Alexey Shchusev - Knowledge

494: 464: 1406: 427: 442: 2190:" that were raised in 1937 were, for the most part, justified. Shchusev's workplace ethics were not much different from those of other Soviet architectural bosses, but his treatment of assistants was particularly controversial. Nikifor Tamonkin (1881–1951), one of his closest associates for almost forty years, and a competent architect in his own right, described Shchusev as an unforgiving, disrespectful, ruthless exploiter of "lesser people". "He had zero tolerance to his assistants, especially to me. Due to my peasant roots and sketchy education, he looked at me like an American or an Englishman looks at а "defective" native. This was the most conspicuous and substantial side of his personality." According to Tamonkin, Shchusev treated his wife, children, and his junior brother Pavel just as harshly: in his bipolar world of "important" and "unimportant" people, the family belonged to the second class. 1358: 479: 1820: 33: 1068:. The reasons for choosing Shchusev remain unknown. Dmitry Chmelnizki speculates that, regardless of Shchusev's conservative planning policies, he had already become "the architect closest to the Communist Party elite". The first, temporary, wooden mausoleum was designed overnight and erected in three days, at temperatures reaching −30 °C. Due to a lack of time and resources, Shchusev's original proposal was scaled down to a bare minimum. The resulting makeshift hut was too small for its intended role as a communist shrine; thus in March 1924 Shchusev was commanded to design and build a larger temporary structure that could also function as a 1016: 1370: 881: 1835: 1382: 2111: 1394: 1162: 1028: 1140: 2287: 1680:, Shchusev's trusted deputy at the workshop, joined the "purge frenzy", along with many of his former associates. By the end of September, Shchusev had been dismissed from all his managerial positions; his chair of the 2nd State Workshop passed to Chechulin. The new boss immediately fired those who sympathized with Shchusev, and distributed his ongoing projects to other assistants. Very few people, notably Eugene Lanceray and 2151:, who was hired in 1935 and by 1946 had become the leader of his own design institute. However, most of Shchusev's staff stayed with the firm for decades. Some long-term associates, particularly Eugene Lanceray and Isidor Frantsuz, are well known to art collectors, and their works are usually easily identifiable. Others worked exclusively for the firm and remained unknown; their authorship cannot be reliably ascertained. 5659: 1709:; but, according to Schlögel, its true target was the older generation of established architects, such as Shchusev. Mark Meerovich agrees with the motive, but does not name Alabyan, or any particular person. According to Dmitry Chmelnizki, neither the people behind the attack, nor their motives can be established with any certainty. One possible pretext, mentioned in 493: 868:. Pokrovsky leaned to a "true" recreation of the medieval spirit, while Shchusev was more responsive to Art Nouveau influences. According to Ikonnikov, Shchusev stood above Pokrovsky, due to a combination of his natural intuitive talent, first-hand knowledge of world architecture, and experience in archaeological research. Works by "second-tier" architects such as 2140:, which were then distributed to his assistants for proper drawing. Almost all ink drawings and watercolours published by Shchusev in the 1920s–1940s under his own name were created by others. Shchusev valued fine draftsmanship; a few well executed watercolors could guarantee an applicant a place in Shchusev's firm. This was, for instance, the case with 863: 2102:. According to Chmelnizky, Shchusev performed in Stalinist architecture as brilliantly as he did in Art Nouveau and Constructivism; but this time the superlatives had nothing to do with art. Rather, they marked "the highest degree of compliance with the requirements of censorship", including Shchusev occasionally acting as a censor himself. 807: 1194: 2291: 1106:. The opportunity was lost when the architects replaced most of the porphyry with granite. Shchusev created an illusion that the Mausoleum is made of solid granite blocks, when in reality it is primarily concrete covered with thin granite panels. This third mausoleum, superficially similar to its predecessor, disposed with 1247:; the latter proposal won the contest. Avant-garde groups unanimously condemned "stylistic double-dealing" by both Shchusev and Shchuko. Contempt for Shchusev's indiscriminate "omnivoracity" persisted for decades, even making its way into a 1985 Soviet college textbook. Even Nesterov complained that Shchusev was all about 727:, designed in 1907–1909 and completed in 1910: "the strictly functional floorplan, nearly absolute absence of direct borrowings, and the freedom in the treatment of form foreshadow Shchusev's constructivist buildings... thoroughly modern, in spite of clear allusions to Old Russian architecture". According to biographer 1941:. These projects were planned not at Akademproekt but at a special state-owned workshop for urban redevelopment. The Akademproekt, expanded through the hire of Shchusev's former associates, was overloaded with ongoing projects and new defense contracts. The former included expansion of the Lenin Mausoleum, the new 1091:, supported by local historian Alexey Klimenko, asserts that the Mausoleum was designed solely by Frantsuz. Subsequent research reinstated Shchusev to his rightful place; it is, however, true that during the design process Shchusev often traveled out of Moscow, leaving Frantsuz as the de facto lead architect. 2199:

voices of the professional elite, and often heeded their pleas—even moreso when the advocate was the architect of the Lenin Mausoleum. Prior to 1937, Shchusev never hesitated to use the mausoleum as his trump card; although, after 1937, according to Vaskin, that argument lost its former effectiveness.

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would remain intact, with carefully placed "rays" of boulevards and parks extending from the Kremlin to the suburbs. Shchusev consistently rejected large-scale, all-or-nothing redevelopment ideas, and preferred continuing to build off of the existing city. He often clashed with the city authorities,

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inside, became the symbols of Soviet Moscow, very little is known about the subterranean core of the Mausoleum. As of 2021, its floor plans, structural and vertical layout remain classified. A single 1930 publication revealed that the as-built internal volume of the third Mausoleum encompassed 2,400

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At the same time, Shchusev often acted as the advocate for the "lesser people" wrongfully persecuted by the communist regime. He was quite effective in this role, owing to his business skill and his first-hand knowledge of the communist leaders, the NKVD chiefs in particular. The NKVD was undeaf to

2098:), he still valued functionality and freedom of composition above exterior decorations. He disposed with his trademark asymmetry but never mastered the new visual code of "superhuman monumentality". Very soon, he lost out to the younger generation of architects, who willfully and sincerely embraced 2333:

assumed control of the New Moscow redevelopment plan sponsored by the communist city council. The planning team emerged as an extension of Zholtovsky's workshop; but by 1922 Shchusev, as the chairman of the Moscow Architectural Society, became the sole leader of the project. Although his staff was

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The back-and-forth, iterative cycle of sketching and drafting allowed Shchusev to explore many alternatives simultaneously, and to keep on improving the design during construction. His completed buildings invariably deviate from the originally approved draft. Shchusev considered himself a builder,

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response to the structural weakness of the former Grand Hotel building, which had been incorporated into the new hotel. The theaters in Novosibirsk and Moscow were less fortunate. The former was completed to Shchusev's exterior design in 1945, losing Grinberg's interior innovations in the process.

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One of Shchusev's last constructivist building in Moscow, the Military Transport Academy, was designed in 1929–1930 and completed in 1934. According to Dmitry Chmelnizki, it was "one of Shchusev's best works... True modern architecture – rational, restrained, serious and finely drawn". Finally, in

283:), as the fourth of five children in the family of a provincial civil administrator. Both his parents died when Alexey was fifteen years old. With the help of older siblings and a scholarship from the Chișinău city council, Alexey and his younger brother Pavel (1880–1957) graduated from the local 1086:

was conspicuously asymmetric, with a circular tribune at the front left corner. The government rejected it and instructed the architects to follow the pattern of the wooden mausoleum. The resulting design, credited to Shchusev, Frantsuz, and interior designer G. K. Yakovlev, was built in sixteen

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in 1946–1948. The minions of these, the most influential entities of Stalin's regime, quite naturally reaped the most Stalin Prizes in technology and architecture. The awards did not make Shchusev invulnerable to unpredictable twists of Stalinist politics. In 1948, when a new smear campaign was

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as joint project managers. By the end of the year, Taut dropped out; and Shchusev assumed full responsibility. The first part of the hotel, modified according to Shchusev's design, was opened in December 1935. The longer, northwestern facade received positive reviews, but the taller and shorter

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In the case of the Moscow Hotel, Shchusev's takeover was publicly explained as being necessary due to the inexperience of Savelyev and Stapran, who had allegedly made too many design errors and failed to correct them. According to Chmelnizki, Savelyev and Stapran were sufficiently competent to

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In the early 1900s, Shchusev rapidly progressed from the role of an individual contractor to that of a charismatic leader of a large professional firm. A skilled draftsman in ink and watercolors, he created his own recognizable drawings himself until around 1914. While working on the Kazansky

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Functionally, the terminal was compromised by cost cuts. Although Shchusev preferred a two-storey floorplan for easier separation and distribution of passenger flow, the client insisted on a cheaper single-storey plan. Construction began in 1913 but was interrupted by World War I and the

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In 1933, the formerly independent architectural firms of Moscow were nationalized and reorganized into ten state-owned workshops. Shchusev was appointed the head of the 2nd State Workshop, a fairly large design firm employing dozens of professional architects and engineers. Some—such as

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The front right corner of the mausoleum has a recessed niche, which is absent from the front left corner. The architect reasoned that visitors, approaching the entrance from the right, should not face a sharp massive corner. Thus, he removed the latter when the construction was largely

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While the competitions for the Palace of the Soviets were still unfolding, Shchusev was instructed to take over ongoing high-profile Constructivist projects, and to redesign and complete them in "neoclassical style". The first three victims of Stalinist "improvement" were the giant

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exterior. The city hall was surrounded by wildly decorated hotels and outlying wooden tourist lodges with luxurious interiors. The purpose of this fantastic, improbable, yet highly publicized proposal remains unexplained. According to Chmelnizki, it could have been a study for a

2358: 1764:, Shchusev's former client in the Caucasus. Dmitry Chmelnizki speculates that in the autumn of 1937 Shchusev fled Moscow for the Caucasus to appeal directly to Beria, and that Beria indeed helped the architect with the academy contract. When Beria was appointed the chief of the 463: 966: 1126:

cubic metres (85,000 cu ft), suggesting that there already was a spacious underground compound. Further expansion followed in 1939–1946, but the only visible changes, credited solely to Shchusev, were the redesign of Lenin's sarcophagus and the government tribunal.

