290:
325:. The war in Kabylia continued for two years until the Kabylian chieftain, Abdallah ibn Umar ibn Sahr, was killed in June 1439. On November 9 of that year, Uthman's troops captured Béjaïa for the first time, where Abu-l-Hasan had minted currency in his own name and otherwise took on the trappings of a legitimate Islamic monarchy. But the rebel uncle successfully escaped and continued an insurgency for more than a dozen years, recapturing Béjaïa for about three weeks in 1446 and besieging it again in 1452. In that very year, however, he was betrayed by his allies in Kabylia and brought to Constantine as a captive. He was quickly executed and his head presented to Uthman.
29:
391:
281:. Al-Muntasir soon fell ill. In early 1435, the king's reign was shaken by a rebellion by the Arab tribe of the Awlad Abi-l-Layl, which had to be suppressed by the teenage Uthman with the aid of a rival Arab tribe, the Awlad Mulalhil. The threat having been suppressed, al-Muntasir succumbed to his illness on September 16, 1435, and passed the throne to his younger brother.
567:
as his successor shortly before he himself died. Abu-Zakariya Yahya, aged thirty six, was serving as governor of
Constantine at the time of his accession. Proclaimed in 1488, held power only until 1489, as a ruthless purge of his own relatives turned those who survived it against him. Abandoned by
422:
in 1462, usurping the previous pro-Hafsid ruler, Uthman intervened and forced Abu
Abdallah to accept him as his suzerain. When Abu Abdallah proved disloyal and attempted to ally with the insurgent tribes in the interior, Uthman launched another campaign in 1466 that reaffirmed Hafsid dominance over
402:
in 1453 and 1468 killed as many hundreds of people in Tunis per day. In 1463, nomadic tribes in the North
African interior, discontent with a decrease in the payments the Hafsid treasury customarily made to them, rose up against the throne. The tribes abandoned the rebellion without fighting when
377:
or provincial governors. The sole exception was Béjaïa, which was governed by one or another of the king's cousins from its capture in 1439 until Abu-l-Hasan's death in 1452, when a non-dynastic qaid took over. This was likely to weaken the appeal of the rebels in the public opinion of the city,
344:
over
Christian-Muslim piracy and slaving expeditions in the Mediterranean almost concluded in a treaty in which Uthman and Alfonso would agree to repatriate all captives from each other's realms to their homelands. However, negotiations were derailed by the murder of two Christians in the Hafsid
226:
in 1470 described him as tall, thoughtful, just, and pious, and called him the "greatest, most powerful, and richest of all
Moorish princes." His reign was a period of relative stability and of military and diplomatic successes for the Hafsid kingdom. Uthman would prove to be the last effective
562:
In the closing years of his reign, Abu 'Amr 'Uthman suffered a series of untimely deaths in his family. His son Abu Salim
Ibrahim died in 1484; his grandson al-Mustansir bin Mas'ud followed a few months later. Then Mas'ud himself, Abu 'Amr 'Uthman's oldest son, died in 1488. To secure the
504:
Trade with the
Italians appears to have grown, possibly with the rise of the Ottoman Empire making the Italian republics refocus their commercial enterprises to North Africa. There were some diplomatic troubles with Genoa, including the imprisonment of Genoese merchants by Hafsid provincial
528:
In 1470, Uthman attempted to sign a treaty with Aragon in which the two kingdoms would agree to repatriate all captives and allow total freedom of trade between the two realms. This was unsuccessful and piracy between the two realms resumed, despite an attempt in 1479 by the notables of
349:
Christians. No treaty was ultimately signed. Nonetheless, an informal agreement appears to have been made at some point, as
Alfonso ordered the return of cargo taken by Christians from a Hafsid ship in 1453. He also renewed and expanded treaties with the Italian republics of
339:
Diplomatically, Uthman encouraged
European merchants to visit Ifriqiya by promising them the same justice that his own Muslim subjects would receive, and worked for amicable relations with the Christian Mediterranean powers. Lengthy negotiations with King
301:
named Abu
Abdallah Muhammad al-Husain, attempted to rally the Awlad Abi-l-Layl in another rebellion, but the tribe handed him over to Uthman, who probably executed him, in November 1435. A more serious threat was posed by his uncle
549:
to pay relations with the Hafsids much heed. Despite the historical friendship between the Granadans and the Hafsids, Uthman did not respond to a 1487 mission from the former begging desperately for aid to save the kingdom from
454:. Amicable relations with the Italian states and with Aragon continued, despite a thirteen-year break in relations between Piombino when Uthman was convinced by merchants from rival Italian states to embargo them. Uthman sent a
310:. In the spring of 1436, Abu-l-Hasan won the support of the Awlad Abi-l-Layl in his bid for the Hafsid throne. The rebels laid siege to Constantine for a month and even reached the walls of the capital of
336:, and subdued them to central control. A Florentian mission to Tunis in 1446 praised the remarkable peace and security of the North African interior that the king had brought about through these wars.
