766:"Secondary Devils "—the term used to describe Chinese Christians. Of the family in one of the main rooms, and told them not to get excited or scream. I had scarcely mustered them when nineteen of the Kansu braves came rushing in. Their swords and clothes were still dripping with blood, as if they had come from a shambles. I went forward to meet them, saying politely: 'I know what you have come for: you are looking for secondary devils. However, none of us have "eaten" the foreign religion. You will see that we have an altar to the kitchen god in our back premises. The whole of our family is now here; will you not take a look through the house to see if there are any Christians in hiding?' I meant by this to imply that we should offer no opposition to their looting whatsoever they pleased. I also called a servant to prepare tea. Our guests received these overtures pleasantly enough, and after a few minutes of energetic looting they returned to my guest room, and some of them sat down to take tea. One of them remarked: 'You seem to be thoroughly respectable people: what a pity that you should reside near this nest of foreign converts and spies.' After a brief stay they thanked us politely, apologising for the intrusion, and retired with their booty. It was then about 2 p.m. We lost about $ 4,000 worth of valuables. Shortly afterwards, flames were bursting from our neighbour's premises, so I made up my mind to remove my family to a friend's house in the north of the city. In spite of these deeds of violence, even intelligent people still believed that the Kansu soldiery were a tower of defence for China, and would be more than able to repel any number of foreign troops. A friend of mine reckoned that 250,000 persons lost their lives in Peking that summer. I used to revile the Boxers in the family circle so much that my own kinsmen, who sympathised with them, would call me an 'Erh Mao Tzu,' and my cousin, fearing that the Boxers would murder me, induced me one day to kotow before one of their altars in the Nai Tzu-fu. To this day I have regretted my weakness in thus bowing the knee."
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apparently expected to reach Peking that day. Sugiyama rode in a cart with a broad red band round the body, denoting that the occupant was of, at least, the second rank. When he arrived at the Yung-ting gate he was accosted by a number of Tung Fu-hsiang's men who were guarding it. It seemed that Prince Tuan had that day given secret orders that no foreigner was to be allowed either to leave the city or enter it. He was therefore stopped and asked who he was. Sugiyama told them that he was a member of the
Japanese legation. "Are you the Japanese minister?" "No, I am only a chancellor of the legation." "Then what right have you, a petty officer like that, to ride in such a high official's cart?" So they pulled him out of his cart and began to mob the unlucky Chancellor. Sugiyama then demanded to be brought before General Tung Fu-hsiang. "What! You to speak to our Great General! (Ta Shuei.) Why, you are too insignificant to have such an honor!" At last, however, a red-buttoned Kansu officer appeared on the scene, to whom Sugiyama appealed for help. Instead of doing so the ruffian merely ordered the Japanese Chancellor's head to be struck off as a sacrifice to their war banner, and stuck near the gate, "for trying to break out of Peking." Sugiyama was the first foreigner murdered inside Peking. The great mass of the population of Peking were greatly alarmed at these blood-thirsty proceedings, and all were expecting that the Empress Dowager would show some disapproval of the murder of the Japanese Chancellor, belonging to a friendly State, and the member of an Embassy; but the Manchus, one and all, were jubilant when they heard of the murder. Finally the official seal of approval from the highest quarter for this dastardly murder was made by Prince Tuan, who, when he met General Tung Fu-hsiang the next morning, slapped the latter on the back and raising his right thumb called out "Hao" (good!) The raising of the thumb denotes that the person addressed is a "first-class hero."
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the legations grew. On the 25th of
October Minister MacDonald cabled to London: "A serious menace to the safety of Europeans is the presence of some 10,000 soldiers, who have come from the Province of Kansu, and are to be quartered in the hunting park, two miles south of Peking. A party of these soldiers made a savage assault on four Europeans (including Mr. C. W. Campbell, of this Legation), who were last Sunday visiting the railway line at Lukou Chiao. The foreign Ministers will meet this morning to protest against these outrages. I shall see the Yamcm to-day, and propose to demand that the force of soldiers shall be removed to another province, and that the offenders shall be rigorously dealt with." On the 29th he telegraphed again: "The Foreign Representatives met yesterday, and drafted a note to the Yamfin demanding that the Kansu troops should be withdrawn at once. The troops in question have not been paid for some months, and are in a semi-mutinous state. They have declared their intention to drive all Europeans out of the north of China, and have cut the telegraph wires and destroyed portions of the railway line between Lukouchiao and Paoting Fu. Some disturbances have been caused by them on the railway to Tien-tsin, but the line has not been touched, and traffic has not been interrupted. In the city here all is quiet. The presence of these troops in the immediate vicinity of Peking undoubtedly constitutes a serious danger to all Europeans. The Yamfin gave me a promise that the force should be removed, but have not yet carried it into effect."
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instead of ordering the suppression of the Boxers, the policy of the
Government was suddenly changed, and an Imperial decree was immediately issued appointing Kang Yi and Chao Shu-chiao, Imperial High Commissioners, to organise the Boxers in the vicinity of Peking and bring them under Government control. During this crisis the various Foreign Powers also sent some 400 odd troops into Peking to protect their Legations. By the 4th of June, the Boxer outlaws had begun to tear up and destroy the Railway between Peking and Tientsin, and from that day also began to enter the city walls of Peking, crowding in at the rate of over a thousand a day. Altars (or gathering-places for recruits, etc.) were erected by them all over the city. At this time also these outlaws began the wholesale slaughter of Christians, and burning of churches outside of Peking, until none of the latter have been left standing. As many as could escape, amongst the Christians, then poured into the capital, taking refuge in the Legations situated in the Tung-chiao-ming street (otherwise known as Legation street). This state of affairs, I may say, existed in the capital during the first days of June, from which time I began to jot down the following diary of events as they occurred before my own eyes and were personally experienced by me.
900:. This is the central gate of the Chinese city on the South. They met a secretary, Sugiyama, of the Japanese Legation who was leaving Peking in order to meet the foreign troops coming to Peking. General Tung's troops asked him who he was. He replied he was an official secretary of the Japanese Legation. The soldiers objected to this, if you are an official secretary why do you use a cart with a red band round it. They seized his ear and made him come off the cart. The secretary knew that it was not a time to reason the matter. He said in a conciliatory tone "Kindly allow me to see your commander, to him I will apologize." The soldiers said, "There is no need." "Then," said he, "I will later on invite your commander to my Legation and my Minister will apologize." The officers with their swords, then killed him by cutting open his abdomen. The Japanese Minister on hearing it asked permission to have the body taken back to the city for burial. After a long time permission was given. Prince Tuan afterwards on seeing General Tung put out his thumb and said, "You are indeed a hero."
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over to my house suggesting that we should join our families together and escape from Peking in company from the dangers threatening all, and fixing to-morrow morning as our time of departure. I, fortunately as it turned out for us all, firmly refused to go with Yang's party, as I had just heard the rumour that steamers had stopped running to
Tientsin. I had also heard that the road to T'ungchou was greatly infested by marauding bands of outlaws, that the railway to Tientsin had been destroyed, and the telegraph lines cut. Further, that a relief force of Foreign troops was on its way to Peking from Tientsin, and that that city was in great confusion. With these considerations in my mind, I decided to remain where I was for the present.
681:§ 26. At Peking much apprehension was felt from the disturbed political state, but the actual danger came from the turbulent soldiery brought to the capital to guard against the fear of foreign aggression, and of these the most turbulent were the Kansu troops of Tung Fu-siang, stationed in the southern Hunting Park. Men of this force attacked, on September 30th, a party consisting of members of the British and American legations, and the next day the foreign representatives decided to send for a guard of marines from each of their fleets. The viceroy at Tientsin refused to allow them to pass, but, as the envoys Sir C. MacDonald to Lord Salisbury, April 15th, 1898, China, Xo. 1, 1899, p. 102.