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of German art was secretly deposited in the museum, with Shchusev's consent, in 1948. However, the main purpose of the museum, as envisaged by Shchusev himself, was the recording and archiving of Russian heritage that had been destroyed or damaged during the war.

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adjacent to the Kazansky terminal, was a transitional design that contravened his own warnings. The exterior decor is a coarse imitation of Baroque, intended to blend with the historicist terminal; but the expressive uncluttered floorplan is certainly modernist.

635: 823:. Stalin-era critics avoided references to Art Nouveau altogether, presenting Shchusev's work as an indigenous, patriotic, and "progressive" art. The official brief biography, written in 1948 for an American audience, omitted church designs altogether. 5625: 5580: 1790: 1513: 1304: 696: 661: 1442:, and fairly modest in size. Critics complained that it "did not look like a palace". Shchusev wisely skipped the second, most publicized stage of the contest. His entries in the third and the fourth stages were properly neoclassical but uninspiring. 1217: 1724:

Shchusev disappeared from public and, according to his assistant Irina Sinyova, locked himself in his study in Moscow. The state made no attempt to prosecute him; according to Chmelnizki, the more established architects were usually exempt from the

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in 1949, and built in 1949–1951. The base structure, using then novel all-steel construction, provided for an exceptionally spacious interior. The main Baroque motif echoes the ornamentation of the Kazansky terminal, which was in turn based on the

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and Shchusev. Grinberg stepped aside at an early stage of the project; Shchusev managed the construction personally. Three men of Shchusev's team produced most of the drafts, but only two (Frantsuz and Yakovlev) were credited as junior co-authors.

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in Moscow. This time, he produced two proposals with almost identical floorplans. The first proposal featured a symmetrical neoclassical facade, and was rejected as "outdated". The second was strikingly modernist, leaning more to the works of

5596: 1741:. The government did not denounce the charges made against Shchusev, but tacitly agreed to give him a second chance. The smear campaign instantly waned. In July 1938, Schusev's new workshop was reorganized as the Akademproekt Institute, a 945:, one of the few reliable sources on the inner workings of the Shchusev firm, stayed with it until the end of his life. It took until 1926 to complete and commission the first part of the terminal; the western facade was finished in 1940. 5530: 2231: 1468: 2342:

freshmen, the result was thoroughly conservative, with large territorial expansion into moderately dense suburbs and little intrusion into the old city. Shchusev proposed relocating the national administrative center northwest, to the

2019:, awarded posthumously in 1952. Later, foreign and Soviet authors alike criticized the "floridly overdone" design for its excessive and obtrusive historicism, which, according to Ikonnikov, was inappropriate for a busy transport hub. 2240:. However, Komarovsky and Olsufyev were killed in December 1937 and March 1938, respectively, when Shchusev himself was expecting arrest; Golitsyn perished during World War II. Likewise, Shchusev failed to help Nesterov's son-in-law 597: 690:. Another personal touch, already present in the Pochayiv Cathedral, is the deliberate asymmetry of Shchusev's churches. One facade of the church may look perfectly symmetrical, while the other is distinctly irregular. According to 535: 426: 3187: 1405: 1056:

on Tverskaya Square, the pavilions of the 1923 All-Russian Exhibition of Agriculture and Domestic Industry, and the two temporary Lenin mausoleums of 1924—were not meant to last, and were demolished by the end of the decade.

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styling. He visited old towns to study their extant baroque architecture, and used the knowledge thus gained in his design for the exterior of the new building. The design for the staggered corner tower borrows from the

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in May 1943. Even then, the frontline passed within less than 300 kilometres (190 mi) from Moscow, and around 250 kilometres (160 mi) from Istra. The Red Army had won around one hundred kilometres more in the

2006: 2246: 1479: 1860: 946: 1594: 2390:). Shchusev still deplored the fact that the Americans were replacing art with engineering, and warned against blind imitation of their business practices. At the same time, he commended American technology and 610:

was much debated by architects and preservationists, but was nevertheless approved for construction in 1907. Further debate followed; and in 1908 Shchusev was forced to submit a revised design, with the help of

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The record of Shchusev's advocacy begins with the arrest of Nesterov in 1924; a few days later, Nesterov was released and the charges against him dropped. In 1925, Shchusev appealed for the release of muralist

1438:. Shchusev's drafts, published in 2001, indicate that he had probably anticipated the stylistic revolution as early as 1931. His first entry in the competition, though, was thoroughly modernist, reminiscent of 1081: 617: 1717:. Khrushchev wrote that "all this was reported to Stalin, but Stalin restrained himself and made no move against Shchusev". Alternatively, the persecution could have been provoked by Shchusev's conflict with 251:, Shchusev lost all his executive positions and design contracts, and was effectively banished from architectural practice. Modern Russian historians of art agree that the charges of professional dishonesty, 1736:

quietly awarded Shchusev the contract for the design of the academy headquarters, with sufficient funding to relaunch his design workshop. According to Sinyova, Komarov acted with the prior consent of the

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Vaskin quotes lengthy passages from Tamonkin's memoirs, written after Shchusev's death in 1950. The uncensored manuscript had never been intended for print. After Shchusev's death it was deposited at the

2444: 1278: 232:. He consecutively designed and built three mausoleums, two temporary and one permanent, and supervised the latter's further expansion in the 1940s. In the 1920s and early 1930s he successfully embraced 1671: 2426:

in the old main building, which he extended to the north. The "Shchusev wing", completed in 1936, became his last project in the Russian Revival style. Shchusev enjoyed working full-time as a museum

2318:, where he had learnt the art of adaptation to historical environments. His approach to reconciling past and present was similar to that of the younger generation of Italian urbanists, particularly 1222:, and the State Bank in Moscow. All three of Shchusev's proposals were distinctly constructivist, and all three lost to other entrants. In 1928–29, Shchusev lost another competition, to design the 2046:

station (1952, posthumously). According to Chmelnizki, these awards were not indicative of Shchusev's own achievements. Rather, they reflected the influence of Shchusev's ultimate employers – the

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Five years later, the government decided that the concept "had passed the test of time", and awarded Shchusev a contract to design a third, permanent mausoleum. An early proposal by Shchusev and

701:, in the beginning Shchusev merely imitated the irregularities of medieval churches, but soon went beyond what he found in historical sources and elevated asymmetry and irregularity to an almost 1188:. Shchusev expressly warned against superficial imitations of modernist ideas with inappropriate materials and for inappropriate functions. His first building of the constructivist period, the 2352:

arguing against the demolition of historic buildings. By the end of 1925, his preservationist stance had come into disfavour with the government, which replaced him with the far more amenable

1691:, the attack on Shchusev was orchestrated by Alabyan in an attempt to subdue independent professionals who stood in the way of the Union of Soviet Architects. The campaign killed lesser known 441: 380:

Karchevsky House in Chișinău, and later designs for Soviet-era projects built in the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia. In August 1898, Shchusev and his wife started their sixteen-month

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rather than a designer, and never hesitated to change the design, whether from his own or the client's desires. He was equally at home dealing with Orthodox bishops, railway executives, and

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of Moscow's community of old-school architects, and was elected chairman of their association, the Moscow Architectural Society (MAO). His tangible projects of the early 1920s—the 1922–1923

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The stylistic classification of Shchusev's churches in Soviet and Russian literature has been heavily influenced by politics. For most of the Soviet period, Art Nouveau was despised as a

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disagrees. According to Vaskin, the hypothesis is "interesting" and "plausible"; but there is very little direct evidence. The only certain fact is that Shchusev was a frequent guest at

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were, to varying degrees, the result of Nesterov's recommendations. In the course of a decade, Shchusev established himself as primarily a church architect, and quickly progressed from

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In the last decade of his life, Shchusev designed and built very few memorable buildings. However, in the same period he amassed an exceptional number of state awards, including four

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nominally charged with the design of various academy projects. In the ten years that followed, Shchusev designed various academy institute buildings in Moscow and the building of the

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When they did not threaten historic buildings, Shchusev used the latest ideas of European and American planners. He liked the idea of standalone high-rise buildings, as advocated by

744: 453: 3196:, p. 13: The cathedral was not as tall as the nearby Dormition Cathedral. However, its floorplan of 36 by 24 metres (118 by 79 ft) was very large for an Orthodox church. 1508: 1299: 858: 720: 592: 1796: 509:

Upon returning to Saint Petersburg, Shchusev tried to set up an independent practice, but failed to find clients. His fortunes changed in 1901–1902, when his design for a new

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were published in 1913. While the 1911 plans tended toward Shchusev's free-flowing church style, the final result was different. Shchusev decided to break the 220 meter long

2353: 2215: 1611:. The project, sponsored and supervised by Beria, was completed in 1938 and instantly became a benchmark of Stalinist architecture. It is distantly reminiscent of the 1913 1666: 1289: 1151: 961: 2241: 2141: 1589: 4052: 1893:. A few months later Shchusev proposed to rebuild Istra into an exclusive winter skiing resort. The new city hall, designed by Lanceray, looked suspiciously similar to 259:

raised against Shchusev were, for the most part, justified. In the following years he gradually returned to practice, and restored his public image as the patriarch of

2067:, Shchusev was not targeted directly; but he nevertheless temporarily lost his control over the Akademproekt. He had to appeal directly to Stalin to have it restored. 341:

to the families of the deceased. A family member accepted his offer, and Shchusev (still an undergraduate student) received his first commission in Saint Petersburg.

2476: 2471:, and used his connections within that organization to free it for the museum. Under Shchusev's management the museum became a refuge for Jews unemployed due to the 2498: 2457: 545: 2414:. Frequent but fruitless competitions that led to infrequent tangible jobs left Shchusev enough free time to, in 1926, accept an offer to manage the nationalized 835: 1910:

facilities near Istra. The city hall was a fantasy meant to deceive, but various lesser, low-cost buildings were not, and several were actually built near the

368:. While the paperwork for the latter was being prepared, he traveled to Chișinău to marry his fiancée, Maria Karchevskaya. He spent the winter of 1897–1898 in 2605:

Porphyry was used only for the black "waistline" into which the contrasting letters ΛЕНИН (LENIN) are inlaid. The rest of the structure is dressed in granite.

1684:, dared to defend Shchusev in public. The magazines released in October reviewed Shchusev's IMEL building favorably but did not mention the architect's name. 5730: 2204: 2022:

In May 1949, Shchusev suffered a heart attack during a brief business trip to Kyiv. He decided to return to Moscow, and a few days later died in a hospital.