321:
In early 1437, the Awlad Abi-l-Layl chieftains were captured and brought in chains to the citadel of Tunis, but Abu-l-Hasan continued the rebellion, this time with the support of the tribes of
434:
Diplomatic rapports with other Mediterranean countries, both Muslim and Christian, continued. Unlike earlier Hafsids, Uthman remained largely uninterested in the security of the beleaguered
403:
Uthman marched against them, but tribal elements continued to carry out raids that newly threatened the security of the North African interior that Uthman had formerly ensured in the 1440s.
501:
came to the throne, although it is known that the Wattasids of Morocco formally accepted Uthman's rule in 1472. In 1477, the king received the submission of a number of tribal chieftains.
303:
260:
505:
governors, but Genoa did not engage in military conflict because the Republic did not dare risk its grain imports from North Africa. A new commercial treaty was signed with the
415:
373:
In terms of internal governance, Uthman refrained from giving high office to fellow Hafsid dynasts and generally appointed royal retainers, often renegade Europeans, as
382:, a minister who had dominated the court in the king's early reign to the point that the Italians knew him as "the first after the king", and confiscated his wealth.
379:
297:
Uthman's succession to the throne, like most transfers of power in Hafsid history, was initially troubled. Abu Faris's brother and the new king's great-uncle, a
74:
378:
which had long been governed directly by Hafsid princes. However, Uthman was not uniformly trusting of non-dynastic ministers; in 1453, he executed
358:
in 1438 and 1444 respectively, granting the latter a license to import large qualities of North African grain. New treaties were also signed with
486:
576:. Although Abu Yahya Zakariya succeeded in restoring peace and order, he was carried off by the plague in 1494 and succeeded by his grandson
424:
497:
Sources for Uthman's reign following 1470 are rare. It is not known whether he continued to rule over Tlemcen following 1468, when a
537:, both of which were adversely affected by bad relations with Uthman, was probably not of great interest to the Aragonese kings;
577:
1077:
1040:
328:
In the 1440s, Uthman also personally engaged in military campaigns towards the south, against the autonomous inland towns of
1171:
289:
568:
his troops he was killed in a battle that brought to power his cousin Abd-al-Mumin ibn Ibrahim, son of Abu Salim Ibrahim.
469:'Uthman established hydraulic works for the city of Tunis in this period. He was also a pious Muslim and established many
314:
itself. The initial rebellion was routed by Uthman and his Awlad Mulalhil supporters in a battle near the Roman ruins of
572:
was no more successful in winning over support and was soon overthrown by the eighteen-year-old son of his predecessor,
274:
64:
1138:
533:
to sign an official peace with the Hafsids. The security of Sicily or the commercial economy of the port of
1122:
The Eastern Barbary Coast under the Hafsids, from their beginnings to the end of the fifteenth century
1129:
Fossier, Robert; Jacques Verger; Robert Mantran; Catherine Asdracha; Charles de La Roncière (1987).
