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women's health. Better science, research, education, and changing social attitudes, as well as technological advancements, eventually enabled girls and women to participate more often and for longer periods making sport for girls and women more attractive, as did new legislation focused on creating better access and more opportunities. In some cases during the late-to-early 20th century, there were regional differences in rules codes for girls' and women's games which further complicated the growth process, such as in the case of girls' and women's basketball. In the case of female basketball, Canada's eastern provinces emphasized a more feminine "girls rule" game of basketball, while the
Western provinces preferred rules which were identical to the men's game. A set of uniform rules codes for female basketball did not development until a later period in the administration of the women's game both nationally and internationally. In the case of sports which are female equivalents, growth in the girls' and women's domain in Canada has occurred more slowly than in comparison to their male counterparts, while sports created specifically for female competitors like the sports of synchronized swimming, netball, and ringette, have had a different history and trajectory altogether.
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While senior play for the Allan Cup continued, fewer and fewer senior players were available. Further growth in hockey leagues in the United States led to further demand for players. By this time, several of the minor leagues had many players who could have played in the NHL, had there been more teams. By the 1960s, there was interest in setting up another professional league in the United States. In response, the NHL expanded to 12 teams, the new positions mostly filled by players from the minors. The control of junior players by the NHL went away at this time. The signing of contracts to under-age players, binding them to a single team was replaced by a draft of the available players by the NHL teams. The junior leagues became the pre-eminent
Canadian leagues, discarding the control of the regional associations to set up "major junior" leagues. Senior amateur play dwindled further with the increase in professional positions.
773:, a Canadian who emigrated to the U.S., invented basketball in Springfield, Massachusetts in the 1890s. It rapidly became popular as an indoor winter sport that needed a minimum of equipment, gaining popularity at upscale high schools and colleges in both the U.S. and Canada. In 1946, early in the era of professional basketball, the owners of the Toronto Maple Leaf hockey team started a franchise in the newly formed Basketball Association of America. Seven thousand spectators watched the first game of the Toronto Huskies, but they lost and attendance fell off as newsmen called it a freak show. The Huskies ended in last place, and folded. It had suffered inconsistent management decisions and the temper tantrums of its coach. The Huskies could not compete with Toronto's successful teams and sporting heroes in hockey, baseball, football, rugby, and wrestling.
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student affairs or athletics, which some believe is a crucial factor limiting the growth in participation by the female population. It has also been pointed out that there are fewer women coaches in women's sports than men. In regards to mass media, it has historically emphasized men's sports as a demonstration of masculinity very strongly. Some have interpreted this media presentation as suggesting that within a societal context, women who have been seriously interested in sports are "crossing gender lines", a development to which the male sports establishment has responded to in an actively hostile manner. Another initial impediment to female athletic participation included its dismissal by staunch feminists who deemed the subject as unworthy of their support.
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and aggressive. During the 1870s and 1880s the
Shamrocks had bloody confrontations with the upscale Protestant Montreal and Toronto Lacrosse Clubs. Field lacrosse spread across the country with the tide of Anglophone settlers from Ontario and Quebec. By the early 1890s it was the most popular summer game in Canada. The golden age came in the 1900s, as two professional leagues operated. Escalating violence led to the collapse of the professional leagues in 1914, and the game's base of support shrank to Montreal, Victoria, Vancouver, New Westminster, and small-towns in Ontario. The organizational infrastructure proved too weak—for example, it was never adopted by schools or churches.
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governor general, established the
Stanley Cup. Ice hockey was distinctly Canadian; it was a winter sport with vague rules, played on conveniently available outside ice. There were few spectators. Professional teams appeared around 1900; in 1904, five cities in the United States and Ontario formed the International Hockey League (IHL). The American-based league paid salaries that attracted many Canadian stars. Canadian amateur teams were forced to secretly pay their players, even as they proclaimed the principles of amateurism. The IHL collapsed in 1907. in 1908 came the first Canadian-based professional league, the Ontario Professional Hockey League. The
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the
Olympics. All the governing bodies saw sport as a suitable training ground or productive citizenship, allegiance to the social order, and English Canadian nationalism. They fought against professionalism through a "Canadian Parliament of Sport". However, in the 1930s the amateur leaders split bitterly over the issue of a liberalized amateur code, as ice hockey, basketball and lacrosse walked out of the AAU. By 1939, the jurisdiction of the AAU was reduced to track and field and the other individual Olympic sports. The Canadian Olympic Association broke away in 1948.
170:(1857). Hughes's notions that sportsmanship exemplified moral education and provided training for citizenship, have had a powerful influence on the Canadian sport community. Despite commercialism and the celebration of high-performance athletes, the Hughesian principles of Christian socialism continues to influence sports programs for youth. Outside of sports the social and moral agendas behind muscular Christianity influenced numerous reform movements, thus linking it to the political left in Canada, contrary to its right-wing reputation in other parts of the world.
616:. New professional teams were formed in Edmonton, Winnipeg, Quebec and Ottawa. Several of the teams made it into the expanded NHL in 1979, which now had professional teams from Vancouver all the way east to Quebec City. The 1980s saw a period of consolidation, and the introduction of European players into the professional teams of the NHL, made necessary by the expansion of the NHL. In the 1990s, the Canadian dollar declined, and while Canada gained an NHL team in Ottawa, teams from Quebec City and Winnipeg move to the United States.
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698:(CFL) distributed franchises across the country, and crowds flocked to the games. The Grey Cup championship game, first telecast in 1952, attracts one of the largest TV audiences, over 4 million. The CFL added five American teams in 1993; this proved a costly blunder, as four teams folded and the fifth moved to Montreal. After surviving the closing of the Ottawa Rough Riders in 1996 and bankruptcies by the Toronto and Hamilton teams in 2003, football has recovered and is in fair health in the 21st century.
627:, a tournament originated in 1920 for junior-level teams began to grow in popularity. The junior leagues also grew in popularity and expanded into United States near to the border. The junior leagues, like the professionals, started to allow non-Canadian players, partly in response to the American teams, and partly in response to the growing popularity and competition within its ranks to make it to the Memorial Cup tournament. The growth of cable television meant more junior-level games were televised.
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550:, composed of Icelandic Canadians, was excluded from Winnipeg's senior hockey league for the 1919–20 season. Nevertheless, the team became Canadian national champions and won the 1920 Olympic gold medal in Antwerp. Combined with their willingness to volunteer for military service in the Great War, its success made the team a symbol of Canadian manhood, transcending the ethnic stereotyping and discrimination that affected some other sports teams during postwar era.
576:(1921–2000) became one of Canada's iconic heroes, especially in Quebec. Playing from 1942 to 1960, he scored 544 regular season goals and 82 more in playoffs. Famed for his dashing style of play, his intensity, determination, and scoring prowess, Richard became the first 50-goal scorer in NHL history in 1944–45, with a 50-game schedule. He was named to the All Star team 14 times, won two Hart trophies as league MVP, and led the Canadiens to eight Stanley Cups.
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off-season. The
Americans were developing a similar game, so in 1874 McGill played two games with Harvard, alternating the rules. The series was played out for several years, but Canada increasingly adopted the American rules and so the two versions of football were very similar. In 1898 the Canadian rules were formalized; they differed from the American rules chiefly in the size of the field and in three- rather than four-down play.
543:(NHL). After a few weak years, the NHL grew with expansion into the United States. By 1940 it had strong bases in Montreal, Toronto, Boston, New York, Chicago, and Detroit—the "original six". After 1926 it became a cartel that controlled all aspects of professional hockey. Other professional leagues one by one collapsed. The NHL exerted its control by expansion into the U.S., the establishment of a minor league system.
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is the history of the sports played among the natives, especially the history of lacrosse as well as other games. The different tribes played (and wagered bets on) toboggan, snowshoe, and canoe races as well as archery, wrestling, spear throwing and running events. They provided entertainment for the community and a way to sharpen essential survival skills, including the ability to endure pain and hardship.
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transplanted such games as football, rugby, curling, and cricket; sailors brought rowing competitions. Britons considered these sports to be conducive to relieving boredom on remote outposts, and more generally produced team spirit, good health, hardiness, and manliness; they were a sophisticated alternative to "blood sports", such as cockfighting, bullfighting or bear baiting.
557:, the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association faced financial uncertainty. Its response was to reevaluate its purist position on amateurism and to rethink its relation to the system of amateur sports, which was headed by the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada. The weak performance of the Canadian hockey team at the 1936 Olympics led to substantial changes in policies and procedures.
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attend and cities that could find sponsors. The promoters, while failing to make a profit, changed the landscape of
Canadian amateur lacrosse, isolating it from the more widely contested field lacrosse played in the United States, Britain, and Australia. In 1987 the National Lacrosse League began; it opened clubs in twelve cities in the United States and Canada.
209:"world of sport." The telegraph provided near-real-time coverage of events. Despite the vast distances separating them from other Canadians, local fans discovered that they were part of a common national audience as they followed the successes and disappointments of Canadian and American hockey and baseball teams, as well as such sports as rowing and boxing.
532:(NHA) was formed. Unlike previous leagues, which were derived from amateur hockey associations, the NHA organized itself as a business, organizing each team as a franchise of the business and first used standard player's contracts and a salary cap. Professional ice hockey came to the west coast with the arrival of the Patrick family, organizing the
996:(WAAF) was formed in 1926 to make possible new opportunities, particularly in international competition. The WAAF worked to rebut the stereotype that vigorous physical activity and intense competition was "unwomanly". One tactic was to set up a system of medical supervision for all women athletes. The WAAF forged an alliance with the
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many of the players were swept away with the sense of history in the making. The Summit series became a politically charged event with widespread cultural repercussions - quite literally, a Cold War. The
Canadians fell 2 games behind but swept the final three games in Moscow to win the series four games to three, with one tie.
