238:, has argued that the demonstrations in Western cities during the Olympic torch relay had "deep historical resonance" amongst Chinese, who suspect that after China's recovery from its fall in international stature from 150 years ago, "the West is trying to humiliate them again". Supporting this view, a 2007 survey found that 45% of the Chinese general public believed that the U.S. was "trying to prevent China from becoming a great power" compared to 32% who believed that the U.S. accepted "China's status as a rising power", 23% were "not sure". Although this sentiment has been partially assuaged by the return to China
1030:
24:
106:
759:
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198:, a fascist paramilitary organization within the Kuomintang modeled after Mussolini's blackshirts, was anti foreign and anti communist, and stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) Imperialists from China, crush communism, and eliminate feudalism. In addition to being anti Communist, some Kuomintang members, like Chiang Kaishek's right-hand man
350:
326:, killing three Chinese citizens. The US claimed that the bombing was an accident caused by the use of outdated maps but few Chinese accepted this explanation. The incident caused widespread anger and following the attack Chinese officials described the bombing as a "barbarian act" and a "war crime" while Chinese students in Europe and America demonstrated against '
153:
Hatred of foreigners from high ranking
Chinese Muslim officers stemmed from the way foreigners handled Chinese affairs, rather than for religious reasons, the same reason other non-Muslim Chinese hated foreigners. Promotion and wealth were other motives among Chinese Muslim military officers for anti
170:
led a wave of anti foreignism in
Guangxi, attacking American, European, and other foreigners and missionaries, and generally making the province unsafe for foreigners. Westerners fled from the province, and some Chinese Christians were also attacked as imperialist agents. Westerners were attacked in
824:
the report outlined the results of opinion polls regarding
Chinese and American attitudes towards each other. The report found that while a significant proportion of the Chinese general public believe that the Western media portrays China inaccurately, Chinese people generally hold favourable views
178:
General Bai also wanted to aggressively expel foreign powers from other areas of China. Bai gave a public speech in which he claimed that the ethnic minorities of China were suffering under "foreign oppression". Bai called upon the
Chinese government and the people of China to assist them in
174:
As a
Kuomintang member, Bai and the other Guangxi clique members allowed the Communists to continue attacking foreigners and smash idols, since they shared the goal of expelling the foreign powers from China, but they stopped Communists from initiating social change.
1453:
264:
argue that a shift in
Chinese education policy that these young adults experienced is partly responsible for their increased nationalism. Zheng Wang argues that by the 1990s the international situation had reduced the appeal of
437:
reported that "ll the recent protests against the 2008 Olympic torch relay are not against
Chinese government, as some protesters repeated. They are against all of the ordinary Chinese people living everywhere in the world".
445:
stores in at least 10 Chinese cities and called on shoppers to boycott the French retailer following protests in Paris. Messages distributed via the internet and mobile phones had accused the company of supporting the
669:
It is thus clear that the so-called "Tibet issue" is by no means an ethnic, religious and human rights issue; rather, it is the
Western anti-China forces' attempt to restrain, split, and demonize China.
256:, former US assistant secretary for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, has noted that nationalistic sentiments and anger over the torch protests was more concentrated amongst Chinese under the age of 30.
92:. The reliability of public opinion polls of the Chinese population has also been questioned due to the 'political culture' in China, which may lead to respondents giving socially acceptable answers.
57:
has been increasing in China since the early 1990s, particularly amongst
Chinese young adults. Notable incidents which have resulted in a significant anti-Western backlash have included the 1999
323:
615:
has argued that China's media censorship itself may be a major factor in fostering anti-Western sentiment, claiming that China's media gives a "very one-sided" view of the West.
520:, dangerous toys and the like... are published", and "stoking the young people's repulsion to the West and in turn aroused the patriotic passion of the young people". Several
2164:
2094:
179:
expelling the foreigners from those lands. He personally wanted to lead an expedition to seize back
Xinjiang to bring it under Chinese control, in the style that
171:
the streets, with many of them fleeing to their respective consulates. The three goals of his movement were anti-foreignism, anti-imperialism, and anti-religion.
508:
reports of the Tibet violence had displayed "ignorance and prejudice", that the reporting of China more generally was "with few exceptions, only stories about
2349:
337:
and other provincial capitals, some protesters threw gas bombs and rocks at the diplomatic missions of the United States and other NATO countries while in
624:
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1291:
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2272:
769:
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Question asked: "On a scale of 1 to 5 where 1 is "not patriotic at all" and 5 is "highly patriotic," how would you rate your patriotism?"