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and 4 from
Langfang. The latter had been unexpectedly attacked about half past 2 in the afternoon of June 18, by a force estimated at 5,000 men, including cavalry, large numbers of whom were armed with magazine rifles of the latest pattern. Captured banners showed that they belonged to the army of General Tung Fu Hsiang, who commanded the Chinese troops in the hunting park outside Pekin, showing that the Chinese imperial troops were being employed to defeat the expedition. This army was composed of especially picked men, 10,000 strong, commanded from the palace. They were said to be well armed, but indifferently drilled.
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the foreigners themselves. And then as it became dark today, a fresh wave of excitement broke over the city and produced almost a panic. The main body of Tung
Fuhsiang's savage Kansu braves—that is, his whole army-—re-entered the capital and rapidly encamped on the open places in front of the Temples of Heaven and Agriculture in the outer ring of Peking. This settled it, I am glad to say. At last all the Legations shivered, and urgent telegrams were sent to the British admiral for reinforcements to be rushed up at all costs.
836:. Dong assured her that he could get rid of the foreign "barbarians" if necessary, increasing the dowager's confidence in China's ability to drive out foreigners if war became unavoidable. Meanwhile, an increase in the number of the legation guards – they arrived in Beijing on 31 May – further inflamed anti-foreign sentiment in Beijing and its surrounding countryside: for the first time, Boxers started to attack foreigners directly. Several foreign powers sent warships under the
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1075:) to China in 1901, but the rebellion was over by that time. Because the Ottomans were not in a position to create a rift with the European nations, and to assist ties with Germany, an order imploring Chinese Muslims to avoid assisting the Boxers was issued by the Ottoman Khalifa and reprinted in Egyptian and Indian Muslim newspapers in spite of the fact that the predicament the British found themselves in the Boxer Rebellion was gratifying to Indian Muslims and Egyptians.
914:. The procession safely passed through the areas occupied by the Gansu troops inside the walled city and soon reached the Majiapu (Machiapu) train station south of Beijing, where the relief troops were expected to arrive soon. Except that it they never arrived, and the carts had to head back to the legations. A smaller Italian delegation guarded by a few riflemen narrowly escaped Dong Fuxiang's soldiers, who were lining up to block Beijing's main southern gate the
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is the outer ring of Peking--two nights before the
Legation Guards came in, is also with the Empress, for his cavalry banners, made of black and blue velvet, with blood-red characters splashed splendidly across them, have been seen planted at the foot of the hills. Tung Fu-hsiang is an invincible one, who stamped out the Kansu rebellion a few years ago with such fierceness that his name strikes terror to-day into every Chinese heart.
1090:, and four cousins of his – his paternal cousins Ma Fugui 馬福貴, Ma Fuquan 馬福全, and his paternal nephews Ma Yaotu 馬耀圖, and Ma Zhaotu 馬兆圖— were killed while charging against the Alliance forces while a hundred Hui and Dongxiang Muslim troops from his home village in total died in the fighting at Zhengyang. The Battle at Zhengyang was fought against the British. After the battle was over, the Kansu Muslim troops, including General
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618:" that threatened to split China into several spheres of influence. To protect the imperial capital against possible attacks, Cixi had the Gansu Army transferred to Beijing in the summer of 1898. She admired the Gansu Army because Ronglu, who was in her favor, had a close relation with its commander Dong Fuxiang. On their way to Beijing, Dong's troops attacked Christian churches in
972:'s troops who let supplies and letters slip through to the besieged foreigners, the "sullen and suspicious" Kansu braves seriously pressed the siege and refused to let anything through, shooting at foreigners trying to smuggle things through their lines. Sir Claude Macdonald noted the "ferocity" of Dong Fuxiang's Kansu troops compared to the "restraint" of Ronglu's troops.
821:. In the early months of 1900, this "Boxer movement" took dramatic expansion in northern Zhili – the area surrounding Beijing – and Boxers even started to appear in the capital. In late May, the anti-Christian Boxers took a broader anti-foreign turn, and as they became more organized, they started to attack the Beijing–
986:, the German officer in command of the troops left at Langfang, was attacked by the Imperial forces belonging to General Tung-fuh-siang's division. Their numbers were estimated at 7,000 and they were well armed _^ with modern rifles which they used with effect, so that we suffered considerable casualties.
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14th June.—I passed the
Panshih Residence this morning. The building in the rear of this is now the headquarters of Tung Fu-hsiang and his Kansu troops, who I may state, had already entered the city a few days previously. At noon, my friend Yang Ch'ao-chió, a Military Chüjén graduate, sent a servant
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had used it for large-scale hunts and military drills. By the 1880s, this large expanse of land south of
Beijing – it was several times larger than the walled city – had been partly converted into farmland, but it was conveniently located near the railroad that connected Beijing to Tianjin.
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On the 31st of May, Tung
Fuhsiang had an audience of the Throne and upon being questioned stood up and accepted all responsibility in the war of extermination of Foreigners, which he strongly advocated, staking his head on his ability in successfully combating the Foreign Powers. The result was that
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Late in the afternoon it transpired that the Empress Dowager was not in the Imperial city at all, but out at the Summer Palace on the Wan-shou-shan--the hills of ten thousand ages, as these are poetically called. Tung Fu-hsiang, whose ruffianly Kansu braves were marched out of the Chinese city--that
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Messages were then sent back to Lofa and Langfang, recalling trains 2, 3, and 4, the advance by rail being found to be impracticable, and the isolation and separate destruction of the trains a possibility. In the afternoon of June 18, train No. 3 came back from Lofa, and later in the evening Nos. 2
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Early on Sunday morning, 17th June, a week after we had started, the Taku Forts were taken by U the Allied Forces in order to relieve Tientsin. That city was invested by the Boxers who began to bombard it next day. Of this of course we were quite ignorant. But the Court in Peking must have received
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It is, therefore, becoming patent to the most blind that this is going to be something startling, something eclipsing any other anti-foreign movement ever heard of, because never before have the users of foreign imports and the mere friends of foreigners been labelled in a class just below that of
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The Chinese government did protest, but without effect. The legation guards were insisted upon, and, as speedily as possible, they were provided from the war-ships of the several powers, and quartered in Peking. Then the Chinese authorities brought troops to the capital, and the sense of danger at
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Tung Fu-hsiang's Moslem cavalry, flaunting banners of scarlet and black but armed with modern Mausers, were however treated with great respect. They had taken a leading part in anti-foreign incidents two years earlier, and when on 17 June, after a stone-throwing incident, a detachment of them was
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On June 11th occurred the murder of the Japanese Chancellor, Sugiyama, by the Boxers, and Tung Fuhsiang's Kansu' troops. The Chancellor attempted to leave Peking by the Yung-ting gate in order to meet Admiral Seymour's relief force, which was on its way to the capital from Tientsin, and which was
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But it is grave notwithstanding the laughter. Once in 1899, after the Empress Dowager's coup d'etat and the virtual imprisonment of the Emperor, Legation Guards had to be sent for, a few files for each of the Legations that possess squadrons in the Far East, and, what is more, these guards had to
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Beijing residents and foreigners alike feared the turbulent Muslim troops. It was said "the troops are to act tomorrow when all foreigners in Peking are to be wiped out and the golden age return for China." during 23 October 1898. Some Westerners described the Gansu Braves as the "10,000 Islamic
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13th June, 1900: 17th day of the 5th moon 26th year of Kuang Hsü:— About dusk, while in the University . I saw four places on fire, whereupon I immediately returned to my house, subsequently learning that all the Churches and mission properties inside the "Eastern City" had been set fire to and
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stay for a good many months. The guards are now no more, but it is curious that the men they came mainly to protect us against— Tung Fu-hsiang's Mohammedan braves from the savage back province of Kansu who love the reactionary Empress Dowager—are still encamped near the Northern capital.