536:(PCHA). Organized as a single business, it developed as an alternative elite league and furthered the development of ice hockey in western Canada. Professional ice hockey was established from coast to coast by this time. Although the PCHA eventually failed, other professional leagues were organized to take its place.
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gentleman's game played before a well-behaved audience. Gambling became a major feature, as did the rise of working-class players and rowdy working-class fans. The only solution the reformers found was to separate gentleman elite amateur baseball from the professional version that was getting out of control.
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Slower growth in the equivalents has been observed and is believed to have been affected by a series of factors. For example, girls and women historically have low levels of interest and participation in sport. As a result, there have been few women in leadership positions in academic administration,
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Curling, a sport that earned
Olympic status in 1998, arrived with Scottish soldiers in the 1750s. the Royal Caledonian Curling Club in Scotland standardized the rules in the 1830s. It involves sliding a 42-pound teapot-shaped granite curling stone by its handle toward a goal painted on the ice, with
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In 1931, promoters introduced "box lacrosse" to broaden the fan base to include a summer audience. Played in a smaller space, box lacrosse could be held indoors or in baseball stadiums. The game was especially violent. The poverty of the Great
Depression reduced the number of fans who could afford to
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as an affirmation of their global supremacy in hockey. However, the Soviets planned an upset that would impress the world and let them claim the Canadian game as their own. The publicity was enormous. The media portrayed a global contests pitting East against West - communism against capitalism - and
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Informal stick-and-ball games on ice had been played for years, especially in the Maritime provinces and at military garrisons. In its modern form hockey was standardized by students at McGill University in 1875. The game rapidly spread nationwide; recognition came in 1893 when Lord Stanley, Canada's
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falls into five stages of development: early recreational activities before 1840; the start of organized competition, 1840–1880; the emergence of national organizations, 1882–1914; the rapid growth of both amateur and professional sports, 1914 to 1960; and developments of the last half-century. Some
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While sports are considered a high priority in Canadian culture, girls and women did not traditionally partake in sport at the same rate as men for a variety of reasons. For a time this included the belief that their engagement in sports at the physical level could pose serious dangers to girl's and
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The sport of boxing, both amateur and professional, has been practised in Canada since before Confederation. Professional boxing was illegal in Canada during the London Prize Ring era but fights still took place outside major towns in barns and farmers' fields. The first universally recognized world
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Lacrosse was invented in the 1850s, when the Anglophone middle class of Montreal adopted the Indian game of "baggataway", which was a violent game played by the First Nation teams numbering hundreds of players. The 1860s saw the first powerhouse team, the Montreal Shamrocks; it was Irish, Catholic,
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French Canadians by 1700 were influenced by native culture to the degree that they began to measure themselves and their masculinity against their native counterparts by competing against them in such activities as canoeing, snowshoeing, and tobogganing and in the team sport of lacrosse. In building
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In many modern nations including Canada, sports have faced a number of challenges in recent decades such as violence, racism, illegal drug therapies, ridicule of women, the disproportionally high salaries of professional athletes, and the exorbitant costs of newly built stadiums. Such problems stand
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The 1976 Summer Olympics, officially known as the "Games of the XXI Olympiad," held in Montréal, was the first Olympics in Canada. The entire province of Quebec prepared for the games and associated activities, generating a resurgence of interest in amateur athletics across the province. The spirit
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Women's hockey continued to develop in popularity in the 1980s. The first women's world championship was held in 1990. Women's ice hockey became a medal sport in the Olympics of 1998. Women players developed to the point where professional leagues were organized and women players started playing in
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The NHL formed an affiliation with the major governing body in Canadian amateur hockey, the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA). The alliances made with the minor leagues and the CAHA, in particular, gave the NHL's market control over players such as the waivers, reserve clause, draft, and
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Canadians explored polar extremes of masculinity by a watching the Ottawa Silver Seven battle the Montreal Wanderers in 1907. Reporters depicted the game as a combination of "strenuous spectacle" and "brutal butchery." Middle-class ideals of gentlemanly masculinity and genteel sportsmanship stood
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From 1909 until 1967, the Canadian Track and Field Association (C.T.F.A.) controlled track and field sports. It operated under the umbrella of the A.A.U. of C. (Amateur Athletic Union of Canada). In 1968, the C.T.F.A broke loose from the A.A.U. of C. The A.A.U. of C. dissolved in the early 1970s as
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In the early 20th century the major sports set up volunteer national organizations to take jurisdiction; by 1914 there were 20 governing bodies. By 1919 the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada (AAU) presided over all leadership and provided international recognition. The AAU promoted participation in
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Canadians in the 19th century came to believe themselves possessed of a unique "northern character," due to the long, harsh winters that only those of hardy body and mind could survive. This hardiness was claimed as a Canadian trait, and such sports as ice hockey and snowshoeing that reflected this
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Paraschak, identifies two approaches to the history of Native American sports. On the one hand, there is the history of First Nation athletes playing within the Euro-American mainstream culture. Important topics include the issues of racism, exploitation, and ethnocentric distortion. Secondly there
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The Summit Series awoke an interest in developing the sport of ice hockey further in Canada. Before 1919, few safety rules existed in amateur hockey. By 1945, however, there were rules against boarding and hits from behind, and fighting was penalized more severely. By 1972, the professionals still
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After World War II, the amateur system declined in the face of competition from professional ice hockey, both in the growth of minor leagues, and the introduction of televised matches by the NHL. Several amateur leagues, such as the Quebec Senior League, became first mixed then fully professional.
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As the popular daily press emerged in all Canadian cities in the late 19th century, they broadened their audience appeal by detailed coverage of local provincial and national sporting events. Readers developed a sense of community pride, while also involving fans in the national and international
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Baseball emerged in the 1870s, as a nonviolent, rules-oriented game that appealed to middle-class reformers seeking antidotes to crime, rowdiness and social disorder. However, when professional baseball emerged in the 1880s, unruly behavior by players and fans contradicted the reformers ideal of a
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Much of Canadian historiography on sports education deals with the linkage between sports education and the construction of a national identity. Hudon (2005) examines the history of sports education from 1870 to 1940 in Quebec's classic schools for boys from ages 11 to 18. He finds an impact of
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helped women's intercollegiate sports to gain momentum. Simultaneously there was a rise in the proportion of women in the student bodies, which enhanced the visibility of their sports. Women concentrated on organizing their sports and raising the consciousness of both male and female students. In
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was the outstanding female athlete of the 1940s, as the 1948 Olympic champion, a two-time World champion (1947–1948), and a four-time Canadian national champion (1944–46, 48) in ladies' singles. She was very heavily covered by the media. However, it focused less on her sportsmanship and athletic
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concepts for guidance, and the organization of the Northern Ontario Recreation Directors Association (NORDA) was responsible for the sport's early development in Canada. The Society of Directors of Municipal Recreation of Ontario (SDMRO) of which Sam Jacks was President was eventually tasked with
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went to the professional champions in 1954. Major innovations, such as the forward pass, came in the 1920s and 1930s as American athletes and coaches arrived. In 1936, fearful of the drift towards Americanization, the Canadian Rugby Union placed a limit on the number of foreigners; import quotas
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By 2022, the NHL had grown to 32 teams. The junior leagues had consolidated into three; in Quebec and the Maritimes, Ontario and Western Canada. The further introduction of European players became a concern and was limited. In 2002, Canada won its first men's ice hockey title in 50 years, at the
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The advantage of the larger cities was the potential availability of a large paying crowd; the problem was providing cheap transportation for people not living close by. The solution was to use steamers, and later railways and trams to run special schedules to bring fans to an outlying event. As
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were asserted as characteristically Canadian. Outside the arena Canadians express the national characteristics of being peaceful, orderly and polite. Inside they scream their lungs out at ice hockey games, cheering the speed, ferocity, and violence, making hockey an ambiguous symbol of Canada.
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Cricket never caught on, despite efforts by an imperial-minded elite to promote the game as a way of identifying with the British Empire. Linked to upper class Canadian elites, the game never became popular with the general public. Despite once being named as a national sport by the first Prime
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The game of Soccer goes back centuries in England, where around 1823 was transformed into rugby. The first game in Canada came in the 1860s with British officers playing university students in Montreal. Universities quickly adopted the new sport, as did rowing clubs that found it useful in the
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In recent decades professional sports has involved large scale funding for stadiums. The intense interest shown by the fan base in their community's teams encourages the political leadership to invest heavily in public subsidies for new arenas. There is a "honeymoon" effect producing a surge in
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Immigrants brought along their favourite sports, often adapting them to the snowy environment. The influence of the games of the First Nations can be seen especially in the evolution of lacrosse. British officers, soldiers, and royal officials, and indeed ordinary British immigrants as well,
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Although many small cities and towns had their own local teams, the residents paid special attention to the celebrity players on the great big-city teams. Advancing technology of the telegraph, the radio, and television allowed real time reporting of major games, often to public gatherings or
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The roots of organized sports in Canada date back to the 1770s, often originating in horse racing at British military garrisons, curling in Scottish settlements, and lacrosse among the Indians. Perhaps the first athletic celebrities were the Canadian scullers who won several international
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did not wear helmets, required in amateur play. Fighting was still allowed in amateur and professional play in Canada. There was also an interest in further developing the quality of instruction. Canada returned to international play with the IIHF and the Olympics allowing professionals.