1881:
1727:
Wang, Zheng: "National Humiliation, History Education, and the Politics of Historical Memory: Patriotic Education Campaign in China",
2216:
269:
as a legitimizing ideology for China's rulers. As a result, the leadership reversed many of the Chinese Communist Party's changes to
2168:
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when China was sacked by a western coalition. Wang Zheng wrote that it was "attacked, bullied, and torn asunder by imperialists".
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because they hear about the atrocities against China not just from history textbooks but from their parents and grandparents.
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1907:
381:, thirty-seven arrests were made when protestors clashed with police as the torch made its way through the city while in
1297:. Committee of 100 with assistance from Zogby International and Horizon Research Consultancy Group. 2008. Archived from
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organised 'pro-China' counter-demonstrations at torch processions, joined by counter-protests in many Chinese cities.
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Pyle, Kenneth B.: "Reading the New Era in Asia: The Use of History and Culture in the Making of Foreign Policy",
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of the U.S. and report themselves as being less 'highly patriotic' than Americans, as shown in the tables below:
1229:
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Peter Hays Gries (July 2001). "Tears of Rage: Chinese Nationalist Reactions to the Belgrade Embassy Bombing".
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when the Righteous Harmony Society attacked westerners, missionaries and converted Chinese Christians. The
89:
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2012:
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While available public opinion polls show that the Chinese hold generally favorable views towards the
1354:
Zhao, Suisheng: "A State-led Nationalism: The Patriotic Education Campaign in Post-Tiananmen China",
1086:, by James Hastings, John Alexander Selbie, Louis Herbert Gray, a publication from 1916, now in the
644:
431:, referred to the protestors as being 'anti-Chinese'. In one instance, Chinese state-run news source
362:
2408:
2276:
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1200:
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the relay was cut short and the torch transported by bus after protestors disrupted the procession.
1754:
785:
696:
586:
428:
354:
298:
223:
1292:"Hope and Fear: Full report of C-100's Survey on American and Chinese Attitudes Toward Each Other"
2379:
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85:
2116:
319:
270:
235:
227:
219:
81:
54:
1590:
1556:
1522:
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1396:
1371:
China Looks at the West: Identity, Global Ambitions, and the Future of Sino-American Relations
2395:
1369:
1146:(46). Canberra, Australia: Contemporary China Center, Australian National University: 25–43.
632:
517:
2190:
2038:
1985:
1959:
1258:
829:
Question asked: "Do you think that the U.S. media portrays an accurate picture of China?"
423:
Despite the protests being aimed at specific issues raised through western media, Chinese
301:. Students find personal resonance more in such narratives than in previous classes about
8:
1802:
1776:
1394:
817:
724:
716:
551:
473:
195:
66:
1933:
37:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Friedberg, Aaron L.: "The Future of U.S.-China Relations: Is Conflict Inevitable?",
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entitled: "Fifty Years of Democratic Reform in Tibet". In the paper the defeat of a
1803:"Families grieve victims of Chinese embassy bombing as NATO air campaign continues"
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640:
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302:
203:
118:
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1058:
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544:
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114:
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Foreigners shown as pig and goat and being slaughtered by Manchu officials, 1861.
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was divided between anti-Westerners, moderates and reformists. A Manchu prince,
1422:
735:
659:"Western anti-China forces" were guilty of ignoring historical facts regarding
612:
602:
570:
563:
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253:
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In 2008, a report was prepared by the Committee of 100 with the assistance of
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1087:
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73:
2117:"Beijing Olympic flame's overall journey-light the passion, share the dream"
1827:
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2382:. Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
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282:
180:
138:
134:
126:
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1348:
2303:"CNN apologises to China over 'thugs and goons' comment by Jack Cafferty"
1705:
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Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
481:
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167:
222:
beginning with the two Opium Wars between 1839–1860 and ending with the
1345:
1167:
1063:
891:
Question asked: "How would you describe your impressions of the U.S.?"
681:
566:
555:
509:
416:. In response, Chinese government officials condemned the protests and
313:
294:
281:" reinterpreted history in national terms, rehabilitating figures like
188:
163:
2332:
35:. The reason given is: Inclusion of 2019 Hong Kong protests, COVID-19.
