1071:, or PAP staining, was developed to replace fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in hopes of decreasing staining times and cost without compromising quality. This stain is a frequently used method for examining cell samples from a variety of tissue types in various organs. PAP staining has endured several modifications in order to become a “suitable alternative” for FNAC. This transition stemmed from the appreciation of wet fixed smears by scientists preserving the structures of the nuclei opposed to the opaque appearance of air dried Romanowsky smears. This led to the creation of a hybrid stain of wet fixed and air dried known as the ultrafast papanicolaou stain. This modification includes the use of nasal saline to rehydrate cells to increase cell transparency and is paired with the use of alcoholic formalin to enhance colors of the nuclei. The papanicolaou stain is now used in place of cytological staining in all organ types due to its increase in morphological quality, decreased staining time, and decreased cost. It is frequently used to stain
966:. Prior to the development of more efficient methods, this stain was performed using the Wirtz method with heat fixation and counterstain. Through the use of malachite green and a diluted ratio of carbol fuchsin, fixing bacteria in osmic acid was a great way to ensure no blending of dyes. However, newly revised staining methods have significantly decreased the time it takes to create these stains. This revision included substitution of carbol fuchsin with aqueous Safranin paired with a newly diluted 5% formula of malachite green. This new and improved composition of stains was performed in the same way as before with the use of heat fixation, rinsing, and blotting dry for later examination. Upon examination, all endospore forming bacteria will be stained green accompanied by all other cells appearing red.
1911:
1143:). PAS is commonly used on liver tissue where glycogen deposits are made which is done in efforts to distinguish different types of glycogen storage diseases. PAS is important because it can detect glycogen granules found in tumors of the ovaries and pancreas of the endocrine system, as well as in the bladder and kidneys of the renal system. Basement membranes can also show up in a PAS stain and can be important when diagnosing renal disease. Due to the high volume of carbohydrates within the cell wall of hyphae and yeast forms of fungi, the Periodic acid -Schiff stain can help locate these species inside tissue samples of the human body.
581:(an aqueous suspension of carbon particles). After drying, the microorganisms may be viewed in bright field microscopy as lighter inclusions well-contrasted against the dark environment surrounding them. Negative staining is able to stain the background instead of the organisms because the cell wall of microorganisms typically has a negative charge which repels the negatively charged stain. The dyes used in negative staining are acidic. Note: negative staining is a mild technique that may not destroy the microorganisms, and is therefore unsuitable for studying pathogens.
1413:
helps open the spore's membrane so the dye can enter. The main purpose of this stain is to show germination of bacterial spores. If the process of germination is taking place, then the spore will turn green in color due to malachite green and the surrounding cell will be red from the safranin. This stain can also help determine the orientation of the spore within the bacterial cell; whether it being terminal (at the tip), subterminal (within the cell), or central (completely in the middle of the cell).
1479:
1266:
38:
1110:
1454:(AO) is a nucleic acid selective fluorescent cationic dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions. When bound to DNA, it is very similar spectrally to fluorescein. Like fluorescein, it is also useful as a non-specific stain for backlighting conventionally stained cells on the surface of a solid sample of tissue (fluorescence backlighted staining).
1016:
2012:, and other biological tissue materials. It is mostly used in a .5-2% ph form making it neutral and is paired with water to make an aqueous solution. Phosphotungstic acid is filled with electron dense matter that stains the background surrounding the specimen dark and the specimen itself light. This process is not the normal positive technique for staining where the specimen is dark and the background remains light.
2027:. It dissolves in fats, and is reduced by organic materials to elemental osmium, an easily visible black substance. Because it is a heavy metal that absorbs electrons, it is perhaps the most common stain used for morphology in biological electron microscopy. It is also used for the staining of various polymers for the study of their morphology by TEM.
1430:(CHP) staining allows for an easy, direct way to stain denatured collagens of any type (Type I, II, IV, etc.) regardless if they were damaged or degraded via enzymatic, mechanical, chemical, or thermal means. They work by refolding into the collagen triple helix with the available single strands in the tissue. CHPs can be visualized by a simple
1636:. Acid fuchsin is used as the nuclear and cytoplasmic stain in Mallory's trichrome method. Acid fuchsin stains cytoplasm in some variants of Masson's trichrome. In Van Gieson's picro-fuchsine, acid fuchsin imparts its red colour to collagen fibres. Acid fuchsin is also a traditional stain for mitochondria (Altmann's method).
603:
Differential staining uses multiple stains per slide. Based on the stains being used, organisms with different properties will appear different colors allowing for categorization of multiple specimens. Differential staining can also be used to color different organelles within one organism which can be seen in
1721:. When starch is mixed with iodine in solution, an intensely dark blue colour develops, representing a starch/iodine complex. Starch is a substance common to most plant cells and so a weak iodine solution will stain starch present in the cells. Iodine is one component in the staining technique known as
934:
organisms appear red or pink due to their counterstain. Due to the presence of higher lipid content, after alcohol-treatment, the porosity of the cell wall increases, hence the CVI complex (crystal violet – iodine) can pass through. Thus, the primary stain is not retained. In addition, in contrast to
1898:
in cartilage and mast cells, and components of lignin and plastids in plant tissues. Safranine should not be confused with saffron, an expensive natural dye that is used in some methods to impart a yellow colour to collagen, to contrast with blue and red colours imparted by other dyes to nuclei and
1591:(also known as eosin Y ws or eosin yellowish); it has a very slightly yellowish cast. The other eosin compound is eosin B (eosin bluish or imperial red); it has a very faint bluish cast. The two dyes are interchangeable, and the use of one or the other is more a matter of preference and tradition.
1412:
The Wirtz-Conklin stain is a special technique designed for staining true endospores with the use of malachite green dye as the primary stain and safranin as the counterstain. Once stained, they do not decolourize. The addition of heat during the staining process is a huge contributing factor. Heat
602:
Simple
Staining is a technique that only uses one type of stain on a slide at a time. Because only one stain is being used, the specimens (for positive stains) or background (for negative stains) will be one color. Therefore, simple stains are typically used for viewing only one organism per slide.
276:
staining). However, these stains are eventually toxic to the organism, some more so than others. Partly due to their toxic interaction inside a living cell, when supravital stains enter a living cell, they might produce a characteristic pattern of staining different from the staining of an already
1867:
is a fluorescent intercalating agent that can be used to stain cells. Propidium iodide is used as a DNA stain in flow cytometry to evaluate cell viability or DNA content in cell cycle analysis, or in microscopy to visualise the nucleus and other DNA-containing organelles. Propidium Iodide cannot
593:
is used for both negative and positive staining alike, the type of chromophore used in this technique is a positively charged ion instead of a negative one. The negatively charged cell wall of many microorganisms attracts the positively charged chromophore which causes the specimen to absorb the
549:
1442:
Different stains react or concentrate in different parts of a cell or tissue, and these properties are used to advantage to reveal specific parts or areas. Some of the most common biological stains are listed below. Unless otherwise marked, all of these dyes may be used with fixed cells and
922:
counterstain to (mark all bacteria). Gram status, helps divide specimens of bacteria into two groups, generally representative of their underlying phylogeny. This characteristic, in combination with other techniques makes it a useful tool in clinical microbiology laboratories, where it can be
1469:
and an intense brown color to mast cells. One default of this stain is that it blots out any other structure surrounding it and makes the quality of the contrast low. It has to be paired with other stains in order to be useful. Some complementing stains used alongside
Bismark brown are
218:) or position within a cell or tissue can be readily seen and studied. The usual purpose is to reveal cytological details that might otherwise not be apparent; however, staining can also reveal where certain chemicals or specific chemical reactions are taking place within cells or tissues.