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restaurants or bars. Further details were sure to appear the next newspaper, keeping up local interest, and wagering, on a daily basis. Vicarious participation as the fan of a particular team enhanced a sense of belonging to the Canadian nation and its rapidly developing popular culture.
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on this mix of French and native traditions, the French Canadiens expressed not only their masculinity and identity through sports, but also built a sense of national identity that contrasted sharply with the Anglo spirit of sports for bourgeois gentlemen during the Victorian era.
79:. Women actively compete in most of these sports. Historically, team sports often involved informal gambling and more formal, bigger-stakes wagering and prize competitions were particularly characteristic in the sports of horse racing and boxing. In Canada, individual sports such as
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In the beginning, women's progress in Canadian sport was an uphill battle. Canadian women first had to counter the widespread notion that women's bodies were so restricted and delicate that vigorous physical activity was dangerous. These notions where first challenged by the
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Canadian court cases covered issues relating to Canadian women's rights to participate in sport. In the provinces, human rights commissions addressed dozens of sport-related equity cases for women. Gender barriers in sports became a political topic, as shown by the
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overcame the difficulty of obtaining adequate ice time for practice and the challenge of raising adequate funds from their small fan base. The Rivulettes dominated women's ice hockey in the 1930s, winning ten provincial championships and four of the six
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players using brooms to alter its course. The sweeping removes debris, and warms the surface, creating a hydroplane-like effect. By 1903 Winnipeg had become the world's curling capital of an intensely competitive winter sport played throughout Canada.
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attendance in the first few years of the new arena. In the 1972-2003 era, the honeymoon effect for major new arenas in hockey, baseball, and basketball is an increase in attendance of 15-20% in the first few years. The honeymoon ends after 5 to 8 years.
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early as the 1830s steamers were making special trips to horseracing events to horse races. By the 1860s there were special trains or steamers to take fans to rowing contests, track and field events, bicycle races, and other contests.
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By the 1960s, Canada had difficulty forming amateur senior teams to compete internationally. University players and a dedicated amateur national team were no match for the organized amateurism of teams from Europe, especially the
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Wong, John Chi-Kit. "The Development of Professional Hockey and the Making of the National Hockey League." PhD dissertation U. of Maryland, College Park 2001. 432 pp. DAI 2002 62(9): 3152-A. DA3024988 Fulltext:
588:. Finally, the Canadian ice hockey federation broke off from amateur play at the Olympics and world championships. The Canadians demanded that the organizations allow professionals, those considered Canada's best.
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in 1971 proposed increasing the hockey competitions between the two northern nations. National hockey officials Planned series of eight games, four to be played across Canada and four in Moscow. Canadians saw the
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During the Second World War, women's ice hockey largely disappeared. After the war, the "back-to-the-family" conservatism is considered by some largely resulted in women's sports disappearing into the shadows.
842:, the sport declined due to the 19th-century rise of baseball, and being handicapped by the short summer season. During the First World War, Canadian units stationed in Britain played baseball, not cricket.
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Field lacrosse was revived in the late 1990s when some Ontario universities included it in their women's athletic programs; university women now play the game once associated with Canadian masculinity.
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territorial right much broader impact. Although the NHL only had six teams, they had control of the best players. Players could be signed for life to an NHL team's organization at the age of twelve.
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opposed to a rough, working-class expression of violent masculinity. They both coexisted within the fast, skilled, rugged, hard-hitting hockey, thereby appealing to the largest possible audience.
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developing the sport further and eventually passed the copyright for the sport's rules onto the Ontario Ringette Association (now Ringette Ontario) before they were eventually acquired by
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Lupien, Philippe-Antoine. "Sport and public service in Canada: The roots of the inherent bonds between the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation/Radio-Canada and the Olympic Games."
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Hughes-Fuller, Helen Patricia. "The Good Old Game: Hockey, Nostalgia, Identity." PhD dissertation U. of Alberta 2002. 258 pp. DAI 2004 64(7): 2496-A. DANQ81202 Fulltext:
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of Québec nationalism helped motivate the organizers; however, the city went $ 1 billion into debt. The Games helped introduce Quebec (and Canada) to the rest of the world.
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John Nauright, and Phil White, "Mediated Nostalgia, Community and Nation: the Canadian Football League in Crisis and the Demise of the Ottawa Rough Riders, 1986-1996,"
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a black man from Halifax, Nova Scotia. Despite its relatively small population this country has produced many world class pugilists in both the pro and amateur ranks.
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in contrast to the fundamental values of sports including personal health, teamwork, striving for responsibility, loyalty, equality, winning, pleasure, and freedom.
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The feminists of the 1970s rarely helped promote women's breakthroughs in sports. Nevertheless, more and more women became engaged in aerobics and organized sport.
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has grown in popularity in recent decades, especially as a school sport for boys and girls. It has more players than ice hockey. At the professional level, the
68:. Canadian sports attract large numbers of participants and huge audiences; hockey, played by 1.4 million Canadians, has become part of the national identity.
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635:, using NHL players. The Canadian team won another title in 2010, at the Olympics held in Vancouver, where the Olympics used Canadian standard-sized rinks.
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Stacy L. Lorenz, and Geraint B. Osborne, "'Talk about Strenuous Hockey': Violence, Manhood, and the 1907 Ottawa Silver Seven-Montreal Wanderer Rivalry."
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1198:, officially known as the XXI Olympic Winter Games, was held from February 12 to February 28, 2010, in Vancouver, British Columbia, and nearby venues.
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New problems emerged for sportswomen trying to achieve equal status with sportsmen: raising money, attracting popular audiences, and winning sponsors.
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The 1930s involved a number of setbacks such as when critics recommended non-competitive athletic activities as the recreation most suited to women.
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became the world champions of women's basketball in 1924, the first Canadian women participated in the Olympics, and women sportswriters such as
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The 1920s marked a breakthrough for women, including working-class young women in addition to the pioneering middle class sportswomen. The
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By 1910, the world of ice hockey had split into two worlds, the amateurs of the junior, intermediates and the seniors playing for the new
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Donnelly, Peter and Jean Harvey, 'Class and Gender: Intersections in Sport and Physical Activity' in Philip White and Kevin Young (eds),
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Lindsay Pattison, "'The Dynamics of the Disc': Ultimate (Frisbee), Community, & Memory, 1968-2011" Diss. Concordia University, 2011.
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enjoy an international reputation as particularly Canadian. Although typically thought of as American, the origin of the sport of
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Hollan, Andrew C., 'Playing in the Neutral Zone: Meanings and uses of ice hockey in the Canada-U.S. Borderlands, 1895-1915',
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Michael A. Robidoux, "Historical Interpretations of First Nations Masculinity and its Influence on Canada's Sport Heritage."
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Harrigan, (2003) reviews the emergence of women's athletics in higher education during 1961–2001. The establishment of the
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Leonardo, Tony and Zagoria, Adam co-authored "Ultimate: The First Four Decades," publ. by Ultimate History, Inc., 2005,
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Stacy L. Lorenz, "A Lively Interest on the Prairies": Western Canada, the Mass Media, and a 'World of Sport,' 1870-1939,"
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1284:. The Toronto 2015 Pan American Games was the largest multi-sport event hosted in Canada in terms of athletes competing.
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remain in effect in the 21st century. After 1945 football flourished at the intercollegiate and professional levels. The
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In September 1972, Canada's best hockey players from the National Hockey League (NHL) played the elite amateurs from the
103:
have long been important. In recent years, there has been an increase in the popularity of more "extreme" sports such as
1938:
Michael A. Robidoux, "Imagining a Canadian Identity through Sport: A Historical Interpretation of Lacrosse and Hockey,"
1596:
Stacy L. Lorenz, "'In the Field of Sport at Home and Abroad': Sports Coverage in Canadian Daily Newspapers, 1850-1914."
1518:
Michael A. Robidoux, "Imagining a Canadian Identity through Sport: A Historical Interpretation of Lacrosse and Hockey,"
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Robidoux, Michael A. "Imagining a Canadian Identity through Sport: A Historical Interpretation of Lacrosse and Hockey"
1479:
Christine Hudon, "'Le Muscle et Le Vouloir': Les Sports dans les Colleges Classiques masculins au Quebec, 1870-1940,"
380:
290:
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1954:
Donald M. Fisher, "'Splendid but Undesirable Isolation': Recasting Canada's National Game as Box Lacrosse, 1931-1932"
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1673:
1646:
1608:; Lorenz, "'A Lively Interest on the Prairies': Western Canada, the Mass Media, and a 'World of Sport,' 1870-1939."
159:
religious pedagogy on sports education, arguing that it promoted a Catholic spirituality with masculine undertones.
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3198:
2518:
Blair, Kelsey. "Screen and Roll: Transmissions of Embodied Knowledge through Canadian Women’s Basketball History."
2247:
Don Morrow, "Sweetheart Sport: Barbara Ann Scott and the Post World War II Image of the Female Athlete in Canada,"
1886:
Eric Zweig, "Playing Football the Canadian Way: When McGill Met Harvard in 1874 an Old Game Took a New Direction,"
1106:
997:
533:
425:
222:
all national the federations in the different sports went their own ways. In 1991 the C.T.F.A. changed its name to
1583:
John C. Leadley and Zenon X. Zygmont, "When Is the Honeymoon Over? National Hockey League Attendance, 1970-2003,"
957:. The event brought together coaches, academic administrators, and athletes to talk over the issues raised by the
5725:
5620:
5545:
5154:
5075:
3193:
2868:
2563:
Gillespie, Greg, 'Sport and "Masculinities" In Early-Nineteenth-Century Ontario: The British Travellers' Image."
