33:
197:(also known as the "Woodward Royal Commission"). Woodward produced his final report in April 1974, expressing the opinion that one of the main aims of land rights was "The doing of simple justice to a people who have been deprived of their land without their consent and without compensation". He said that Aboriginal land should be granted as inalienable
189:, after making land rights one of his election campaign priorities, first introduced a land rights Bill to Parliament. Whitlam chose to establish a precedent in the Northern Territory (NT), which was controlled by the Commonwealth (federal) government, rather than attempt federal legislation first off. He appointed
516:
The government summary of the
Amendments includes "to increase access to Aboriginal land for development, especially exploration and mining; facilitate the leasing of Aboriginal land and the mortgaging of leases; provide for a tenure system for townships on Aboriginal land that will allow individuals
520:
The most significant amendments enabled
Aboriginal groups to more directly manage their land. Two Land Councils (Central and Northern) manage manage mainland NT Aboriginal land. By comparison, New South Wales has 121 Land Councils. These new sections of the Act included Section 19a, which introduced
397:
groups and facilitated by land councils. Various types of payment for the land, other financial and non-financial benefits may be included in negotiations. The Act prescribes how the land councils and land trusts may grant usage rights and access, but in some circumstances a federal or NT Minister's
496:
and
Indigenous Northern Territorians; that the intention of the amendments was to reduce the capacity for Indigenous people to have decision making influence over their lands; and that it was likely that the amendments would have a range of negative impacts on Indigenous peoples’ rights and
401:
Royalties paid to the NT and
Federal governments for the use of the land are processed and directed to the Aboriginals Benefit Account (ABA) (Part VI of the Act) and the funds are to be used for certain purposes prescribed by the Act which benefit Aboriginal peoples in the NT.
491:
expressed concern about Land
Council funding and function changes and the establishment of new Land Councils. Tom Calma commented at length in July 2006, starting with three main concerns: that the amendments had been made without the full understanding and consent of
419:, which is a site of significance according to Aboriginal tradition. It prohibits a person from entering a sacred site, with penalties of a fine or prison sentence. (There is also additional protection for sacred sites in the NT under the
444:
concluded that the ALRA had been very effective in granting traditional
Aboriginal land in the NT, with benefits exceeding their costs for the Aboriginal people, but it also made many recommendations for change.
334:
Title to the land granted under the Act is held by these land trusts; as of 2020, there are 151 Aboriginal land trusts, each administered by the a land council, dependent on location of the trust.
1555:
283:
Since 1976, many amendments to the Act have been passed. As of July 2020, the most recent compilation (No. 41) came into force on 4 April 2019. As of 2021, the major sections of the Act are:
174:
meant that the
Federal Government could make special laws relating to Aboriginal people which could override any state-based legislation; this was seen as a great victory in the struggle for
1671:
280:
if claimants can provide evidence of their traditional association with land. About 50% of the
Northern Territory land and 85% of its coastline are owned communally by Aboriginal peoples.
240:
is a fundamental piece of social reform. It established the legal basis on which
Aboriginal people could claim rights to land based on customary or traditional occupation, also known as
398:
approval is also required. Income received for the use of the land is distributed by the land councils according to the agreements with the traditional owners and as the Act provides.
385:
New Land
Councils can be created under the Act: Section 23 of the Act specifies the functions of Land Councils; however, the four original land councils continue to exist as of 2020.
477:
246:
1377:
517:
to have property rights; devolve decision-making powers to regional Aboriginal communities", and change the provisions governing land councils to increase accountability.
679:
For both S.19A and S.28A, the Land Council consults with TOs and residents, and must be satisfied that the decision is reasonable, and broadly understood and supported.
266:). It provides for the grant of inalienable freehold title for Aboriginal land, meaning that the land cannot be bought or otherwise acquired, including by any NT law.
487:
It was agreed that there were benefits in the new proposals, but various details were debated at length. Following the Government making changes to the ALRA in 2005,
1960:
683:
For a S.19A Township Lease, a failure by the Land Council to consult properly with TOs and residents, or a failure to consult at all, does not invalidate the Lease.
737:
Any requirements for consultation for sub-leases would be part of the S.19A head lease. It is possible that no consultation with TOs and residents is necessary.