830:
The smear is first treated with chloroform to remove fats . Smear applied with
Alberts stain which contains cationic dyes such as toluidine blue and malachite green. Toluidine blue preferentially stains granules while malachite green stains cytoplasm.
319:
are used to view live organisms and can be made using water and certain stains. The liquid is added to the slide before the addition of the organism and a coverslip is placed over the specimen in the water and stain to help contain it within the
956:, which make bacteria very difficult to kill. Bacterial spores have proven to be difficult to stain as they are not permeable to aqueous dye reagents. Endospore staining is particularly useful for identifying endospore-forming bacterial
533:), and found to meet or exceed certain standards of purity, dye content and performance in staining techniques ensuring more accurately performed experiments and more reliable results. These standards are published in the commission's journal
226:
staining involves colouring cells or structures that have been removed from their biological context. Certain stains are often combined to reveal more details and features than a single stain alone. Combined with specific protocols for
2039:
is very volatile and extremely toxic. It is a strong oxidizing agent as the osmium has an oxidation number of +8. It aggressively oxidizes many materials, leaving behind a deposit of non-volatile osmium in a lower oxidation state.
1750:
in cervical and vaginal tissues during "Pap smear" follow up examinations in preparation for biopsy. The acetic acid causes the abnormal cells to blanch white, while the normal tissues stain a mahogany brown from the iodine.
247:
While ex vivo, many cells continue to live and metabolize until they are "fixed". Some staining methods are based on this property. Those stains excluded by the living cells but taken up by the already dead cells are called
1564:. DAPI binds with A=T rich repeats of chromosomes. DAPI is also not visible with regular transmission microscopy. It may be used in living or fixed cells. DAPI-stained cells are especially appropriate for cell counting.
1160:
is (as the name implies) a three-colour staining protocol. The recipe has evolved from Masson's original technique for different specific applications, but all are well-suited to distinguish cells from surrounding
1587:. Eosin may also be used as a counterstain in some variants of Gram staining, and in many other protocols. There are actually two very closely related compounds commonly referred to as eosin. Most often used is
1868:
cross the membrane of live cells, making it useful to differentiate necrotic, apoptotic and healthy cells. PI also binds to RNA, necessitating treatment with nucleases to distinguish between RNA and DNA staining
504:
usually involves attaching the samples to a glass microscope slide for observation and analysis. In some cases, cells may be grown directly on a slide. For samples of loose cells (as with a blood smear or a
810:
Smear is treated for hydrolysis to release purines from DNA, purines to cause shift form furanose to aldehyde. Aldehyde groups are available to react with schiff's reagent to form addition compounds.
776:
Smear treated with C.P.C. which dissociates to form positively charged cetyl pyridinium and negatively charged chloride ions. Positively charged ions are adsorbed on negatively charged cell wall
1678:. Often used in fluorescence microscopy for DNA staining, Hoechst stains appear yellow when dissolved in aqueous solutions and emit blue light under UV excitation. There are two major types of
3102:
is an independent non-profit company that has been testing dyes since the early 1920s and issuing
Certificates of approval for batches of dyes that meet internationally recognized standards.
1054:, colouring them bright red. In a skillfully made H&E preparation the red blood cells are almost orange, and collagen and cytoplasm (especially muscle) acquire different shades of pink.
594:
stain giving it the color of the stain being used. Positive staining is more commonly used than negative staining in microbiology. The different types of positive staining are listed below.
848:
Lipids are stained with fat soluble dyes like Sudan black. On application of Sudan black-B dyes move into lipids and are retained there while cytoplasm is counter stained with safranin.
1841:
globules inside cells, staining them red. Nile red can be used with living cells. It fluoresces strongly when partitioned into lipids, but practically not at all in aqueous solution.
1222:). This stain develops varying colors for all cell structures (“Romanowsky-Giemsa effect) and thus was used in staining neutrophil polymorphs and cell nuclei. Common variants include
3952:
540:
Some vendors sell stains "certified" by themselves rather than by the
Biological Stain Commission. Such products may or may not be suitable for diagnostic and other applications.
3845:
2795:
Sellors JW, Sankaranarayanan R (eds.). "Chapter 4: An introduction to colposcopy: indications for colposcopy, instrumentation, principles and documentation of results".
868:
Polysaccharide is oxidized with periodate to form polyaldehyde which reacts with Schiff's reagents to red color, while cytoplasm is counter stained with malachite green
3607:
1605:
and stains DNA, providing a fluorescent red-orange stain. Although it will not stain healthy cells, it can be used to identify cells that are in the final stages of
1621:(AO) in viable cell counting. This EB/AO combined stain causes live cells to fluoresce green whilst apoptotic cells retain the distinctive red-orange fluorescence.
1647:(hematoxylin in North America) is a nuclear stain. Used with a mordant, haematoxylin stains nuclei blue-violet or brown. It is most often used with eosin in the
239:
Crystal violet stains both Gram positive and Gram negative organisms. Treatment with alcohol removes the crystal violet colour from gram negative organisms only.
935:
most Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria have only a few layers of peptidoglycan and a secondary cell membrane made primarily of lipopolysaccharide.
4034:
3947:
2123:
2816:
Prieto D, Aparicio G, Morande PE, Zolessi FR (September 2014). "A fast, low cost, and highly efficient fluorescent DNA labeling method using methyl green".
277:
fixed cell (e.g. "reticulocyte" look versus diffuse "polychromasia"). To achieve desired effects, the stains are used in very dilute solutions ranging from
2179:
813:
To demonstrate the presence of DNA in cell. But for detection of the DNA, RNA should be selectively destroyed by acid hydrolysis without affecting DNA
2273:
Penney DP, Powers JM, Frank M, Willis C, Churukian C (2002). "Analysis and testing of biological stains--the
Biological Stain Commission Procedures".
2051:
is equally volatile and even more aggressive than osmium tetraoxide and able to stain even materials that resist the osmium stain, e.g. polyethylene.
3676:
537:. Many dyes are inconsistent in composition from one supplier to another. The use of BSC-certified stains eliminates a source of unexpected results.
214:
or intravital staining) is the process of dyeing living tissues. By causing certain cells or structures to take on contrasting colours, their form (
3717:
3121:
3600:
3117:
2680:
Corey L (March 1986). "Laboratory diagnosis of herpes simplex virus infections. Principles guiding the development of rapid diagnostic tests".
175:. Light microscopes are used for viewing stained samples at high magnification, typically using bright-field or epi-fluorescence illumination.
1792:
is used to stain animal cells, such as human cheek cells, to make their nuclei more observable. Also used to stain blood films in cytology.
1781:
is used commonly with bright-field, as well as fluorescence microscopes to dye the chromatin of cells so that they are more easily viewed.
178:
Staining is not limited to only biological materials, since it can also be used to study the structure of other materials; for example, the
687:
Primary stain: Crystal violet applied to film then treated with iodine (mordant), alcohol (decolourizer) and counter stained with safranin
1739:
or Lugol's iodine (IKI) is a brown solution that turns black in the presence of starches and can be used as a cell stain, making the cell
3895:
332:, which may itself consist of several steps, aims to preserve the shape of the cells or tissue involved as much as possible. Sometimes
3459:
2796:
1253:(white blood cells) can be readily distinguished. All are also suited to examination of blood to detect blood-borne parasites such as
759:
Capsules can be observed as clear zones surrounding cells of capsulated bacteria and are used to demonstrate the presence of capsules.
4001:
3593:
1702:
substitution on the terminal hydroxyl group (i.e. an ethylether group) making it more hydrophobic for easier plasma membrane passage
1219:
336:
is used to kill, adhere, and alter the specimen so it accepts stains. Most chemical fixatives (chemicals causing fixation) generate
4164:
1308:
231:
and sample preparation, scientists and physicians can use these standard techniques as consistent, repeatable diagnostic tools. A
1902:
The incorrect spelling "safranin" is in common use. The -ine ending is appropriate for safranine O because this dye is an amine.