2075:
Andrew Horrall, "'Keep-a-fighting! Play the Game!' Baseball and the Canadian Forces During the First World War,"
904:
721:
2584:
Lathrop, Anna H, 'Contested Terrain: Gender and "Movement" In Ontario Elementary Physical Education, 1940-70',
2551:
845:
In modern times, immigration from cricket-playing countries has seen a minor resurgence of the sport in Canada.
5204:
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305:
2062:
David Cooper, "Canadians Declare 'It Isn't Cricket': a Century of Rejection of the Imperial Game, 1860-1960."
1753:
J. J. Wilson, "27 Remarkable Days: the 1972 Summit Series of Ice Hockey Between Canada and the Soviet Union."
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2012:
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Lenskyj, Helen, 'Common Sense and Physiology: North American Medical Views On Women and Sport, 1890-1930',
2260:
Patrick J. Harrigan, "Women's Agency and the Development of Women's Intercollegiate Athletics, 1961-2001."
1701:
Ryan Eyford, "From Prairie Goolies to Canadian Cyclones: the Transformation of the 1920 Winnipeg Falcons."
440:
5307:
1727:
Daniel S. Mason, "The International Hockey League and the Professionalization of Ice Hockey, 1904-1907."
564:
The original six era cemented the NHL as the biggest draw in Canada, fuelled partly by the rivalry of the
5783:
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5575:
5272:
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4692:
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2234:
Carly Adams, "Queens of the Ice Lanes": The Preston Rivulettes and Women's Hockey in Canada, 1931-1940,"
1851:
529:
410:
275:
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At the same time, amateur hockey continued, and was still competitive with professional ice hockey. The
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1925:
T. George Vellathottam, Kevin G. Jones, "Highlights in the Development of Canadian Lacrosse to 1931,"
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1207:
989:. During this period of history, women became increasingly engaged in education, work, and suffrage.
2831:
2591:
Lenskyj, Helen, 'Whose Sport? Whose Traditions? Canadian Women and Sport in the Twentieth Century',
2461:
2156:
937:
While women's participation in sport began slowly, it eventually began accelerating after 1980. The
907:(CUC) were held, for the open division, in Ottawa 1987, produced by Marcus Brady and Brian Guthrie.
5778:
5660:
5590:
5106:
4400:
4340:
3537:
1766:
Markku Jokisipilä, "Maple Leaf, Hammer, and Sickle: International Ice Hockey During the Cold War."
1714:
John Wong, "Sport Networks on Ice: the Canadian Experience at the 1936 Olympic Hockey Tournament."
1330:
974:
724:. Both the Vancouver and Montreal clubs had their roots in lower-tier professional soccer leagues.
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1243:
1231:
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888:
528:. From a combination of the money of the mining of Timiskaming and the industry of Montreal, the
2605:
Metcalfe, Alan. 'Sports In Nineteenth-Century French Canada: The Case of Montreal, 1800-1914',
1617:
1605:
1492:
Bruce Kidd, "Muscular Christianity and Value-centred Sport: the Legacy of Tom Brown in Canada."
5715:
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5605:
4723:
4233:
3568:
3531:
3456:
2778:
Poulterab, Gillian. " Snowshoeing and Lacrosse: Canada's Nineteenth-Century 'National Games',"
2570:
Hall, M. Ann, 'Rarely Have We Asked Why: Reflections on Canadian Women's Experience in Sport',
2539:
Dallaire, Christine, 'Sport's Impact On The Francophoneness of the Alberta Francophone Games',
2213:
1638:
713:
689:
Governor General Earl Grey donated a championship trophy in 1907 to the best amateur team; the
540:
1836:
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3543:
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880:
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162:
In Anglophone Canada a strong influence came from the ideals of English author and reformer
1899:
Charles A. Kupfer, "Crabs in the Grey Cup: Baltimore's Canadian Football Sojourn, 1994-95,"
1145:
was formed to oversee events and sanction national championships.In 1978 it merged with the
656:, a Canadian born in Scotland whose parents immigrated to Canada when he was five, invented
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2739:
Media, Culture, and the Meanings of Hockey: Constructing a Canadian Hockey World, 1896-1907
1195:
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At the same time, the number of professional teams was expanding with the formation of the
239:
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8:
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in a friendly series. Canadian prime minister Pierre Trudeau and his Soviet counterpart,
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53:
945:
in 1970 marked major advances. Perhaps the most critical development came in 1974, when
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2441:
Metcalfe, Alan, 'The Meaning of Amateurism: A Case Study of Canadian Sport,1884-1970',
2178:
2039:
1631:
1557:
Colin D. Howell, "Baseball, Class and Community in the Maritime Provinces, 1870-1910,"
1269:
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816:
644:
565:
2615:
Sports Pioneers: A History of the Finnish-Canadian Amateur Sports Federation 1906-1986
2477:
Vol. 115, No. 456, Special Issue: Folklore in Canada (Spring, 2002), pp. 209–225
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2532:
Dauphinais, Paul R., 'A Class Act: French-Canadians In Organized Sport, 1840-1910',
2453:
2185:
1669:
1642:
1613:
1601:
1505:? Dave Brown, "The Northern Character Theme and Sport in Nineteenth Century Canada,"
1211:
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112:
71:
In the 21st century the major team sports played in Canada are ice hockey, baseball,
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2372:
Brown, D., 'The Northern Character Theme and Sport in Nineteenth Century Canada',
2090:"Canada's Forgotten National Sport · Canadian Law and Canadian Identity · Exhibits"
1298:
1293:
1074:
958:
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subsequently hosted the 1993, 1999, 2002 and 2011 Canadian Ultimate Championships.
892:
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2763:
Saving the Game: Pro Hockey's Quest to Raise its Game from Crisis to New Heights.
1337:
1184:'s outstanding performances in gymnastics helped popularize the sport in Canada.
858:
854:
674:
573:
100:
2113:
1544:
Trevor Williams, "Cheap Rates, Special Trains and Canadian Sport in the 1850s,"
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4582:
4443:
4391:
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3173:
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2891:
1869:
1181:
1021:
770:
716:, and began play in the 2011 season. In 2010, an MLS franchise was awarded to
632:
596:
80:
2325:
David Whitson, "Bringing the world to Canada: 'the periphery of the centre,'"
1806:
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3213:
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2647:
All Roads Lead to Hockey: Reports from Northern Canada to the Mexican Border.
2301:
The Montreal Olympics: An Insider's View of Organizing a Self-financing Games
601:
163:
108:
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Ballem, Charles, "Missing From The Canadian Sport Scene: Native Athletes,"
1102:
1098:
668:
was responsible for designing ringette's first set of official rules using
661:
624:
592:
585:
104:
5067:
2286:
Patrick Allen, "Les Jeux Olympiques: Icebergs ou Rampes de Lancements?,"
1876:. Society of Directors of Municipal Recreation of Ontario/Ringette Canada.
1405:
Charles Ballem, "Missing From The Canadian Sport Scene: Native Athletes."
524:, while the professionals took over as the elite leagues, playing for the
5252:
4764:
4754:
4238:
2984:
2969:
2654:
The Chequered Past: Sports Car Racing and Rallying in Canada, 1951 - 1991
2483:
Schrodt, Barbara, 'Problems of Periodization in Canadian Sport History',
833:
took place in 1844 between the United States and Canada in New York City.
525:
2770:
The Canadian Football League: The Phoenix of Professional Sports Leagues
2367:
For the love of the game: Amateur sport in small-town Ontario, 1838-1895
1316:
Barbara Schrodt, "Problems of Periodization in Canadian Sport History,"
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4253:
3245:
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2426:
Sport and politics in Canada: Federal government involvement since 1961
1943:
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247:
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33:
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before it withdrew its bid due to unacceptably high cost projections.
660:
in West Ferris in Northern Ontario (now North Bay, Ontario), in 1963.
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1219:
986:
982:
896:
868:
653:
521:
5338:
1967:
Shane Peacock, "The Toronto Huskies: Pro Basketball's False Start."
4345:
3341:
2789:
London, Ont.: Center for Social and Humanistic Studies, 1987. 207pp
2157:"Canada's Activities at Olympiad Is Placed in Hands of a Committee"
1355:"There's No Joy In Beachville: The True Story of Baseball's Origin"
1227:
1005:
738:
690:
657:
92:
72:
64:
before two different playing styles emerged, American football and
49:
45:
37:
2490:
Smith, Michael, 'Sport and Society: Towards a Synthetic History',
2436:
Canada Learns To Play: The Emergence of Organized Sport, 1807-1914
1392:
Victoria Paraschak, "Native Sport History: Pitfalls and Promise,"
1331:
Curling in Canada: From Gathering Place to International Spectacle
1852:"The origins of ringette, Espanola's McCarthy developed the game"
1665:
Elite Sport Development: Policy Learning And Political Priorities
876:
801:
41:
2782:(2003) 6#2 pp pages 293-320 DOI: 10.1080/14610980312331271639
1440:
Henry Roxborough, "The Beginning of Organized Sport in Canada,"
1065:
achievements and more on her beauty and her "sweetheart" image.
4952:
2695:
Hockey night in Canada: Sport, identities and cultural politics
2466:
Morrow, Don, 'The Myth of the Hero in Canadian Sport History',
2395:
Blood, Sweat, and Cheers: Sport and the Making of Modern Canada
84:
2722:
Diamonds of the North: A Concise History of Baseball in Canada
2688:
Huddling Up: The Inside Story of the Canadian Football League.