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This was an indirect consequence of state payroll policies. The officially-set museum salaries were so meagre that they could only attract social outcasts.

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All four brothers, and their half-sister from the father's first marriage, received complete university-level educations, despite coming from modest means.

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26 September] 1873 – 24 May 1949) was a Russian and Soviet architect who was successful during three consecutive epochs of Russian architecture –

1985: 1463: 1335: 709: 2374:, but considered them too expensive for the Soviet economy and too hazardous for the existing level of technology. Although in 1924 he declared himself 2264: 1785: 1567: 1273: 728: 691: 612: 1118:. Like Shchusev's churches, the mausoleum is distinctly and deliberately asymmetrical, although the asymmetry escapes the notice of casual observers. 2439: 1695: 1519: 1474: 1076: 588: 1989: 1485: 330: 2226: 2711:

During his tenure with Shchusev, Tamonkin was officially credited as the lead architect of at least two Academy of Sciences buildings in Moscow.

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in Moscow, was conceived in 1928–1929 and completed in 1933. The true authorship of the building's design, which was probably influenced by the

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and concentrated on architecture. At about the same time, 1893 or 1894, he designed and built his first tangible project on a private estate in

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southwestern facade came in for much criticism due to its proportions and conspicuously asymmetric decor. This time, asymmetry was a forced

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as the instruments of mitigating the adverse effects of high-rise construction. His views were evolving, until the 1934 publication of the

739: 448: 1048:, Shchusev stayed in Moscow, collaborating with the Bolshevik authorities on urban planning matters. By 1921, he had become the informal 2462: 1753:. However, the designs for the main building of the academy, which Shchusev worked on until his death, remained a fruitless exercise in 2423: 2214:. When the initial appeal failed, Shchusev arranged a joint petition with fellow artists. In the same year, Shchusev defended painter 295:; he would collaborate with Alexey on bridge projects in Moscow and be the custodian of Alexey's artwork and archive after his death. 32: 2051: 1603:, designed during the same period, would be built in the 1940s, in a simplified, scaled-down form. Shchusev fared much better in the 889: 5147: 1330:, so these hotels were rarely mentioned by Soviet media. It is not possible to trace the beginning of Shchusev's collaboration with 5700: 2633:

Yakir, like Shchusev, was born and raised in Chișinău. Shchusev was well familiar with Yakir's uncle, a respected local physician.

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held in poetry. His religious and modernist heritage was forgotten; instead, the critics emphasized Shchusev's active aversion to "

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setting, was also completed in 1911. Thus, Shchusev joined the small circle of builders of very large structures during this time.

5715: 4934: 1730: 854: 5705: 2323: 1784:. The connection between Beria and Shchusev was rumoured for decades. While Dmitry Chmelnizki takes it for granted, biographer 671: 553: 306:. In his first years at the Academy, Shchusev attended both architecture and painting classes. In 1894, he joined the class of 197: 4183: 240:

when the government deemed modernism inappropriate for the Communist state. He was one of the members of the art association ‘

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Typically for Shchusev, the approved design changed many times during construction. Initially, Shchusev wanted to dress the

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Townscapes in Transition: Transformation and Reorganization of Italian Cities and Their Architecture in the Interwar Period

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for the use of government officials. The second wooden mausoleum was built in April and opened to visitors in August 1924.

1819: 478: 4061:, p. 51 cites Stalin's letter of 7 August 1932 addressed to Kaganovich, Molotov and Voroshilov, published in 1999.. 2326:

and developed a keen interest in each other's works; Piacentini would refer to Shchusev's architecture until the 1950s.

5564: 758: 733: 1114:; while the second wooden Mausoleum had leaned to simplified neoclassicism, the third was certainly influenced by the 5641: 5513: 5492: 5471: 5450: 5422: 5401: 5161: 5123: 4666: 4501: 1738: 2596:

All sources regarding this episode ultimately trace to Shchusev's own account published in the Soviet Union in 1937.

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that was a prerequisite to "stylistic improvements". Thus, in April–May 1932 the government appointed Shchusev and

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by Shchusev (signature cropped out in this scan but well visible in the book) but reliably attributed to Lanceray.

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buildings of the period are scarce and, as a whole, are distinctly inferior to his churches. Shchusev's church

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was noticed approvingly by fellow architects and the Orthodox clergy. He was appointed as a consultant to the

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Note: The 2007 hardcopy Russian edition cites an invalid ISBN-10. Here, the valid code is referenced to the

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and managed to extricate him from exile. In 1948, Shchusev and Grabar arranged the release of art historian

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Vaskin, A. (2013). "Как Мавзолей Красную площадь спас" [How the Mausoleum saved the Red Square].

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Posthumously, the state awarded Shchusev unprecedented honours. A brief propaganda campaign declared him

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Shchusev's conservative views on city planning and redevelopment were influenced by his experiences in

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in Moscow. Work on the proposal continued for at least three more years; the first relatively complete

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tradition. He did not have as much luck in getting lucrative residential and government contracts; his

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In 1896, his last year at the Imperial Academy, Shchusev studied old Northern Russian architecture in

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In 1914–1916, Shchusev also designed a series of station buildings for the new railroad lines in the

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group, fell apart; but Shchusev managed to retain the core of his architectural assistants. Painter

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in Moscow—were conceived in 1927 and built in 1928. The largest of his constructivist designs, the

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The first building to display Shchusev's distinct style was the diminutive chapel at the grave of

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asserts that "If I could negotiate with the priests, I would somehow do it with the Bolsheviks" (

1974: 1911: 1658: 1616: 922: 762: 485: 2378:, by 1929 he had changed his mind. This is evident from his patronage of the Russian edition of 956:

was not built until the 1990s. Shchusev's firm also designed adjacent service buildings and the

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Vyazemtseva, A. (2019). "The Transformation of Rome and the Masterplan to Reconstruct Moscow".

1962: 1754: 1742: 1676:, arranged a "unanimous indignation" by its Moscow cell, and expelled Shchusev from the Union. 1585: 1435: 1269: 1111: 1095: 1069: 334: 260: 256: 182: 60: 3307: 1178:

movement. He supported the new school in public, but never allied himself with constructivism

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in architecture". Despite all accolades, Shchusev ultimately failed to adapt to the rules of

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Late Soviet theory, as outlined by Ikonnikov, placed Shchusev at the evolutionary end of the

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of the Trinity cathedral, shaped like a fortress tower, is distinctly taller than the others

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In 1925, Shchusev took part in three high-profile architectural competitions: to design the

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Ovsyannikova, Ye.; Vasilyev, N. (2019). "«Новая Москва» Щусева и историческая застройка ".

2677: 2119: 1848: 1834: 1654: 1175: 914: 373: 263:. The causes of his downfall and the forces behind his subsequent recovery remain unknown. 178: 2074:

most valuable and talented of all Soviet architects, elevating him to the same level that

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History of the architecture of Moscow. End of 19th century to the first half of the 19302

2699: 2435: 2407: 2319: 2295: 2075: 1894: 1875: 1781: 1780:, and the Akademproekt concentrated on top-secret research facilities such as the future 1427: 1254: 1185: 1115: 987: 683: 514: 292: 2690: 2431: 1907: 1718: 1706: 1607:

region. In 1933, he won a competition for the Institute of Marx-Engels-Lenin (IMEL) in

1530: 1240: 1099: 934: 918: 319: 284: 221: 1033:

The third (permanent) Lenin Mausoleum. Typically for Shchusev, the two corners of the

529:. Nesterov was impressed, and became Shchusev's patron. Shchusev's contracts with the 405: 5637: 5560: 5509: 5488: 5467: 5446: 5418: 5397: 5157: 5119: 4943:, p. 208, cites a 1943 letter by Kaganovich to his daughter, published in 1996.. 4662: 4497: 2643: 2509: 2419: 2415: 2083: 1942: 1898: 1769: 1710: 1431: 1381: 1045: 909: 820: 649: 549: 237: 2110: 1729:

that ravaged all levels of Soviet society. A few months later, the president of the

1588:

buildings for Moscow, foreshadowing the late Stalinist style of the post-war years.

1454:, but without the cross. Perhaps, Shchusev hopes to add a cross at a later date..." 196:

In the 1900s, Shchusev established himself as a church architect, and developed his

4191: 2375: 2251:

but eventually secured the release of Nesterov's daughter Olga. In 1943, Shchusev,

2172: 2164: 2137: 2115: 2091: 2031: 2016: 1970: 1890: 1677: 1563: 1459: 1236: 1232: 957: 850: 831: 770: 573: 541: 522: 364:. The next year, he graduated from the academy with the right to a state-sponsored 303: 288: 213: 190: 186: 121: 1688: 5573: 5503: 5482: 5461: 5436: 5412: 5391: 5113: 4429: 2558: 2550: 2542: 2534: 2411: 2335: 2330: 2180: 2099: 2064: 2034:: for the IMEL building (1940), the expansion of the Lenin Mausoleum (1946), the 1922: 1852: 1825: 1773: 1761: 1612: 1331: 1161: 1065: 983: 942: 869: 675: 607: 518: 361: 229: 5442: 2379: 2371: 2344: 2299: 2275: 1642: 1499:. The remaining staff formed Shchusev's personal team, a "firm within a firm". 1180: 798: 641: 626:. From 1908 to 1911, the church was rebuilt, according to the revised design. 581: 577: 470: 433: 372:, with Veselovsky, studying and documenting medieval shrines. This exposure to 280: 248: 247:

His career proceeded smoothly until September 1937, when, after a brief public

64: 2169:Если я умел договариваться с попами, то с большевиками я как-нибудь договорюсь 1878:(1941–1942). The "unexpectedly effective" wooden structure strangely combined 5684: 2452:

In the summer of 1945, Shchusev began campaigning for the establishment of a

2363:. Shchusev's master plan was duly approved and then retired to the archives. 2260: 2256: 2035: 1950: 1926: 1681: 1600: 1443: 1393: 1027: 972: 938: 750: 623: 272: 241: 56: 2398:. By this time political pressure had put an end to independent theorizing. 2179:", was more valuable to the regime than the earnest, stubborn neoclassicist 1450:, and was suspicious of Shchusev's motives: "Shchusev's project is the same 2367: 2236:. All three were scions of princely families, and thus easy targets of the 2171:). The Bolsheviks, in return, appreciated Shchusev's willingness to adapt. 2056: 1934: 1662: 1496: 1439: 1228: 1088: 999: 991: 979: 338: 315: 92: 88: 1984:

metro station, which was conceived by Shchusev in 1945, fully designed by

801:

in Southern Russia. The last building to be completed before 1918 was the

185:, being one of the few Russian architects to be celebrated under both the 5463:

Blueprints and Blood: The Stalinization of Soviet Architecture, 1917-1937

5149:История архитектуры Москвы. Конец XIX века — первая половина 1930–х годов 2438:

had different plans, and at the beginning of 1929 replaced Shchusev with

2348: 2286: 2252: 2176: 2060: 1903: 1726: 1650: 1628: 1581: 1447: 1122: 982:. Most of the lesser stations followed a standardized design inspired by 774: 679: 557: 510: 377: 307: 209: 201: 174: 5505:

Moscow Monumental: Soviet Skyscrapers and Urban Life in Stalin's Capital

1139: 1064:

to receive the most important commission of his life, the design of the

5674: 2672:

Shchusev's arrival at Istra coincided with the farthest advance of the

2311: 2237: 2156: 1918: 1871: 1828:. Reconstruction of Istra, main square and city hall. Watercolor, 1942. 1714: 1713:'s memoirs, was Shchusev's public compassion for the recently executed 1638: 1553: 1340: 1265: 813: 526: 381: 365: 311: 252: 225: 189:

and the communists, becoming the most decorated architect in terms of

2673: 2529:

Also spelled Schusev (the preferred English-language spelling by the

2339: 2187: 2123: 1856: 1580:

In 1934–1936, Shchusev's workshop proposed a large number of lavish,

1542: 1315: 1204: 1053: 1034: 905: 702: 369: 353: 3711: 2698:

in August–October 1943, and then the frontline stabilized until the

1885:

In September 1942, Shchusev, Lanceray, and their assistants came to

998:, were styled in Elizabethan Baroque and the Russian version of the 937:. The team of artists and craftsmen, which united almost all of the 5670:

Alexey Shchusev's Constructivist Narkomzem building at galinsky.com

5036: 5034: 4753: 4751: 2039: 1692: 1604: 1546: 1244: 1107: 1103: 345: 3684: 3682: 3574: 3572: 2090:. Although he publicly declared that "The State wants splendor!" ( 1965:

in Moscow, Shchusev applied for the contract to design the future

1184:, which comprised a small group engaged in endless rivalries with 4855: 4853: 4763: 4181: 3809: 3782: 2427: 2307: 2122:. Shchusev is wearing oriental garments that he had brought from 2025: 1958: 1859:. Shchusev decided that the task was technically impossible, and 1646: 1637:

published an exposé by Savelyev and Stapran accusing Shchusev of

1608: 1208: 1061: 1060:

On the night of 22–23 January 1924, Shchusev was summoned to the

995: 872:

were markedly inferior to those of either Shchusev or Pokrovsky.

794: 782: 397: 389: 357: 276: 5031: 4748: 3770: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3508: 3506: 3504: 1855:

summoned Shchusev to fortify the Lenin Mausoleum against German

1541:

complete their original design; but, like most graduates of the

1326:

in 1938. The recently established Intourist was operated by the

5658: 4714: 4712: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4028: 4018: 4016: 3679: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3650: 3569: 2647: 2434:, and printing postcards. However, the Commissar for Education 2406:

The 1920s were not as productive for Shchusev as they were for

1954: 1930: 1750: 1633: 1558: 1319: 926: 901: 766: 724: 603: 500: 385: 326: 84: 4850: 4186:[The mystery of the asymmetry of the hotel "Moscow"]. 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3972: 3970: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3850: 3848: 3799: 3797: 3276: 2624:

The decisions were formally announced through Moscow city hall

1961:. In 1947, when the government announced plans to construct a 1314:

1930 Shchusev designed two constructivist hotel buildings for

757:

of Shchusev's churches, and arguably one of the best works of

5393:

Building a new New World: Amerikanizm in Russian Architecture

5211: 5209: 5075: 5073: 5009: 5007: 5005: 4633: 4631: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4088: 4086: 3936: 3924: 3753: 3741: 3501: 3318:(22). Embassy of the Soviet Union to the United States. 1948. 3165: 3163: 2315: 2175:

privately wrote that Shchusev, "a businesslike and pragmatic

1049: 1005: 786: 569: 565: 401: 393: 323: 5612:

Sokolov, N. (1975). "А. В. Щусев" [A. V. Shchusev].

4882: 4880: 4865: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4792: 4790: 4724: 4709: 4699: 4697: 4675: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4582: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4494:

Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: Commissar, 1918–1945, Volume 1

4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4206: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4013: 3662: 3626: 3584: 3322: 3092: 3090: 1809: 5182: 4924: 4922: 4897: 4895: 4661:] (in Russian). Комендант Мавзолея Кирюшин...: Litres. 4263:, p. 374, cites the 1940 book by Shchusev on the IMEL. 3982: 3967: 3948: 3881: 3860: 3845: 3794: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3616: 3614: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3412: 3351: 3349: 3252: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3138: 3136: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 2824: 2584: 2468: 2047: 1938: 1776:. After World War II, Beria left the NKVD to supervise the 1765: 1327: 1323: 778: 667: 5350: 5338: 5326: 5314: 5290: 5278: 5206: 5170: 5070: 5058: 5046: 5002: 4978: 4628: 4534: 4522: 4510: 4381: 4369: 4326: 4223: 4083: 3833: 3601: 3599: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3366: 3364: 3288: 3228: 3175: 3160: 3044: 2998: 2996: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2765: 2763: 5090: 5088: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4951: 4949: 4877: 4829: 4807: 4805: 4787: 4775: 4736: 4694: 4611: 4599: 4563: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4475: 4473: 4436: 4338: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4266: 4235: 4160: 4143: 4131: 4119: 4098: 4064: 3148: 3102: 3087: 3075: 3032: 1121:

Although the building exterior, and the image of Lenin's

584:

complained that they were "neither bold, nor religious".

5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 4919: 4892: 4001: 3821: 3694: 3611: 3547: 3545: 3518: 3453: 3346: 3334: 3264: 3211: 3133: 3114: 3056: 3008: 2841: 2839: 1917:

In 1943–1948, Shchusev worked on projects for restoring

1889:, a small war-torn town situated between Moscow and the 1235:, rather than Russian constructivism. The rival team of 773:

in 1908 and completed in 1912. Prior to the outbreak of

738:, the most visually striking is the small church on the 5221: 5194: 4040: 3638: 3596: 3557: 3484: 3472: 3436: 3400: 3388: 3376: 3361: 3240: 3199: 3020: 2993: 2945: 2933: 2916: 2899: 2760: 2418:. During his short tenure at the gallery, he installed 1298:, cannot be resolved. All sources credit its design to 816:

to the dying soldiers and was demolished in the 1940s.

244:’, which existed in Moscow and Leningrad in 1924-1931. 5362: 5302: 5266: 5254: 5085: 5019: 4990: 4961: 4946: 4907: 4817: 4802: 4546: 4470: 4357: 4307: 2875: 2851: 2748: 2105: 1619:, although the connection may be purely coincidental. 1129: 291:. Pavel, like Alexey, would become an architect and a 5233: 3912: 3542: 3530: 2836: 2800: 2263:

jointly appealed to Beria for the release of painter

1949:

in Rome, and Academy of Sciences projects in Moscow,

1347: 857:, and ultimately peaked in the works of Shchusev and 416: 5145: 4299:[The life and deeds of architect Shchusev]. 4182:Рогачев, Алексей; Простаков, Сергей (20 June 2014). 3424: 2981: 2969: 2957: 2887: 2863: 2322:. The two architects had known each other since the 1622: 1562:

The latter was completed to a nondescript design by

875: 606:. Shchusev's controversial five-domed design in the 587:

In 1904, the Holy Synod entrusted Shchusev with the

5614:Мастера советской архитектуры об архитектуре, том 1 5438:

Alexey Shchusev. Architect of Stalin's Empire Style

2812: 2783:"Alexei Shchusev (Șciusev) (1873–1949) | Chisinau" 2281: 2186:The charges of plagiarism and running a "creative 670:(1904–1907). Although Shchusev clearly alluded to 322:. In the same year, Shchusev designed and built a 298:In 1891, Alexey left Chișinău and enrolled at the 1243:went in the reverse direction, from modernism to 629:In 1905, Shchusev was commissioned to design the 580:, did not impress contemporary observers either. 5682: 5620:] (in Russian). Iskusstvo. pp. 150–156. 3906:The history of the Soviet architecture 1917–1954 1334:to these projects; however, as the chief of the 845:. The style, very different from the "official" 769:, which Shchusev designed in collaboration with 2118:, created in June–July 1941, shortly after the 1518:, 1928–1931); the Meyerhold Theatre in Moscow ( 1174:Around 1923–1924, Shchusev embraced the rising 812:, which was built during the war to administer 777:, Shchusev also designed and built churches in 525:with the repairs to the poorly-built church in 411: 404:, where Shchusev studied for six months at the 212:he designed and built railway stations for the 5595: 3815: 3788: 3776: 3764: 3747: 3717: 3688: 3673: 3656: 3632: 3590: 3578: 3512: 2136:terminal, he reduced his involvement to quick 2026:Official accolades and subsequent reassessment 228:, and was rewarded with the contract for the 164: 5731:Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences 1897:, at approximately the same size but with a 1537:(Leonid Savelyev and Oswald Stapran, 1931). 1411:The Architects' House in Moscow (background) 904:into an asymmetric row of visually separate 686:, was radically different from contemporary 5111: 4297:""Жизнь и деятельность архитектора Щусева"" 2334:composed of modernist architects, from the 2082:" and his contribution to the creation of " 1653:" to having had contacts with the executed 1649:. New accusations ranged from "anti-soviet 314:. In 1895, he took his first study tour of 5589:One thousand years of Russian architecture 5547: 5431: 5414:Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis 4940: 4886: 4871: 4844: 4769: 4757: 4742: 4730: 4718: 4703: 4688: 4622: 4605: 4593: 4576: 4540: 4449: 4427: 4351: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4277: 4248: 4229: 4217: 4177: 4175: 4154: 4137: 4125: 4113: 4077: 4058: 4034: 4022: 4007: 3995: 3976: 3961: 3942: 3930: 3887: 3875: 3854: 3803: 3705: 3620: 3466: 3270: 3258: 3193: 3142: 3127: 3069: 2769: 2754: 2725:and is currently available to researchers. 1006:Lenin's Mausoleum (1924, 1929–1930, 1940s) 31: 5618:Leading Soviet architects on architecture 5579: 5529: 5188: 4928: 4859: 4796: 4781: 4491: 4467:, "while the blow fell on Okhitovich...". 4294: 4166: 3902:История советской архитектуры (1917–1954) 3839: 3827: 3644: 3605: 3563: 3524: 3495: 3478: 3447: 3418: 3406: 3394: 3382: 3370: 3355: 3340: 3328: 3294: 3282: 3246: 3234: 3222: 3205: 3181: 3169: 3050: 3026: 3002: 2927: 2910: 2881: 2857: 2845: 2806: 1810:Wartime and post-war projects (1941–1949) 1338:communist party organization, Beria was, 830:that emerged around 1880 in the works of 5501: 5480: 4901: 4464: 4046: 3899: 2285: 2130: 2109: 2015:. The design earned Shchusev his fourth 1446:had already made his choice in favor of 879: 719:, the best example of this style is the 5611: 5559:] (in Russian). Прогресс-Традиция. 5227: 5200: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5107: 5105: 5103: 4652: 4648: 4646: 4423: 4421: 4283: 4172: 2454:museum of Russian national architecture 1167:The Military Transport Academy building 884:The completed Kazansky Terminal in 2019 376:would influence his design of the 1898 224:, Shchusev pragmatically supported the 5683: 5624: 5459: 5410: 5368: 5356: 5344: 5332: 5320: 5308: 5296: 5284: 5272: 5260: 5215: 5176: 5094: 5079: 5064: 5052: 5040: 5025: 5013: 4996: 4984: 4972: 4955: 4913: 4823: 4811: 4637: 4557: 4528: 4516: 4479: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4392: 4375: 4363: 4332: 4320: 4260: 4092: 3918: 3732: 3728: 3726: 3551: 3536: 3430: 3154: 3108: 3096: 3081: 3038: 3014: 2987: 2975: 2963: 2951: 2939: 2893: 2869: 2830: 2818: 2676:offensive and the early stages of the 2396:Architectural organization of the city 1840:Komsomolskaya-Koltsevaya metro station 1627:On 30 August 1937, at the peak of the 287:and continued their educations at the 5634:Shchusev: The architect of All Russia 5389: 5248: 4653:Voronin, Anatoly (14 December 2019). 4184:"Тайна асимметрии гостиницы "Москва"" 2642:By this time, Shchusev has developed 2193: 2002:17th century church of the Hodegetria 1861:Lenin's body was evacuated to Siberia 1760:The Akademproekt was the creation of 1657:, and multiple counts of intentional 1102:, to create an illusion of a perfect 672:medieval Vladimir-Suzdal architecture 5132: 5100: 4643: 3308:"Russia's Great Architect, Shchusev" 2401: 1980:Shchusev's final major work was the 1322:was completed in 1934, the hotel in 521:, and soon had the chance to assist 4398: 3723: 3300: 2430:, arranging exhibitions, enforcing 2106:Public activities and controversies 1130:Constructivist projects (1923–1932) 1021:The second (wooden) Lenin Mausoleum 749:, conceived as a private museum of 648:, and starkly contrasting with its 356:; and the European architecture of 13: 4428:Chmelnizki, D. (20 January 2020). 1348:Early Stalinist period (1932–1937) 947:The last part of the original plan 803:church of the Brotherhood Cemetery 417:Religious architecture (1900–1918) 14: 5747: 5651: 4496:. Penn State Press. p. 111. 1623:Disgrace and recovery (1937–1938) 876:Railway architecture (1911–1930s) 5657: 5607:] (in Russian). Просвещение. 4485: 2728: 2714: 2705: 2683: 2666: 2653: 2636: 2627: 2618: 2449:, a purely political appointee. 1833: 1818: 1404: 1392: 1380: 1368: 1356: 1160: 1138: 1026: 1014: 492: 477: 462: 440: 425: 208:. Immediately before and during 5701:Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery 5675:Shchusev Museum of Architecture 5543:] (in Russian). Стройиздат. 3893: 2723:Shchusev Museum of Architecture 2608: 2599: 2590: 2577: 2531:Shchusev Museum of Architecture 2302:on a 2023 stamp sheet of Russia 2282:Urban planning and preservation 1847:Shortly after the beginning of 1452:Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 1430:of the 1920s to the monumental 5716:Recipients of the Stalin Prize 5585:Тысяча лет русской архитектуры 5508:. Princeton University Press. 5466:. Princeton University Press. 3908:]. Стройиздат. p. 11. 2775: 2568: 2523: 1882:with mandatory monumentality. 1747:Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences 1739:Council of People's Commissars 1665:, the leader of the Stalinist 1296:Schocken building in Stuttgart 853:, who introduced the ideas of 513:for the main cathedral of the 266: 1: 5523: 5383: 5378: 2659:This is one of many drawings 2096:Государство требует пышности! 1687:According to Hugh Hudson and 1387:The Navoi Theatre in Tashkent 646:Novgorod-Pskov medieval style 572:, influenced by the works of 16:Russian architect (1873–1949) 5417:. Harvard University Press. 5156:] (in Russian). Tatlin. 4190:(in Russian). Archived from 2741: 1399:The IMEL building in Tbilisi 1375:The Novosibirsk Opera facade 1344:, Shchusev's direct client. 1274:compact residential building 644:. The building, executed in 544:families and the charity of 412:Major architectural projects 271:Alexey Shchusev was born in 206:Russian Revival architecture 7: 5721:Academic staff of Vkhutemas 2691:evacuated the Rzhev Salient 2456:. He personally picked the 1264:constructivist buildings—a 849:, was further developed by 678:. This approach, common in 552:to the creation of his own 234:Constructivist architecture 161:Alexey Victorovich Shchusev 10: 5752: 4492:Khruschev, Nikita (2004). 2473:anti-cosmopolitan campaign 1969:, but lost to the team of 1906:, probably related to the 1778:Soviet atomic bomb project 1667:Union of Soviet Architects 1186:other avant-garde factions 990:. The larger stations, in 962:Alekseevskaya railway line 236:, but quickly reverted to 5396:. Yale University Press. 5043:, pp. 331, 347, 423. 3312:USSR Information Bulletin 2168: 2095: 2088:totalitarian architecture 1947:Palazzo della Cancelleria 1529:, Sergey Vakhtangov, and 1495:—were managing their own 1420:architectural competition 888:In 1911, Shchusev won an 499:Saint Basil monastery in 432:Trinity Cathedral of the 165: 154: 133: 129: 117: 109: 99: 73: 42: 30: 23: 5706:Architects from Chișinău 5636:]. Молодая гвардия. 3900:Bylinkin, N. P. (1985). 2516: 2114:Portrait of Shchusev by 2044:Komsomolskaya-Koltsevaya 1982:Komsomolskaya–Koltsevaya 1645:escalated into a public 1363:The Moscow Hotel in 1966 1087:months in 1929–1930. An 890:invitational competition 761:is the cathedral of the 400:, and then via Italy to 300:Imperial Academy of Arts 166:Алексей Викторович Щусев 125:(1940, 1946, 1948, 1952) 104:Imperial Academy of Arts 5630:Щусев: Зодчий всея Руси 4303:(in Russian) (30 July). 2467:, then occupied by the 2424:heating and ventilation 2388:How Does America Build? 1975:Vyacheslav Oltarzhevsky 1912:New Jerusalem Monastery 892:with his design of the 763:Marfo-Mariinsky Convent 546:Grand Duchess Elisabeth 486:Marfo-Mariinsky Convent 5736:Art Nouveau architects 4772:, pp. 72–73, 155. 4295:Meerovich, M. (2015). 3720:, pp. 92–93, 106. 2833:, pp. 38, 41, 53. 