442:
266:
1592:
Region and nation: the Kwangsi clique in Chinese politics, 1925-1937
1558:
Region and nation: the Kwangsi clique in Chinese politics, 1925-1937
1524:
Region and nation: the Kwangsi clique in Chinese politics, 1925-1937
1490:
Region and nation: the Kwangsi clique in Chinese politics, 1925-1937
1395:
Suzanne Ogden; Professor of Political Science Suzanne Ogden (2002).
1151:
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by Western media outlets, especially CNN, regarding the March 2008
489:
405:
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stemming largely from historical experiences and specifically the '
1452:
James Hastings; John Alexander Selbie; Louis Herbert Gray (1916).
2350:"Chinese ambassador Fu Ying: Western media has 'demonised' China"
692:
559:
521:
461:
401:
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2273:"Chinese youth feel attached to country, aware of social issues"
84:'. Some allege that these suspicions have been increased by the
2509:
2454:
712:
540:
389:
378:
199:
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remains for some a reminder of China's weakness and division.
166:
party held anti-Western sentiments. Kuomintang Muslim General
65:
and alleged Western media bias, especially in relation to the
2458:
China's response to the West: a documentary survey, 1839-1923
1755:"Chinese demand U.N. meeting after Belgrade embassy attacked"
1660:
Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost
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704:
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413:
382:
349:
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130:
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2461:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Harvard University Press.
655:." The white paper goes on to argue that by supporting the
327:
273:
from 1949 that interpreted Chinese history as a history of
504:
image. Chinese sources opined on the matter, arguing that
214:
The causes of anti-Western sentiment in China include the
76:, there remains suspicion over the West's motives towards
748:
689:
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594:
369:
was subject to widespread demonstrations primarily over "
277:. Announced in 1991 and fully functioning by 1994, this "
333:
In China, thousands were involved in protest marches in
1201:"Protests against 'Tibet independence' erupt in cities"
2167:. China Economic Review. 21 April 2008. Archived from
1822:
1820:
2091:"San Francisco Olympic torch run moved amid protests"
820:
and the Horizon Research Consultancy Group. Entitled
1777:"World: Europe; Analysis: Nato's diplomatic blunder"
1731:, Vol. 52, No. 4. (December 2008) pp. 783-806, p.784
1421:
1025:
324:
NATO aircraft bombed the Chinese embassy in Belgrade
314:
1999 NATO bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade
224:
expulsion of the Japanese after the Second World War
2337:(Internet-Documentary). China: Journeyman Pictures.
1908:"Anti-China protest targets Olympic torch ceremony"
1855:"Olympic torch relay cut short amid Paris protests"
1817:
1622:
1367:
472:sources of giving dishonest reports about riots in
450:, a claim denied by Carrefour CEO Jose-Luis Duran.
1253:
1251:
2326:
2324:
1428:Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism the T'Ung-Chih
187:. It is important to note that Bai Chongxi was a
2522:
2266:
2264:
1626:Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese secret service
1137:
341:the American Consul's residence was firebombed.
113:Anti-Western sentiment manifested itself in the
1880:Anast, Paul; Spencer, Richard (26 April 2008).
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1248:
1230:"Looking past Western media bias against China"
206:, and they wanted to expel American influence.
59:NATO bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade
2373:
2371:
2321:
1882:"Demonstrators disrupt Olympic torch lighting"
1663:. Carroll & Graf Publishers. p. 414.
1656:
1629:. University of California Press. p. 75.
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2066:"China condemns 'vile' London torch protests"
1710:The New York Review of Books, vol. 55, no. 13
1458:. EDINBURGH: T. & T. Clark. p. 893.
1455:Encyclopædia of religion and ethics, Volume 8
1224:
1222:
766:The examples and perspective in this article
441:Chinese activists organised protests outside
297:(rather than just communist) fighters in the
157:
141:attacked foreigners and defeated them at the
2296:
2294:
2243:"Lhasa riot reports show media bias in West"
1879:
1694:, Vol. 30, No. 2. (Fall 2005) pp. 7-45, p.20
1374:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 62.
1277:
1110:"Anti-western sentiment flourishes in China"
1104:
1102:
1100:
367:international leg of the Olympic torch relay
2380:"Fifty Years of Democratic Reform in Tibet"
2368:
2270:
1595:. Cambridge University Press. p. 124.
1561:. Cambridge University Press. p. 100.
1316:
1124:
1986:"Rival demonstrators face off in Canberra"
1588:
1554:
1527:. Cambridge University Press. p. 99.
1520:
1493:. Cambridge University Press. p. 99.
1486:
1431:. Stanford University Press. p. 121.