2180:
Immodest and Sensational: 150 years of Canadian women in sport
2667:
2527:
The Rites of Men: Manhood, Politics, and The Culture of Sport
1927:
Canadian Journal of History of Sport & Physical Education
2753:
Canada Curls: The Illustrated History of Curling in Canada,
2275:
The Girl and the Game: A History of Women's Sport in Canada.
1995:
Curling Capital: Winnipeg and the Roarin' Game, 1876 to 1988
2579:
The Girl and the Game: A History of Women's Sport in Canada
2144:
The Girl and the Game: A History of Women's Sport in Canada
1191:, used the event to reposition itself as world-class city.
1105:. Its "Policy on Women's Sport" called for "equality". The
88:
2662:
Dryden, Ken. "Soul on Ice: A Century of Canadian Hockey."
1097:
Women increasingly became more active after 1980. In 1981
2548:
Playing it Forward: 50 Years of Women and Sport in Canada
2204:
2709:
Northern Sandlots: A Social History of Maritime Baseball
1661:
1176:
Canadians have participated in the Olympics since 1900.
867:
began in the early 1970s, with promotional efforts from
553:
With fans having less discretionary spending during the
2341:"Why Toronto should get excited about the Pan Am Games"
708:
in 2007 became the first Canadian club in the American
2416:
The Game Planners: Transforming Canada's Sport System
2206:"Celebrating Women's Achievements: The Edmonton Grads"
1020:
Many barriers in women's sport fell in the 1920s. The
1004:, which then allowed Canadian women to compete in the
1870:"Ringette (A Game on Skates for Girls) Rules 1965-66"
1028:
were hired to cover their feats on the sports pages.
848:
712:(MLS). In 2009, another MLS franchise was awarded to
2388:
Not Just A Game: Essays in Canadian Sport Sociology
2165:. Winnipeg, Manitoba. December 5, 1931. p. 23.
1138:
National Fitness and Amateur Sport Advisory Council
1101:, a former Olympian, was named director general of
2177:
1630:
1187:Like Montreal, Calgary, Alberta, which hosted the
5835:
2303:(Montréal: McGill-Queens University Press, 2009)
212:
149:
2835:, online exhibit on Archives of Ontario website
2499:Game Plan: A Social History of Sport in Alberta
1143:Canadian Women's Intercollegiate Athletic Union
1755:Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions
5354:
5083:
4935:
3357:
2854:
2593:International Journal of the History of Sport
2534:International Journal of the History of Sport
2505:
1901:International Journal of the History of Sport
1494:International Journal of the History of Sport
1468:International Journal of the History of Sport
680:
2787:Canadian Football: The View from the Helmet.
2546:Demers, Guylaine and Lorraine Greaves, eds.
5097:
2381:Sports in Society: Issues and Controversies
5361:
5347:
5090:
5076:
4942:
4928:
4698:Canadian Wheelchair Basketball Association
4628:Canadian Cerebral Palsy Sports Association
3364:
3350:
2861:
2847:
1628:
1216:1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
875:, Toronto (1972–1985), the Vancouver Open
2794:Our Game: The History of Hockey in Canada
2666:(Dec 2000/Jan 2001), Vol. 80, Issue 6 in
2184:. Toronto, Ontario: Lorimer. p. 89.
1342:International Journal of Canadian Studies
1117:in 1992 and the landmark decision of the
1073:After 1939, the hyper-masculinity of the
140:
3510:Members of Canada's Olympic Hall of Fame
2338:
1837:"North Bay Sports Hall of Fame Inductee"
985:" around 1900. These women started with
824:
60:was initially developed by Canadians at
3505:Members of Canada's Sports Hall of Fame
2040:"Cricket in Canada: Over 200 Years Old"
2037:
1429:Forms of Play of Native North Americans
1427:Edward Norbeck Claire R. Farrer, eds.,
1208:first ever British Empire Games in 1930
1147:Canadian Intercollegiate Athletic Union
943:Royal Commission on the Status of Women
810:
14:
5836:
4703:Canadian Wheelchair Sports Association
2612:
955:National Conference on Women and Sport
871:(Frisbee distributor for Canada), the
5368:
5342:
5071:
4923:
3515:Recipients of the Northern Star Award
3345:
3323:
2842:
2818:Sports in Canada: Historical Readings
2607:Loisir et Societe/Society and Leisure
2033:
2031:
1849:
1817:from the original on 23 February 2017
1249:
1201:
1152:
939:Fitness and Amateur Sport Act of 1961
5706:Northwest Territories capital cities
3371:
2744:Manore, Jean L., and Dale G. Miner.
2674:Home Game: Hockey and Life in Canada
2600:Canadian Journal of History of Sport
2513:Canadian Journal of History of Sport
2485:Canadian Journal of History of Sport
2468:Canadian Journal of History of Sport
2374:Canadian Journal of History of Sport
2249:Canadian Journal of History of Sport
2175:
1546:Canadian Journal of History of Sport
1507:Canadian Journal of History of Sport
1407:Canadian Journal of History of Sport
1394:Canadian Journal of History of Sport
1318:Canadian Journal of History of Sport
1039:In Canadian women's ice hockey, the
994:Women's Amateur Federation of Canada
261:Amateur Hockey Association of Canada
2805:ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
2716:ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
2702:American Review of Canadian Studies
2409:International Communication Gazette
2386:Harvey, Jean and H. Cantelon, eds.
2000:
1980:Murray Greig, "Goin' the Distance"
1662:Mick Green; Barri Houlihan (2005).
941:(Bill C-131) and the report of the
925:Canadian women's ice hockey history
873:Canadian Open Frisbee Championships
24:
4648:Canadian Freestyle Ski Association
2810:
2632:
2617:. Alerts AC Historical Committee.
2312:Pierre Cayouette, "Montreal 1976"
2028:
1744:(Vancouver: Greystone Books, 2009)
1052:, women's sport took another hit.
849:Ultimate and disc sports (Frisbee)
291:Western Pennsylvania Hockey League
25:
5865:
3333:Links related to Sports in Canada
2877:Sports governing bodies in Canada
2824:
2746:The Culture of Hunting in Canada,
2475:The Journal of American Folklore,
2379:Coakley, Jay and Peter Donnelly,
2339:Peterson, David (July 10, 2014).
1668:. Psychology Press. p. 106.
831:first international cricket match
166:, especially as exemplified in
5815:
5803:
5802:
5233:
5215:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4951:
4904:
4903:
4673:Canadian Orienteering Federation
4618:Canadian Blind Sport Association
3326:
2870:
2792:Stubbs, Dave, and Neal Portnoy.
2672:Dryden, Ken, and Roy MacGregor.
2448:Morrow, Don, and Kevin Wamsley.
1993:Morris Mott and John Allardyce,
1940:The Journal of American Folklore
1637:. U. of Toronto Press. pp.
1520:The Journal of American Folklore
1107:Amateur Athletic Union of Canada
998:Amateur Athletic Union of Canada
951:Fitness and Amateur Sport Branch
788:boxing champion from Canada was
534:Pacific Coast Hockey Association
426:Pacific Coast Hockey Association
131:
18:Amateur Athletic Union of Canada
5485:Former colonies and territories
4957:Lists of sports teams in Canada
3890:Paralympics stats (host nation)
2681:Lacrosse: A History of the Game
2414:Macintosh, D. and D. Whitson.
2402:The Struggle For Canadian Sport
2354:
2332:
2319:
2306:
2293:
2280:
2267:
2262:Historical Studies in Education
2254:
2241:
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2198:
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2082:
2069:
2056:
1987:
1974:
1961:
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1919:
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1843:
1829:
1799:
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1734:
1721:
1708:
1695:
1682:
1655:
1633:The Struggle for Canadian Sport
1622:
1590:
1577:
1564:
1559:Social History/Histoire Sociale
1551:
1538:
1525:
1512:
1499:
1486:
1481:Historical Studies in Education
1473:
1460:
1447:
1431:(West Publishing Company: 1979)
1242:had been nominated to host the
1125:in their operating principles.
1077:blocked women's opportunities.
905:Canadian Ultimate Championships
727:
4740:Federation of Canadian Archers
4653:Canadian Interuniversity Sport
4229:Canadian Amateur Hockey League
2038:Moravan, Monika (2015-02-02).
1787:. Canada's Sports Hall of Fame
1742:The Rocket: A Cultural History
1434:
1421:
1418:Morrow and Wamsley (2005) p 11
1412:
1399:
1386:
1373:
1347:
1323:
1310:
1109:(AAU) became more supportive.
1048:. With money short during the
963:Sport Canada's Women's Program
177:
13:
1:
4810:Shooting Federation of Canada
4708:Canadian Yachting Association
4688:Canadian Snowboard Federation
4678:Canadian Paralympic Committee
4658:Canadian Lacrosse Association
4484:British Columbia Rugby League
4439:Inter-Provincial Championship
3392:Professional sports in Canada
3304:Canadian Paralympic Committee
2741:(Taylor & Francis, 2017).
1807:"Sam Jacks – Ringette Canada"
1379:Morrow and Kevin B. Wamsley,
949:and the federal government's
755:
229:
213:Organizational infrastructure
150:Cultural influences of sports
5854:Sports originating in Canada
5460:Crown and Indigenous peoples
4593:Aquatic Federation of Canada
4449:Futsal Canadian Championship
3527:Athletes of the 20th century
3447:Mixed martial arts in Canada
2094:exhibits.library.utoronto.ca
1115:Minister's Task Force Report
1068:
977:took place soon thereafter.
620:men's professional leagues.