1349:
1643:
1598:
102:
Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Amendment Bill 2006 ; Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Amendment (Economic Empowerment) Act 2021
2151:
1613:
1155:
536:
Part III (Aboriginal Land Councils), Section 28A: Delegation of a Land Council’s functions or powers to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander corporation
421:
440:
to examine its effectiveness, operation of aspects relating to mining and the Aboriginal Benefits Trust Account, and the role of the Land Councils. The
1701:
1691:
609:
Defined in the rules of the receiving Corporation (S.19A and S.28A) and / or S.19A Lease. Both alternatives support the same representation options.
2047:
1651:
1382:
1294:
60:
An Act providing for the granting of Traditional Aboriginal Land in the Northern Territory for the benefit of Aboriginals, and for other purposes
1545:
1367:
888:
488:
233:
145:
An Act providing for the granting of Traditional Aboriginal Land in the Northern Territory for the benefit of Aboriginals, and for other purposes
2188:
898:
752:
Each sub-agreement (S.19 Lease or Licence) is subject to a clear process of consultation to ensure input/approval by current TOs and residents.
624:
Defined in the rules of the receiving Corporation (S.19A and S.28A) and / or S.19A Lease. Both alternatives support similar governance options.
228:
It was the first law by any Australian government that legally recognised the Aboriginal system of land ownership, legislating the concept of
1948:
1676:
521:
the option of Township Leasing, and Section 28a, which introduced the option of a 'delegation of powers' to a local Aboriginal corporation.
273:
in the NT were permissible, under three district sections, and the Act specified an end date of June 1997 by which claims had to be lodged.
2270:
2260:
2118:
1515:
1392:
456:. Over some years, the issue of private versus communal ownership of Aboriginal land was considered and debated by many parties, including
2074:
138:
can claim rights to land based on traditional occupation. It was the first law by any Australian government that legally recognised the
1206:
2183:
1995:
1783:
1768:
1387:
1324:
262:
The main purpose of the Act is "to reinstate ownership of traditional Aboriginal land in the Northern Territory to Aboriginal people" (
454:
Detailed Joint Submission to the Commonwealth - Workability Reforms of the Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 (ALRA)
1686:
1593:
1329:
1109:
s 3: Aboriginal means a person who is a member of the Aboriginal race of Australia....12AAA. Additional grant to Tiwi Land Trust...
2193:
2146:
1802:
1311:
171:
529:
The Act specifies methods for Land Councils to support local Aboriginal groups to make decisions regarding their land, including:
2239:
2130:
2086:
1706:
1505:
1372:
1055:
436:
A significant review of the Act (referred to as ALRA) was undertaken from October 1997, when the government appointed barrister
142:, and legislated the concept of inalienable freehold title, as such was a fundamental piece of social reform. Its long title is
1923:
1440:
484:
that it was "not necessary to put the communal tenure of Indigenous land at risk" by converting to individual freehold titles.
984:
1397:
205:
1938:
1618:
1287:
393:
Land development, including exploration and mining activities, on Aboriginal land are undertaken through negotiations with
2166:
1126:
883:
359:
175:
139:
1985:
1905:
1666:
1530:
2052:
1885:
1855:
1450:
416:
194:
2222:
2156:
1845:
1735:
1681:
1485:
1430:
2265:
1913:
1565:
1415:
1359:
1280:
229:
2232:
2216:
2161:
1633:
201:, meaning "it could not be acquired, sold, mortgaged or disposed of in any way", and title should be communal.
1970:
742:
Approval by TOs and residents at the time the S.19A Lease is issued, effectively bind later TOs and residents.
1943:
1661:
1578:
1525:
1475:
1407:
533:
Part II (Grants of Land to Aboriginal Land Trusts): Section 19A: Land Trust may grant headlease over township
449:
217:
127:
193:
in February 1973 to head an inquiry into how best to recognise Aboriginal land rights in the NT, called the
1721:
921:
2198:
2037:
1928:
1773:
1711:
1696:
1583:
1468:
1455:
972:
2020:
1656:
1608:
1463:
1017:
363:
209:
2176:
2171:
1980:
1875:
1588:
367:
277:
2091:
2010:
1716:
182:
2125:
2062:
2057:
1895:
1840:
1339:
415:
Section 69 (under "Part VII - Miscellaneous") of the Act defines a special category of land, the
190:
40:
2069:
1758:
1319:
1303:
1127:"Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Amendment Bill 2006: Bills Digest no. 158 2005-06"
893:
1232:
2227:
2097:
2032:
1778:
1628:
1344:
1334:
351:
251:
131:
1753:
347:
330:
to exercise its powers as owner of land for the benefit of the Aboriginal people concerned.