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1813:. Harvard University. East Asian Research Center, Harvard University. Committee on International and Regional Studies, Harvard University. East Asia Program, Harvard University. Center for East Asian Studies. East Asian Research Center, Harvard University. 1949. p. 240.
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As the Imperial court evacuated to Xi'an in Shaanxi province after Beijing fell to the Alliance, the court gave signals that it would continue the war with Dong Fuxiang "opposing Count von Waldersee tooth and nail", and the court promoted Dong to Commander-in-chief.
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They were organized into eight battalions of infantry, two squadrons of cavalry, two brigades of artillery, and one company of engineers. They were armed with modern weaponry such as Mauser repeater rifles and field artillery. They used scarlet and black banners.
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fired on by the Germans, Sir Claude MacDonald sent a tactful reproof to Baron Von Ketteler, urging strict precautions against all acts of provocation; 'When our own troops arrive we may with safety assume a different tone, but it is hardly wise now.'
646:, others as "ten thousand Mohammedan cutthroats feared by even the Chinese". In late September and early October 1898, several minor clashes between the Gansu troops and foreigners heightened tensions in the capital. Soldiers from the
935:, claimed that they also carved his heart out and sent it to Dong Fuxiang. The Japanese legation lodged a formal protest at the Tsungli Yamen, which expressed its regrets and explained that Sugiyama had been killed by "bandits".
925:, Sugiyama made a conspicuous target. The Kansu Muslim troops seized him from his cart near the Yongding Gate, hacked him into pieces, decapitated him, and left his mutilated body and severed head and genitals on the street.
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Indiscreet Letters from Peking: Being the Notes of an Eyewitness, which Set Forth in Some Detail, from Day to Day, the Real Story of the Siege and Sack of a Distressed Capital in 1900--the Year of Great
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Indiscreet Letters From Peking Being the Notes of an Eye-Witness, Which Set Forth in Some Detail, from Day to Day, the Real Story of the Siege and Sack of a Distressed Capital in 1900--the Year of Great
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trade. A Japanese chancellor, Sugiyama Akira, and several Westerners were killed by the Kansu braves. The Muslim troops were reportedly enthusiastic about going on the offensive and killing foreigners.
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Vol. 6 of History for Ready Reference: From the Best Historians, Biographers, and Specialists, Their Own Words in a Complete System of History (revised ed.). C.A. Nichols Company. p. 95.
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rifles that Dong brought back from Beijing. Dong also used his understanding of local politics to convince the rebels to return to their homes. By the spring of 1896, Gansu was again pacified.
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with heavy casualties by 26 June. Langfang was the only battle the Muslim troops did outside of Beijing. After Langfang, Dong Fuxiang's troops only participated in battles inside of Beijing.
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Dong was extremely anti-foreign, and gave full support to Cixi and the Boxers. General Dong committed his Muslim troops to join the Boxers to attack foreigners in Beijing. They attacked the
677:, two British engineers were almost beaten to death by the Muslim Kansu troops, and foreign ministers asked that they be pulled back since they were threatening the safety of foreigners.
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The Muslim troops were described as "picked men, the bravest of the brave, the most fanatical of fanatics: and that is why the defence of the Emperor's city had been entrusted to them."
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6,000 of the Muslim troops under Dong Fuxiang and 20,000 Boxers repulsed a relief column, driving them to Huang Ts'un. The Muslims camped outside the temples of Heaven and Agriculture.
1436:(China ed.). Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, Limited British Empire and Continental Copyright Excepting Scandinavian Countries by Putnam Weale from 1921. p. 12. Archived from
3523:. Vol. 33 of War Department, Adjutant General's Office. United States. Adjutant-General's Office. Military Information Division. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 528.
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The Boxer Rising: A History of the Boxer Trouble in China, pp. 59-60. The Boxer Rising: A History of the Boxer Trouble in China. Reprinted from the "Shanghai Mercury.", pp. 46-7.
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from possible assaults. By late October, rumors were circulating that the Gansu Army was preparing to kill all foreigners in Beijing. Responding to an ultimatum by the foreign
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killed a Chinese civilian suspecting him of being a Boxer. In response, Boxers and thousands of Chinese Muslim Kansu Braves went on a violent riot against the westerners.
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1466:(China ed.). Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, Limited British Empire and Continental Copyright Excepting Scandinavian Countries by Putnam Weale from 1921. p. 12
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That same afternoon, the Japanese legation sent secretary Sugiyama Akira to the station unguarded to greet the Japanese troops. With his formal western suit and a
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Reports from Her Majesty's minister in China respecting events at Peking: Presented to both houses of Parliament by command of Her Majesty, December 1900
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The Qing court hesitated between annihilating, "pacifying", or supporting the Boxers. From 27 to 29 May, Cixi received Dong Fuxiang in audiences at the
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in the Battle of Peking against the foreigners. General Ma Haiyan died of exhaustion after the Imperial Court reached their destination, and his son
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China and the Boxers: A short history of the Boxer outbreak, with two chapters on the sufferings of missionaries and a closing one on the outlook,
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China and the Boxers: A short history of the Boxer outbreak, with two chapters on the sufferings of missionaries and a closing one on the outlook
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entirely destroyed, the conflagration in the Lamplight Market (Night Bazaar) having been especially destructive, lasting far into the next day.
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871:, the bureau through which the Qing government communicated with foreigners. On that same day the telegraph lines were cut off for good.
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History for Ready Reference: From the Best Historians, Biographers, and Specialists; Their Own Words in a Complete System of History ...
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History for Ready Reference: From the Best Historians, Biographers, and Specialists; Their Own Words in a Complete System of History ...
634:, and put him in charge of reforming the metropolitan armies. Ronglu made Dong's militia the "Rear Division" of a new corps called the "
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The Braves, who wore traditional uniforms but were armed with modern rifles and artillery, played an important role in 1900 during the
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the Muslim troops engaged in a fierce battle against the Alliance forces. The commanding Muslim general in the Chinese army, General
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History for Ready Reference, from the Best Historians, Biographers, and Specialists: Their Own Words in a Complete System of History
3475:. United States. Adjutant-General's Office. Military Information Division. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1901. p. 528.
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3728:. 28, Little Queen Street, High Holborn, London, W.C.: Pub. for the editors of the "Harrovian," by F. W. Provost. p.
2244:. Carl Sandburg Collections (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library). Atlantic Monthly Company. 1914. p.
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to find a way to stop the Muslim troops from fighting. The Caliph agreed to the Kaiser's request and sent Enver Pasha (
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Robert Hart; John King Fairbank; Katherine Frost Bruner; Elizabeth MacLeod Matheson; James Duncan Campbell (1975).
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June 11th.—On this day the general body of General Tung's troops that had remained in the South Park entered the
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Lipman, Jonathan N. (July 1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu".
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The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic Story of China's War on Foreigners That Shook the World in the Summer of 1900
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The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic Story of China's War on Foreigners that Shook the World in the Summer of 1900
638:". Dong Fuxiang was the only commander of the five divisions who did not hide his hostility toward foreigners.
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The politicization of Islam: reconstructing identity, state, faith, and community in the late Ottoman state
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They were made out of 5,000 cavalry with the most modern repeating rifles. Some of them went on horseback.
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that Zuo had recruited locally. In early July 1895, Dong commanded these troops in relieving the siege of
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in the 1860s and 1870s, had by 1895 become Imperial Commissioner in Gansu and he now commanded the Muslim
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4035:"Османская карта Запретного города в Пекине,.. | History and Islam | История и Ислам | VK"
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about a movement called the "Boxers" that had been attacking Christian property and Chinese converts in
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2913:. The Fairleigh Dickinson University Press Series in Italian Studies. Lexington Books. p. 18.
