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Indigenous land rights in Australia

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527:: a weekday protest meant that union supporters would need to convince others in their workplace about why solidarity with Aboriginal people was an important issue for their movement. Striking would both disrupt the economy and show strong conviction and understanding of the struggle, and the discussion put Black rights into workplaces, staff rooms and classrooms. It was later assessed as one of the most successful and historically significant protests for Aboriginal rights in Australia until this time. Its legacy included the establishments of networks which led to thousands of people defending the Tent Embassy against attempts by police to shut it down, and union funding helped keep the embassy running. The Moratorium showed that non-Indigenous workers could be strong allies in the struggle for Indigenous rights. 685:(ILC) was established by the Federal Government to assist Aboriginal Australians to acquire land and manage Aboriginal held land sustainably and in a manner that provides cultural, social, economic and environmental benefits for themselves and future generations. In February 2019, the ILC became the Indigenous Land and Sea Corporation (ILSC), in recognition of its operations on water. The ILSC is funded by an annual payment from the investment returns of the Australian Government's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Land Account. 194:: "A successful land rights claim usually results in a special grant of freehold title or perpetual lease. A title document for the land is issued. The title is normally held by a community or an organisation, not by individuals. There are usually some restrictions on selling, and dealing with, land that has been granted in a land rights claim. Normally, the land will be passed down to future generations in a way that recognises the community’s traditional connection to that country". 850: 995: 948: 808:. This body holds about 24,000,000 hectares (59,000,000 acres), or 10% of the State's land. There are different types of tenures held by different parts of this land, including reserves, leases and freehold property. There are many remote communities on this land, inhabited by about 12,000 people. Land reform is ongoing, to use the land in a way which benefits the Aboriginal people. 163:, which recognised for the first time that Indigenous people had rights to land sourced from their continuing connection to it and that these rights are recognised under Australian common law. Where these rights had not been extinguished through contradictory Crown grants, native titles continued to exist and could exist alongside certain title, such as crown leases. 829:
videos speaking about “common law”, which incorporate Freemen beliefs. Appealing to other Aboriginal people by partly identifying with the land rights movement, McMurtrie played on their feelings of alienation and lack of trust in the systems which had not served Indigenous people well. Proponents of
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in 1984. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander local governments hold trusteeship of the DOGITs, and land tenure under this type of tenure is held in collective title, held in trust for future generations. From 1 January 2015, some trustees, namely those classified as "urban" or "future urban") are
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established a procedure that transferred almost 50 per cent of land in the Northern Territory (around 600 000 km2) to collective Aboriginal ownership. Following this, some states introduced their own land rights legislation; however, there were significant limitations on the returned lands, or that
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In the 1970s, Indigenous Australians became more politically active, and a powerful movement for the recognition of Indigenous land rights emerged. Also during this decade, the federal government started buying privately-owned land in order to benefit Indigenous communities, and also to create
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groups targeting Indigenous Australians, with groups with names like Tribal Sovereign Parliament of Gondwana Land, the Original Sovereign Tribal Federation (OSTF) and the Original Sovereign Confederation. OSTF Founder Mark McMurtrie, an Aboriginal Australian man, has produced
296:. The measures included the removal of discriminatory legislation and restrictive practices, welfare measures, education and training to assist the involvement of Aboriginal people in the economy, and the education of non-Indigenous Australians about 204:
As of 2020, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ rights and interests in land are formally recognised over around 40 per cent of Australia’s land mass. The recognition of Indigenous rights in land and waters is fundamental to the process of
642:. The land rights legislation was introduced by Premier Don Dunstan in November 1978, several months prior to his resignation from Parliament. An amended bill, following extensive consultation, was passed by the Tonkin Liberal Government, as the 144:
operate in each state and territory is dependent on the history of the land rights arrangements of the particular state or territory. In some jurisdictions, titles to large areas of traditional lands were granted before the Act commenced.