311:
The preparatory steps involved depend on the type of analysis planned. Some or all of the following procedures may be required.
4086:
3536:
3053:
3011:
2992:
2779:
2538:
2370:
2320:
2257:
2637:
Bezrukov AV (2017-01-02). "Romanowsky staining, the
Romanowsky effect and thoughts on the question of scientific priority".
1613:. Consequently, ethidium bromide is often used as a marker for apoptosis in cells populations and to locate bands of DNA in
1690:. The two compounds are functionally similar, but with a little difference in structure. Hoechst 33258 contains a terminal
1269:
793:
Mordant acts to thicken flagella before staining and increases visibility microscopically when stained with
Leifson stain
3900:
2191:
509:) the sample can be directly applied to a slide. For larger pieces of tissue, thin sections (slices) are made using a
1694:
group and is thus more soluble in aqueous solution, however this characteristics reduces its ability to penetrate the
3034:
589:
Unlike negative staining, positive staining uses basic dyes to color the specimen against a bright background. While
2715:
Wells J (1988). "A Technique for
Staining the Superficial Cells of Plucked Hair Follicles and Other Solid Tissues".
2613:
1856:. It dissolves in fats, and is reduced by organic materials to elemental osmium, an easily visible black substance.
4054:
3910:
3160:
1982:
1050:
stains cytoplasm, connective tissue and other extracellular substances pink or red. Eosin is strongly absorbed by
962:
1910:
3915:
3070:
1733:
in Gram's staining, iodine enhances the entrance of the dye through the pores present in the cell wall/membrane.
3870:
1762:(also known as diamond green B or victoria green B) can be used as a blue-green counterstain to safranin in the
727:
Primary stain
Malachite green heat fixed to penetrate spores; vegetative cells are counterstained with Safranin
4159:
3962:
3736:
3262:
1104:
534:
3890:
235:
is stain that makes cells or structures more visible, when not completely visible with the principal stain.
3957:
3920:
3905:
3354:
1602:
1427:
1422:
710:
Separate non-decolorized acid fast bacteria that are not decolorized from colorized non-acid fast bacteria
3491:
3395:
2155:
1152:
526:
17:
3521:
986:
372:
are chemical agents which have power of making dyes to stain materials which otherwise are unstainable
2313:
Conn's Biological Stains: A Handbook of Dyes, Stains and Fluorochromes for Use in Biology and Medicine
3840:
2402:"Impact of Reporting Gram Stain Results From Blood Cultures on the Selection of Antimicrobial Agents"
364:
to increase their mechanical strength and stability and to make them easier to cut into thin slices.
31:
3089:
3991:
3942:
3758:
3650:
3625:
3541:
3404:
1508:
1249:
samples. They are preferred over H&E for inspection of blood cells because different types of
1203:
is considered a polychrome staining effect and is based on a combination of eosin plus (chemically
1088:
902:
is used to determine gram status to classifying bacteria broadly based on the composition of their
525:. This means that samples of the manufacturer's batch have been tested by an independent body, the
378:
a) Basic mordant: React with acidic dyes e.g. alum, ferrous sulfate, cetylpyridinium chloride etc.
183:
2614:"Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS): Diagnostic Applications - LabCE.com, Laboratory Continuing Education"
3790:
3329:
1431:
981:
975:
707:
Film stained with hot Z.N.C.F. decolourised (acid-alcohol) and counter stain with methylene blue
1511:
nonspecifically stains proteins a strong blue colour. It is often used in gel electrophoresis.
851:
To detect the presence of lipids in cell wall, cell membrane or fat globules (PHB in cytoplasm)
4154:
4026:
3925:
3630:
3564:
2937:
2107:
2103:
2079:
1946:
1496:, while Carmine alum is a nuclear stain. Carmine stains require the use of a mordant, usually
344:
and other substances within the sample, increasing their rigidity. Common fixatives include
243:
as counterstain is used to colour the gram negative organisms that got decolorised by alcohol.
155:) dye to a substrate to qualify or quantify the presence of a specific compound. Staining and
3983:
3617:
3496:
3433:
3399:
3371:
3111:
1204:
1157:
269:
2802:
500:
3850:
3414:
3153:
2458:
2173:
2099:
1993:
1747:
1347:
reduce silver solution to metallic silver after being exposed to the stain that contains a
1336:
1324:
1124:
328:
228:
215:
1470:
Hematoxylin and Toluidine blue which provide better contrast within the histology sample.
990:
that do not stain with the standard laboratory staining procedures such as Gram staining.
834:
The granules show the typical monochromatism nature, this is used to demonstrate granules
8:
4108:
4049:
4039:
3967:
3753:
3189:
2048:
1614:
1610:
1519:
172:
2735:
2462:
1575:
is most often used as a counterstain to haematoxylin, imparting a pink or red colour to
4118:
3765:
3531:
3023:
2920:
2851:
2662:
2590:
2563:
2449:
Schaeffer AB, Fulton MD (February 1933). "A Simplified Method of Staining Endospores".
2200:- a type of in vivo stain that creates contrast in the x-ray part of the light spectrum
2075:
2055:
1288:
1068:
1063:
949:
944:
604:
265:
109:
3585:
2693:
2336:
4149:
4139:
4103:
3935:
3712:
3548:
3383:
3257:
3252:
3049:
3030:
3007:
2988:
2912:
2843:
2775:
2697:
2654:
2595:
2544:
2534:
2474:
2431:
2423:
2366:
2316:
2290:
2253:
2131:
2119:
1895:
1849:
1736:
1522:
stains the acidic components of the neuronal cytoplasm a violet colour, specifically
1340:
1250:
1227:
1223:
1162:
755:
Bacterial suspension smeared along with Congo red and the Maneval's stain is applied
560:
553:
117:
3138:
3127:
2954:
2924:
2855:
2666:
4113:
4011:
3511:
3409:
2904:
2833:
2825:
2798:
Colposcopy and treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a beginners' manual
2750:
2689:
2646:
2585:
2575:
2526:
2466:
2413:
2282:
2127:
2091:
2020:
1962:
1890:(or Safranine O) is a red cationic dye. It binds to nuclei (DNA) and other tissue
1864:
1599:
1462:
1389:
1200:
1194:
1092:
261:
257:
73:
46:
3930:
2895:
Kiernan JA (2001). "Classification and naming of dyes, stains and fluorochromes".
2650:
1879:
is a protein specific fluorescent stain commonly used in fluorescence microscopy.
381:
b) Acidic mordant : React with basic dyes e.g. picric acid, tannic acid etc.
27:
Technique used to enhance visual contrast of specimens observed under a microscope
3885:
3785:
3775:
3655:
3391:
3146:
2530:
2143:
2067:
1759:
1695:
1618:
1451:
303:(Howey, 2000). Note that many stains may be used in both living and fixed cells.