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from the Summer Palace; they set camp in the southern part of city, in empty lands in front of the
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The Boxer Rising: A History of the Boxer Trouble in China. Reprinted from the "Shanghai Mercury."
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relieved the siege. The Kansu Braves then guarded the Imperial Court on their journey to Xi'an.
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Han-Mongol encounters and missionary endeavors: a history of Scheut in Ordos (Hetao) 1874–1911
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The role the Muslim troops played in the war incurred anger from the westerners towards them.
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The Kansu Braves and Boxers combined their forces to attack the foreigners and the legations.
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Some did it for civilisation, some did it for their country: a revised view of the Boxer war
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Some Did It for Civilisation, Some Did It for their Country: A Revised View of the Boxer War
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Peking, Oct, 30. The Kansu troops encamping to the South of Peking are preparing to retire.
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3365:. Vol. 364 of Cd. (Great Britain. Parliament). H.M. Stationery Office. p. 30.
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William Scott Ament and the Boxer Rebellion: heroism, hubris and the "ideal missionary"
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2253:
2219:
1818:
1025:
1017:
911:
686:
427:
170:
2056:
1295:
4320:
4290:
4263:
4189:
4162:
4131:
3917:
3835:
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3765:
3685:
3658:
3631:
3604:
3574:
3547:
3536:
3430:
3311:
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3172:
3128:
3117:
3095:
3084:
2983:
2941:
2914:
2887:
2860:
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2773:
2746:
2735:
2710:
2683:
2672:
2593:
2582:
2555:
2544:
2516:
2493:
2470:
2447:
2416:
2393:
2369:
2346:
2335:
2133:
2035:
1992:
1969:
1943:
1914:
1891:
1864:
1788:
1761:
1734:
1707:
1680:
1635:
1608:
1565:
1536:
1525:
1320:
1174:
1095:
642:
rabble","a disorderly rabble of about 10,000 men, most of whom were Mohammedans", or
4236:
3325:
Tan, Chester C. (1955). Columbia university. Faculty of political science. . (ed.).
3291:
3261:. Vol. 2 of The Zenith of Imperialism. Nova History Publications. p. 97.
1281:
983:
848:
806:
674:
412:
281:
103:
75:
3723:
855:. Fearing the worst, Sir Claude MacDonald immediately sent a telegram calling for
843:
On 9 June, the bulk of the Kansu Braves escorted Empress Dowager Cixi back to the
4314:
4094:
3880:
3829:
3598:
3568:
3326:
3256:
3217:
3166:
2827:
2704:
1808:
1755:
910:
On the morning of 11 June, the British sent a large convoy of carts to greet the
755:
627:
423:
178:
111:
3885:. Hartford Seminary Foundation. Hartford Seminary Foundation. 1966. p. 190.
3500:
United States. Adjutant-General's Office. Military Information Division (1901).
2276:
Annals & memoirs of the court of Peking: (from the 16th to the 20th century)
2221:
Annals & memoirs of the court of Peking: (from the 16th to the 20th century)
1703:
The I. G. in Peking: Letters of Robert Hart, Chinese Maritime Customs, 1868-1907
780:
Annals & memoirs of the court of Peking: (from the 16th to the 20th century)
3938:"The Well-Protected Domains Meet the Forbidden City: an Ottoman map of Beijing"
3295:
2634:
2614:
1064:
1060:
844:
818:
810:
556:
were called to Beijing and helped put an end to the reform movement along with
510:
302:
3215:
3060:
4369:
3007:
2072:
1147:
833:
611:
494:
483:
403:, a modern army that protected the imperial capital. The Gansu Army included
3398:. Great Britain. Foreign Office. H.M. Stationery Office. 1905. p. 1246.
3341:
2294:
Weale, B L Putnam (1907). John Otway Percy Bland; Edmund Backhouse (eds.).
1138:
1083:
868:
545:
521:
502:
471:
467:
416:
408:
389:
377:
288:
200:
107:
60:
4009:
3973:
3197:(5 ed.). T. Cook & son (F. H. & E. E. Cook). 1924. p. 13
540:
broke out and they were subsequently sent to crush the rebels. During the
1968:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 317.
1072:
1007:
United States. Adjutant-General's Office. Military Information Division,
915:
897:
864:
860:
635:
506:
399:
85:
3916:(illustrated ed.). Seattle: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 150.
658:, Cixi had the Gansu troops transferred to the "Southern Park" (Nanyuan
614:
in Shandong in November 1897, foreign powers engaged in a "scramble for
438:
in early June, the Muslim troops were the fiercest attackers during the
1199:
1143:
1091:
1053:
922:
837:
561:
549:
525:
404:
369:
205:
3960:"The Well-Protected Domains Meet the Forbidden City: a map of Beijing"
3358:
3303:
2883:
A Dance with the Dragon: The Vanished World of Peking's Foreign Colony
1319:. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. pp. 142–3.
859:
to send help from Tianjin. On 10 June, the anti-foreign and pro-Boxer
1531:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp.
1488:. Dodd Mead And Company. 18 August 1907 – via Internet Archive.
1169:
1164:
1152:
1103:
1040:
1016:
The Muslim troops led by Dong Fuxiang defeated the hastily assembled
947:
relentlessly. They were also known for their intolerance towards the
931:
826:
553:
529:
381:
316:
213:
4034:
3517:
Slocum, Stephan L'H.; Reichmann, Car; Chaffee, Adna Romanza (1901).
2825:
982:
instant news of the fact, for on the afternoon of the 18th Captain
814:
760:
479:
337:
1056:
was so alarmed by the Chinese Muslim troops that he requested the
1039:
Summary of battles of General Dong Fuxiang: Ts'ai Ts'un, 24 July;
3761:
Indiscreet Letters from Peking: Being the Notes of an Eye-witness
1159:
1087:
1033:
822:
619:
557:
442:
from 20 June to 14 August. They suffered heavy casualties at the
431:
393:
209:
133:
3725:
Diary of the siege of the Peking legations, June to August, 1900
3538:
History in three keys: the Boxers as event, experience, and myth
2659:(reprint ed.). Shanghai mercury, limited. 1900. p. 46.
2337:
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1132:
630:, Cixi named Ronglu Minister of War and highest official in the
3114:
1962:
Official name Southern Park and explanation of the park's use:
1057:
1050:
969:
602:
514:
498:
155:
3086:
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3004:"ANU - Digital Collections: Kansu Soldiers (Tung Fu Hsiang's)"
2797:
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1760:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Kennikat Press. p. 103.
1098:, who led Muslim cavalry to fight against the Japanese in the
4255:
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China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects
3119:
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2856:
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2115:
Reiley, Alan Campbell (1901). Larned, Josephus Nelson (ed.).
1204:
1179:
1107:
948:
650:
were among the new guards called from Tianjin to protect the
463:
373:
151:
129:
3359:
MacDonald, Claude M.; Great Britain. Foreign Office (1900).
2766:
Fairbank, John King; Twitchett, Denis Crispin, eds. (1980).
396:
metropolitan area in 1898, where they officially became the
4154:
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3603:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Dorset Press. p. 79.
3448:
3446:
2101:
The International Relations of the Chinese Empire, Volume 3
1660:
Some Did It for Civilisation, Some Did It for their Country
1631:
Some Did It for Civilisation, Some Did It for their Country
1317:
Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China
1102:, fought in the Boxer Rebellion as a private under General
691:
The International Relations of the Chinese Empire, Volume 3
4234:
4289:. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press. p. 514.