2562: 2554: 2546: 2538: 2499:Alexander Gabrichevsky 2329:In 1918, Shchusev and 2303: 2127: 1755:visionary architecture 1533:, 1930–1931); and the 1505:theatre in Novosibirsk 1436:Stalinist architecture 1096:cast-in-place concrete 894:Kazansky rail terminal 885: 593:twelfth century church 335:Alexander Nevsky Lavra 261:Stalinist architecture 218:Kazansky Rail Terminal 183:Stalinist architecture 169:; 8 October [ 140:2nd Mosproekt Workshop 61:Bessarabia Governorate 5557:Stalin's Architecture 5502:Zubovich, K. (2020). 5481:Schlögel, K. (2014). 5390:Cohen, J.-L. (2021). 4760:, pp. 65, 70–72. 4037:, pp. 45, 47–52. 3285:, pp. 27–28, 35. 2541:(academic spelling), 2289: 2131:Work style and ethics 2113: 2050:in 1938–1946 and the 1963:series of skyscrapers 1908:military intelligence 1550:visual arts education 1424:Palace of the Soviets 1190:railway workers' club 883: 836:Abramtsevo art colony 721:Saint Basil Monastery 331:Russo-Byzantine style 220:in Moscow. After the 200:style, which blended 177:(broadly construed), 5666:at Wikimedia Commons 4862:, pp. 175, 177. 2678:Battle of Stalingrad 2458:former Talyzin House 2324:1911 Rome Exhibition 1849:Operation Barbarossa 1655:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 1507:(original design by 1473:, and the tandem of 923:St Mark's Clocktower 374:Islamic architecture 216:family, notably the 5553:Архитектура Сталина 5460:Hudson, H. (2015). 5411:Colton, T. (1995). 5359:, pp. 421–422. 5347:, pp. 427–417. 5335:, pp. 418–421. 5323:, pp. 419–420. 5299:, pp. 261–266. 5287:, pp. 262–263. 5218:, pp. 228–230. 5179:, pp. 225–227. 5082:, pp. 423–426. 5067:, pp. 424–426. 5055:, pp. 423–424. 5016:, pp. 422–423. 4987:, pp. 398–402. 4640:, pp. 331–332. 4531:, pp. 327–329. 4519:, pp. 307–308. 4395:, pp. 326–327. 4378:, pp. 319–323. 4335:, pp. 309–315. 4095:, pp. 284–285. 3945:, pp. 37, 151. 3933:, pp. 150–151. 3818:, pp. 121–122. 3816:Khan-Magomedov 1972 3791:, pp. 111–112. 3789:Khan-Magomedov 1972 3777:Khan-Magomedov 1972 3765:Khan-Magomedov 1972 3748:Khan-Magomedov 1972 3718:Khan-Magomedov 1972 3689:Khan-Magomedov 1972 3674:Khan-Magomedov 1972 3657:Khan-Magomedov 1972 3633:Khan-Magomedov 1972 3591:Khan-Magomedov 1972 3579:Khan-Magomedov 1972 3513:Khan-Magomedov 1972 3331:, pp. 340–341. 3157:, pp. 114–115. 3111:, pp. 338–339. 3099:, pp. 340–341. 3084:, pp. 110–114. 3041:, pp. 104–110. 2696:Smolensk offensives 2436:Anatoly Lunacharsky 2408:Konstantin Melnikov 2320:Marcello Piacentini 2296:Sergius of Radonezh 2205:Vladimir Komarovsky 2076:Vladimir Mayakovsky 1895:Stockholm City Hall 1782:Kurchatov Institute 1731:Academy of Sciences 1601:theater in Tashkent 1116:Russian avant-garde 988:Elizabethan Baroque 935:revolutions of 1917 855:Finnish Art Nouveau 759:Russian Art Nouveau 688:revivalist practice 682:and in the nascent 657:Natalya Shabelskaya 515:Kyiv Pechersk Lavra 279:, then part of the 5711:Russian architects 5597:Khan-Magomedov, S. 4194:on 10 January 2022 4025:, pp. 43, 45. 3779:, pp. 99–104. 3421:, pp. 44, 70. 3017:, pp. 93–104. 2432:catalog procedures 2304: 2225:and art historian 2194:Political advocacy 2159:. An often quoted 2128: 1719:Vyacheslav Molotov 1707:Mikhail Okhitovich 1599:would be built. A 1586:utterly improbable 1545:, they lacked the 1531:Vsevolod Meyerhold 1509:Alexander Grinberg 1300:Alexander Grinberg 1285:Narkomzem Building 1241:Vladimir Helfreich 1147:Narkomzem building 980:Upper Volga region 975:for the terminal. 919:Borovitskaya Tower 886: 859:Vladimir Pokrovsky 320:Nikolay Veselovsky 222:October Revolution 5726:Soviet architects 5677:official website. 5662:Media related to 5605:Lenin's Mausoleum 5591:]. Iskusstvo. 5576: 5191:, pp. 60–61. 4733:, pp. 70–71. 4721:, pp. 68–69. 4691:, pp. 67–68. 4596:, pp. 64–65. 4220:, pp. 60–61. 3998:, pp. 40–42. 3979:, pp. 38–39. 3964:, pp. 37–38. 3890:, pp. 36–37. 3878:, pp. 33–37. 3857:, pp. 29–32. 3842:, pp. 80–81. 3806:, pp. 26–27. 3691:, pp. 93–94. 3659:, pp. 47–48. 3581:, pp. 61–62. 3297:, pp. 28–30. 3261:, pp. 14–15. 3237:, pp. 27–28. 3184:, pp. 21–22. 3172:, pp. 18–21. 3053:, pp. 14–16. 2954:, pp. 82–85. 2942:, pp. 86–87. 2644:diabetes mellitus 2510:Baldin Collection 2420:electrical wiring 2416:Tretyakov Gallery 2402:Museum management 2384:Wie Baut Amerika? 2290:Shchusev and the 2216:Vladimir Golitsyn 2157:Bolshevik leaders 2084:socialist realism 1986:Alisa Zabolotnaya 1945:styled after the 1943:Lubyanka Building 1899:Naryshkin Baroque 1797:Beria's residence 1770:Lubyanka Building 1711:Nikita Khrushchev 1464:Alexey Rukhlyadev 1260:Shchusev's first 1213:Central Telegraph 1046:Russian Civil War 971:that serves as a 910:Naryshkin Baroque 821:decadent movement 740:Natalievka estate 710:Dmitry Chmelnizki 650:Ukrainian Baroque 484:Cathedral of the 318:, with professor 158: 157: 93:Soviet Union 5743: 5661: 5647: 5621: 5608: 5592: 5571: 5570: 5544: 5519: 5498: 5477: 5456: 5428: 5407: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5300: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5258: 5252: 5246: 5231: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5204: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5143: 5130: 5129: 5109: 5098: 5092: 5083: 5077: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4970: 4959: 4953: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4890: 4884: 4875: 4874:, p. 74–75. 4869: 4863: 4857: 4848: 4842: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4800: 4794: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4707: 4701: 4692: 4686: 4673: 4672: 4650: 4641: 4635: 4626: 4620: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4580: 4574: 4561: 4555: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4468: 4462: 4453: 4447: 4434: 4433: 4430:"Загадки Щусева" 4425: 4396: 4390: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4305: 4304: 4292: 4281: 4275: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4179: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4096: 4090: 4081: 4075: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3980: 3974: 3965: 3959: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3858: 3852: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3730: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3692: 3686: 3677: 3671: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3609: 3603: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3499: 3493: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3451: 3445: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3359: 3353: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3304: 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1805: 1794: 1786:Alexander Vaskin 1743:state-owned firm 1734:Vladimir Komarov 1704: 1678:Dmitry Chechulin 1675: 1598: 1590:Only one of them 1584:, and sometimes 1576: 1568:Tchaikovsky Hall 1564:Dmitry Chechulin 1528: 1517: 1494: 1483: 1472: 1460:Dmitry Chechulin 1408: 1396: 1384: 1372: 1360: 1308: 1293: 1282: 1237:Vladimir Shchuko 1233:Erich Mendelsohn 1221: 1198: 1164: 1155: 1142: 1085: 1037:are asymmetrical 1030: 1018: 1002:, respectively. 970: 958:elevated viaduct 955: 867: 851:Fyodor Schechtel 844: 832:Victor Vasnetsov 828:Neorussian style 811: 748: 737: 729:Kirill Afanasyev 718: 700: 692:Andrey Ikonnikov 665: 639: 621: 613:Pyotr Pokryshkin 601: 574:Viktor Vasnetsov 556:style, blending 539: 523:Mikhail Nesterov 496: 481: 466: 457: 444: 429: 304:Saint Petersburg 289:university level 275:(in present-day 168: 167: 80: 52: 50: 37:Shchusev in 1914 35: 21: 20: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5681: 5680: 5664:Alexey Shchusev 5654: 5644: 5601:Мавзолей Ленина 5567: 5526: 5516: 5495: 5474: 5453: 5425: 5404: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5375: 5367: 5363: 5355: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5331: 5327: 5319: 5315: 5307: 5303: 5295: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5259: 5255: 5247: 5234: 5226: 5222: 5214: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5187: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5164: 5144: 5133: 5126: 5118:. p. 116. 5110: 5101: 5093: 5086: 5078: 5071: 5063: 5059: 5051: 5047: 5039: 5032: 5028:, pp. 429. 5024: 5020: 5012: 5003: 4995: 4991: 4983: 4979: 4971: 4962: 4954: 4947: 4941:Chmelnizki 2007 4939: 4935: 4927: 4920: 4912: 4908: 4900: 4893: 4887:Chmelnizki 2021 4885: 4878: 4872:Chmelnizki 2021 4870: 4866: 4858: 4851: 4845:Chmelnizki 2021 4843: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4810: 4803: 4795: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4770:Chmelnizki 2021 4768: 4764: 4758:Chmelnizki 2021 4756: 4749: 4743:Chmelnizki 2021 4741: 4737: 4731:Chmelnizki 2021 4729: 4725: 4719:Chmelnizki 2021 4717: 4710: 4704:Chmelnizki 2021 4702: 4695: 4689:Chmelnizki 2021 4687: 4676: 4669: 4651: 4644: 4636: 4629: 4623:Chmelnizki 2021 4621: 4612: 4606:Chmelnizki 2021 4604: 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1823: 1812: 1799: 1788: 1774:Lenin Mausoleum 1762:Lavrentiy Beria 1727:reign of terror 1698: 1696:Solomon Lisagor 1669: 1625: 1613:Hill Auditorium 1592: 1570: 1522: 1520:Mikhail Barkhin 1511: 1488: 1477: 1475:Leonid Savelyev 1466: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1350: 1332:Lavrentiy Beria 1318:. The hotel in 1302: 1287: 1276: 1215: 1192: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1157: 1156: 1149: 1143: 1132: 1098:frame in black 1079: 1077:Isidor Frantsuz 1066:Lenin Mausoleum 1042: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1031: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1008: 964: 949: 943:Eugene Lanceray 915:Söyembikä Tower 878: 870:Ilya Bondarenko 861: 847:Russian Revival 838: 805: 742: 731: 712: 694: 676:visual language 659: 633: 615: 608:Byzantine style 595: 562:Russian Revival 554:proto-modernist 550:historic styles 533: 507: 506: 505: 504: 503: 497: 489: 488: 482: 474: 473: 467: 459: 458: 451: 445: 437: 436: 430: 419: 414: 406:Académie Julian 362:Austria-Hungary 293:bridge engineer 269: 230:Lenin Mausoleum 198:proto-modernist 150: 146: 141: 124: 100:Alma mater 95: 82: 78: 69: 67: 54: 48: 46: 38: 26: 25:Alexey Shchusev 17: 12: 11: 5: 5749: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5679: 5678: 5672: 5667: 5653: 5652:External links 5650: 5649: 5648: 5642: 5622: 5609: 5593: 5577: 5566:978-5898262716 5565: 5549:Chmelnizki, D. 5545: 5541:A. V. Shchusev 5525: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5514: 5499: 5493: 5478: 5472: 5457: 5451: 5443:DOM publishers 5433:Chmelnizki, D. 5429: 5423: 5408: 5402: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5371:, p. 420. 