1325:
1219:
605:as a "bunch of goons and thugs" for which
345:2008 Beijing Olympics torch relay protests
2291:
2217:"Carrefour CEO Denies Backing Dalai Lama"
2063:
1401:. Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 384.
1097:
804:Learn how and when to remove this message
2455:Ssŭ-yü Têng, John King Fairbank (1979).
2010:
348:
104:
2494:, a publication from 1916, now in the
2347:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1706:"China, Humiliation & the Olympics"
1361:
1328:"Chinese vent anti-Western fury online"
1195:
1193:
618:
500:and distorting the incident to tarnish
234:, a political science professor at the
2523:
1852:
1703:
749:Surveys of public opinion about the US
734:estimate that there are up to 300,000
707:WAS, IS, and ALWAYS WILL BE a part of
492:accused, with substantiation, several
2013:"Japan mobs Olympic torch of trouble"
226:which is known to the Chinese as the
61:, the 2008 demonstrations during the
2490:This article incorporates text from
2377:
2275:. Xinhua News Agency. Archived from
1716:
1368:Christopher A. Ford (30 June 2015).
1356:Communist and Post-Communist Studies
1190:
1082:This article incorporates text from
752:
639:, arguing that China's abolition of
17:
2492:Encyclopædia of religion and ethics
2191:"Carrefour faces China boycott bid"
2039:"Scuffles at South Korea torch leg"
2011:Sheridan, Michael (27 April 2008).
1828:"Clashes along Olympic torch route"
1358:, Vol. 31, No. 3. 1998. pp. 287-302
1084:Encyclopædia of religion and ethics
13:
2419:
2139:"Muse of 2008 Olympic torch relay"
1934:"Argentine torch relay unhindered"
1704:Schell, Orville (14 August 2008).
1477:(Original from Harvard University)
536:, whose founder Rao Jin described
289:but stemmed a Russian invasion of
14:
2547:
2502:
2097:from the original on 30 June 2008
1960:"Bangkok relay for Olympic torch"
2508:
2483:
2165:"Anti-Carrefour protests spread"
2064:MacArtney, Jane (7 April 2008).
1259:"China criticises Western media"
1075:
1049:Anti-Japanese sentiment in China
1044:Anti-American sentiment in China
1028:
757:
675:
643:was "entirely comparable to the
293:, and acknowledging the role of
22:
2515:Anti-Western sentiment in China
2431:Anti-Western sentiment in China
2341:
2301:Alexi Mostous (16 April 2008).
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554:has weighed in on the issue of
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1853:Walker, Peter (7 April 2008).
1398:Inklings of Democracy in China
1054:Anti-Korean sentiment in China
524:were created to challenge the
1:
1332:The Christian Science Monitor
1069:
453:
95:
2445:Resources in other libraries
1623:Frederic E. Wakeman (2003).
1326:Peter Ford (17 April 2008).
388:Protests also took place in
308:
279:Patriotic Education Campaign
90:Patriotic Education Campaign
7:
2271:Deng Shasha (24 May 2009).
1021:
780:, discuss the issue on the
371:China's human rights record
365:to be held in Beijing, the
353:Pro-China Olympic rally in
10:
2552:
2531:Foreign relations of China
468:and overseas have accused
248:political status of Taiwan
209:
158:Kuomintang anti-Westernism
148:
2440:Resources in your library
2348:Fu Ying (13 April 2008).
904:Chinese Business Leaders
842:Chinese Business Leaders
680:Following allegations of
633:Tibetan rebellion in 1959
609:subsequently apologized.
585:while in April 2008, the
363:2008 Summer Olympic Games
220:period of Chinese history
31:This article needs to be
2093:. CBC News. 6 May 2008.
901:Chinese Opinion Leaders
839:Chinese Opinion Leaders
587:Chinese Foreign Ministry
299:Second Sino-Japanese War
133:, and a Chinese general
2331:Nick Lazaredes (2008).
1657:Jonathan Fenby (2005).
949:Chinese General Public
898:Chinese General Public
836:Chinese General Public
597:after news commentator
86:Chinese Communist Party
2536:Anti-Western sentiment
2403:Cite journal requires
1692:International Security
715:by Nick Lazaredes for
673:
641:Tibetan feudal serfdom
358:
320:Operation Allied Force
318:On 7 May 1999, during
271:Chinese historiography
236:University of Michigan
228:century of humiliation
145:during the rebellion.