8:
1603:
1510:
1272:
465:
437:
379:
151:
The Act has been amended 27 times between 1978 and 2021. Significant amendments were the
1156:"Submission - The Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Amendment Bill 2006 (Cth)"
2203:
2113:
2042:
2027:
1850:
1763:
1726:
493:
448:
After examination of the recommendations by various bodies in the following years, the
394:
135:
80:
160:
Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Amendment (Economic Empowerment) Act 2021.
1865:
1835:
1788:
1623:
1420:
1180:
1092:
506:
355:
1261:
1573:
1535:
992:
955:
375:
1953:
323:
Aboriginal Land Trusts are established under the Act. Their main functions are:
2208:
2103:
1975:
1880:
457:
371:
213:
198:
2254:
1918:
1830:
1495:
1435:
186:
32:
2108:
2015:
1965:
1870:
1745:
1445:
469:
343:
241:
87:
254:, but as a one-off, did not provide a basis for future claims by others.)
1825:
1500:
461:
1099:. No. 191, 1976: Compilation No. 41. Australian Government. 4 April 2019
1933:
1820:
1815:
1490:
1480:
1425:
452:
and the Land Councils produced a joint response in June 2003, in their
270:
51:
2079:
1810:
1151:
473:
354:, covering the northern part of the NT, were created by the Act. The
1550:
1540:
327:
to hold title to land vested in it in accordance with this Act; and
263:
748:
Consultation is consistent with traditional Land Council practice.
1207:"Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Amendment Bill 2006"
733:
Consultation is different from traditional Land Council practice.
478:
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner
1181:"Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Amendment Act 2006"
513:, in effect from 1 July 2007, added several clauses to the Act.
1262:"Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 - Series"
511:
Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Amendment Bill 2006
382:, were later created from parts of the Northern Land Council.
154:
Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Amendment Act 2006
1890:
1860:
308:
Part VIA—Northern Territory Aboriginal Investment Corporation
956:"Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 (Cth)"
541:
ALRA S.19A (Township Lease) v S.28A (Delegation) comparison
1520:
216:, reintroduced a similar Bill, and this was signed by the
1302:
1093:"Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976"
705:
Maximum term is dependent on the remaining S.19A term.
659:
Virtually non-revokeable, even for poor performance.
244:, if evidence could be shown. (The South Australian
119:
Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976
25:
Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976
422:
Northern Territory Aboriginal Sacred Sites Act 1989
1702:Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations
318:
350:, covering the southern part of the NT, and the
2252:
290:Part II—Grants of land to Aboriginal Land Trusts
269:In the original Act, only claims to unalienated
889:Aboriginal land rights legislation in Australia
489:Australians for Native Title and Reconciliation
293:Part IIA—Executive Director of Township Leasing
234:Aboriginal land rights legislation in Australia
130:legislation that provides the basis upon which
2189:Northern Territory National Emergency Response
1692:National Congress of Australia's First Peoples
899:List of laws concerning Indigenous Australians
1677:Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association
1288:
1744:
1056:"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander land"
916:
914:
1784:South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council
1769:Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council
1295:
1281:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
405:
337:
232:freehold title, and thus the first of all
31:
1230:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
985:"The History of the Central Land Council"
911:
664:Subject to revocation by the Land Council
1173:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1012:
1010:
524:
1506:National Indigenous Human Rights Awards
1378:People from politics and public service
1035:
939:
848:Anguragu, Umbakumba, & Milyakburra
644:May be enduring or limited by agreement
2253:
1304:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders
1074:
977:
760:Existing Section 19A Township Leases:
1276:
1150:
1114:
1007:
428:
1486:Literature of Indigenous Australians
922:"The History of the Land Rights Act"
717:Term is not dependent on S.28A term.