539:In 1917, the NHA became the
7:
4876:Western Canada Summer Games
4693:Canadian Soccer Association
4643:Canadian Fencing Federation
3142:Other IOC-recognized sports
2450:Sport in Canada: A History.
2443:Journal of History of Sport
2210:Library and Archives Canada
1942:(2002) 115#456 pp.209-225
1690:Journal of Canadian Studies
1361:. SportsNet. 30 August 2015
1287:
1220:Vancouver, British Columbia
1157:
973:took lace in 1981, and the
879:Championships (1974–1976).
732:
638:
530:National Hockey Association
411:National Hockey Association
276:Manitoba Hockey Association
52:began the Canadian town of
10:
5870:
5844:History of sport in Canada
4886:List of stadiums in Canada
4775:Nordic Combined Ski Canada
4668:Canadian Olympic Committee
4623:Canadian Canoe Association
4351:List of Grey Cup champions
3562:international competitions
3299:Canadian Olympic Committee
2558:Sport and Gender in Canada
2506:Race, ethnicity and gender
2359:
1781:"Hall of Famer, Sam Jacks"
1533:Sport in Canada: A History
1522:(2002) 115#456, pp.209-225
1455:Sport in Canada: A History
1381:Sport in Canada: A History
1344:(2007), Issue 35, pp 39-60
1253:
1236:Victoria, British Columbia
1161:
1050:Great Depression in Canada
918:
852:
814:
799:
795:
780:
759:
736:
681:Football, rugby and soccer
650:Canada Sports Hall of Fame
642:
233:
194:
122:
29:history of Canadian sports
5797:
5766:
5646:
5596:Newfoundland and Labrador
5559:
5435:
5376:
5318:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
5242:
5231:
5105:
5023:
5015:Newfoundland and Labrador
4962:
4899:
4863:
4795:Minister of State (Sport)
4663:Canadian Luge Association
4608:Bobsleigh Canada Skeleton
4570:
4494:
4466:
4369:
4328:
4318:Newfoundland and Labrador
4221:
3971:
3910:
3889:
3758:
3607:
3559:
3495:
3467:Shooting sports in Canada
3379:
3339:
3309:Commonwealth Sport Canada
3294:
3246:Australian rules football
3238:
3222:
3141:
3055:
2884:
2640:Golf in Canada: A History
2613:Tester, Jim, ed. (1986).
2560:, (1999), pp. 40–64.
2329:(2004) 25#7 pp 1215-1232.
2077:Canadian Military History
1813:. Ringette Canada. 2017.
967:Female Athlete Conference
776:
447:
75:, Canadian football, and
5323:Turks and Caicos Islands
4830:Swimming Natation Canada
3911:Commonwealth Games stats
3538:Velma Springstead Trophy
2430:excerpts and text search
2420:excerpts and text search
2064:Journal of Sport History
1916:(2002) 33#2 pp: 121-137.
1729:Journal of Sport History
1610:Journal of Sport History
1572:Journal of Sport History
1304:
1128:
1092:
1084:
1055:
1031:
1015:
975:Constitution Act of 1982
965:took place in 1980, the
914:
903:first events. The first
696:Canadian Football League
614:World Hockey Association
574:Maurice "Rocket" Richard
203:
5849:Sports venues in Canada
5449:Persons of significance
5099:Sports in North America
4638:Cycling Canada Cyclisme
4382:Canadian Premier League
2832:Ontario's Sporting Past
2798:excerpt and text search
2780:Culture, Sport, Society
2774:excerpt and text search
2765:(2nd ed. 2006). 420 pp.
2757:excerpt and text search
2658:excerpt and text search
2588:, 2002, 94(2): 165–182.
2520:Canadian Theatre Review
2494:, 1989, 18(2): 150–158.
2146:(Broadview Press, 2002)
1282:2015 Pan American Games
1278:1999 Pan American Games
1274:1967 Pan American Games
1264:2015 Pan American Games
1260:1999 Pan American Games
1256:1967 Pan American Games
1244:2014 Commonwealth Games
1232:1994 Commonwealth Games
1224:1978 Commonwealth Games
1000:and its vice-president
5480:Events of significance
5268:British Virgin Islands
4963:Ice hockey by province
4724:Canadian Hockey League
3532:Bobbie Rosenfeld Award
3457:Rugby league in Canada
2595:, 1992, 9(1): 141–150.
2567:, 2002, 92(2), 113-26.
2290:(1976) 65#5 pp 271-323
2008:"19th Century Cricket"
1958:(2005) 36#2 pp 115-129
1890:(1995) 75#55 pp 24-29.
1692:(2006) 40#1 pp 125-156
1587:(2006) 32#2 pp 213-232
1585:Canadian Public Policy
1574:(2000) 27#2 pp 195-227
1561:(1989) 22#4 pp 265-286
1496:(2006) 23#5 pp 701-713
1483:(2005) 17#2 pp 243-263
1470:(2006) 23#2 pp 267-284
1272:. Winnipeg hosted the
1119:Canadian Sport Council
1046:Dominion championships
971:Women in Sport program
834:
541:National Hockey League
168:Tom Brown's Schooldays
141:First organized sports
5601:Northwest Territories
5546:Territorial evolution
5246:and other territories
5205:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4429:Canadian Championship
4387:Northern Super League
3972:National sports teams
3759:Winter Olympics stats
3608:Summer Olympics stats
3544:Lionel Conacher Award
3462:Rugby union in Canada
3256:Fullbore target rifle
3056:Winter Olympic sports
2885:Summer Olympic sports
2785:Stebbins, Robert A.
2543:, 2003, 25(2): 33–58.
2536:, 1992 7(3): 432–442.
2515:, 1983, 14(2): 33–39.
2487:, 1990, 21(1): 65–76.
2445:, 1995, 26(2): 33–48.
2411:79.2 (2017): 120–134.
2376:, 1989, 20(1), 47–56.
2327:Third World Quarterly
2316:(2009) 89#6 pp 42-44.
2299:Paul Charles Howell,
2176:Hall, M. Ann (2008).
1770:(2006) 37#1 pp 36-53.
1757:(2004) 5#2 pp 271-280
1612:2000 27(2): 195-227.
1600:2003 34(2): 133-167.
1548:(1981) 12#2 pp 84-93.
1409:(1983) 14#2 pp 33-39.
1320:(1990) 21#1 pp 65-76.
1280:. Toronto hosted the
863:In Canada, organized
828:
766:History of basketball
5621:Prince Edward Island
5298:Netherlands Antilles
5010:Prince Edward Island
4891:List of Canada Games
4815:Speed Skating Canada
4718:Cross Country Canada
4479:Ontario Rugby League
4313:Prince Edward Island
3482:Volleyball in Canada
3432:Ice hockey in Canada
3402:Basketball in Canada
2602:, 1990,21(1): 49–64.
2574:, 1980, 6(1): 51-60.
2251:(1987) 18#1 pp 36-54
2236:Sport History Review
2079:(2001) 10#2 pp 27-40
2066:(1999) 26#1 pp 51-81
1956:Sport History Review
1914:Sport History Review
1850:Mayer, Norm (1989).
1768:Sport History Review
1731:(1998) 25#1 pp 1-17.
1718:2003 34(2): 190-212.
1716:Sport History Review
1705:(2006) 37#1 pp 5-18.
1703:Sport History Review
1598:Sport History Review
1531:Morrow and Wamsley,
1509:(1989) 20#1 pp 47-56
1453:Morrow and Wamsley,
1396:(1989) 20#1 pp 57-68
1268:Canada hosted three
1240:Halifax, Nova Scotia
1196:2010 Winter Olympics
1189:1988 Winter Olympics
1172:2010 Winter Olympics
1168:1988 Winter Olympics
1164:1976 Summer Olympics
1123:gender equity quotas
1010:British Empire Games
811:Baseball and cricket
762:Basketball in Canada
240:Ice hockey in Canada
5536:Population history
5507:Chinese immigration
5328:U.S. Virgin Islands
5220:Trinidad and Tobago
5115:Antigua and Barbuda
4840:Table Tennis Canada
4745:Field Hockey Canada
4683:Canada Rugby League
4249:World Cup of Hockey
3979:Australian football
3497:Significant figures
3452:Quidditch in Canada
2816:Mott, Morris, ed.
2686:Goodman, Jeffrey.
2652:Charters, David A.
2424:Macintosh, Donald.
2238:(2008) 39#1 pp 1-29
2162:Winnipeg Free Press
2114:"ocua hall of fame"
1929:(1974) 5#2 pp 31-47
1903:(2007) 24#1 pp 49-6
1629:Bruce Kidd (1996).
1444:(1975) 2#3 pp 30-43
953:(FASB) sponsored a
710:Major League Soccer
570:Toronto Maple Leafs
250:leagues (1886–1926)
54:Beachville, Ontario
32:sports, especially
5155:Dominican Republic
4800:Ski Jumping Canada
4244:Stanley Cup Finals
3589:Commonwealth Games
3442:Lacrosse in Canada
3397:Baseball in Canada
2707:Howell, Colin D.
2693:Gruneau, Richard.
2638:Barclay, James A.
2522:169 (2017): 20–25.
2345:The Globe and Mail
2044:New Canadian Media
1971:1996 76(5): 33-38.