187:
156:
2470:
565:
A simple staining method for bacteria that is usually successful, even when the
3865:
3686:
3681:
3419:
3347:
3338:
3312:
3084:
2908:
2203:
2139:
2135:
2115:
2063:
2059:
2009:
1997:
1789:
1584:
1534:
1478:
1348:
1332:
1304:
1265:
1231:
1211:
1051:
998:
994:
907:
573:. This can be achieved by smearing the sample onto the slide and then applying
570:
211:
160:
121:
89:
81:
2829:
2736:"Modified bismarck brown staining for demonstration of soft tissue mast cells"
159:
can serve similar purposes. Biological staining is also used to mark cells in
4144:
4133:
4079:
4016:
3810:
3722:
3696:
3691:
3671:
3506:
3481:
3449:
3333:
3324:
3308:
3232:
2755:
2548:
2427:
2418:
2401:
2111:
2095:
1830:
1763:
1746:
Used with common vinegar (acetic acid), Lugol's solution is used to identify
1722:
1679:
1663:
1633:
1583:, and some extracellular structures. It also imparts a strong red colour to
1580:
1393:
1328:
931:
899:
894:
764:
Bacteria: Purple capsule, bacterial cell, stands out against dark background
493:
337:
333:
321:
97:
1465:(also Bismarck brown Y or Manchester brown) imparts a yellow colour to acid
690:
Characterizes bacteria in one of two groups, Gram positive or Gram negative
397:
Table represents Indirect Staining Techniques and mordants applied in each:
3860:
3805:
3780:
3526:
3486:
3469:
3464:
3244:
2916:
2847:
2658:
2599:
2478:
2435:
2294:
2197:
2161:
2087:
2083:
1915:
1807:
red. It is usually used as a counterstain in combination with other dyes.
1778:
1740:
1726:
1648:
1644:
1352:
1280:
1235:
1182:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1113:
1076:
1043:
1035:
1010:
361:
345:
273:
232:
168:
152:
136:
113:
42:
37:
2701:
2580:
1945:. This may also be used for more generalized staining properties, such as
1109:
260:
for eukaryotic cells). Those that enter and stain living cells are called
4098:
3815:
3574:
3516:
3501:
3364:
3207:
3181:
3099:
2564:"Modified ultrafast Papanicolaou staining technique: A comparative study"
2185:
1970:
1938:
1927:
1800:
1699:
1557:
1553:
1401:
1369:
1364:
1273:
1246:
1117:
1024:
590:
357:
253:
249:
3132:
1818:(or Nile blue A) stains nuclei blue. It may be used with living cells.
1651:(haematoxylin and eosin) staining, one of the most common procedures in
1443:
tissues; vital dyes (suitable for use with living organisms) are noted.
4074:
3770:
3569:
3424:
3359:
3303:
3285:
2838:
1958:
1933:
Positive affinity for a specific stain may be designated by the suffix
1891:
1834:
1804:
1523:
1396:
are often used. Sudan staining is often used to determine the level of
924:
753:
Smear stained with Hiss stain following treatment with copper sulphate
489:
125:
93:
57:
2286:
1829:(also known as Nile blue oxazone) is formed by boiling Nile blue with
1372:
utilizes Sudan dyes to stain sudanophilic substances, often including
3996:
3855:
3280:
3227:
3217:
3112:
Vital Staining for Protozoa and Related Temporary Mounting Techniques
2167:
1942:
1887:
1876:
1815:
1767:
1714:
1652:
1606:
1576:
1538:
1397:
1385:
1377:
1178:
1072:
1039:
953:
903:
578:
510:
506:
315:
129:
101:
69:
56:
is a technique used to enhance contrast in samples, generally at the
1844:
1015:
3972:
3880:
3820:
3797:
3342:
3317:
3295:
3222:
3212:
2071:
1826:
1691:
1629:
1497:
1493:
1381:
1321:
1296:
1170:
1132:
1080:
957:
919:
574:
548:
353:
240:
222:
179:
77:
1981:
As in light microscopy, stains can be used to enhance contrast in
4091:
3645:
3474:
3454:
3272:
2252:. Vol. I. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 248, 249.
1930:
were so named because of their ability to absorb a violet stain.
1833:. This produces a mix of Nile red and Nile blue. Nile red is a
1730:
1588:
1489:
1482:
1292:
1254:
1215:
1166:
1084:
915:
871:
Detects the accumulation of polysaccharide granules in the cells
368:
349:
341:
205:
164:
144:
105:
85:
2365:(4th ed.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. p. 412.
2525:. Essentials in Cytopathology. Vol. 12. pp. 143–189.
1985:. Electron-dense compounds of heavy metals are typically used.
1950:
1718:
1710:
1284:
911:
3105:
2772:
An efficient method for counting DAPI-stained cells using Fiji
2054:
Other chemicals used in electron microscopy staining include:
521:
Most of the dyes commonly used in microscopy are available as
4044:
4006:
3875:
3199:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2024:
2005:
2001:
1954:
1853:
1838:
1572:
1466:
1373:
1317:
1291:. This kind of staining is important in the demonstration of
1242:
1207:
1047:
1028:
993:
This stain is performed through the use of both red coloured
730:
Detects the presence of endospores in six genera of bacteria
148:
61:
2815:
1541:
purple. Crystal violet is the stain used in Gram staining.
496:, and allows larger dye molecules into the cell's interior.
3177:
3029:(5th ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
3004:
Histological and Histochemical Methods. Theory and Practice
1969:
when staining with either acid or basic dyes. In contrast,
1549:
1174:
1020:
2955:"Negative Staining | Central Microscopy Research Facility"
2485:
2158:: Third-party quality control and certification of stains
1675:
1561:
1560:
light and showing strong blue fluorescence when bound to
1300:
140:
65:
1339:, thus precipitating silver chromate in some cells (see
1303:. It is used to show both substances inside and outside
3615:
2272:
108:
at the microscopic level. Stains may be used to define
3168:
1766:
for bacteria. It can also be used to directly stain
1670:-benzimidazole derivative compound that binds to the
997:
that stains the bacteria and a counter stain such as
2400:
Stone, Rebecca B.; Steele, John C. H. (2009-07-01).
656:
Organisms are stained in the color of applied stain
2794:
2180:
Ruthenium(II) tris(bathophenanthroline disulfonate)
1019:Microscopic view of a histologic specimen of human
1004:
650:Used to highlight microbes and illustrate cellular
3022:
3020:
2505:The Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques
513:; these slices can then be mounted and inspected.
488:involves treatment of cells with (usually) a mild
1845:Osmium tetroxide (formal name: osmium tetraoxide)
1632:may be used to stain collagen, smooth muscle, or
1617:. The stain may also be used in conjunction with
4131:
3133:Frequently asked questions in staining exercises
2561:
2337:"Vendors List - The Biological Stain Commission"
2306:
2304:
2176:: the use of antisera to label specific antigens
1537:, when combined with a suitable mordant, stains
2987:(5th ed.). London: Churchill-Livingstone.
2801:. The World Health Organization. Archived from
2502:
2448:
1899:cytoplasm in animal (including human) tissues.
1416:
984:is an acid-fast stain used to stain species of
952:is used to identify the presence or absence of
2985:Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques
2982:
2682:Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease
2310:
3601:
3154:
2733:
2630:
2516:
2514:
2301:
1973:tissues do not take up coloured dye readily.
1169:and muscle fibers, blue or green staining of
676:Organism is stained, the background is black
597:
375:Mordants are classified into two categories:
2942:Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary
923:important in early selection of appropriate
3108:Reference for dyes and staining techniques.
2399:
2247:
1437:
3608:
3594:
3161:
3147:
2870:Botanical Microtechnique and Cytochemistry
2511:
1937:. For example, tissues that stain with an
1905:
1127:is a histology special stain used to mark
827:Metachromatic granules (Alberts's method)
2837:
2754:
2589:
2579:
2417:
1320:silver solution to metallic silver after
837:Granules: Bluish black, Cytoplasm: Green
2769:
2636:
1922:Tissues which take up stains are called
1909:
1477:
1327:. This method was discovered by Italian
1309:temperature gradient gel electrophoresis
1264:
1108:
1014:
646:e.g. Methylene blue, Safranin°≤×←→ etc.
547:
36:
3001:
2894:
2883:Principles of Biological Microtechnique
2023:is used in optical microscopy to stain
1988:
1852:is used in optical microscopy to stain
845:Intracellular lipids (Burdon's method)
762:Capsule: Light violet/pale mauve color
360:. Pieces of tissue may be embedded in
139:, it involves adding a class-specific (
14:
4132:
3460:Jaswant Singh–Bhattacharji (JSB) stain
2938:thefreedictionary.com > amphophilic
2521:Gill GW (2013). "Papanicolaou Stain".