4216:. Vol. LX, no. 74. 25 September 1900. p. 4
2636:
The Boxer Rising: A History of the Boxer Trouble in China
968:
In contrast to other units besieging the legations, like
342:
328:
4150:
3520:
Reports on Military Operations in South Africa and China
3443:
1028:
on 18 June. The Chinese won a major victory, and forced
3721:
3216:内川芳美, 宮地正人, 每日コミュニケーションズ (Firm). 国際ニュース事典出版委員会 (1900).
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2639:(2, reprint ed.). Shanghai Mercury. 1901. p.
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Backhouse, Sir Edmund; Bland, John Otway Percy (1914).
2218:
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2073:"The Defence of Peking. Preparing to Resist Expedition"
3704:
3516:
2933:
2832:. University of Western Australia Press. p. 181.
2131:
664:), which was also known as the "Hunting Park" because
2446:. London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 207.
307:
293:
4381:
Military units and formations of the Boxer Rebellion
3573:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Hale. p. 106.
3429:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Hale. p. 281.
3342:
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons (1900).
3171:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Hale. p. 163.
2152:
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History for Ready Reference from the Best Historians
3910:Bickers, Robert A.; Tiedemann, R. G., eds. (2007).
2963:
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2706:
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2443:
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4319:(illustrated ed.). Dorset Press. p. 98.
3834:(illustrated ed.). I. B. Tauris. p. 56.
3757:
3535:
3116:
3083:
3081:
2794:
2792:
2734:
2671:
2581:
2543:
2515:
2513:
2492:
2469:
2467:
2415:
2392:
2390:
2368:
2334:
1991:
1913:
1911:
1672:
1564:
1562:
1524:
1522:
1314:
874:
509:, were overwhelmed by the firepower of the modern
4376:Military units and formations of the Qing dynasty
3452:
2765:
1297:Travels of a Consular Officer in North-West China
840:, which protected access to Tianjin and Beijing.
4367:
4282:
3909:
3453:Mersey (Viscount), Charles Clive Bigham (1901).
1935:
1883:
1693:
1492:
1043:, 25 July; An P'ing, 26 July; Ma T'ou, 27 July.
809:, the British Minister in Beijing, wrote to the
761:Rise of the Boxers and return to the walled city
372:troops from the northwestern province of Kansu (
4188:. University of California Press. p. 684.
3784:
3677:
3650:
2886:(illustrated ed.). I.B.Tauris. p. 4.
2826:Lancelot Giles; Leslie Ronald Marchant (1970).
2341:. New York: Columbia University Press. p.
1989:
1780:
1679:. University of California Press. p. 182.
1657:
1627:
1600:
1585:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1414:
1399:
1384:
1369:
1354:
1339:
626:(11 June – 21 September 1898) sponsored by the
4123:
3459:. Macmillan and Company, limited. p. 177.
3258:The Zenith of Imperialism, 1896-1906, Volume 2
3194:Peking, North China, South Manchuria and Korea
3154:. Albany, N. Y.: F. H. Revell Co. p. 441.
2272:
2217:
2054:
4309:
3623:
3533:
2910:Imperial Designs: Italians in China 1900–1947
2732:
2728:
2726:
2669:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2490:
2413:
2366:
2332:
2029:
1757:The rise of Chinese military power, 1895-1912
1726:
1133:List of people who served in the Kansu Braves
659:
532:were originally called to Beijing during the
255:
241:
4181:
3566:
3422:
3240:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3164:
2960:
2702:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2104:. Longmans, Green, and Company. p. 151.
2013:
1963:
1666:
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4117:
3856:"The official Russian announcement that..."
3791:. Oxford University Press US. p. 237.
3657:. Princeton University Press. p. 113.
2772:. Cambridge University Press. p. 121.
2663:
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3115:Sterling Seagrave; Peggy Seagrave (1992).
2975:
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2723:
2568:
2530:
2146:
2125:
1706:. Harvard University Press. p. 1175.
1505:Indiscreet Letters from Peking (Year 1919)
863:replaced the anti-Boxer and more moderate
430:, a multinational foreign force sent from
392:(1839–1908), they were transferred to the
29:
4262:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 25.
3684:. Chinese University Press. p. 498.
3617:
3331:. Columbia University Press. p. 114.
2430:
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1607:. Chinese University Press. p. 498.
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501:. The Muslim rebels, who were armed with
35:Three Muslim soldiers from the Gansu Army
4316:The Siege at Peking: The Boxer Rebellion
4256:Peter Harrington; Michael Perry (2001).
4185:Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400-1900
3328:The Boxer Catastrophe, by Chester C. Tan
1966:Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400–1900
1939:The United States Marines in North China
1146:
991:Charles Clive Bigham Mersey (Viscount),
601:
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2048:
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3827:
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3930:
3542:. Columbia University Press. p.
3348:. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 30.
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918:, but also managed to return safely.
16:Qing-era Chinese Muslim military unit
4386:Military history of the Qing dynasty
3630:. Desmond Power author. p. 45.
3254:
3022:
2879:
2191:. A.H. Blackwell. 1899. p. 468.
2175:. A.H. Blackwell. 1900. p. 178.
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380:(1644–1912). Loyal to the Qing, the
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453:
384:were recruited in 1895 to suppress
13:
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3764:. Adegi Graphics LLC. p. 22.
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3654:Rise of the Chinese Military Power
1784:Rise of the Chinese Military Power
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612:killing of two German missionaries
474:(1812–1885) in the suppression of
470:(1839–1908), who had fought under
14:
4397:
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3993:
3382:. Vacher & Sons. p. 137.
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2472:The Origins of the Boxer Uprising
2395:The Origins of the Boxer Uprising
2365:Expansion of the Boxer movement:
2079:. London. 16 June 1900. p. 5
1994:The Origins of the Boxer Uprising
1916:The Origins of the Boxer Uprising
1676:The Origins of the Boxer Uprising
1567:The Origins of the Boxer Uprising
1527:The Origins of the Boxer Uprising
1271:
1248:
975:
462:erupted in the southern parts of
4337:
4303:
4276:
4259:Peking 1900: the Boxer rebellion
4249:
4202:
4175:
4144:
4099:
4081:
4063:
4045:
4027:
4002:
3987:
3966:
3951:
3913:The Boxers, China, and the World
3903:
3873:
3848:
3821:
3805:
3778:
3751:
3722:William Meyrick Hewlett (1900).
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3395:British and Foreign State Papers
3219:外国新聞に見る日本: 国際ニュース事典, Volumes 2-3
3148:Smith, Arthur Henderson (1901).
2979:Peking 1900: The Boxer Rebellion
2241:The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 113
2138:. C.A. Nichols Company. p.
1486:"Indiscreet Letters From Peking"
1459:WEALE, B.L. PUTNAM, ed. (1922).
1430:WEALE, B.L. PUTNAM, ed. (1922).
794:Indiscreet Letters from Peking,
574:Indiscreet Letters from Peking,
70:
53:
3831:China Considers the Middle East
3711:. F. H. Revell Co. p. 393.
3705:Arthur Henderson Smith (1901).
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3560:
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3510:
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3386:
3369:
3352:
3335:
3318:
3275:
3248:
3209:
3185:
3158:
3141:
3108:
3075:
2969:
2954:
2934:Larry Clinton Thompson (2009).
2927:
2900:
2873:
2846:
2819:
2786:
2759:
2696:
2647:
2627:
2606:
2507:
2484:
2461:
2407:
2383:
2359:
2326:
2304:
2287:
2266:
2232:
2211:
2195:
2179:
2163:
2132:Josephus Nelson Larned (1901).
2108:
2091:
2065:
2058:China Under the Empress Dowager
2022:
2006:
1982:
1956:
1928:
1904:
1877:
1831:
1801:
1774:
1747:
1720:
1621:
1594:
1579:
1516:
1478:
1452:
1423:
1408:
1393:
955:The German diplomat in Beijing
875:Assassination of Sugiyama Akira
343:
329:
4159:University of Washington Press
3828:Harris, Lillian Craig (1993).