1100: 1023: 704:(see above) provides the basis upon which Aboriginal Australian people in the Northern Territory can claim rights to land based on traditional occupation. The freehold land cannot be sold or transferred, but it can be leased. 2109: 1339: 788: 329:. It allowed for parcels of Aboriginal land previously held by the SA Government, to be handed to the Aboriginal Lands Trust of SA under the Act. The Trust was governed by a Board composed solely of Aboriginal people. 424:, instead offering 50-year general-purpose leases for Aboriginal people which would be conditional upon their "intention and ability to make reasonable economic and social use of land", while reserving for the Crown 596:, was significant in that it allowed a claim of title if claimants could provide evidence of their traditional association with land. Four Land Councils were established in the Northern Territory under this law. 888: 1201:
Neumann, Klaus; Tavan, Gwenda (2009). "Chapter 4. 'A modern-day concentration camp': using history to make sense of Australian immigration detention centres". In Neumann, Klaus; Tavan, Gwenda (eds.).
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The passing of Aboriginal land rights legislation in Australia in the late 20th century was preceded by a number of important Aboriginal protests. The modern land rights movement started with the
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provide for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander freehold respectively. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander freehold land occupies 5%, or 59,489 square kilometres (22,969 sq mi) of
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Different types of land rights laws exist in Australia, allowing for the renewed ownership of land to Indigenous Australians under various conditions. Land rights schemes are in place in the
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and to that of Torres Strait Islander people, and there has been a long battle to gain legal and moral recognition of ownership of the lands and waters occupied by the many peoples prior to
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title to Indigenous Australians. By contrast, native title arises as a result of the recognition, under Australian common law, of pre-existing Indigenous rights and interests according to
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people in the remote western area of the state. The legislation was proclaimed in January 1985 and was followed by a ceremony in the desert attended by Maralinga Tjarutja leader
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introduced an Aboriginal Land Rights Bill to Parliament; however, this lapsed upon the dismissal of the government in 1975. The succeeding conservative government, led by
2256: 304:. It brought about a more widespread awareness by non-Indigenous people to social justice for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. South Australian Premier Sir 221: 2205:"Background information on racial issues and Aboriginal land rights, 1971-2018 in the Pilbara region of Western Australia and in Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia" 714: 644: 281:, or Gurundji Strike, started with a protest about working conditions, but grew into a lands right issue, with the people claiming rights to the land which was then a 1245:
Neumann, Klaus, 1958-; Tavan, Gwenda (2009), "Chapter 4. 'A modern-day concentration camp': using history to make sense of Australian immigration detention centres",
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Absolute ownership, including mineral and forestry rights of all reserves and traditional areas to be vested in the Black communities associated with these areas.
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and teachers, had voted to go on strike for half a day in support of Aboriginal people, and around 2,000 students joined the protest. There were also protests in
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peoples’ rights and interests in land are formally recognised over around 40 per cent of Australia’s land mass, and sea rights have also been asserted in various
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During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the movement of Aboriginal peoples in Australia was controlled by colony- and later state-based laws, such as the
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argued for integration rather than assimilation of Aboriginal people, and others questioned the concept of assimilation, with its paternalistic attitude.
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The colonisation of mainland Australia started in 1211, while the Torres Strait Islands were only taken over by the colony of Queensland in the 1870s.
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In 1961, at the Native Welfare Conference, a meeting of federal and state ministers responsible for Aboriginal welfare, agreed on a policy of
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printed a pamphlet at Sydney University ahead of the protest. Unionists from several trades, including builders' labourers, ship painters,
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s 3: Aboriginal means a person who is a member of the Aboriginal race of Australia....12AAA. Additional grant to Tiwi Land Trust...
541:, which was attended by about 2000 people, including an estimated 16% of the Black population. It also had a heavy police presence. 3194: 3147: 2803: 2312: 326: 3266: 3240: 3131: 3087: 2707: 2506: 2373: 2074: 1926: 657: 567:, made a number of recommendations in favour of recognising Aboriginal Land Rights. Taking up many of these recommendations, the 356: 225: 1706: 2924: 2441: 2066: 729: 1774: 2398: 1254: 1156: 440:
The Black Moratorium refers to protests which took place on 14 July 1972. The Sydney protest was in the form of marches from
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able to convert parts of the collective title to either Aboriginal freehold or Torres Strait Islander freehold title.
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Proviso provides any protection for the rights of Aboriginal People to the occupation or enjoyment of their lands.