2507:(2nd ed.). Longman Group Limited.
2406:American Journal of Clinical Pathology
2229:
2043:
1976:
1609:– such cells have much more permeable
1526:bodies. Often used in brain research.
1492:is an intensely red dye used to stain
693:Gram positive appears purple in color
566:
193:
3589:
3142:
3048:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3043:
2714:
2679:
2360:
807:Nuclear material (Feulgen technique)
799:Flagella: Red Vegetative cells: Blue
667:Smear mixed with Nigrosin and spread
458:Loeffler's mordant (20%Tannic acid )
45:specimen, sandwiched between a glass
3128:Photomicrographs of Histology Stains
2983:Bancroft JD, Gamble M, eds. (2002).
2520:
2503:Bancroft J, Stevens A, eds. (1982).
2243:
2241:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
1075:specimens. It uses a combination of
746:A: Hiss method (Positive technique)
704:Acid fast (Ziehl-Neelsen technique)
695:Gram negative appears pink in color
584:
543:
405:Name of Indirect Staining Technique
393:Staining with the aid of a mordant.
3901:Oxidative/fermentation glucose test
3046:Plant Microtechnique and Microscopy
3021:Presnell JK, Schreibman MP (1997).
2311:Horobin R, Kiernan J, eds. (2002).
2015:
1859:
1748:pre-cancerous and cancerous changes
1594:
1214:(containing its oxidation products
930:On most Gram-stained preparations,
865:Polysaccharide (Hotch kuss method)
749:B: Manevals's technique (Negative)
124:populations (classifying different
24:
3537:Grocott's methenamine silver stain
3025:Humason's Animal tissue Techniques
2975:
1754:
1446:
1307:. Silver staining is also used in
1042:to examine thin tissue sections.
816:Nuclear material- pinkish purple,
796:Demonstrates presence of flagella
516:
25:
4176:
4027:Antibiotic susceptibility testing
3834:biochemical and immunologic tests
3170:Microbial and histological stains
3064:
2238:
2216:
2194:: separation of protein molecules
1784:
1658:
1529:
1503:
1485:staining of a parasitic flatworm.
1457:
478:Fontana's mordant(5%Tannic acid)
476:Fontana's mordant(5%Tannic acid)
72:(microscopic study of biological
4055:Minimum inhibitory concentration
3747:Manual testing: basic techniques
2562:Thakur M, Guttikonda VR (2017).
1983:transmission electron microscopy
1514:
1407:
1177:, light red or pink staining of
1005:Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)
969:
4165:Biological techniques and tools
3100:The Biological Stain commission
2947:
2931:
2897:Biotechnic & Histochemistry
2888:
2875:
2862:
2818:Histochemistry and Cell Biology
2809:
2788:
2763:
2727:
2708:
2673:
2639:Biotechnic & Histochemistry
2606:
2555:
2387:Elementary Microbiology Vol - I
2275:Biotechnic & Histochemistry
2188:: stains that do not kill cells
1916:hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)
1914:Main staining types when using
1773:
1639:
1624:
1270:Gömöri methenamine silver stain
1057:
1046:stains cell nuclei blue, while
1036:Haematoxylin and eosin staining
782:Cell wall: Red Cytoplasm: Blue
535:Biotechnic & Histochemistry
456:Tannic acid in Leifson's stain
3963:Novobiocin susceptibility test
3953:Bacitracin susceptibility test
3135:at Sridhar Rao P.N's home page
2885:. pp. 329 ff. London: Methuen.
2872:. Iowa State University Press.
2868:Berlyn GP, Miksche JP (1976).
2442:
2393:
2379:
2354:
2329:
2266:
1795:
1351:. An example of this would be
1331:, by using a reaction between
779:Stains cell wall of bacterium
644:Smear stain with single dye .
306:
13:
1:
3846:Amino acid decarboxylase test
2694:10.1016/s0732-8893(86)80049-9
2651:10.1080/10520295.2016.1250285
2341:biologicalstaincommission.org
2209:
1837:stain; it will accumulate in
1188:
883:
616:Types of staining techniques
387:Carried out without mordant.
3958:Optochin susceptibility test
3921:Sulfide indole motility test
3906:Phenylalanine deaminase test
3118:Speaking of Fixation: Part 1
3090:Resources in other libraries
2734:Tomov N, Dimitrov N (2017).
2531:10.1007/978-1-4614-4933-1_10
2250:Fundamentals of Microbiology
1882:
1871:
1810:
1698:. Hoechst 33342 contains an
1428:Collagen hybridizing peptide
1423:Collagen hybridizing peptide
1417:Collagen hybridizing peptide
1165:. Most recipes produce red
938:
790:Flagella (Leifson's method)
724:Endospore (Dornor's method)
492:. This treatment dissolves
186:or the domain structures of
112:(highlighting, for example,
100:that focus on the study and
7:
2471:10.1126/science.77.1990.194
2156:Biological Stain Commission
2149:
1821:
854:Lipid granules: Deep blue,
577:(a black synthetic dye) or
527:Biological Stain Commission
10:
4181:
3263:Periodic acid–Schiff stain
2944:, 3 ed. 2007 Elsevier, Inc
2909:10.1080/bih.76.5-6.261.278
2743:Trakia Journal of Sciences
1949:for tissues that stain by
1803:(or toluylene red) stains
1764:Gimenez staining technique
1556:nuclear stain, excited by
1473:
1420:
1362:
1192:
1150:
1105:Periodic acid–Schiff stain
1102:
1061:
1008:
987:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
973:
942:
892:
773:Cell wall (Dyar's method)
598:Simple versus differential
569:methods fail, is to use a
558:
29:
4067:
4025:
4002:Polymerase chain reaction
3981:
3831:
3746:
3735:
3705:
3664:
3638:
3624:
3557:
3442:
3382:
3294:
3271:
3243:
3198:
3176:
3085:Resources in your library
2830:10.1007/s00418-014-1215-0
1705:
1260:
1146:
184:semi-crystalline polymers
132:within individual cells.
32:Staining (disambiguation)
3992:Analytical profile index
3405:Light Green SF yellowish
3396:Masson's trichrome stain
3355:Auramine–rhodamine stain
2756:10.15547/tjs.2017.03.001
2419:10.1309/AJCP9RUV0YGLBVHA
2315:. Taylor & Francis.
1567:
1509:Coomassie brilliant blue
1438:Common biological stains
1358:
1241:All are used to examine
1153:Masson's trichrome stain
1089:Light Green SF yellowish
652:shapes and arrangements
610:
408:Name of mordant applied
2959:cmrf.research.uiowa.edu
2248:Pommerville JC (2017).
1906:Stainability of tissues
1544:
1432:fluorescence microscope
1276:(illustrated in black).
888:
713:Acid fast bacteria:Red
68:are frequently used in
3926:Triple sugar iron test
3522:Schaeffer–Fulton stain
3492:Gömöri trichrome stain
3006:. Banbury, UK: Scion.
2688:(3 Suppl): 111S–119S.