137:who led 10,000 Muslim
110:
82:century of humiliation
67:March 2008 Tibet riots
55:Anti-Western sentiment
2498:in the United States.
2378:Anon (2 March 2009).
2119:. CCTV. 8 August 2008
1090:in the United States.
998:(5) Highly Patriotic
665:
514:spoiled food products
485:reports that several
352:
108:
2517:at Wikimedia Commons
1423:Mary Clabaugh Wright
1112:. ABC. 24 April 2008
946:U.S. General Public
786:create a new article
778:improve this article
768:may not represent a
725:Chinese nationalists
699:and replaced with a
623:On 2 March 2009 the
619:Tibetan independence
476:. An article by the
375:Tibetan independence
162:Some members of the
2354:The Daily Telegraph
1744:, 3. 2007. pp. 1-11
1589:Diana Lary (1974).
1555:Diana Lary (1974).
1521:Diana Lary (1974).
1487:Diana Lary (1974).
940:
892:
830:
818:Zogby International
727:is on the rise and
717:Journeyman Pictures
518:human rights issues
474:Tibet in March 2008
295:Chinese nationalist
287:a peasant rebellion
196:Blue Shirts Society
63:Olympic torch relay
1912:The New York Times
1805:. CNN. 10 May 1999
1304:on 9 November 2008
1236:. 28 February 2008
938:
890:
828:
711:". According to a
703:proclaiming that "
653:American civil war
637:American civil war
635:is likened to the
577:had attempted to '
552:Chinese government
359:
232:Kenneth Lieberthal
143:Battle of Langfang
111:
2513:Media related to
2426:Library resources
1757:. CNN. 7 May 1999
1408:978-0-674-00879-3
1381:978-0-8131-6539-4
1140:The China Journal
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888:
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788:, as appropriate.
741:ready to "wage a
721:patriotic hacking
550:In addition, the
427:sources, such as
357:, Australia, 2008
246:, the unresolved
216:collective memory
119:Second Opium Wars
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1859:The Guardian
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1783:. 8 May 1999
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135:Dong Fuxiang
127:Qing dynasty
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101:Qing dynasty
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2247:China Daily
2143:China Daily
1742:Asia Policy
1471:28 November
1234:China Daily
1205:China Daily
909:Favourable
629:white paper
613:James Kelly
496:sources of
482:China Daily
434:China Daily
425:state media
283:General Tso
254:James Kelly
168:Bai Chongxi
2525:Categories
1070:References
1064:Sinophobia
663:and that:
567:Ambassador
556:media bias
510:censorship
454:Media bias
448:Dalai Lama
330:fascism'.
164:Kuomintang
96:Background
1184:145482835
1160:1324-9347
1009:Not Sure
875:Not sure
782:talk page
743:cyber-war
541:reporting
490:activists
478:state-run
443:Carrefour
309:From 1999
267:Communism
191:himself.
2356:. London
2309:. London
2195:BBC News
2095:Archived
2043:BBC News
2019:. London
1990:ABC News
1964:BBC News
1938:BBC News
1888:. London
1861:. London
1832:BBC News
1781:BBC News
1425:(1957).
1263:BBC News
1176:41170782
1022:See also
776:You may
579:demonise
522:websites
464:in both
462:netizens
406:Canberra
394:Istanbul
291:Xinjiang
244:of Macau
2386:10 July
2283:10 July
2175:12 June
1676:28 June
1642:28 June
1608:28 June
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1540:28 June
1506:28 June
1168:3182306
739:hackers
736:Chinese
729:Western
693:website
651:in the
647:of the
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591:apology
569:to the
564:Chinese
560:Fu Ying
502:China's
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459:Chinese
402:Bangkok
339:Chengdu
335:Beijing
218:of the
210:History
149:Muslims
33:updated
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412:, and
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390:Athens
379:London
377:." In
200:Dai Li
1809:9 May
1787:9 May
1761:9 May
1302:(PDF)
1295:(PDF)
1180:S2CID
1164:JSTOR
784:, or
723:" by
709:China
705:Tibet
690:CNN's
661:Tibet
593:from
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530:China
466:China
414:Seoul
383:Paris
355:Perth
202:were
131:Zaiyi
115:First
78:China
2476:2011
2463:ISBN
2409:help
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1172:OCLC
1156:ISSN
1118:2009
987:(4)
976:(3)
965:(2)
847:Yes
701:page
695:was
543:as "
429:CCTV
373:and
328:NATO
260:and
242:and
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117:and
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