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Does history matter?: making and debating citizenship, immigration and refugee policy in Australia and New Zealand
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Does History Matter?: making and debating citizenship, immigration and refugee policy in Australia and New Zealand
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people; the term may also include the struggle for those rights. Connection to the land and waters is vital in
2971: 2944: 2662: 2579: 2526: 2476: 2408: 1489: 739:, mainly held by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in remote and regional Queensland, is the 576: 297: 53: 630:
returned 102,650 square kilometres (39,630 sq mi) of land (10.2% of the state's land area) to the
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Fogarty, John; Dwyer, Jacinta (2012). "The First Aboriginal Land Rights Case". In Sykes, Helen (ed.).
3177: 3172: 2981: 2876: 2589: 2135: 1951: 1678: 1485: 903: 759: 452:, attended by around 6,000 protesters, who included Aboriginal people, students and trade unionists. 421: 338: 232:– the first ever recognition of Aboriginal rights on the continent – but the promise was never kept. 123: 76: 57: 3092: 3011: 2717: 1549: 767: 763: 441: 406: 379:). In this way, this was the first significant legal case for Aboriginal land rights in Australia. 157: 2230: 3126: 3063: 3058: 2896: 2841: 2340: 1415: 564: 501:
a) An immediate and massive Health program to eliminate the very high Black infant mortality rate
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Attwood, Bain (2000). "The Articulation Of 'Land Rights' In Australia: The Case of Wave Hill".
1376: 1094:"What's the difference between native title and land rights?? – National Native Title Tribunal" 868: 801: 740: 318: 127: 49: 45: 2067:"Freemen, Sovereign Citizens, and the Challenge to Public Order in British Heritage Countries" 976: 3228: 3098: 3033: 2779: 2629: 2345: 2335: 1870: 1667: 1449:"A milestone for Black sovereignty in this country: celebrating 50 years of the Tent Embassy" 752: 732:(RNTBC) can be trustee of this land, who can grant leases of up to 99 years for any purpose. 413: 293: 132: 100: 61: 1621: 1575: 2754: 1836: 1689: 65: 1952:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (31 December 2010).
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could claim rights to land based on traditional occupation. The statute, the first of the
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f) An end to all discrimination and discriminatory legislation (e.g. Queensland Acts.)
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in Australia, and the term is also used to describe the struggle for those rights.
2574: 2536: 2150:"Aboriginal peoples finally to be included in SA Constitution - but 'no' to Treaty" 1782: 1745: 1208: 855: 786:, the powers of the Trust were reviewed and changed to modernise the Trust and the 560: 528: 449: 2231:"From Milirrpum to Mabo: The High Court, Terra Nullius and Moral Entrepreneurship" 1125: 929: 277:, petitioned the federal government to have their land and rights given back. The 2954: 2183: 2011: 1843: 1685: 1010: 748: 635: 278: 250: 179: 175: 112: 27:
Rights and interests of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia
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The right and power of Black communities to control their lives and their land.
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Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders
666: 425: 410: 402: 369:(the "Gove land rights case"), when they sought native title rights over the 3109: 3016: 2966: 2871: 2746: 2446: 1152:
Draft of the Order-in-Council Establishing Government 23 February 1836 (UK)
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Social Analysis: The International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice
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under traditional laws and customs, and recognised in accordance with the
2826: 2501: 1213: 835: 736: 662: 652: 631: 473: 274: 96: 2247:"Walker v State of South Australia (No 2) [2013] FCA 700 (2013)" 2174: 1891:. No. 191, 1976: Compilation No. 41. Australian Government. 4 April 2019 2934: 2821: 2816: 2491: 2481: 2426: 2241:(1): 63 – via Australasian Legal Information Institute (AustLII). 1571: 453: 345: 242: 171: 1366:. South Australian Acts (Point-in-Time). Retrieved on 29 January 2012. 3080: 2811: 2251:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
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Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
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Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
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for "hungry land"). The demands of the protesters were, specifically:
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Indigenous land rights relate to the rights and interests in land of
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His Honour quotes Kirby in Fejo, who dismissed an argument that the
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Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897
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Government of South Australia. Attorney-General's Dept. Legislation
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includes rights and interests relating to land and waters held by
826: 771: 375: 286: 1126:"Order-in-Council Establishing Government 23 February 1836 (UK)" 1099:. National Native Title Tribunal. September 2007. Archived from 688: 1436:– via Australasian Legal Information Institute (AustLII). 743:(DOGIT). These were established primarily to administer former 360: 266: 951:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under an
119:. Native title is not a grant or right created by governments. 2891: 2861: 998:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
994: 947: 1746:"Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 (Cth)" 1024:"Land rights and native title in the states and territories" 2521: 222:
Letters Patent establishing the Province of South Australia
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Coming to terms : Aboriginal title in South Australia
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Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981
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established the basis upon which Aboriginal people in the
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on behalf of all "Aborigines" claiming all of Australia.