5361: 5349: 5337: 5325: 5313: 5311:, p. 266. 5301: 5289: 5277: 5275:, p. 261. 5265: 5263:, p. 260. 5253: 5251:, p. 223. 5232: 5230:, p. 177. 5220: 5205: 5203:, p. 154. 5193: 5189:Afanasyev 1978 5181: 5169: 5162: 5131: 5124: 5099: 5097:, p. 426. 5084: 5069: 5057: 5045: 5030: 5018: 5001: 4999:, p. 402. 4989: 4977: 4975:, p. 398. 4960: 4958:, p. 325. 4945: 4933: 4929:Afanasyev 1978 4918: 4916:, p. 397. 4906: 4904:, p. 113. 4891: 4876: 4864: 4860:Afanasyev 1978 4849: 4828: 4826:, p. 434. 4816: 4814:, p. 327. 4801: 4799:, p. 365. 4797:Ikonnikov 1990 4786: 4784:, p. 363. 4782:Ikonnikov 1990 4774: 4762: 4747: 4735: 4723: 4708: 4693: 4674: 4667: 4642: 4627: 4610: 4598: 4581: 4562: 4560:, p. 330. 4545: 4543:, p. 170. 4533: 4521: 4509: 4502: 4484: 4482:, p. 290. 4469: 4454: 4435: 4397: 4380: 4368: 4366:, p. 199. 4356: 4337: 4325: 4323:, p. 198. 4306: 4282: 4265: 4253: 4234: 4232:, p. 198. 4222: 4205: 4188:Russian Planet 4171: 4169:, p. 111. 4167:Afanasyev 1978 4159: 4142: 4130: 4118: 4097: 4082: 4063: 4051: 4039: 4027: 4012: 4000: 3981: 3966: 3947: 3935: 3923: 3921:, p. 337. 3911: 3892: 3880: 3859: 3844: 3840:Afanasyev 1978 3832: 3830:, p. 106. 3828:Afanasyev 1978 3820: 3808: 3793: 3781: 3769: 3767:, p. 110. 3752: 3750:, p. 105. 3740: 3722: 3710: 3693: 3678: 3661: 3649: 3645:Afanasyev 1978 3637: 3625: 3610: 3606:Afanasyev 1978 3595: 3583: 3568: 3566:, pp. 85. 3564:Afanasyev 1978 3556: 3554:, p. 225. 3541: 3539:, p. 216. 3529: 3527:, p. 180. 3525:Afanasyev 1978 3517: 3515:, p. 104. 3500: 3496:Afanasyev 1978 3483: 3479:Afanasyev 1978 3471: 3452: 3448:Afanasyev 1978 3435: 3423: 3419:Afanasyev 1978 3411: 3407:Afanasyev 1978 3399: 3395:Afanasyev 1978 3387: 3383:Afanasyev 1978 3375: 3371:Afanasyev 1978 3360: 3358:, p. 353. 3356:Ikonnikov 1990 3345: 3343:, p. 347. 3341:Ikonnikov 1990 3333: 3329:Ikonnikov 1990 3321: 3299: 3295:Afanasyev 1978 3287: 3283:Afanasyev 1978 3275: 3263: 3251: 3247:Afanasyev 1978 3239: 3235:Afanasyev 1978 3227: 3225:, p. 351. 3223:Ikonnikov 1990 3210: 3206:Afanasyev 1978 3198: 3186: 3182:Afanasyev 1978 3174: 3170:Afanasyev 1978 3159: 3147: 3132: 3113: 3101: 3086: 3074: 3055: 3051:Afanasyev 1978 3043: 3031: 3027:Afanasyev 1978 3019: 3007: 3003:Afanasyev 1978 2992: 2980: 2968: 2956: 2944: 2932: 2928:Afanasyev 1978 2915: 2911:Afanasyev 1978 2898: 2886: 2882:Afanasyev 1978 2874: 2862: 2858:Afanasyev 1978 2850: 2846:Afanasyev 1978 2835: 2823: 2811: 2807:Afanasyev 1978 2799: 2787:Visit Chișinău 2774: 2759: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2727: 2713: 2704: 2700:summer of 1944 2682: 2665: 2652: 2635: 2626: 2617: 2607: 2598: 2589: 2576: 2567: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2403: 2400: 2380:Richard Neutra 2372:Walter Gropius 2345:Khodynka Field 2300:Kulikovo Field 2283: 2280: 2276:Nikolai Sychov 2195: 2192: 2132: 2129: 2107: 2104: 2073: 2027: 2024: 1990:Viktor Kokorin 1880:expressiveness 1839: 1832: 1831: 1824: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1721:in June 1937. 1643:smear campaign 1624: 1621: 1486:Oswald Stapran 1410: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1391: 1390: 1386: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1336:Transcaucasian 1176:constructivism 1166: 1159: 1158: 1144: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1032: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1007: 1004: 960:of the nearby 877: 874: 799:Kulikovo Field 756: 642:Pochayiv Lavra 591:of the ruined 582:Alexander Blok 578:Mikhail Vrubel 498: 491: 490: 483: 476: 475: 471:Kulikovo Field 469:Church on the 468: 461: 460: 446: 439: 438: 434:Pochayiv Lavra 431: 424: 423: 422: 421: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 366:tour of Europe 281:Russian Empire 268: 265: 249:smear campaign 179:Constructivism 163:(Russian: 156: 155: 152: 151: 149: 148: 143: 137: 135: 131: 130: 127: 126: 119: 115: 114: 111: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 83: 81:(aged 75) 75: 71: 70: 65:Russian Empire 55: 53:8 October 1873 44: 40: 39: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5748: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5645: 5643:9785235038073 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5581:Ikonnikov, A. 5578: 5575: 5568: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5537: 5532: 5531:Afanasyev, K. 5528: 5527: 5517: 5515:9780691205298 5511: 5507: 5506: 5500: 5496: 5494:9780745683621 5490: 5486: 5485: 5479: 5475: 5473:9781400872824 5469: 5465: 5464: 5458: 5454: 5452:9783869224749 5448: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5424:9780674587496 5420: 5416: 5415: 5409: 5405: 5403:9780300248159 5399: 5395: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5370: 5365: 5358: 5353: 5346: 5341: 5334: 5329: 5322: 5317: 5310: 5305: 5298: 5293: 5286: 5281: 5274: 5269: 5262: 5257: 5250: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5229: 5224: 5217: 5212: 5210: 5202: 5197: 5190: 5185: 5178: 5173: 5165: 5163:9785000752029 5159: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5127: 5125:9783839446607 5121: 5117: 5116: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5096: 5091: 5089: 5081: 5076: 5074: 5066: 5061: 5054: 5049: 5042: 5037: 5035: 5027: 5022: 5015: 5010: 5008: 5006: 4998: 4993: 4986: 4981: 4974: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4957: 4952: 4950: 4942: 4937: 4931:, p. 54. 4930: 4925: 4923: 4915: 4910: 4903: 4902:Zubovich 2020 4898: 4896: 4889:, p. 75. 4888: 4883: 4881: 4873: 4868: 4861: 4856: 4854: 4847:, p. 74. 4846: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4825: 4820: 4813: 4808: 4806: 4798: 4793: 4791: 4783: 4778: 4771: 4766: 4759: 4754: 4752: 4745:, p. 71. 4744: 4739: 4732: 4727: 4720: 4715: 4713: 4706:, p. 70. 4705: 4700: 4698: 4690: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4670: 4668:9785042208768 4664: 4660: 4656: 4649: 4647: 4639: 4634: 4632: 4625:, p. 66. 4624: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4608:, p. 65. 4607: 4602: 4595: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4579:, p. 72. 4578: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4559: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4542: 4537: 4530: 4525: 4518: 4513: 4505: 4503:9780271023328 4499: 4495: 4488: 4481: 4476: 4474: 4466: 4465:Schlögel 2014 4461: 4459: 4452:, p. 64. 4451: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4431: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4394: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4377: 4372: 4365: 4360: 4354:, p. 63. 4353: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4334: 4329: 4322: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4280:, p. 62. 4279: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4262: 4257: 4251:, p. 61. 4250: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4231: 4226: 4219: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4176: 4168: 4163: 4157:, p. 58. 4156: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4140:, p. 57. 4139: 4134: 4128:, p. 56. 4127: 4122: 4116:, p. 55. 4115: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4094: 4089: 4087: 4080:, p. 60. 4079: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4060: 4055: 4049:, p. 35. 4048: 4047:Zubovich 2020 4043: 4036: 4031: 4024: 4019: 4017: 4010:, p. 50. 4009: 4004: 3997: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3978: 3973: 3971: 3963: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3944: 3939: 3932: 3927: 3920: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3889: 3884: 3877: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3856: 3851: 3849: 3841: 3836: 3829: 3824: 3817: 3812: 3805: 3800: 3798: 3790: 3785: 3778: 3773: 3766: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3749: 3744: 3736: 3729: 3727: 3719: 3714: 3708:, p. 26. 3707: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3690: 3685: 3683: 3676:, p. 91. 3675: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3658: 3653: 3647:, p. 92. 3646: 3641: 3635:, p. 44. 3634: 3629: 3623:, p. 25. 3622: 3617: 3615: 3608:, p. 99. 3607: 3602: 3600: 3593:, p. 41. 3592: 3587: 3580: 3575: 3573: 3565: 3560: 3553: 3548: 3546: 3538: 3533: 3526: 3521: 3514: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3498:, p. 49. 3497: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3481:, p. 47. 3480: 3475: 3469:, p. 29. 3468: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3450:, p. 42. 3449: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3433:, p. 95. 3432: 3427: 3420: 3415: 3409:, p. 44. 3408: 3403: 3397:, p. 43. 3396: 3391: 3385:, p. 45. 3384: 3379: 3373:, p. 40. 3372: 3367: 3365: 3357: 3352: 3350: 3342: 3337: 3330: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3303: 3296: 3291: 3284: 3279: 3273:, p. 15. 3272: 3267: 3260: 3255: 3249:, p. 23. 3248: 3243: 3236: 3231: 3224: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3208:, p. 22. 3207: 3202: 3195: 3190: 3183: 3178: 3171: 3166: 3164: 3156: 3151: 3145:, p. 17. 3144: 3139: 3137: 3130:, p. 14. 