3053:"The Boxer Uprising 1899–1900"
2859:. Librairie Droz. p. 31.
2769:The Cambridge History of China
2297:Indiscreet Letters From Peking
1433:Indiscreet Letters From Peking
1378:
1363:
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1265:
1242:
660:
308:
294:
256:
242:
1:
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3882:The Moslem World, Volumes 1-3
3708:China in convulsion, Volume 2
3345:Papers by Command, Volume 105
3151:China in Convulsion, Volume 2
2670:Diana Preston (1 June 2000).
2153:Alan Campbell Reiley (1913).
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1300:. CUP Archive. 1921. p.
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376:) in the last decades of the
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1810:Papers on China, Volumes 3-4
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2391:Joseph W. Esherick (1987).
1912:Joseph W. Esherick (1987).
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1315:Jonathan N. Lipman (1997).
1226:秉默, ed. (16 October 2008).
1193:
622:. After the failure of the
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3567:O'Connor, Richard (1973).
3503:Publications, Issues 33-34
3456:A Year in China, 1899-1900
3423:O'Connor, Richard (1973).
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3165:O'Connor, Richard (1973).
2976:Harrington, Peter (2013).
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993:A Year in China, 1899–1900
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648:United States Marine Corps
4283:Patrick Taveirne (2004).
4130:. Routledge. p. 72.
3861:. 10 July 1901. p. 2
3379:The Politician's Handbook
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1344:. pp. 128 and 156–7.
1272:韩, 芝华 (16 October 2009).
1124:Organization and armament
938:
476:a larger Muslim rebellion
354:
336:
322:
315:
301:
287:
280:
275:
271:
263:
249:
235:
231:
226:
194:
189:
162:
147:
139:
125:
117:
99:
91:
81:
66:
48:
40:
28:
23:
4093:15 November 2014 at the
3814:The Spectator, Volume 87
3785:Kemal H. Karpat (2001).
3742:: CS1 maint: location (
3678:Jane E. Elliott (2002).
3255:Wait, Eugene M. (2001).
3057:www.russojapanesewar.com
2279:. W. Heinemann. p.
2224:. W. Heinemann. p.
1990:Joseph Esherick (1987).
1658:Jane E. Elliott (2002).
1628:Jane E. Elliott (2002).
1601:Jane E. Elliott (2002).
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1586:Jonathan Lipman (1997).
1415:Jonathan Lipman (1997).
1400:Jonathan Lipman (1997).
1385:Jonathan Lipman (1997).
1370:Jonathan Lipman (1997).
1355:Jonathan Lipman (1997).
1340:Jonathan Lipman (1997).
1255:民族日报-民族日报一版 | 民族日报数字报刊平台
1100:Second Sino-Japanese War
1073:future Young Turk leader
652:Beijing Legation Quarter
436:Beijing Legation Quarter
237:Traditional Chinese
158:rifles, swords, halberds
4071:"马福祥--"戎马书生" - 新华网甘肃频道"
4014:ww12.osmanlldevleti.com
2853:Kelly, John S. (1963).
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819:southern Zhili province
805:On 5 January 1900, Sir
534:First Sino-Japanese War
458:In the spring of 1895,
251:Simplified Chinese
167:Dungan revolt (1895–96)
4210:"The Powers and China"
4088:缅怀中国近代史上的回族将领马福祥将军戎马一生
3895:: CS1 maint: others (
3534:Paul A. Cohen (1997).
3485:: CS1 maint: others (
3408:: CS1 maint: others (
2733:Diana Preston (2000).
2580:Diana Preston (2000).
2542:Diana Preston (2000).
2491:Paul A. Cohen (1997).
2414:Paul A. Cohen (1997).
2367:Paul A. Cohen (1997).
2333:Paul A. Cohen (1997).
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2258:: CS1 maint: others (
2030:Diana Preston (2000).
1823:: CS1 maint: others (
1733:. Osprey. p. 26.
1727:Lynn E. Bodin (1979).
1249:朱, 国琳 (3 March 2011).
1234:. 民革中央. Archived from
1155:
1014:
998:
908:
893:
803:
785:
776:John Otway Percy Bland
747:
734:
712:
705:Alan Campbell Reiley,
696:
607:
595:
583:
440:siege of the legations
4182:Susan Naquin (2001).
4113:on 24 September 2015.
4107:"清末民国间爱国将领马福祥__中国甘肃网"
4077:on 24 September 2015.
3472:Publication, Issue 33
2961:Lanxin Xiang (2003).
2703:Lanxin Xiang (2003).
2495:History in Three Keys
2440:Lanxin Xiang (2003).
2418:History in Three Keys
2371:History in Three Keys
2028:Railroad: see map in
2014:Susan Naquin (2000).
1964:Susan Naquin (2000).
1278:中国国民党革命委员会新疆维吾尔自治区委员会
1150:
1110:took over his posts.
1022:the 8 nation alliance
1009:Publication, Issue 33
999:
979:
894:
878:
853:Temple of Agriculture
797:Bertram Lenox Simpson
786:
764:
735:
713:
697:
679:
605:
584:
577:Bertram Lenox Simpson
566:
448:Eight-Nation Alliance
398:Rear Division of the
4238:China and the Allies
4010:"osmanlldevleti.com"
3996:"Osmanlı haritaları"
3627:Little Foreign Devil
2880:Boyd, Julia (2012).
2207:. 1898. p. 468.
2188:The Japan Daily Mail
2172:The Japan Daily Mail
1284:on 6 September 2017.
957:Clemens von Ketteler
772:Sir Edmund Backhouse
743:The Japan Daily Mail
730:The Japan Daily Mail
666:emperors of the Ming
624:Hundred Days' Reform
606:General Dong Fuxiang
542:Hundred Days' Reform
538:Dungan Revolt (1895)
491:Empress Dowager Cixi
3600:The Siege at Peking
3570:The Boxer Rebellion
3426:The Boxer Rebellion
3168:The Boxer Rebellion
3063:on 25 February 2021
3032:. dspace.anu.edu.au
2737:The Boxer Rebellion
2584:The Boxer Rebellion
2546:The Boxer Rebellion
2077:The West Australian
1730:The Boxer Rebellion
1032:to retreat back to
867:as the head of the
825:railway and to cut
782:, Act III, Scene I.
750:The Boxer Rebellion
598:Transfer to Beijing
486:by Muslims rebels.
3376:Whates, H (1901).
3051:Clark, Kenneth G.
3010:on 14 October 2009
2678:. Walker. p.
1588:Familiar Strangers
1417:Familiar Strangers
1402:Familiar Strangers
1387:Familiar Strangers
1372:Familiar Strangers
1357:Familiar Strangers
1342:Familiar Strangers
1156:
1026:Battle of Langfang
1018:Seymour Expedition
912:Seymour Expedition
687:Hosea Ballou Morse
608:
428:Seymour Expedition
203:(general in chief)
171:Battle of Langfang
4195:978-0-520-92345-4
4137:978-1-136-80933-0
3859:The Straits Times
3664:978-1-4008-7884-0
3637:978-0-9694122-1-2
3123:. Knopf. p.
2947:978-0-7864-4008-5
2689:978-0-8027-1361-2
2204:Japan Weekly Mail
1934:US Marine Corps:
1794:978-1-4008-7884-0
1767:978-0-8046-1645-4
1713:978-0-674-44320-4
1686:978-0-520-90896-3
1641:978-962-996-066-7
1419:. pp. 164–5.
1404:. pp. 157–8.
1374:. pp. 156–7.