2170:: the study of tissues
2108:potassium ferrocyanide
2104:potassium ferricyanide
2080:lanthanum(III) nitrate
1941:may be referred to as
1919:
1486:
1295:(for example type III
1277:
1230:, May-Grunwald stain,
1121:
1098:
1038:is frequently used in
1032:
914:(as a mordant), and a
856:Cytoplasm: Light pink
735:Vegetative cells: Red
673:Study cell morphology
556:
452:b.) Loeffler's method
80:(microscopic study of
50:
4160:Scientific techniques
3984:point-of-care testing
3665:Cultures by body site
3618:clinical microbiology
3497:Luxol fast blue stain
3372:Auramine phenol stain
2581:10.4103/JOC.JOC_23_16
1953:stains (most notably
1913:
1481:
1268:
1112:
1069:Papanicolaou staining
1018:
963:Clostridium difficile
910:to stain cell walls,
906:. Gram staining uses
818:Cytoplasm- colorless
551:
469:a.) Fontana's method
449:a.) Leifson's method
270:brilliant cresyl blue
40:
3943:Voges–Proskauer test
3851:Bile solubility test
3706:Cultures by organism
3639:Isolation techniques
3542:Warthin–Starry stain
3415:Phosphomolybdic acid
2174:Immunohistochemistry
2164:: the study of cells
2100:phosphomolybdic acid
1994:Phosphotungstic acid
1989:Phosphotungstic acid
1717:as an indicator for
1337:potassium dichromate
1125:Periodic acid-Schiff
1023:tissue stained with
874:Polysaccharide: Red
715:Non acid fast: Blue
641:Simple (Monochrome)
523:BSC-certified stains
472:b.) Becker's method
467:Spirochete Staining
429:a.) Ringer's method
30:For other uses, see
4050:McFarland standards
4040:Disk diffusion test
4035:Beta-lactamase test
3968:Lancefield grouping
3948:X and V factor test
3916:Salt tolerance test
3791:Ziehl–Neelsen stain
3754:Colonial morphology
3558:Tissue stainability
3330:Ziehl–Neelsen stain
3190:Perls Prussian blue
3002:Kiernan JA (2015).
2805:on 31 January 2019.
2770:Levenfus I (2011).
2568:Journal of Cytology
2463:1933Sci....77..194S
2363:Staining Procedures
2124:sodium chloroaurate
2049:Ruthenium tetroxide
2044:Ruthenium tetroxide
1977:Electron microscopy
1615:gel electrophoresis
1289:histologic sections
1210:) and demethylated
1116:showing the fungus
982:Ziehl–Neelsen stain
976:Ziehl–Neelsen stain
624:Staining Technique
617:
427:Cell Wall Staining
398:
173:gel electrophoresis
157:fluorescent tagging
4119:Inoculation needle
3532:Bielschowsky stain
3434:Van Gieson's stain
3400:Lillie's trichrome
3124:– by M. Halit Umar
2076:indium trichloride
2056:ammonium molybdate
1920:
1896:glycosaminoglycans
1487:
1278:
1158:Masson's trichrome
1122:
1064:Papanicolaou stain
1033:
950:Endospore staining
945:Endospore staining
733:Endospores: Green
664:Negative (Relief)
615:
605:endospore staining
557:
447:Flagella Staining
432:b.) Dyar's method
396:
391:Indirect Staining:
266:New Methylene Blue
110:biological tissues
51:
4127:
4126:
4104:Biosafety cabinet
4063:
4062:
3911:Reverse CAMP test
3731:
3730:
3713:Bacterial culture
3583:
3582:
3384:Connective tissue
3071:Library resources
3055:978-0-19-508956-1
3044:Ruzin SE (1999).
3013:978-1-907904-32-5
2994:978-0-443-06435-7
2881:Baker JR (1958).
2781:978-3-640-86284-9
2540:978-1-4614-4932-4
2372:978-0-683-01707-6
2322:978-1-85996-099-8
2287:10.1080/714028210
2259:978-1-284-10095-2
2230:Parker N (2012).
2132:thiosemicarbazide
2120:silver proteinate
1961:when staining in
1850:Osmium tetraoxide
1345:rgyrophilic cells
1315:Argentaffin cells
1201:Romanowsky stains
1163:connective tissue
881:
880:
876:Cytoplasm: Green
585:Positive staining
567:positive staining
561:Negative staining
554:negative staining
544:Negative staining
483:
482:
262:supravital stains
118:connective tissue
16:(Redirected from
4172:
4114:Inoculation loop
4012:Rapid strep test
3744:
3743:
3636:
3635:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3587:
3586:
3410:Biebrich scarlet
3163:
3156:
3149:
3140:
3139:
3059:
3040:
3028:
3017:
2998:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2951:
2945:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2892:
2886:
2879:
2873:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2841:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2774:. Munich: Grin.
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2740:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2717:Stain Technology
2712:
2706:
2705:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2593:
2583:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2518:
2509:
2508:
2500:
2483:
2482:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2421:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2361:Clark G (1981).
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2182:, a protein dye.
2128:thallium nitrate
2092:lead(II) nitrate
2038:
2037:
2036:
2021:Osmium tetroxide
2016:Osmium tetroxide
1865:Propidium iodide
1860:Propidium iodide
1737:Lugol's solution
1600:Ethidium bromide
1595:Ethidium bromide
1390:Osmium tetroxide
1195:Romanowsky stain
1093:Bismarck Brown Y
1091:, and sometimes
618:
614:
486:Permeabilization
436:10% Tannic acid
416:Gram's Staining
399:
395:
385:Direct Staining:
302:
301:
298:
295:
289:
288:
285:
282:
258:propidium iodide
188:block copolymers
47:microscope slide
21:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4059:
4021:
3977:
3886:Methyl red test
3833:
3832:Manual testing:
3827:
3786:India ink stain
3776:Acid-fast stain
3739:
3727:
3701:
3677:Genital culture
3660:
3656:Selective media
3628:
3620:
3614:
3584:
3579:
3553:
3438:
3392:trichrome stain
3378:
3290:
3267:
3239:
3194:
3172:
3167:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3037:
3014:
2995:
2978:
2976:Further reading
2973:
2972:
2963:
2961:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2936:
2932:
2903:(5–6): 261–78.
2893:
2889:
2880:
2876:
2867:
2863:
2814:
2810:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2768:
2764:
2738:
2732:
2728:
2713:
2709:
2678:
2674:
2635:
2631:
2622:
2620:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2560:
2556:
2541:
2523:Cytopreparation
2519:
2512:
2501:
2486:
2447:
2443:
2398:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2309:
2302:
2281:(5–6): 237–75.
2271:
2267:
2260:
2246:
2239:
2228:
2217:
2212:
2152:
2144:vanadyl sulfate
2068:ferric chloride
2046:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2018:
2010:polysaccharides
1991:
1979:
1908:
1885:
1874:
1862:
1847:
1824:
1813:
1805:Nissl substance
1798:
1787:
1776:
1760:Malachite green
1757:
1755:Malachite green
1708:
1696:plasma membrane
1661:
1642:
1627:
1619:acridine orange
1597:
1585:red blood cells
1570:
1547:
1532:
1517:
1506:
1476:
1460:
1452:Acridine orange
1449:
1447:Acridine orange
1440:
1425:
1419:
1410:
1367:
1361:
1281:Silver staining
1263:
1197:
1191:
1155:
1149:
1107:
1101:
1066:
1060:
1052:red blood cells
1013:
1007:
978:
972:
947:
941:
897:
891:
886:
669:into thin film
613:
600:
587:
563:
546:
519:
517:Standardization
309:
299:
296:
293:
291:
286:
283:
280:
278:
202:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4178:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3982:Automated and
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3866:Coagulase test
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3800:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3750:
3748:
3741:
3737:Identification
3733:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3718:Fungal culture
3715:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3687:Throat culture
3684:
3682:Sputum culture
3679:
3674:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3642:
3640:
3633:
3622:
3621:
3616:Techniques in
3613:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3590:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3549:Wright's stain
3546:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3420:Fast Green FCF
3417:
3412:
3407:
3388:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3348:Methylene blue
3345:
3339:Carbol fuchsin
3322:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3313:Gentian violet
3300:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3277:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3174:
3173:
3166:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3130:
3125:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:External links
3063:
3061:
3060:
3054:
3041:
3035:
3018:
3012:
2999:
2993:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2946:
2930:
2887:
2874:
2861:
2808:
2787:
2780:
2762:
2749:(3): 195–197.