256:
231:
406:
The middle reign was also marked by military campaigns of conquest in North Africa. He conquered
398:
The middle reign of 'Uthman featured an increased level of instability. Severe outbreaks of the
542:
451:
192:
168:
1067:
1030:
864:
History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, from the Arab Conquest to 1830, Volume 2
863:
1176:
1166:
477:
359:
278:
267:
234:
in 1574. Modern historian Jamil Abun-Nasr has called him the "last drop of Hafsid glory."
8:
518:
438:, although friendly contacts between the two continued. He also maintained ties with the
341:
514:
459:
435:
419:
351:
1134:
1128:
1073:
1036:
538:
510:
506:
355:
306:, another son of Abu Faris who had been appointed by al-Muntasir as the governor of
222:, who reigned between 1435 and 1488. A Flemish merchant who arrived at his court in
428:
273:
Abu Faris died in 1434 and was succeeded by his grandson and Uthman's full brother
1065:
1124:] (in French). Paris: La librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient Adrien Maisonneuve.
551:
521:, in which Uthman promised to send two trading vessels to the Crusader island of
498:
183:
159:
28:
509:, in southern Italy, in 1478. New and friendly relations were established with
443:
399:
329:
259:, the Hafsid ruler from 1394 to 1434, and the son of Abu Faris's original heir
228:
227:
Hafsid ruler, and the dynasty entered a long decline after his death until the
137:
46:
1028:
481:
institutes. As a patron of Sufism, he was also notable for his support of the
362:
and—following a 1443 incident in which pirates from Ifriqiya briefly captured
1160:
463:
1118:
La Berbérie Orientale sous les Hafsides, des origines à la fin du XVe siècle
455:
439:
407:
546:
307:
1029:
Muzaffar Husain Syed; Syed Saud Akhtar; B D Usmani (14 September 2011).
1066:
Jamil M. Abun-Nasr; Abun-Nasr, Jamil Mirʻi Abun-Nasr (20 August 1987).
264:
252:
541:
disliked Barcelona, which had rebelled against him, and his successor
534:
447:
333:
367:
255:
821, corresponding to early February, 1419. He was the grandson of
207:
563:
succession Abu 'Amr 'Uthman designated another of Mas'ud's sons,
530:
411:
322:
248:
215:
211:
132:
410:
in 1458 and appointed a central governor in the Saharan town of
644:
642:
522:
315:
277:, who appointed the fifteen-year-old Uthman as the governor of
203:
178:; February 1419 – September 1488), regnal title
42:
995:
971:
944:
932:
908:
896:
869:
845:
821:
797:
773:
761:
431:
ruler of Morocco far to the west, became a vassal of Uthman.
390:
346:
311:
298:
223:
219:
147:
33:
961:
959:
886:
884:
681:
654:
639:
1093:
715:
713:
700:
698:
696:
671:
669:
614:
612:
599:
597:
595:
593:
482:
471:
374:
363:
629:
627:
442:, a traditional friend, and established new ones with the
1131:
Storia del medioevo III: Il tempo delle crisi (1250–1520)
1061:
1059:
1007:
983:
956:
920:
881:
833:
809:
785:
749:
737:
725:
710:
693:
666:
609:
590:
624:
446:, sending a mission in 1454 to congratulate the sultan
1056:
318:
on October 4, 1436. Abu-l-Hasan fled back to Béjaïa.
197:
173:
866:Charles André Julien Routledge & K. Paul, 1970
1024:
1022:
1158:
1150:A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period
1069:A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period
1019:
242:
1072:. Cambridge University Press. p. 132.
385:
247:Uthman was born at the end of the month of
1115:
1099:
1013:
1001:
989:
977:
965:
950:
938:
926:
914:
902:
890:
875:
851:
839:
827:
815:
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791:
779:
767:
755:
743:
731:
719:
704:
687:
675:
660:
648:
618:
603:
284:
27:
1147:
633:
492:
1152:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1035:. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 148.
389:
288:
123:Abu Amr Uthman ibn Abu al-Hasan Muhammad
1133:. Giulio Einaudi editore. p. 368.