1740:Benoit Melancon,
1336:2016-05-05 at the
1270:Pan American Games
1250:Pan American Games
1206:Canada hosted the
1202:Commonwealth Games
1153:Multi-sports Games
1041:Preston Rivulettes
921:Ringette in Canada
835:
817:Baseball in Canada
645:Ringette in Canada
566:Montreal Canadiens
511:Timiskaming League
5831:
5830:
5822:Canada portal
5392:18000 BCE–1500 CE
5370:History of Canada
5336:
5335:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5058:
4917:
4916:
4850:Volleyball Canada
4336:U Sports football
4097:Ice sledge hockey
3550:Tip O'Neill Award
3477:Surfing in Canada
3427:Cycling in Canada
3422:Cricket in Canada
3412:Canadian football
3317:
3316:
3251:Canadian football
3230:Wheelchair sports
3223:Paralympic sports
3194:Motorcycle racing
3149:American football
2989:Modern Pentathlon
2737:Lorenz, Stacy L.
2720:Humber, William.
2458:978-0-19-541996-2
2434:Metcalfe, Alan.
2393:Howell, Colin D.
2365:Bouchier, Nancy
2264:(2003) 15#1 37-76
2191:978-1-55277-021-4
1228:Edmonton, Alberta
1214:, as well as the
1212:Hamilton, Ontario
1062:Barbara Ann Scott
1026:Phyllis Griffiths
1002:J. Howard Crocker
885:double disc court
840:John A. Macdonald
821:Cricket in Canada
666:Espanola, Ontario
572:. The Canadiens'
113:mountain climbing
66:Canadian football
62:McGill University
58:American football
16:(Redirected from
5861:
5820:
5819:
5818:
5806:
5805:
5757:Name etymologies
5637:Name etymologies
5576:British Columbia
5491:Heritage Minutes
5363:
5356:
5349:
5340:
5339:
5308:Saint Barthélemy
5237:
5107:Sovereign states
5092:
5085:
5078:
5069:
5068:
4970:British Columbia
4956:
4955:
4944:
4937:
4930:
4921:
4920:
4907:
4906:
4780:Quidditch Canada
4750:Floorball Canada
4588:Athletics Canada
4571:Governing bodies
4434:Challenge Trophy
4273:British Columbia
3599:Special Olympics
3520:Team of the Year
3472:Soccer in Canada
3407:Boxing in Canada
3387:Sports in Canada
3373:Sports in Canada
3366:
3359:
3352:
3343:
3342:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3321:
3320:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2768:O'Brien, Steve.
2628:
2609:, 1983: 105–120.
2497:Wall, Karen L.
2470:, 1992, 2:72–83.
2452:(2005). 318 pp.
2349:
2348:
2336:
2330:
2323:
2317:
2310:
2304:
2297:
2291:
2288:Action Nationale
2284:
2278:
2271:
2265:
2258:
2252:
2245:
2239:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2216:on March 7, 2016
2212:. Archived from
2202:
2196:
2195:
2183:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2153:
2147:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2125:
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2110:
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2100:
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2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2004:
1998:
1991:
1985:
1978:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1952:
1946:
1936:
1930:
1923:
1917:
1910:
1904:
1897:
1891:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1874:Ringette Calgary
1866:
1860:
1859:
1856:The Sudbury Star
1847:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
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1451:
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1425:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1403:
1397:
1390:
1384:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1351:
1345:
1327:
1321:
1314:
1299:History of sport
1294:Heritage Minutes
1075:Second World War
959:Royal Commission
783:Boxing in Canada
702:Soccer in Canada
555:Great Depression
548:Winnipeg Falcons
224:Athletics Canada
21:
5869:
5868:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5858:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5827:
5816:
5814:
5793:
5762:
5642:
5563:and territories
5562:
5555:
5431:
5380:
5372:
5367:
5337:
5332:
5238:
5229:
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5066:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5019:
4958:
4950:
4948:
4918:
4913:
4895:
4859:
4603:Biathlon Canada
4598:Baseball Canada
4566:
4490:
4462:
4365:
4324:
4217:
3967:
3906:
3885:
3754:
3603:
3579:Winter Olympics
3574:Summer Olympics
3561:
3555:
3491:
3417:Chess in Canada
3375:
3370:
3335:
3332:
3327:
3325:
3318:
3313:
3290:
3234:
3218:
3137:
3116:Nordic combined
3051:
2880:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2827:
2813:
2811:Primary sources
2772:(2nd ed. 2005)
2751:Maxwell, Doug.
2690:(1981). 249 pp.
2679:Fisher, D.B.
2635:
2633:Specific sports
2625:
2586:Ontario History
2565:Ontario History
2508:
2383:, (2003), 576pp
2362:
2357:
2352:
2337:
2333:
2324:
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2036:
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2019:
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2006:
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2001:
1992:
1988:
1984:1996, Pp 56-61.
1979:
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1539:
1535:(2005) pp 44-47
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1352:
1348:
1338:Wayback Machine
1329:Heather Mair, "
1328:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1290:
1266:
1254:Main articles:
1252:
1204:
1174:
1162:Main articles:
1160:
1155:
1131:
1095:
1087:
1071:
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1034:
1018:
927:
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861:
859:Ultimate Canada
855:Ken Westerfield
853:Main articles:
851:
823:
815:Main articles:
813:
804:
798:
785:
779:
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760:Main articles:
758:
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675:Ringette Canada
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146:championships.
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101:track and field
23:
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5:
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5786:
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5779:Historiography
5776:
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5509:
5499:
5497:Historic Sites
5494:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5455:Constitutional
5452:
5441:
5439:
5433:
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5430:
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5295:
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5285:
5280:
5275:
5273:Cayman Islands
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5249:
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4529:Tournaments...
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4444:Jubilee Trophy
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4392:League1 Canada
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4261:University Cup
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3078:Figure skating
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2825:External links
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2800:
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2761:Moore, Mark.
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2704:, 2004, 34(1).
2698:
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2649:(2006). 240 pp
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1022:Edmonton Grads
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771:James Naismith
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640:
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633:Salt Lake City
597:Alexei Kosygin
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81:figure skating
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5000:New Brunswick
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4845:Tennis Canada
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4828:
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4825:Squash Canada
4823:
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4785:Rowing Canada
4783:
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4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4770:Karate Canada
4768:
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4763:
4761:
4760:Hockey Canada
4758:
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4735:Equine Canada
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4578:Alpine Canada
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4459:
4458:List of teams
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4361:List of teams
4359:
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4347:
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4303:New Brunswick
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4131:
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4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4102:Inline hockey
4100:
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3380:Main articles
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3111:Cross country
3109:
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2645:Boyd, Bill.
2644:
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2552:online review
2549:
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2525:Burstyn, V.
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2500:
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2273:M. Ann Hall,
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2142:M. Ann Hall,
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2015:
2014:
2009:
2003:
1996:
1990:
1983:
1977:
1970:
1964:
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1785:sportshall.ca
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968:
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606:
603:
602:Summit Series
598:
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581:
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575:
571:
567:
562:
558:
556:
551:
549:
544:
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531:
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249:
241:
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210:
201:
192:
188:
184:
175:
171:
169:
165:
164:Thomas Hughes
160:
156:
147:
138:
132:First Nations
129:
120:
116:
114:
110:
109:rollerblading
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
5813:
5801:
5774:Bibliography
5626:Saskatchewan
5540:
5524:Peacekeeping
5489:
5427:1982–present
5313:Saint Martin
5244:Dependencies
5024:Other sports
4980:Saskatchewan
4871:Quebec Games
4820:Sport Canada
4805:Skate Canada
4790:Rugby Canada
4528:
4501:
4495:Other sports
4473:
4467:Rugby league
4423:
4376:
4283:Saskatchewan
4267:
4203:
4189:
4175:
4161:
4147:
4129:
4115:Rugby league
4111:
4091:women's U-18
4073:
4050:
4037:Field hockey
4036:
4022:
4008:
3594:Pan Am Games
3487:Canada Games
3276:Rugby league
3261:Gaelic games
3239:Other sports
3199:Orienteering
3133:Snowboarding
3013:Table tennis
2960:Field hockey
2830:
2817:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2769:
2762:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2721:
2708:
2701:
2694:
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2673:
2663:
2653:
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2614:
2606:
2599:
2592:
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2578:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2474:
2467:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2425:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2355:Bibliography
2344:
2334:
2326:
2321:
2313:
2308:
2300:
2295:
2287:
2282:
2274:
2269:
2261:
2256:
2248:
2243:
2235:
2230:
2218:. Retrieved
2214:the original
2209:
2200:
2179:
2171:
2160:
2151:
2143:
2138:
2129:
2119:November 20,
2117:. Retrieved
2108:
2097:. Retrieved
2093:
2084:
2076:
2071:
2063:
2058:
2047:. Retrieved
2043:
2018:. Retrieved
2011:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1981:
1976:
1968:
1963:
1955:
1950:
1939:
1934:
1926:
1921:
1913:
1908:
1900:
1895:
1887:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1845:
1831:
1819:. Retrieved
1810:
1801:
1789:. Retrieved
1784:
1775:
1767:
1762:
1754:
1749:
1741:
1736:
1728:
1723:
1715:
1710:
1702:
1697:
1689:
1684:
1664:
1657:
1632:
1624:
1609:
1597:
1592:
1584:
1579:
1571:
1566:
1558:
1553:
1545:
1540:
1532:
1527:
1519:
1514:
1506:
1501:
1493:
1488:
1480:
1475:
1467:
1462:
1454:
1449:
1441:
1436:
1428:
1423:
1414:
1406:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1380:
1375:
1363:. Retrieved
1359:sportsnet.ca
1358:
1349:
1341:
1325:
1317:
1312:
1267:
1205:
1193:
1186:
1178:
1175:
1135:
1132:
1122:
1111:
1103:Sport Canada
1099:Abby Hoffman
1096:
1088:
1079:
1072:
1059:
1038:
1035:
1019:
991:
979:
936:
932:
928:
862:
844:
836:
805:
790:George Dixon
786:
769:
750:
746:
742:
728:Other sports
700:
688:
684:
662:Red McCarthy
648:
631:Olympics in
629:
625:Memorial Cup
622:
618:
611:
607:
593:Soviet Union
590:
586:Soviet Union
582:
578:
563:
559:
552:
545:
538:
519:
515:
507:
246:Early men's
220:
216:
207:
198:
189:
185:
181:
172:
167:
161:
157:
153:
144:
135:
126:
117:
105:snowboarding
70:
28:
26:
5716:Quebec City
5671:Fredericton
5606:Nova Scotia
5531:Monarchical
5502:Immigration
5303:Puerto Rico
5210:Saint Lucia
5160:El Salvador
5005:Nova Scotia
4765:Judo Canada
4755:Golf Canada
4557:Horse races
4474:Tournaments
4308:Nova Scotia
4239:Stanley Cup
4138:men's youth
4120:Rugby union
3584:Paralympics
3209:Rugby union
3179:Dance sport
3154:Auto racing
2541:Ethnologies
2418:. (1990).