544:in 1898 Generals
536:in 1894, but the
489:When he attended
413:Dongxiang Muslims
358:
357:
350:
349:
324:Yale Romanization
282:Standard Mandarin
219:
218:
4393:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4109:. Archived from
4103:
4097:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4073:. Archived from
4067:
4061:
4060:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3958:Gratien, Chris.
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3894:
3886:
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3809:
3803:
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3782:
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3696:
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3333:
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3322:
3316:
3315:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3252:
3246:
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3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
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3189:
3183:
3182:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3122:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3089:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3059:. Archived from
3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2973:
2967:
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2958:
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2291:
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2270:
2264:
2263:
2257:
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2236:
2230:
2229:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1851:on 11 March 2016
1850:
1844:. Archived from
1843:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1814:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1670:
1664:
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1655:
1646:
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1625:
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1499:
1490:
1489:
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1476:
1475:
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1471:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1440:on 25 April 2015
1427:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1376:
1375:
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1352:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1280:. Archived from
1269:
1263:
1262:
1261:on 4 March 2016.
1257:. Archived from
1246:
1240:
1239:
1238:on 5 March 2016.
1223:
1080:Battle of Peking
1012:
996:
945:legation quarter
906:
891:
849:Temple of Heaven
807:Claude MacDonald
801:
783:
745:
732:
710:
694:
663:
662:
644:Kansu Irregulars
593:
581:
454:Origins in Gansu
444:Battle of Peking
346:
345:
332:
331:
311:
310:
297:
296:
273:
272:
259:
258:
245:
244:
224:
223:
184:Battle of Peking
121:Division ~10,000
104:Force protection
76:Emperor of China
74:
59:
57:
56:
33:
21:
20:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4394:
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4250:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4217:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4161:. p. 169.
4149:
4145:
4138:
4122:
4118:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4095:Wayback Machine
4086:
4082:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4018:
4016:
4008:
4007:
4003:
3992:
3988:
3978:
3976:
3974:"Afternoon Map"
3972:
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1976:
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1957:
1950:
1933:
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1909:
1905:
1898:
1882:
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1839:"Archived copy"
1837:
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1313:
1309:
1294:
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1266:
1247:
1243:
1232:中国国民党革命委员会中央委员会
1224:
1217:
1213:
1196:
1135:
1126:
1013:
1006:
997:
990:
978:
941:
927:George Morrison
907:
904:
892:
885:
877:
857:Admiral Seymour
802:
793:
784:
770:
763:
758:
756:Boxer Rebellion
752:
746:
741:
733:
728:
711:
704:
695:
685:
628:Guangxu Emperor
600:
594:
591:
582:
573:
460:a Muslim revolt
456:
446:, in which the
434:to relieve the
424:Boxer Rebellion
386:a Muslim revolt
264:Literal meaning
222:
204:
196:
182:
179:Boxer Rebellion
173:
169:
112:Public security
110:
106:
54:
52:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4399:
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4388:
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4136:
4116:
4098:
4080:
4062:
4044:
4026:
4001:
3994:Kemal, Hilmi.
3986:
3965:
3950:
3929:
3923:978-0742553958
3922:
3902:
3872:
3847:
3840:
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3804:
3797:
3777:
3770:
3750:
3714:
3697:
3690:
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3663:
3643:
3636:
3616:
3609:
3595:Fleming, Peter
3586:
3579:
3559:
3552:
3526:
3509:
3506:. p. 528.
3492:
3462:
3442:
3435:
3415:
3385:
3368:
3351:
3334:
3317:
3274:
3267:
3247:
3208:
3184:
3177:
3157:
3140:
3133:
3107:
3100:
3074:
3043:
3030:"Kansu Braves"
3021:
2995:
2989:978-1472803047
2988:
2968:
2965:. p. 253.
2953:
2946:
2926:
2920:978-1611475029
2919:
2899:
2893:978-1780760520
2892:
2872:
2865:
2845:
2838:
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2811:
2785:
2778:
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2722:
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2286:
2265:
2231:
2210:
2194:
2178:
2162:
2145:
2124:
2107:
2090:
2064:
2061:. p. 360.
2047:
2040:
2021:
2018:. p. 317.
2005:
1981:
1974:
1955:
1948:
1927:
1903:
1896:
1876:
1830:
1800:
1793:
1773:
1766:
1746:
1739:
1719:
1712:
1692:
1685:
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1613:
1593:
1578:
1548:
1541:
1515:
1491:
1477:
1451:
1422:
1407:
1392:
1389:. p. 157.
1377:
1362:
1359:. p. 151.
1347:
1332:
1325:
1307:
1287:
1264:
1241:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1202:
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1187:
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1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1141:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1084:Zhengyang Gate
1065:Ottoman Empire
1061:Abdul Hamid II
1004:
988:
977:
976:Battle summary
974:
940:
937:
902:
883:
876:
873:
845:Forbidden City
811:Foreign Office
791:
768:
762:
759:
754:Main article:
751:
748:
739:
726:
702:
683:
670:Qing dynasties
610:Following the
599:
596:
589:
571:
455:
452:
370:Chinese Muslim
356:
355:
352:
351:
348:
347:
340:
334:
333:
326:
320:
319:
317:Yue: Cantonese
313:
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305:
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285:
284:
278:
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276:Transcriptions
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4:
3:
2:
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4379:
4377:
4374:
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4371:
4350:
4349:muslimwww.com
4346:
4345:"民国少数民族将军(三)"
4340:
4333:
4328:
4326:0-88029-462-0
4322:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4311:Peter Fleming
4306:
4298:
4296:90-5867-365-0
4292:
4288:
4287:
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3998:(in Turkish).
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2017:
2009:
2001:
1996:
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1975:0-520-21991-0
1971:
1967:
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1951:
1949:9780786480234
1945:
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1897:0-7864-1488-X
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1322:
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1279:
1275:
1274:"怀念我的父亲──韩有文"
1268:
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1256:
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916:Yongding Gate
913:
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899:
889:
882:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
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839:
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834:Summer Palace
830:
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632:Grand Council
629:
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621:
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613:
604:
588:
579:
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551:
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503:muzzleloaders
500:
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473:
469:
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461:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
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417:Bonan Muslims
414:
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409:Salar Muslims
406:
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401:
395:
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367:
363:
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286:
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279:
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254:
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248:
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238:
234:
230:
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221:Military unit
215:
211:
207:
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199:
193:
188:
185:
180:
176:
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161:
157:
153:
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109:
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87:
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80:
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69:
65:
62:
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27:
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19:
4353:. Retrieved
4348:
4339:
4330:
4315:
4305:
4285:
4278:
4258:
4251:
4237:
4230:
4218:. Retrieved
4214:Evening Post
4213:
4204:
4184:
4177:
4153:
4146:
4126:
4119:
4111:the original
4101:
4083:
4075:the original
4065:
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4047:
4038:
4029:
4017:. Retrieved
4013:
4004:
3989:
3977:. Retrieved
3968:
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3941:. Retrieved
3932:
3912:
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3881:
3875:
3863:. Retrieved
3858:
3850:
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3823:
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3807:
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3418:
3394:
3388:
3378:
3371:
3361:
3354:
3344:
3337:
3327:
3320:
3287:
3284:Modern China
3283:
3277:
3257:
3250:
3224:. Retrieved
3218:
3211:
3199:. Retrieved
3193:
3187:
3167:
3160:
3150:
3143:
3118:
3110:
3085:
3077:
3065:. Retrieved
3061:the original
3056:
3046:
3036:25 September
3034:. Retrieved
3024:
3014:25 September
3012:. Retrieved
3008:the original
2998:
2978:
2971:
2962:
2956:
2936:
2929:
2909:
2902:
2882:
2875:
2855:
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2629:
2615:
2608:
2583:
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2517:
2509:
2494:
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2463:
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2306:
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2275:
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2234:
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2213:
2203:
2197:
2187:
2181:
2171:
2165:
2155:
2148:
2134:
2127:
2117:
2110:
2100:
2093:
2081:. Retrieved
2076:
2067:
2057:
2050:
2031:
2024:
2015:
2008:
1993:
1984:
1965:
1958:
1938:
1930:
1915:
1906:
1886:
1879:
1853:. Retrieved
1846:the original
1833:
1809:
1803:
1783:
1776:
1756:
1749:
1729:
1722:
1702:
1695:
1675:
1668:
1662:. p. 9.