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and native title. Land rights are rights created by the
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Lawford, Elliana; Zillman, Stephanie (18 August 2016).
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governments. Land rights usually consist of a grant of
1885:"Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976" 770:(1992) cases) is Torres Strait Islander freehold and 494:
Support for all Black struggles, including those for:
2102:"The seriously weird beliefs of Freemen on the land" 1806:"Timeline: From Wave Hill protest to land handbacks" 911:(reclaiming Indigenous jurisdiction – United States) 845: 816:
Since the 2010s, there has been a growing number of
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Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976
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Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)
811: 2703:Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations 1416:"The Noongar Settlement: Australia's First Treaty" 1312: 804:(ALT) of Western Australia was established by the 789:Aboriginal Lands Trust of South Australia Act 2013 544: 1874:, 3 December 2008, "Hero of the Maralinga People" 1383:. Museum of Australian Democracy. 8 December 1966 1313:Dow, Coral; Gardiner-Garden, John (10 May 2011). 488:Full compensation for all land seized since 1770. 332: 3253: 224:of 1836, which were issued during the period of 2266:(1998) 195 CLR 96. (This case is based on s 61 2038:"Freemen movement targets Indigenous Australia" 1414:Hobbs, Harry; Williams, George (1 March 2018). 894:Indigenous Australian traditional custodianship 864:Aboriginal land rights legislation in Australia 523:The moratorium as a tactic was copied from the 325:by any Australian government, and predated the 321:(ALT). This was the first major recognition of 256: 82: 3190:Northern Territory National Emergency Response 2693:National Congress of Australia's First Peoples 2136:"A change is gonna come (Timeline, 1900–2010)" 1828: 1826: 1803: 806:Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority Act 1972 669:, John Bannon and Aboriginal Affairs Minister 614:(1979), attempted (unsuccessfully) to bring a 531:published an article in the November issue of 253:, where they had no rights to land ownership. 2678:Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association 2289: 2218:"Aboriginal timeline: Land & land rights" 1590: 1588: 1413: 1340:"Changing Policies Towards Aboriginal People" 1177:"Aboriginal timeline: Land & land rights" 1059: 1057: 1055: 1053: 1051: 1049: 1047: 1045: 689:Indigenous land tenure by state and territory 2745: 1927:"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander land" 1704: 1622:"Demands of the Moratorium for Black Rights" 1407: 1268:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1200: 228:, included recognition of the rights of the 199:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people 60:starting in 1788, and the annexation of the 2228: 2093: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1823: 1446: 1280: 2785:South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council 2770:Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council 2296: 2282: 1700: 1698: 1585: 1272:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1042: 1000:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) 971: 969: 967: 965: 953:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) 504:b) Full employment on at least award wages 382: 95:There are fundamental differences between 1954:"Native Title Resource Guide: Queensland" 1775:"The History of the Central Land Council" 1647: 1513: 1447:Quinn-Bates, Jennetta (20 January 2022). 1238: 1212: 510:d) Black studies and culture in education 2058: 1906: 1797: 1332: 830:the original ideas are often related to 621: 44:are the rights and interests in land of 2507:National Indigenous Human Rights Awards 2379:People from politics and public service 2160: 2099: 2075:International Journal of Cultic Studies 1877: 1837:Aboriginal land rights and native title 1708:More or less: democracy & new media 1695: 1507: 1466: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1016: 962: 838:with no authority over free citizens". 658:Maralinga Tjarutja Land Rights Act 1984 357:Supreme Court of the Northern Territory 226:British colonisation of South Australia 174:(including the Torres Strait Islands), 14: 3254: 2305:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders 2108:. 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The strike lasted for eight years. 269:people from the remote settlement of 230:Aboriginal peoples of South Australia 140:, the way in which the processes for 73:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander 2487:Literature of Indigenous Australians 2181: 2064: 2016:Original Sovereign Tribal Federation 1161: 795: 721:Torres Strait Islander Land Act 1991 348:which would be available for claim. 3262:Aboriginal land rights in Australia 2229:Van Krieken, Robert (1 July 2000). 