557:
1159:
578:Abu Abdallah Muhammad IV al-Mutawakkil
345:realm and the capture of Muslims by
545:was too preoccupied with the final
187:
163:
13:
418:seized the throne of the Zayyanid
202:, "he who relies on God") was the
14:
1188:
1109:
857:
261:Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Mansur
56:September 1435 – September 1488
16:Caliph of the Hafsid Sultanate
1:
583:
1148:Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987).
237:
7:
1172:15th-century Hafsid caliphs
1116:Brunschvig, Robert (1940).
416:Abu Abdallah ibn Abi Zayyan
198:
174:
10:
1193:
452:capture of Constantinople
263:, who died in 1430, by a
243:Early life and succession
143:
131:
122:
117:
113:
99:
84:
80:
70:
60:
52:
41:
26:
21:
1032:Concise History of Islam
570:Abd-al-Mumin ibn Ibrahim
517:, and even the Crusader
394:The Hafsid realm in 1400
386:Middle reign (1453—1470)
257:Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II
199:al-Mutawakkil ʿala Allāh
180:al-Mutawakkil 'ala Allah
285:Early reign (1435—1453)
493:Late reign (1470—1488)
395:
294:
565:Abu-Zakariya Yahya II
393:
380:Nabil ibn Abi Qattaya
292:
75:Abu Zakariya Yahya II
558:Succession struggles
1004:, pp. 272–273.
980:, pp. 273–276.
953:, pp. 269–271.
941:, pp. 268–269.
917:, pp. 267–268.
905:, pp. 266–267.
878:, pp. 262–263.
854:, pp. 261–262.
830:, pp. 257–259.
806:, pp. 246–247.
782:, pp. 255–257.
770:, pp. 251–255.
690:, pp. 243–244.
663:, pp. 241–242.
651:, pp. 240–241.
547:conquest of Granada
519:Knights Hospitalier
485:and miracle-worker
342:Alfonso V of Aragon
574:Abu Yahya Zakariya
515:County of Provence
460:Francesco I Sforza
436:Emirate of Granada
425:Muhammad al-Sheikh
420:kingdom of Tlemcen
396:
295:
1079:978-0-521-33767-0
1042:978-93-82573-47-0
539:John II of Aragon
507:Kingdom of Naples
293:Citadel in Bejaia
196:
175:Abū ʿAmr ʿUthmān
172:
153:
152:
127:
126:
1184:
1153:
1144:
1125:
1103:
1102:, p. 276-8.
1097:
1091:
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1063:
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1053:
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1026:
1017:
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685:
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646:
637:
631:
622:
616:
607:
601:
475:foundations and
201:
191:
189:
188:المتوكل على الله
177:
167:
165:
156:Abu 'Amr 'Uthman
115:
114:
109:Hafsid Sultanate
106:
94:
92:
47:Hafsid Sultanate
31:
22:Abu 'Amr 'Uthman
19:
18:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1157:
1156:
1141:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1100:Brunschvig 1940
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1064:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1027:
1020:
1014:Brunschvig 1940
1012:
1008:
1002:Brunschvig 1940
1000:
996:
990:Brunschvig 1940
988:
984:
978:Brunschvig 1940
976:
972:
966:Brunschvig 1940
964:
957:
951:Brunschvig 1940
949:
945:
939:Brunschvig 1940
937:
933:
927:Brunschvig 1940
925:
921:
915:Brunschvig 1940
913:
909:
903:Brunschvig 1940
901:
897:
891:Brunschvig 1940
889:
882:
876:Brunschvig 1940
874:
870:
862:
858:
852:Brunschvig 1940
850:
846:
840:Brunschvig 1940
838:
834:
828:Brunschvig 1940
826:
822:
816:Brunschvig 1940
814:
810:
804:Brunschvig 1940
802:
798:
792:Brunschvig 1940
790:
786:
780:Brunschvig 1940
778:
774:
768:Brunschvig 1940
766:
762:
756:Brunschvig 1940
754:
750:
744:Brunschvig 1940
742:
738:
732:Brunschvig 1940
730:
726:
720:Brunschvig 1940
718:
711:
705:Brunschvig 1940
703:
694:
688:Brunschvig 1940
686:
682:
676:Brunschvig 1940
674:
667:
661:Brunschvig 1940
659:
655:
649:Brunschvig 1940
647:
640:
632:
625:
619:Brunschvig 1940
617:
610:
604:Brunschvig 1940
602:
591:
586:
560:
552:imminent demise
495:
388:
304:Abu-l-Hasan Ali
287:
245:
240:
108:
104:
90:
88:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1190:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1155:
1154:
1145:
1139:
1126:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1092:
1078:
1055:
1041:
1018:
1016:, p. 276.
