO
874:idjang
865:Ivatan
859:Idjang
849:Idjang
843:Igorot
796:Cainta
791:Manila
682:Quezon
649:, Sulu
592:Marawi
584:sultan
568:palace
505:Ifugao
459:UNESCO
451:Manila
291:Flower
271:Anthem
251:Sports
217:cinema
146:Comics
88:People
5605:Macau
5524:Yemen
5484:Syria
5459:Qatar
5439:Nepal
5374:Japan
5349:India
5339:Egypt
5324:China
5163:Motto
5063:Music
5058:Media
5033:Dance
4990:Pinoy
4985:Women
4852:Crime
4752:Labor
4582:lists
4446:Lakes
2816:S2CID
2778:S2CID
2494:Paoay
2453:Vigan
2437:Vigan
2412:ijang
2393:, or
2350:Basco
2314:moros
2298:Forts
2268:plaza
2228:with
2169:paraw
1524:Greek
1506:is a
1187:Vigan
1016:Tboli
576:Lanao
455:Vigan
311:Motto
212:radio
202:Media
174:Other
166:Music
151:Dance
5444:Oman
5409:Laos
5364:Iraq
5359:Iran
5178:Tree
5138:Flag
5128:Bird
5073:Name
5013:Arts
4757:Peso
4665:Navy
4660:Army
4539:LGBT
4387:Bays
4005:2007
3985:2007
3965:2007
3926:ISBN
3901:2018
3874:2018
3844:2018
3818:2018
3788:2018
3762:2021
3734:link
3720:2022
3694:2015
3663:2015
3634:2021
3608:2013
3556:2011
3515:LCCN
3505:ISBN
3475:ISBN
3445:2014
3415:2011
3384:2007
3354:2007
3328:2016
3295:2018
3209:2015
3183:2014
3152:2015
3124:2014
3093:help
3051:2015
3018:2015
2979:ISBN
2960:2018
2934:2018
2905:2021
2880:2016
2850:2016
2729:2022
2577:The
2518:Mati
2421:lime
2366:and
2306:kuta
2200:and
2188:The
2163:and
2129:The
1985:The
1919:and
1891:The
1880:and
1608:and
1576:The
1502:The
1375:and
1326:The
1228:The
1205:and
1197:and
1174:The
1030:The
943:The
857:and
841:The
780:kuta
772:kuta
760:Kuta
753:kota
749:kuta
745:moog
741:kuta
730:Kuta
660:The
597:okir
588:datu
542:lit.
536:The
495:The
414:and
380:and
372:The
321:Tree
286:Flag
276:Bird
141:Arts
5576:and
5148:Gem
3523:LCC
3465:doi
2808:doi
2770:doi
2304:or
2282:),
1999:in
1869:INC
1526:or
1440:of
1408:in
1350:in
1236:of
1126:in
1034:in
676:of
622:in
586:or
296:Gem
5650::
3995:.
3890:.
3860:.
3835:.
3804:.
3779:.
3750:.
3730:}}
3726:{{
3711:.
3680:.
3654:.
3642:^
3624:.
3594:.
3576:.
3564:^
3521:.
3513:.
3489:^
3473:.
3431:.
3401:.
3370:.
3345:.
3314:.
3303:^
3281:.
3264:.
3252:^
3243:.
3233:^
3224:.
3200:.
3169:.
3143:.
3132:^
3110:.
3085::
3083:}}
3079:{{
3067:;
3037:.
3026:^
3002:.
2950:.
2925:.
2907:.
2896:.
2866:.
2836:.
2814:.
2804:44
2802:.
2790:^
2776:.
2766:52
2764:.
2752:^
2720:.
2692:^
2674:^
2520:.
2512:,
2508:,
2504:,
2496:,
2492:,
2488:,
2484:,
2480:,
2476:,
2472:,
2153:.
2121:.
2089:.
2069:.
2042:.
1856:.
1604:,
1530:.
1456:.
1371:,
1367:,
1312:,
1283:.
1244:,
1213:.
1189:,
1142:,
1014:A
971:.
963:,
912:.
819:,
782::
684:,
680:,
618:A
578:,
520:.
222:TV
5262:e
5255:t
5248:v
4251:e
4244:t
4237:v
4060:e
4053:t
4046:v
4032:.
4007:.
3987:.
3967:.
3934:.
3903:.
3876:.
3846:.
3820:.
3790:.
3736:)
3722:.
3696:.
3665:.
3636:.
3610:.
3580:.
3558:.
3529:.
3483:.
3467::
3447:.
3417:.
3386:.
3356:.
3330:.
3297:.
3211:.
3185:.
3154:.
3126:.
3095:)
3053:.
3020:.
2987:.
2962:.
2936:.
2882:.
2852:.
2822:.
2810::
2784:.
2772::
2731:.
2568:.
2536:.
2300:(
2266:(
1981:.
1423:(
1383:"
1334:.
1130:.
989:.
564:'
558:'
554:'
548:'
540:(
361:e
354:t
347:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.