1659:
1630:
1623:
1603:
1596:
1587:
1581:
1566:
1526:
1518:
1504:
1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1461:
1454:
1442:. Retrieved
1438:the original
1432:
1425:
1416:
1410:
1401:
1395:
1386:
1380:
1371:
1365:
1356:
1350:
1341:
1335:
1316:
1310:
1296:
1290:
1282:the original
1277:
1267:
1259:the original
1254:
1244:
1236:the original
1231:
1139:Dong Fuxiang
1127:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1077:
1068:
1048:
1045:
1038:
1015:
1008:
1000:
992:
980:
967:
964:
961:
954:
942:
932:London Times
930:
920:
909:
898:Yungting-men
895:
887:
879:
869:Zongli Yamen
842:
831:
804:
795:
787:
779:
765:
742:
736:
729:
722:
718:
714:
706:
698:
690:
680:
643:
640:
609:
585:
575:
567:
546:Dong Fuxiang
522:Dong Fuxiang
519:
505:and various
488:
472:Zuo Zongtang
468:Dong Fuxiang
457:
421:
397:
390:Dong Fuxiang
378:Qing dynasty
365:
362:Gansu Braves
361:
359:
289:Hanyu Pinyin
227:Kansu Braves
201:Dong Fuxiang
143:Kansu Braves
108:Land warfare
24:Gansu Braves
18:
4157:. Seattle:
2499:. pp.
2375:. pp.
2315:Tribulation
1508:. pp.
1463:Tribulation
1228:"韩有文传奇 然 也"
1078:During the
1049:The German
890:, pp. 73-5.
865:prince Qing
861:prince Duan
800:, pp. 36-7.
636:Wuwei Corps
616:concessions
405:Hui Muslims
400:Wuwei Corps
163:Engagements
154:artillery,
140:Nickname(s)
126:Garrison/HQ
86:Wuwei Corps
61:Qing Empire
4370:Categories
4053:"VK photo"
3841:1850435987
3610:0880294620
3580:0709147805
3436:0709147805
3268:1590330838
3178:0709147805
2866:2600039996
2779:0521220297
2522:. p.
2476:. p.
2422:. p.
2399:. p.
2012:Farmland:
1998:. p.
1920:. p.
1571:. p.
1211:References
1200:Hui people
1185:Ma Zhankui
1151:Commander
1144:Ma Fuxiang
1092:Ma Fuxiang
1054:Wilhelm II
984:von Usedom
923:bowler hat
838:Dagu Forts
562:Ma Fuxiang
550:Ma Anliang
526:Ma Anliang
507:white arms
466:province.
366:Gansu Army
344:Gam1 Gwan1
309:Kan¹ Chün¹
303:Wade–Giles
267:Gansu Army
206:Ma Fuxiang
197:commanders
190:Commanders
67:Allegiance
3891:cite book
3738:cite book
3481:cite book
3404:cite book
3312:143843569
3236:cite book
2254:cite book
1819:cite book
1170:Ma Haiyan
1165:Ma Fuxing
1153:Ma Fuxing
1104:Ma Haiyan
1041:Ho Hsi Wu
1011:, p. 528.
995:, p. 177.
827:telegraph
693:, p. 151.
656:ministers
554:Ma Haiyan
530:Ma Haiyan
520:Generals
511:Remington
497:minister
214:Ma Fuxing
148:Equipment
44:1895–1901
4355:21 April
4313:(1990).
4091:Archived
4057:m.vk.com
4019:21 April
3979:21 April
3943:21 April
3597:(1990).
1865:cite web
1855:10 March
1251:"马呈祥在新疆"
1194:See also
1005:—
989:—
903:—
884:—
851:and the
815:Shandong
792:—
769:—
740:—
727:—
709:, p. 95.
703:—
684:—
590:—
572:—
480:militias
338:Jyutping
330:Gām Gwān
4220:1 April
3865:1 April
3226:1 April
3201:1 April
3067:28 June
2083:1 April
1470:1 April
1444:1 April
1175:Ma Biao
1160:Ma Fulu
1096:Ma Biao
1088:Ma Fulu
1063:of the
1034:Tianjin
1030:Seymour
1024:at the
823:Baoding
675:Fengtai
620:Baoding
580:, p. 12
558:Ma Fulu
432:Tianjin
394:Beijing
295:Gān Jūn
210:Ma Fulu
195:Notable
134:Beijing
132:, then
49:Country
4323:
4293:
4266:
4192:
4165:
4134:
4039:vk.com
3920:
3838:
3795:
3768:
3688:
3661:
3634:
3607:
3577:
3550:
3433:
3310:
3304:189017
3302:
3265:
3175:
3131:
3098:
2986:
2944:
2917:
2890:
2863:
2836:
2809:
2776:
2749:
2713:
2686:
2596:
2558:
2450:
2349:
2038:
2016:Peking
1972:
1946:
1894:
1791:
1764:
1737:
1710:
1683:
1638:
1611:
1539:
1323:
1058:Caliph
1051:Kaiser
970:Ronglu
939:Combat
774:&
552:, and
515:Mauser
499:Ronglu
495:Manchu
415:, and
382:Braves
156:Mauser
82:Branch
58:
41:Active
3308:S2CID
3300:JSTOR
1849:(PDF)
1842:(PDF)
1533:123–4
1205:Hamas
1180:Ma Qi
1108:Ma Qi
949:Opium
484:Didao
464:Gansu
374:Gansu
152:Krupp
130:Gansu
4357:2023
4321:ISBN
4291:ISBN
4264:ISBN
4222:2013
4190:ISBN
4163:ISBN
4132:ISBN
4021:2023
3981:2023
3945:2023
3918:ISBN
3897:link
3867:2013
3836:ISBN
3793:ISBN
3766:ISBN
3744:link
3686:ISBN
3659:ISBN
3632:ISBN
3605:ISBN
3575:ISBN
3548:ISBN
3487:link
3431:ISBN
3410:link
3263:ISBN
3242:link
3228:2013
3203:2013
3173:ISBN
3129:ISBN
3096:ISBN
3069:2010
3038:2014
3016:2014
2984:ISBN
2942:ISBN
2915:ISBN
2888:ISBN
2861:ISBN
2834:ISBN
2807:ISBN
2774:ISBN
2747:ISBN
2711:ISBN
2684:ISBN
2594:ISBN
2556:ISBN
2501:47–8
2448:ISBN
2377:41–2
2347:ISBN
2260:link
2085:2013
2036:ISBN
1970:ISBN
1944:ISBN
1892:ISBN
1871:link
1857:2016
1825:link
1789:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1735:ISBN
1708:ISBN
1681:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1609:ISBN
1537:ISBN
1472:2013
1446:2013
1321:ISBN
1189:Aema
1071:the
817:and
668:and
560:and
528:and
513:and
360:The
118:Size
100:Role
95:Army
92:Type
4243:194
3292:doi
3125:320
2524:287
2401:290
2281:454
2226:454
2000:182
1922:182
1573:182
1512:–7.
1302:110
1082:at
1069:not
1020:of
364:or
4372::
4347:.
4329:.
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