1735: 1524:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1482:Collaborating for Indigenous Rights 1472: 435: 24: 18:Aboriginal land rights in Australia 2668:Aborigines Progressive Association 2128: 1648:McGuiness, Bruce (November 1972). 1514:Bourchier, Dan (25 January 2022). 1083: 777: 507:c) Decent housing and no evictions 416:Government's refusal to recognise 285:owned by a large British company, 25: 3283: 1174: 884:Australian Aboriginal Sovereignty 677:1995: Indigenous Land Corporation 626:In 1981 South Australian Premier 557:Aboriginal Land Rights Commission 472:, all under the rallying cry of " 397:was set up on the front lawns of 2100:Stocken, Shelley (8 July 2016). 1752:. Museum of Australian Democracy 1655:Aboriginal and Islander Identity 1344:Australian Law Reform Commission 993: 946: 899:Indigenous treaties in Australia 848: 812:Freemen/sovereign state movement 534:Aboriginal and Islander Identity 525:campaign against the Vietnam War 3006:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 2202: 2112:from the original on 9 May 2017 2029: 2004: 1978: 1945: 1889:Federal Register of Legislation 1863: 1849: 1779:Central Land Council, Australia 1767: 1692:. 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Wakefield Press. 2156:. 26 February 2014. 1857:Coe v. Commonwealth 874:Aboriginal reserves 832:far-right movements 818:freemen on the land 760:Mer (Murray) Island 745:Aboriginal reserves 726:northern Queensland 712:In Queensland, the 247:Aboriginal reserves 3205:Stolen Generations 3195:Self-determination 3115:Stolen Generations 3049:Historical figures 3029:Caledon Bay crisis 2852:Fire-stick farming 2765:Maralinga Tjarutja 2384:Performing artists 2043:The Saturday Paper 1933:. 26 February 2016 1714:. Future Leaders. 1545:"Black Moratorium" 1473:McMahon, William. 1404:(1971) 17 FLR 141. 1294:. 10 December 2015 983:. 12 February 2016 977:"Land and Housing" 694:Northern Territory 612:Coe v Commonwealth 590:Northern Territory 569:Whitlam government 426:rights to minerals 359:ruled against the 298:Aboriginal culture 168:Northern Territory 105:state or territory 77:native title cases 3249: 3248: 3132:Western Australia 2867:Possum-skin cloak 2798: 2797: 2790:Tiwi Land Council 2625:Taboo on the dead 2590:Australian Creole 2331:Aboriginal groups 1601:Solidarity Online 1421:Sydney Law Review 1256:978-1-921536-95-3 1106:on 1 October 2009 822:sovereign citizen 796:Western Australia 792:(SA) was passed. 446:Sydney University 353:Richard Blackburn 351:In 1971, Justice 159:Mabo v Queensland 87:According to the 16:(Redirected from 3279: 2743: 2742: 2575:Avoidance speech 2537:Smoking ceremony 2298: 2291: 2284: 2275: 2274: 2261: 2242: 2235:UNSW Law Journal 2225: 2222:Creative Spirits 2212: 2199: 2178: 2157: 2145: 2122: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2071: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2033: 2027: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1966:on 26 March 2015 1965: 1959:. Archived from 1958: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1923: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1881: 1875: 1867: 1861: 1853: 1847: 1830: 1821: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1781:. Archived from 1771: 1765: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1742: 1733: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1713: 1702: 1693: 1676: 1670: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1645: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1632: 1626: 1618: 1612: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1592: 1583: 1582: 1580: 1568: 1562: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1541: 1535: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1511: 1505: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1494: 1488:. 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1870s. 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3284: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3242: 3241:Voting rights 3239: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3121: 3118: 3117: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3094: 3093:Native police 3091: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3007: 3003: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2947: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2920:Bark painting 2918: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 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Index

Aboriginal land rights in Australia
Australia
Aboriginal Australians
Torres Strait Islander
Australian Aboriginal culture
colonisation of Australia
Torres Strait Islands
colony of Queensland
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
native title cases
Attorney-General's Department
land rights
Australian
state or territory
freehold
perpetual lease
traditional laws and customs
Native title in Australia
Indigenous Australians
Native Title Act 1993
Australia
native title
High Court of Australia
Mabo v Queensland (No. 2)
Northern Territory
Queensland
New South Wales
South Australia
Victoria
Tasmania

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