1006:
994:
992:, p. 271.
982:
970:
968:, p. 273.
955:
943:
931:
929:, p. 268.
919:
907:
895:
893:, p. 263.
880:
868:
856:
844:
842:, p. 260.
832:
820:
818:, p. 257.
808:
796:
794:, p. 246.
784:
772:
760:
758:, p. 251.
748:
746:, p. 250.
736:
734:, p. 248.
724:
722:, p. 245.
709:
707:, p. 244.
692:
680:
678:, p. 243.
665:
653:
638:
636:, p. 132.
634:Abun-Nasr 1987
623:
621:, p. 267.
608:
606:, p. 242.
588:
587:
585:
582:
559:
556:
494:
491:
423:Tlemcen. Even
414:in 1463. When
400:bubonic plague
387:
384:
286:
283:
244:
241:
239:
236:
232:captured Tunis
164:أبو عمرو عثمان
151:
150:
145:
141:
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124:
120:
119:
111:
110:
107:(aged 69)
103:September 1488
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81:
78:
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68:
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62:
58:
57:
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50:
49:
39:
38:
36:coin of Uthman
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24:
23:
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9:
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4:
3:
2:
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464:Duke of Milan
461:
458:as a gift to
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95:February 1419
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35:
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25:
20:
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1117:
1110:Bibliography
1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1068:
1046:. Retrieved
1031:
1009:
997:
985:
973:
946:
934:
922:
910:
898:
871:
859:
847:
835:
823:
811:
799:
787:
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751:
739:
727:
683:
656:
573:
569:
564:
561:
543:Ferdinand II
527:
503:
496:
476:
470:
468:
433:
427:, the first
408:Tripolitania
405:
397:
372:
338:
327:
320:
296:
272:
270:named Riʾm.
246:
218:and western
210:, or modern
179:
155:
154:
105:(1488-09-00)
1177:1419 births
1167:1488 deaths
1085:12 February
1048:12 February
279:Constantine
275:al-Muntasir
65:al-Muntasir
61:Predecessor
1161:Categories
584:References
525:annually.
253:Hijri year
214:, eastern
91:1419-02-00
535:Barcelona
499:new ruler
448:Mehmed II
334:Touggourt
268:concubine
265:Valencian
238:Biography
206:ruler of
193:romanized
169:romanized
71:Successor
450:for his
444:Ottomans
429:Wattasid
368:Piombino
360:Florence
229:Ottomans
208:Ifriqiya
144:Religion
531:Palermo
440:Mamluks
412:Ouargla
347:Maltese
323:Kabylia
251:in the
249:Ramadan
216:Algeria
212:Tunisia
195::
171::
138:Hafsids
133:Dynasty
45:of the
1137:
1076:
1039:
523:Rhodes
513:, the
511:France
478:zawiya
462:, the
366:—with
352:Venice
316:Tipasa
308:Béjaïa
204:Hafsid
184:Arabic
160:Arabic
43:Caliph
1120:[
483:saint
375:qaids
356:Genoa
330:Nefta
312:Tunis
299:faqih
224:Tunis
220:Libya
148:Islam
118:Names
53:Reign
34:Dinar
1135:ISBN
1087:2021
1074:ISBN
1050:2021
1037:ISBN
472:waqf
456:lion
364:Elba
354:and
332:and
100:Died
85:Born
1163::
1058:^
1021:^
958:^
883:^
712:^
695:^
668:^
641:^
626:^
611:^
592:^
580:.
554:.
489:.
466:.
370:.
190:,
186::
166:,
162::
1143:.
1089:.
1052:.
182:(
158:(
93:)
89:(
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