342:The Act specified that at least two
302:Part V—Aboriginal Land Commissioners
2271:Acts of the Parliament of Australia
2261:Aboriginal land rights in Australia
884:Indigenous land rights in Australia
601:Representation of TOs and Residents
305:Part VI—Aboriginals Benefit Account
206:dismissal of the government in 1975
176:Aboriginal land rights in Australia
140:Aboriginal system of land ownership
13:
1667:Aborigines Progressive Association
1160:Australian Human Rights Commission
639:Minimum 40 years; maximum 99 years
500:
388:
16:Act of the Parliament of Australia
14:
2282:
1254:
296:Part III—Aboriginal Land Councils
195:Aboriginal Land Rights Commission
1018:"The Aboriginal Land Rights Act"
962:. Museum of Australian Democracy
2005:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
1266:Federal Register of Legislation
1224:
1199:
1185:Federal Register of Legislation
1097:Federal Register of Legislation
1022:Central Land Council, Australia
989:Central Land Council, Australia
926:Central Land Council, Australia
725:Consultation for Sub-Agreements
410:
319:Part II: Aboriginal Land Trusts
223:
2217:Uluru Statement from the Heart
1634:Torres Strait Island languages
1144:
671:Consultation for Establishment
276:The Act allows for a claim of
257:
1:
1682:Australian Aborigines' League
1662:Aborigines Advancement League
1579:Australian Aboriginal English
904:
584:CATSI or ASIC Corporation, or
450:Northern Territory Government
360:Bathurst and Melville Islands
247:Pitjantjatjara Lands Act 1956
218:Governor-General of Australia
128:Australian federal government
1722:National Reconciliation Week
7:
1774:NSW Aboriginal Land Council
1712:Registered Aboriginal Party
1697:National Indigenous Council
1584:Macro-Gunwinyguan languages
877:
817:Milikapiti & Wurankuwu
10:
2287:
2152:Constitutional recognition
2021:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars
1657:Aboriginal Medical Service
1237:Office of Township Leasing
1231:captovate (27 July 2017).
588:Office of Township Leasing
172:1967 Australian referendum
165:
2139:
1994:
1904:
1801:
1642:
1564:
1546:Traditional custodianship
1406:
1358:
1310:
802:
799:
780:
775:
770:
765:
677:
622:
607:
368:Anindilyakwa Land Council
204:The Bill lapsed upon the
106:
101:
96:
86:
76:
68:
46:
39:
30:
23:
2011:Australian Frontier Wars
1717:Reconciliation Australia
1268:. Australian Government.
482:Native Title Report 2005
250:had granted land to the
2063:Australian history wars
1924:Contemporary visual art
1340:Torres Strait Islanders
1211:Parliament of Australia
1131:Parliament of Australia
973:PDF of original version
960:Documenting A Democracy
505:On 17 August 2006, the
406:Part VII: Miscellaneous
338:Part III: Land Councils
278:Australian native title
41:Parliament of Australia
2266:1976 in Australian law
1759:Kimberley Land Council
1609:Pama–Nyungan languages
1599:Loanwords into English
1516:Religion and mythology
1469:Torres Strait Islander
1320:Aboriginal Australians
1233:"Township Leasing Map"
894:Indigenous land rights
865:Mutijulu (near Uluru)
311:Part VII—Miscellaneous
2098:Native Title Act 1993
2033:Cummeragunja walk-off
1779:Northern Land Council
1629:Torres Strait English
1556:Torres Strait Islands
525:Local decision making
509:amended the Act. The
352:Northern Land Council
346:must be created. The
252:Pitjantjatjara people
220:on 16 December 1976.
132:Aboriginal Australian
1754:Central Land Council
995:on 24 September 2020
568:Delegation of Powers
348:Central Land Council
1511:Outstation movement
1350:Western Australians
631:Length of Agreement
542:
466:Galarrwuy Yunupingu
380:Gulf of Carpentaria
238:The Land Rights Act
212:government, led by
170:The results of the
2204:Stolen Generations
2194:Self-determination
2114:Stolen Generations
2048:Historical figures
2028:Caledon Bay crisis
1851:Fire-stick farming
1764:Maralinga Tjarutja
1383:Performing artists
1062:. 26 February 2016
841:Bickerton Islands
540:
494:traditional owners
395:traditional owners
287:Part I—Preliminary
136:Northern Territory
110:In force (amended)
81:Northern Territory
77:Territorial extent
2248:
2247:
2131:Western Australia
1866:Possum-skin cloak
1797:
1796:
1789:Tiwi Land Council
1624:Taboo on the dead
1589:Australian Creole
1330:Aboriginal groups
875:
874:
758:
757:
753:
749:
743:
738:
734:
718:
714:
706:
702:
684:
680:
665:
660:
645:
640:
625:
610:
595:
594:CATSI Corporation
589:
585:
507:Howard government
356:Tiwi Land Council
185:government under
114:
113:
2278:
1742:
1741:
1574:Avoidance speech
1536:Smoking ceremony
1297:
1290:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1154:(13 July 2006).