1821:8 September
1811:ringette.ca
1791:8 September
1457:(2005) ch 3
1383:(2005) ch 2
1121:to include
901:disc sports
865:disc sports
722:2012 season
526:Stanley Cup
178:Sports fans
5838:Categories
5784:Historians
5721:Saint John
5686:Lethbridge
5519:Operations
5293:Montserrat
5288:Martinique
5283:Guadeloupe
5140:Costa Rica
5036:Basketball
4855:Water Polo
4613:Basketball
4537:Motorsport
4517:Basketball
4356:Vanier Cup
4254:Canada Cup
4222:Ice hockey
4204:Water polo
4190:Volleyball
4082:men's U-20
4074:Ice hockey
4059:men's U-19
4009:Basketball
3560:Canada at
3552:(baseball)
3088:Ice hockey
3029:Volleyball
2975:Gymnastics
2952:Equestrian
2934:Basketball
2917:Water polo
2711:. (1995).
2529:. (1999).
2492:Acadiensis
2438:. (1987).
2404:. (1996).
2397:. (2001).
2099:2024-07-30
2049:2024-07-30
1365:23 January
1230:, and the
1141:1969, the
947:Marion Lay
919:See also:
838:Minister,
756:Basketball
737:See also:
706:Toronto FC
670:basketball
652:inductee,
248:ice hockey
236:Ice hockey
230:Ice hockey
77:basketball
34:ice hockey
5746:Vancouver
5736:Saskatoon
5561:Provinces
5475:Etymology
5445:Canadians
5422:1960–1981
5417:1945–1960
5412:1914–1945
5407:1867–1914
5402:1763–1867
5397:1534–1763
5378:Year list
5278:Greenland
5195:Nicaragua
5170:Guatemala
4180:Davis Cup
4107:Quidditch
4051:Floorball
3999:Badminton
3281:Quidditch
3184:Floorball
3121:Freestyle
3068:Bobsleigh
3047:Wrestling
3025:Triathlon
3017:Taekwondo
2993:Rugby 7's
2929:Badminton
2924:Athletics
2820:, (1989).
2683:. (2002).
2581:. (2002).
1982:MacMillan
1618:0094-1700
1606:1087-1659
1069:Post WWII
987:bicycling
983:new woman
899:, became
897:disc golf
889:disc guts
881:Freestyle
869:Irwin Toy
714:Vancouver
654:Sam Jacks
522:Allan Cup
5808:Category
5767:Research
5751:Winnipeg
5701:Montreal
5681:Hamilton
5666:Edmonton
5656:Brampton
5581:Manitoba
5514:Military
5470:Economic
5465:Cultural
5383:Timeline
5253:Anguilla
5180:Honduras
5150:Dominica
5125:Barbados
5046:Lacrosse
5041:Football
5031:Baseball
4985:Manitoba
4909:Category
4522:Lacrosse
4505:Baseball
4502:Teams...
4346:Grey Cup
4329:Football
4288:Manitoba
4148:Softball
4069:Football
4004:Baseball
3569:Olympics
3540:(female)
3534:(female)
3286:Ultimate
3271:Ringette
3266:Racquets
3189:Lacrosse
3164:Baseball
3098:Skeleton
3063:Biathlon
3008:Shooting
2980:Handball
2942:Canoeing
2907:Swimming
2897:Aquatics
2697:, (1993)
2572:Atlantis
2550:(2014).
2479:in JSTOR
2390:, (1988)
2369:. (2003)
1944:in JSTOR
1815:Archived
1334:Archived
1288:See also
1276:and the
1158:Olympics
1008:and the
1006:Olympics
893:ultimate
739:Lacrosse
733:Lacrosse
720:for the
718:Montreal
691:Grey Cup
658:ringette
639:Ringette
568:and the
97:swimming
93:paddling
73:softball
50:baseball
46:ringette
38:lacrosse
5789:Surveys
5741:Toronto
5696:Moncton
5691:Markham
5676:Halifax
5611:Nunavut
5586:Ontario
5571:Alberta
5263:Bermuda
5185:Jamaica
5165:Grenada
5120:Bahamas
4990:Ontario
4975:Alberta
4864:Related
4835:Synchro
4583:Archery
4562:Curling
4510:defunct
4377:Leagues
4293:Ontario
4278:Alberta
4184:Fed Cup
4023:Cricket
3174:Cricket
3126:Jumping
3102:Skiing
3073:Curling
3003:Sailing
2956:Fencing
2947:Cycling
2912:Synchro
2892:Archery
2796:(2006)
2755:(2002)
2656:(2007)
2428:(2003)
2360:Surveys
2016:. Dubai
877:Frisbee
802:Curling
796:Curling
195:Funding
123:Origins
42:curling
5726:Regina
5711:Ottawa
5648:Cities
5616:Quebec
5541:Sports
5437:Topics
5200:Panama
5190:Mexico
5135:Canada
5130:Belize
5051:Soccer
4995:Quebec
4730:Diving
4552:Soccer
4542:Tennis
4403:· ON (
4370:Soccer
4298:Quebec
4176:Tennis
4162:Squash
4130:Soccer
4124:sevens
3983:Bandy
3546:(male)
3214:Squash
3106:Alpine
3033:Indoor
3021:Tennis
2998:Rowing
2965:Soccer
2938:Boxing
2902:Diving
2748:(2006)
2731:
2724:(1995)
2676:(1989)
2664:Beaver
2642:(1992)
2621:
2501:(2012)
2456:
2314:Beaver
2277:(2002)
2220:May 8,
2188:
1997:(1989)
1969:Beaver
1888:Beaver
1672:
1645:
1616:
1604:
1442:Canada
1262:, and
1222:, the
1170:, and
777:Boxing
111:, and
99:, and
85:skiing
56:, and
44:, and
5631:Yukon
5551:Women
5258:Aruba
5175:Haiti
4547:Cycle
4409:women
4268:Teams
4212:women
4198:women
4170:women
4156:women
4142:women
4112:Rugby
4086:women
4063:women
4045:women
4031:women
4017:women
3992:women
3169:Chess
3159:Bandy
3036:Beach
2879:(CAN)
2668:EBSCO
2020:4 May
1641:–28.
1305:Notes
1129:1990s
1093:1980s
1085:1970s
1056:1940s
1032:1930s
1016:1920s
915:Women
351:ECAHA
204:Media
5145:Cuba
4532:Golf
4424:Cups
4411:) ·
3963:2022
3958:2018
3953:2014
3948:2010
3943:2006
3938:2002
3933:1982
3928:1962
3923:1950
3918:1930
3902:2010
3897:1976
3881:2022
3876:2018
3871:2014
3866:2010
3861:2006
3856:2002
3851:1998
3846:1994
3841:1992
3836:1988
3831:1984
3826:1980
3821:1976
3816:1972
3811:1968
3806:1964
3801:1960
3796:1956
3791:1952
3786:1948
3781:1936
3776:1932
3771:1928
3766:1924
3750:2024
3745:2020
3740:2016
3735:2012
3730:2008
3725:2004
3720:2000
3715:1996
3710:1992
3705:1988
3700:1984
3695:1976
3690:1972
3685:1968
3680:1964
3675:1960
3670:1956
3665:1952
3660:1948
3655:1936
3650:1932
3645:1928
3640:1924
3635:1920
3630:1912
3625:1908
3620:1904
3615:1900
3093:Luge
2985:Judo
2970:Golf
2729:ISBN
2619:ISBN
2454:ISBN
2222:2019
2186:ISBN
2121:2014
2022:2024
1823:2022
1793:2022
1670:ISBN
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1614:ISSN
1602:ISSN
1367:2023
1194:The
923:and
909:OCUA
895:and
857:and
829:The
819:and
764:and
623:The
499:1926
493:1921
487:1916
481:1911
475:1906
469:1901
463:1896
457:1891
451:1886
441:WCHL
381:OPHL
366:TPHL
336:IPHL
321:FAHL
306:CAHL
238:and
89:golf
27:The
5447:- (
4405:men
4341:CFL
4234:NHL
4208:men
4194:men
4166:men
4152:men
4134:men
4078:men
4055:men
4041:men
4027:men
4013:men
3987:men
2013:ICC
1340:,"
1234:in
1226:in
1218:in
1210:in
664:of
396:CHA
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4413:QC
4407:·
4401:BC
4399:·
4397:AB
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