2726:
2707:
2672:
2629:
2605:
2574:(3): 149–153.
2554:
2539:
2510:
2484:
2441:
2392:
2378:
2371:
2353:
2328:
2321:
2300:
2265:
2258:
2237:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2204:Diaphonization
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2151:
2148:
2140:uranyl nitrate
2136:uranyl acetate
2116:silver nitrate
2064:carbohydrazide
2060:cadmium iodide
2045:
2042:
2033:
2017:
2014:
1998:negative stain
1990:
1987:
1978:
1975:
1907:
1904:
1884:
1881:
1873:
1870:
1861:
1858:
1846:
1843:
1823:
1820:
1812:
1809:
1797:
1794:
1790:Methylene blue
1786:
1785:Methylene blue
1783:
1775:
1772:
1756:
1753:
1743:more visible.
1707:
1704:
1660:
1659:Hoechst stains
1657:
1641:
1638:
1626:
1623:
1596:
1593:
1581:cell membranes
1569:
1566:
1546:
1543:
1535:Crystal violet
1531:
1530:Crystal violet
1528:
1516:
1513:
1505:
1504:Coomassie blue
1502:
1475:
1472:
1463:Bismarck brown
1459:
1458:Bismarck brown
1456:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1421:Main article:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1400:in diagnosing
1370:Sudan staining
1363:Main article:
1360:
1357:
1341:Golgi's method
1333:silver nitrate
1283:is the use of
1272:demonstrating
1262:
1259:
1232:Leishman stain
1228:Jenner's stain
1224:Wright's stain
1212:methylene blue
1193:Main article:
1190:
1187:
1151:Main article:
1148:
1145:
1103:Main article:
1100:
1097:
1062:Main article:
1059:
1056:
1009:Main article:
1006:
1003:
999:methylene blue
995:carbol fuchsin
974:Main article:
971:
968:
943:Main article:
940:
937:
908:crystal violet
893:Main article:
890:
887:
885:
882:
879:
878:
872:
869:
866:
863:
859:
858:
852:
849:
846:
843:
839:
838:
835:
832:
828:
825:
821:
820:
814:
811:
808:
805:
801:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
784:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
767:
766:
760:
757:
751:
742:
738:
737:
731:
728:
725:
722:
718:
717:
711:
708:
705:
702:
698:
697:
691:
688:
685:
682:
678:
677:
674:
671:
665:
662:
658:
657:
654:
648:
642:
639:
635:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
612:
609:
599:
596:
586:
583:
571:negative stain
559:Main article:
545:
542:
518:
515:
494:cell membranes
481:
480:
474:
465:
461:
460:
454:
445:
441:
440:
434:
425:
421:
420:
419:Gram's iodine
417:
414:
410:
409:
406:
403:
338:chemical bonds
308:
305:
245:
244:
212:vital staining
201:
192:
182:structures of
163:, and to flag
161:flow cytometry
90:histopathology
84:), and in the
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4177:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4155:Staining dyes
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4087:Anaerobic jar
4085:
4081:
4080:Growth medium
4078:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4017:Monospot test
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3830:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3724:
3723:Viral culture
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3697:Wound culture
3695:
3693:
3692:Urine culture
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3672:Blood culture
3670:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3599:
3597:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3512:Movat's stain
3510:
3508:
3507:Moeller stain
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3482:Janus Green B
3480:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3465:H&E stain
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3450:Cresyl violet
3448:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3334:Kinyoun stain
3331:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3309:Methyl violet
3307:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3245:Carbohydrates
3242:
3234:
3233:Sudan Black B
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3159:
3157:
3152:
3150:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3114:~ Howey, 2000
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3057:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3036:9780801854019
3032:
3027:
3026:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2878:
2871:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2824:(3): 335–45.
2823:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2515:
2506:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2457:(1990): 194.
2456:
2452:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2382:
2374:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2324:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2305:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2261:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2242:
2233:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2215:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2112:ruthenium red
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2096:periodic acid
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2041:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1986:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1912:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1880:
1878:
1869:
1866:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:sulfuric acid
1828:
1819:
1817:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1793:
1791:
1782:
1780:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1723:Gram staining
1720:
1716:
1712:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1688:Hoechst 33342
1685:
1684:Hoechst 33258
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1649:H&E stain
1646:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1630:Acid fuchsine
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1520:Cresyl violet
1515:Cresyl violet
1512:
1510:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1480:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1414:
1408:Wirtz-Conklin
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1394:Sudan Black B
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1356:
1355:or formalin.
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:Camillo Golgi
1326:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1141:proteoglycans
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:carbohydrates
1126:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1011:H&E stain
1002:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
988:
983:
977:
970:Ziehl-Neelsen
967:
965:
964:
959:
955:
951:
946:
936:
933:
932:Gram-negative
928:
926:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
900:Gram staining
896:
895:Gram staining
877:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
860:
857:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
840:
836:
833:
829:
826:
823:
822:
819:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
802:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
785:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
768:
765:
761:
758:
756:
752:
750:
747:
743:
740:
739:
736:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
719:
716:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
699:
696:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
679:
675:
672:
670:
666:
663:
660:
659:
655:
653:
649:
647:
643:
640:
637:
636:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
619:
608:
606:
595:
592:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
562:
555:
550:
541:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
514:
512:
508:
503:
502:
497:
495:
491:
487:
479:
475:
473:
470:
466:
463:
462:
459:
455:
453:
450:
446:
443:
442:
439:
435:
433:
430:
426:
423:
422:
418:
415:
412:
411:
407:
404:
401:
400:
394:
392:
388:
386:
382:
379:
376:
373:
371:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
334:heat fixation
331:
330:
325:
323:
322:field of view
318:
317:
312:
304:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
242:
238:
237:
236:
234:
230:
225:
224:
219:
217:
213:
210:(also called
209:
207:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
169:nucleic acids
166:
162:
158:
154:
153:carbohydrates
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
114:muscle fibers
111:
107:
103:
99:
98:cytopathology
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
3891:Nitrite test
3861:Citrate test
3802:Rapid tests
3781:Giemsa stain
3651:Streak plate
3575:Chromophobic
3527:Silver stain
3487:Giemsa stain
3470:Haematoxylin
3169:
3075:
3045:
3024:
3003:
2984:
2962:. Retrieved
2958:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2882:
2877:
2869:
2864:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2803:the original
2797:
2790:
2771:
2765:
2746:
2742:
2729:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2645:(1): 29–35.