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1123:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1089:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1052:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1014:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
991:. Archived from
981:
975:
971:
969:
967:
952:
937:
936:
934:
932:
918:
845:Anildilyakwa LC
763:
762:
751:
747:
741:
736:
732:
716:
710:
704:
698:
682:
678:
663:
658:
643:
638:
623:
608:
593:
587:
583:
543:
539:
376:Bickerton Island
191:Justice Woodward
92:16 December 1976
35:
21:
20:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2184:Media portrayal
2147:1967 Referendum
2135:
2043:Gurindji Strike
2038:Day of Mourning
1990:
1900:
1793:
1740:
1638:
1594:Language groups
1560:
1402:
1354:
1306:
1301:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1125:
1124:
1115:
1102:
1100:
1091:
1090:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1054:
1053:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1016:
1015:
1008:
998:
996:
983:
982:
978:
965:
963:
954:
953:
940:
930:
928:
920:
919:
912:
907:
880:
700:S.19 Sub-Leases
576:Legal Structure
527:
503:
501:2006 Amendments
434:
413:
408:
391:
389:Part IV: Mining
340:
321:
260:
226:
168:
64:
61:
56:
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2284:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2209:Half-Caste Act
2201:
2199:Reconciliation
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2177:Protected Area
2174:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2111:
2106:
2104:Pilbara strike
2101:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2008:
2000:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1881:Spinifex resin
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1619:Sign languages
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1393:Visual artists
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
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1986:Yininmadyemi
1971:Sandpainting
1966:Papunya Tula
1961:NATSIA Award
1949:Music groups
1871:Scarred tree
1841:Dugout canoe
1531:Sacred sites
1446:The Dreaming
1388:Sportspeople
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1451:Enumeration
1360:Individuals
1325:Communities
1103:12 December
862:Central LC
854:4 Dec 2008
712:S.19 Leases
497:interests.
462:Mick Dodson
438:John Reeves
417:sacred site
370:, covering
366:, and the
358:, covering
258:Description
230:inalienable
2255:Categories
2058:Prehistory
1981:Visual art
1934:Didgeridoo
1846:Fibrecraft
1821:Bush bread
1687:Mass media
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1345:Victorians
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1152:Calma, Tom
905:References
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52:Long title
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1914:Artefacts
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1803:Bushcraft
1727:Sorry Day
1541:Songlines
1416:Astronomy
1373:Musicians
1368:Activists
1242:22 August
868:67 Years
859:Mutijulu
851:40 Years
831:99 Years
820:99 Years
809:99 Years
474:Tom Calma
362:north of
2087:Missions
1939:Dreaming
1836:Coolamon
1707:Politics
1551:Tjurunga
1060:Austrade
878:See also
803:Tiwi LC
767:Location
620:Similar
605:Similar
264:Austrade
69:Citation
2119:Apology
2053:History
1996:History
1896:Woomera
1672:AIATSIS
1526:Seasons
1476:Kinship
1441:Deities
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1408:Culture
1398:Writers
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1191:23 July
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166:History
108:Status:
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1456:Elders
364:Darwin
208:. The
157:, and
2233:Voice
2228:Truth
2157:Crime
1944:Music
1929:Dance
1891:Waddy
1876:Soaks
1861:Humpy
1652:ATSIC
782:Lease
564:S.28A
554:S.19A
476:, as
429:1997
183:Labor
126:) is
1976:Vibe
1954:Rock
1906:Arts
1816:Buka
1736:TSRA
1521:Riji
1421:Bora
1244:2024
1218:2020
1193:2020
1167:2020
1138:2020
1105:2019
1068:2020
1029:2020
1001:2020
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933:2020
789:Term
374:and
181:The
124:ALRA
116:The
425:.)
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