3129: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3110: 3105: 3098: 3093: 3091: 3083: 3078: 3072:, p. 12. 3071: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3052: 3047: 3040: 3035: 3029:, p. 14. 3028: 3023: 3016: 3011: 3005:, p. 13. 3004: 2999: 2997: 2990:, p. 90. 2989: 2984: 2978:, p. 89. 2977: 2972: 2966:, p. 87. 2965: 2960: 2953: 2948: 2941: 2936: 2930:, p. 11. 2929: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2913:, p. 12. 2912: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2896:, p. 70. 2895: 2890: 2883: 2878: 2872:, p. 54. 2871: 2866: 2859: 2854: 2847: 2842: 2840: 2832: 2827: 2821:, p. 37. 2820: 2815: 2808: 2803: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2772:, p. 78. 2771: 2766: 2764: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2731: 2724: 2717: 2708: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2686: 2679: 2675: 2669: 2662: 2656: 2649: 2645: 2639: 2630: 2621: 2611: 2602: 2593: 2586: 2583:The northern 2580: 2571: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2522: 2514: 2511: 2505: 2500: 2494: 2489: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2279: 2277: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2261:Victor Vesnin 2258: 2257:Boris Asafyev 2254: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2233: 2228: 2227:Yury Olsufyev 2222: 2217: 2211: 2206: 2200: 2191: 2189: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2103: 2101: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2036:Navoi Theater 2033: 2032:Stalin Prizes 2023: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2008: 2003: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1967:Hotel Ukraina 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1951:Moscow Oblast 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1891:Rzhev salient 1888: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1836: 1827: 1821: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1792: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1702: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1689:Karl Schlögel 1685: 1683: 1682:Viktor Vesnin 1679: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1544: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1526: 1521: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1500: 1498: 1497:project teams 1492: 1487: 1481: 1476: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1444:Joseph Stalin 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1407: 1395: 1383: 1371: 1359: 1345: 1343: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1291: 1286: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1224:Lenin Library 1219: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1181:sensu stricto 1177: 1163: 1153: 1148: 1141: 1127: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1112:fluted panels 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1036: 1029: 1017: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 976: 974: 973:picture frame 968: 963: 959: 953: 948: 944: 940: 939:Mir iskusstva 936: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 911: 908:, and to use 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 882: 873: 871: 865: 860: 856: 852: 848: 842: 837: 833: 829: 824: 822: 817: 815: 809: 804: 800: 797:; and on the 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 754: 752: 751:Russian icons 746: 741: 735: 730: 726: 722: 716: 711: 708:According to 706: 704: 698: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 663: 658: 653: 651: 647: 643: 637: 632: 631:new cathedral 627: 625: 624:Leonid Vesnin 619: 614: 609: 605: 599: 594: 590: 585: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 537: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 502: 495: 487: 480: 472: 465: 455: 450: 443: 435: 428: 409: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 342: 340: 336: 332: 328: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 296: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 264: 262: 258: 254: 250: 245: 243: 242:The Four Arts 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 194: 192: 191:Stalin prizes 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 162: 153: 144: 139: 138: 136: 132: 128: 123: 120: 116: 112: 108: 105: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 76: 72: 68:(now Moldova) 66: 62: 58: 45: 41: 34: 29: 22: 19: 5633: 5629: 5617: 5613: 5604: 5600: 5588: 5584: 5574:2013 reprint 5556: 5552: 5540: 5535: 5504: 5484:Moscow, 1937 5483: 5462: 5437: 5413: 5392: 5364: 5352: 5340: 5328: 5316: 5304: 5292: 5280: 5268: 5256: 5228:Sokolov 1975 5223: 5201:Sokolov 1975 5196: 5184: 5172: 5153: 5148: 5114: 5060: 5048: 5021: 4992: 4980: 4936: 4909: 4867: 4819: 4777: 4765: 4738: 4726: 4658: 4655:Москва, 1941 4654: 4601: 4536: 4524: 4512: 4493: 4487: 4371: 4359: 4328: 4300: 4256: 4225: 4196:. 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Retrieved 2786: 2777: 2757:, p. 4. 2750: 2730: 2716: 2707: 2689:The Germans 2685: 2668: 2660: 2655: 2638: 2629: 2620: 2610: 2601: 2592: 2579: 2570: 2547:Schtschussew 2525: 2451: 2405: 2395: 2387: 2383: 2368:Le Corbusier 2365: 2328: 2305: 2201: 2197: 2185: 2160: 2153: 2134: 2126:in the 1890s 2069: 2057:Karo Alabyan 2055:directed at 2029: 2021: 2017:Stalin Prize 1979: 1935:Khreshchatyk 1916: 1884: 1874:pavilion in 1846: 1759: 1723: 1686: 1663:Karo Alabyan 1632: 1626: 1579: 1566:in 1940, as 1539: 1535:Moscow Hotel 1501: 1456: 1440:Le Corbusier 1417: 1339: 1312: 1261: 1259: 1253:rather than 1248: 1229:Le Corbusier 1202: 1179: 1173: 1120: 1093: 1089:urban legend 1074: 1059: 1043: 1000:Empire style 992:Krasnoufimsk 977: 931: 887: 827: 825: 818: 707: 654: 628: 586: 531:Kharitonenko 508: 343: 316:Central Asia 297: 270: 257:exploitation 246: 195: 160: 159: 145:Akademproekt 122:Stalin Prize 89:Russian SFSR 79:(1949-05-24) 18: 5696:1949 deaths 5691:1873 births 5536:А. В. Щусев 5369:Vaskin 2015 5357:Vaskin 2015 5345:Vaskin 2015 5333:Vaskin 2015 5321:Vaskin 2015 5309:Vaskin 2015 5297:Vaskin 2015 5285:Vaskin 2015 5273:Vaskin 2015 5261:Vaskin 2015 5216:Colton 1995 5177:Colton 1995 5095:Vaskin 2015 5080:Vaskin 2015 5065:Vaskin 2015 5053:Vaskin 2015 5041:Vaskin 2015 5026:Vaskin 2015 5014:Vaskin 2015 4997:Vaskin 2015 4985:Vaskin 2015 4973:Vaskin 2015 4956:Vaskin 2015 4914:Vaskin 2015 4824:Vaskin 2015 4812:Colton 1995 4659:Moscow 1941 4638:Vaskin 2015 4558:Vaskin 2015 4529:Vaskin 2015 4517:Vaskin 2015 4480:Vaskin 2015 4432:. archi.ru. 4393:Vaskin 2015 4376:Vaskin 2015 4364:Hudson 2015 4333:Vaskin 2015 4321:Hudson 2015 4261:Vaskin 2015 4093:Vaskin 2015 3919:Vaskin 2015 3552:Colton 1995 3537:Colton 1995 3431:Vaskin 2015 3155:Vaskin 2015 3109:Vaskin 2015 3097:Vaskin 2015 3082:Vaskin 2015 3039:Vaskin 2015 3015:Vaskin 2015 2988:Vaskin 2015 2976:Vaskin 2015 2964:Vaskin 2015 2952:Vaskin 2015 2940:Vaskin 2015 2894:Vaskin 2015 2870:Vaskin 2015 2831:Vaskin 2015 2819:Vaskin 2015 2555:Chtchoussev 2502: [ 2491: [ 2488:Abram Efros 2480: [ 2477:David Arkin 2461: [ 2443: [ 2357: [ 2349:Garden Ring 2268: [ 2253:Igor Grabar 2245: [ 2230: [ 2219: [ 2208: [ 2177:eclecticist 2161:shchusevism 2145: [ 2061:Boris Iofan 2005: [ 1993: [ 1904:closed city 1864: [ 1800: [ 1789: [ 1699: [ 1670: [ 1651:physiognomy 1629:Great Purge 1617:Albert Kahn 1593: [ 1571: [ 1523: [ 1512: [ 1489: [ 1478: [ 1467: [ 1448:Boris Iofan 1432:historicism 1303: [ 1288: [ 1277: [ 1250:stylization 1216: [ 1193: [ 1150: [ 1123:sarcophagus 1080: [ 1044:During the 965: [ 950: [ 862: [ 839: [ 806: [ 775:World War I 753:. The best 743: [ 732: [ 713: [ 695: [ 680:Art Nouveau 660: [ 634: [ 616: [ 596: [ 589:restoration 558:Art Nouveau 534: [ 511:iconostasis 452: [ 378:orientalist 308:Leon Benois 267:Early years 238:historicism 210:World War I 202:Art Nouveau 175:Art Nouveau 147:(1938–1948) 142:(1932–1937) 77:24 May 1949 5685:Categories 5626:Vaskin, A. 5524:In Russian 5445:, Berlin. 5384:In English 5379:References 5249:Cohen 2021 2475:, such as 2312:Bessarabia 2238:Red Terror 1937:Street in 1919:Stalingrad 1876:Gorky Park 1872:war trophy 1857:airstrikes 1715:Iona Yakir 1639:plagiarism 1554:Bruno Taut 1341:ex officio 1266:sanatorium 898:elevations 814:last rites 791:Cuhureshti 527:Abastumani 519:Holy Synod 449:Natalievka 447:Church in 382:Grand Tour 339:cold calls 312:Bessarabia 253:plagiarism 226:Bolsheviks 110:Occupation 49:1873-10-08 5487:. Wiley. 3737:(13 May). 2792:2 October 2742:Citations 2674:Case Blue 2615:complete. 2563:Szczusiew 2340:Vkhutemas 2188:sweatshop 2124:Samarkand 1693:urbanists 1547:classical 1543:Vkhutemas 1428:modernism 1316:Intourist 1262:completed 1108:pilasters 1054:propylaea 1035:stylobate 906:pavilions 703:grotesque 684:modernism 560:with the 370:Samarkand 354:Yaroslavl 285:gymnasium 193:awarded. 113:Architect 5628:(2015). 5599:(1972). 5583:(1990). 5551:(2007). 5533:(1978). 5435:(2021). 4301:Archi.ru 2422:and new 2138:sketches 2040:Tashkent 1959:porticos 1927:Chișinău 1772:and the 1659:wrecking 1605:Caucasus 1582:eclectic 1422:for the 1270:Matsesta 1245:Art Deco 1104:monolith 1100:porphyry 917:and the 834:and the 771:Nesterov 542:von Meck 346:Kostroma 273:Chișinău 214:von Meck 187:Romanovs 134:Practice 57:Kishinev 4198:3 April 3735:Историк 2428:curator 2410:or the 2338:to the 2308:Ukraine 2298:on the 2165:Russian 2092:Russian 1647:mobbing 1609:Tbilisi 1209:Kharkiv 1205:Gosprom 1070:tribune 1062:Kremlin 996:Sergach 984:Petrine 795:Moldova 783:Sanremo 705:level. 640:at the 398:Tunisia 390:Trieste 358:Romania 333:at the 277:Moldova 5640: 5563: 5512: 5491: 5470: 5449: 5421: 5400: 5160: 5122: 4665: 4500: 2661:signed 2648:asthma 2559:Polish 2551:French 2543:German 2539:Ščusev 2535:German 2508:. 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