2642:
2638:
2632:
2621:. Retrieved
2617:
2608:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2522:
2504:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2386:
2381:
2362:
2356:
2344:. Retrieved
2340:
2331:
2312:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2249:
2232:Microbiology
2231:
2198:Barium enema
2088:lead citrate
2084:lead acetate
2053:
2047:
2019:
1996:is a common
1992:
1980:
1971:chromophobic
1966:
1934:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1901:
1894:, including
1886:
1875:
1863:
1848:
1825:
1814:
1799:
1788:
1779:Methyl green
1777:
1774:Methyl green
1758:
1745:
1735:
1729:. Used as a
1727:microbiology
1709:
1687:
1683:
1672:minor groove
1671:
1667:
1662:
1645:Haematoxylin
1643:
1640:Haematoxylin
1634:mitochondria
1628:
1625:Acid fuchsin
1603:intercalates
1598:
1571:
1548:
1533:
1518:
1507:
1488:
1461:
1450:
1441:
1426:
1411:
1368:
1353:hydroquinone
1344:
1314:
1313:
1279:
1240:
1236:Giemsa stain
1198:
1181:, and black
1156:
1137:glycoprotein
1123:
1114:PAS diastase
1077:haematoxylin
1067:
1058:Papanicolaou
1044:Haematoxylin
1034:
992:
985:
979:
961:
948:
929:
898:
875:
855:
817:
763:
754:
748:
745:
734:
714:
694:
668:
651:
645:
630:Application
627:Preparation
601:
588:
564:
539:
530:
522:
520:
499:
498:
485:
484:
477:
471:
468:
457:
451:
448:
438:0.34% C.P.C
437:
431:
428:
390:
389:
384:
383:
380:
377:
374:
367:
366:
362:paraffin wax
346:formaldehyde
327:
326:
314:
313:
310:
274:reticulocyte
250:vital stains
246:
233:counterstain
221:
220:
204:
203:
198:
194:
177:
137:biochemistry
134:
53:
52:
43:histological
4099:Durham tube
3931:Urease test
3740:and testing
3565:Acidophilic
3517:Neutral red
3502:Methyl blue
3365:Rhodamine B
3258:Mucicarmine
3253:Alcian blue
3208:Sudan stain
3182:hemosiderin
2839:11336/35891
2234:. OpenStax.
2186:Vital stain
1967:amphophilic
1947:acidophilic
1943:azurophilic
1939:azure stain
1928:Chromosomes
1801:Neutral red
1796:Neutral red
1713:is used in
1577:cytoplasmic
1558:ultraviolet
1554:fluorescent
1402:steatorrhea
1365:Sudan stain
1274:histoplasma
1247:bone marrow
1183:cell nuclei
1118:Histoplasma
1025:hematoxylin
925:antibiotics
591:chromophore
552:Example of
358:picric acid
307:Preparation
254:trypan blue
126:blood cells
58:microscopic
18:Amphophilic
4134:Categories
4075:Agar plate
3871:DNAse test
3771:Gram stain
3570:Basophilic
3425:Sirius Red
3360:Auramine O
3304:Gram stain
3286:Thioflavin
3106:StainsFile
2964:2020-04-16
2623:2020-04-16
2412:(1): 5–6.
2210:References
1965:dyes, and
1959:basophilic
1892:polyanions
1835:lipophilic
1725:, used in
1579:material,
1539:cell walls
1251:leukocytes
1189:Romanowsky
954:endospores
884:Techniques
490:surfactant
316:Wet mounts
216:morphology
130:organelles
94:hematology
88:fields of
41:A stained
4109:Incubator
4068:Equipment
3997:MALDI-TOF
3896:ONPG test
3856:CAMP test
3759:Hemolysis
3626:Isolation
3325:Acid-fast
3281:Congo red
3228:Oil Red O
3218:Sudan III
2618:labce.com
2549:1574-9053
2428:0002-9173
2168:Histology
1924:chromatic
1888:Safranine
1883:Safranine
1877:Rhodamine
1872:Rhodamine
1816:Nile blue
1811:Nile blue
1715:chemistry
1653:histology
1611:membranes
1607:apoptosis
1398:fecal fat
1386:Oil Red O
1378:Sudan III
1349:reductant
1287:to stain
1179:cytoplasm
1073:Pap smear
1040:histology
958:pathogens
939:Endospore
904:cell wall
579:India ink
511:microtome
507:pap smear
356:, and/or
102:diagnoses
70:histology
4150:Pigments
4140:Staining
3973:RPR test
3881:KOH test
3841:ALA test
3811:Catalase
3798:Wet prep
3766:Staining
3343:Fuchsine
3318:Safranin
3296:Bacteria
3223:Sudan IV
3213:Sudan II
3076:Staining
2940:Citing:
2925:32479873
2917:11871748
2856:11094194
2848:24671497
2667:37401579
2659:28098484
2600:28701828
2479:17741261
2436:19864226
2346:25 March
2295:12564600
2162:Cytology
2150:See also
2072:hexamine
1827:Nile red
1822:Nile red
1692:hydroxyl
1498:aluminum
1494:glycogen
1382:Sudan IV
1325:fixation
1322:formalin
1297:collagen
1293:proteins
1171:collagen
1133:glycogen
1081:Orange G
960:such as
920:safranin
744:Capsule
621:Sr. No.
575:nigrosin
501:Mounting
369:Mordants
354:methanol
342:proteins
340:between
329:Fixation
241:Safranin
229:fixation
223:In vitro
208:staining
199:In vitro
180:lamellar
165:proteins
145:proteins
106:diseases
78:cytology
54:Staining
4092:Gas-pak
3806:Oxidase
3646:Asepsis
3631:culture
3475:Eosin Y
3455:Cyanine
3273:Amyloid
2702:3009082
2591:5492752
2459:Bibcode
2451:Science
2002:viruses
1935:-philic
1731:mordant
1680:Hoechst
1664:Hoechst
1589:eosin Y
1490:Carmine
1483:Carmine
1474:Carmine
1255:malaria
1220:azure B
1216:azure A
1205:reduced
1167:keratin
1085:eosin Y
916:fuchsin
633:Result
402:Sr No.
350:ethanol
206:In vivo
195:In vivo
86:medical
74:tissues
60:level.
3816:Indole
3200:Lipids
3122:Part 2
3073:about
3052:
3033:
3010:
2991:
2923:
2915:
2854:
2846:
2778:
2700:
2665:
2657:
2598:
2588:
2547:
2537:
2477:
2434:
2426:
2369:
2319:
2293:
2256:
2142:, and
2025:lipids
2006:nerves
1951:acidic
1854:lipids
1768:spores
1741:nuclei
1719:starch
1711:Iodine
1706:Iodine
1467:mucins
1392:, and
1374:lipids
1318:reduce
1299:) and
1285:silver
1261:Silver
1147:Masson
912:iodine
264:(e.g.
252:(e.g.
149:lipids
128:), or
96:, and
76:), in
62:Stains
4045:Etest
4007:VITEK
3936:rapid
3876:IMViC
3443:Other
2921:S2CID
2852:S2CID
2739:(PDF)
2663:S2CID
1963:basic
1955:eosin
1839:lipid
1700:ethyl
1666:is a
1573:Eosin
1568:Eosin
1552:is a
1524:nissl
1359:Sudan
1305:cells
1243:blood
1208:eosin
1048:eosin
1029:eosin
684:Gram
611:Types
82:cells
4145:Dyes
3629:and
3178:Iron
3120:and
3050:ISBN
3031:ISBN
3008:ISBN
2989:ISBN
2913:PMID
2844:PMID
2776:ISBN
2723:(3).
2698:PMID
2655:PMID
2596:PMID
2545:ISSN
2535:ISBN
2475:PMID
2432:PMID
2424:ISSN
2367:ISBN
2348:2018
2317:ISBN
2291:PMID
2254:ISBN
2192:PAGE
2000:for
1686:and
1550:DAPI
1545:DAPI
1343:). A
1335:and
1234:and
1218:and
1199:The
1175:bone
1173:and
1027:and
1021:lung
889:Gram
464:4.)
444:3.)
424:2.)
413:1.)
272:for
268:and
122:cell
66:dyes
64:and
3821:PYR
2905:doi
2834:hdl
2826:doi
2822:142
2751:doi
2690:doi
2647:doi
2586:PMC
2576:doi
2527:doi
2467:doi
2414:doi
2410:132
2283:doi
2029:OsO
1957:),
1926:.
1676:DNA
1674:of
1668:bis
1562:DNA
1301:DNA
1245:or
1099:PAS
918:or
862:12
842:11
824:10
661:2.
638:1.
531:BSC
300:000
297:500
290:to
287:000
256:or
197:vs
171:in
167:or
141:DNA
135:In
120:),
116:or
104:of
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